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Staphylococcal/Streptococcal toxin, N-terminal domain
Crystal structure of the superantigen Spe-H (zinc bound) from Streptococcus pyogenes
Identifiers
Symbol	Staphylococcal/Streptococcal toxin, N-terminal domain
Pfam	PF01123
Pfam clan	CL0658
ECOD	2.2.1
InterPro	IPR006173
PROSITE	PDOC00250
SCOP2	1se3 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

In the field of molecular biology, enterotoxin type B, also known as Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), is an enterotoxin produced by the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is a common cause of food poisoning, with severe diarrhea, nausea and intestinal cramping often starting within a few hours of ingestion. Being quite stable, the toxin may remain active even after the contaminating bacteria are killed. It can withstand boiling at 100 °C for a few minutes. Gastroenteritis occurs because SEB is a superantigen, causing the immune system to release a large amount of cytokines that lead to significant inflammation.

Additionally, this protein is one of the causative agents of toxic shock syndrome.

Function

The function of this protein is to facilitate the infection of the host organism. It is a virulence factor designed to induce pathogenesis. One of the major virulence exotoxins is the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), which is secreted by the organism upon successful invasion. It causes a major inflammatory response in the host via superantigenic properties, and is the causative agent of toxic shock syndrome. It functions as a superantigen through activation of a significant fraction of T-cells (up to 20%) by cross-linking MHC class II molecules with T-cell receptors. TSST is a multisystem illness with several symptoms such as high fever, hypotension, dizziness, rash and peeling skin.

Structure

All of these toxins share a similar two-domain fold (N and C-terminal domains) with a long alpha-helix in the middle of the molecule, a characteristic beta-barrel known as the "oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide fold" at the N-terminal domain and a beta-grasp motif at the C-terminal domain. Each superantigen possesses slightly different binding mode(s) when it interacts with MHC class II molecules or the T-cell receptor.

N-terminal domain

The N-terminal domain is also referred to as OB-fold, or in other words the oligonuclucleotide binding fold. This region contains a low-affinity major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) site which causes an inflammatory response.

The N-terminal domain contains regions involved in Major Histocompatibility Complex class II association. It is a five stranded beta barrel that forms an OB fold.

C-terminal domain

The beta-grasp domain has some structural similarities to the beta-grasp motif present in immunoglobulin-binding domains, ubiquitin, 2Fe-2 S ferredoxin and translation initiation factor 3 as identified by the SCOP database.

References

1. ^ "eMedicine - CBRNE - Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B". eMedicine. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
2. Nema V, Agrawal R, Kamboj DV, Goel AK, Singh L (June 2007). "Isolation and characterization of heat resistant enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus from a food poisoning outbreak in Indian subcontinent". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 117 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.015. PMID 17477998.
3. ^ Blomster-Hautamaa DA, Kreiswirth BN, Kornblum JS, Novick RP, Schlievert PM (November 1986). "The nucleotide and partial amino acid sequence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (33): 15783–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66787-0. PMID 3782090.
4. Acharya KR, Papageorgiou AC, Tranter HS (1998). "Crystal structure of microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B at 1.5 A resolution: implications for superantigen recognition by MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors". J. Mol. Biol. 277 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1577. PMID 9514739.
5. Brosnahan AJ, Schlievert PM (December 2011). "Gram-positive bacterial superantigen outside-in signaling causes toxic shock syndrome". FEBS J. 278 (23): 4649–67. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08151.x. PMC 3165073. PMID 21535475.
6. Prasad GS, Earhart CA, Murray DL, Novick RP, Schlievert PM, Ohlendorf DH (December 1993). "Structure of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1". Biochemistry. 32 (50): 13761–6. doi:10.1021/bi00213a001. PMID 8268150.
7. Acharya KR, Passalacqua EF, Jones EY, Harlos K, Stuart DI, Brehm RD, Tranter HS (January 1994). "Structural basis of superantigen action inferred from crystal structure of toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1". Nature. 367 (6458): 94–7. Bibcode:1994Natur.367...94A. doi:10.1038/367094a0. PMID 8107781. S2CID 4235964.
8. Prasad GS, Radhakrishnan R, Mitchell DT, Earhart CA, Dinges MM, Cook WJ, Schlievert PM, Ohlendorf DH (June 1997). "Refined structures of three crystal forms of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and of a tetramutant with reduced activity". Protein Sci. 6 (6): 1220–7. doi:10.1002/pro.5560060610. PMC 2143723. PMID 9194182.

• Protein families
• Virulence factors
• Protein domains
• Inflammations
• Bacterial toxins
• Biological toxin weapons
• Superantigens
• Protein superfamilies