Ibn Furak - Misplaced Pages

10th century Sunni Imam and theologian

ImamIbn Fūrāk ابن فورك
Title	Al-Ḥāfiẓ
Personal life
Born	941 Isfahan
Died	1015 (aged 73–74) Nishapur
Cause of death	assassinated
Resting place	al-Hira
Era	Islamic golden age
Region	Khorasan
Main interest(s)	Theology (Kalam), Logic, Islamic Jurisprudence, Hadith, Arabic grammar
Notable work(s)	Mujarrad Maqalat al-Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari ("Summary of Shaykh Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari's Treatises/Articles"), Mushkil al-Hadith wa Bayanuh ("Ambiguity of the Hadith and its Explanation")
Religious life
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni
Jurisprudence	Shafi'i
Creed	Ash'ari
Muslim leader
Influenced by Al-Shafi'i Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari Abu al-Hasan al-Bahili Baqillani
Influenced Qushayri Al-Bayhaqi

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Ash'arism

Rock carved with al-'Aqida al-Murshida by Ibn Tumart

Background

Eminent scholars

3rd AH/9th AD

Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (d. 324/936)
Ibn Khafif (d. 371/982)

4th AH/10th AD

Al-Baqillani (d. 403/1013)
Ibn Furak (d. 406/1015)
Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini (d. 418/1027)
'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi (d. 429/1037)
Abu 'Imran al-Fasi (d. 430/1038-9)
Abu Dharr al-Harawi (d. 434/1043)
Al-Mawardi (d. 450/1058)
Al-Bayhaqi (d. 458/1066)
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463/1071)
Al-Qushayri (d. 465/1072)
Abu al-Walid al-Baji (d. 474/1081)
Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (d. 476/1083)
Al-Juwayni (d. 478/1085)

5th AH/11th AD

Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 502/1108)
Al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111)
Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari (d. 511 or 512/1117-19)
Ibn 'Aqil (d. 513/1119)
Ibn Rushd al-Jadd (d. 520/1126)
Al-Mazari (d. 536/1141)
Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543/1148)
Al-Qadi 'Iyad (d. 544/1149)
Al-Shahrastani (d. 548/1153)
Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571/1176)
Ahmad al-Rifa'i (d. 578/1182)

6th AH/12th AD

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1209)
Ibn al-Athir (d. 630/ 1233)
Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (d. 631/1233)
Ibn al-Hajib (d. 646/1248)
'Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (d. 660/1262)
Al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1272)
Al-Nawawi (d. 676/1277)
Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684/1285)
Al-Baydawi (d. c. 685/1286)
Ibn al-Nafis (d. 687/1288)

7th AH/13th AD

Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702/1302)
Ibn 'Ata' Allah (d. 709/1309)
Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 715/1315)
Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340)
Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati (d. 745/1344)
Taqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756/1355)
'Adud al-Din al-'Iji (d. 757/1355)
Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370)
Shams al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 786/1384)
Al-Taftazani (d. 793/1390)
Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi (d. 794/1392)

8th AH/14th AD

Ibn 'Arafa (d. 803/1401)
Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (d. 805/1405)
Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (d. 806/1404)
Nur al-Din al-Haythami (d. 807/1404-5)
Ibn Khaldun (d. 808/1406)
Al-Sharif al-Jurjani (d. 816/1413)
Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833/1429)
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449)
Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli (d. 864/1459)
'Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (d. 875/1470)
Ahmad Zarruq (d. 899/1493)

9th AH/15th AD

Al-Sakhawi (d. 902/1497)
Jalal al-Din al-Dawani (d. 907/1501 or 908/1502)
Al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505)
Al-Qastallani (d. 923/1517)
Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520)
Al-Sha'rani (d. 973/1565)
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974/1567)
Al-Khatib al-Shirbini (d. 977/1570)

10th AH/16th AD

Ibn 'Ashir (d. 1040/1631)
Ahmad al-Maqqari (d. 1041/1632)
Ibrahim al-Laqqani (d. 1041/1631)
Muhammad Mayyara (d. 1072/1662)

11th AH/17th AD

Al-Hasan al-Yusi (d. 1102/1691)
Muhammad al-Zurqani (d. 1122/1710)
'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (d. 1132/1720)
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176/1762)

12th AH/18th AD

Ahmad al-Dardir (d. 1204/1786)
Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (d. 1224/1809)
Ibn Kiran (d. 1227/1812)
Ahmad al-Tijani (d. 1230/1815)
Ibrahim al-Bajuri (d. 1276/1859-60)
Muhammad 'Ilish (d. 1299/1882)

13th AH/19th AD

Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1304/1886)
Yusuf al-Nabhani (d. 1350/1931)
Bediüzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1379/1960)
Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani (d. 1390/1970)
Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (d. 1393/1973)

14th AH/20th AD

Muhammad Mitwalli al-Sha'rawi (d. 1419/1998)
Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (d. 1425/2004)
'Abdullah al-Harari (d. 1429/2008)
Nuh al-Qudah (d. 1432/2010)
Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti (d. 1434/2013)
Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436/2015)
Muhammad 'Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442/2021)

Theological works

Institutions

Events

2016 International Islamic Conference

Related groups

Classic

Modern

Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Fūrāk, Abū Bakr al-Asbahānī al-Shāfi`ī, commonly known as Ibn Fūrāk (Arabic: ابن فورك); c. 941–c. 1015 CE / 330–406 AH). The Imam, a leading authority on kalam and usul, the transmitter of Al-Ash`ari's school, an expert in Arabic language, grammar and poetry, an orator, a jurist, and a hadith master from the Shafi'i Madhhab in 10th century.

Life

Birth and Education

Ibn Furak was born in around 941 CE (330 AH) in Isfahan. He studied the Ash'ari theology under Abu al-Hasan al-Bahili along with Al-Baqillani and Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini in Basra and Baghdad, and also Prophetic traditions under 'Abd Allah bin Ja'far al-Isbahani. From 'Iraq he went to Rayy, then to Nishapur, where a madrasa was built for him beside the Khanqah of the Sufi al-Bushandji. He was in Nishapur before the death of the Sufi Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi in 373/983, and the saint would instruct Ibn Furak to lead the burial prayer over him prior to his death.

Scholarly career

Ibn Furak was the teacher and master of al-Qushayri and al-Bayhaqi who both would frequently cite in their popular works Al-Risala and Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat, respectively. He debated and won against the anthropomorphist Karramiyya in Rayy, then he travelled to Nishapur where he trained and taught the next generation of jurists at a school established in his honour, which was an extension of the previous Sufi school (Khanqah) built by Abû al-Hasan al-Bushanji. In Nishapur, he brought the transmissions of the narrators of Basra and Baghdad, both from Iraq, and also authored a number of books in various fields and Islamic sciences.

Dispute and Death

The Karramiyya tried to initially have him executed by the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni but failed after the Sultan summoned him to Ghazni and questioned him then exonerated him of the erroneous charges they had brought against him as Ibn Furak was found innocent from the false accusations laid out by his enemies. However, upon returning from Ghazni, he was poisoned by the angered Karramiyya, fell on the road, and died in 1015 CE (406 AH) while another version says that he was attacked from behind from them. He was carried back to Nishapur and buried in al-Hira. According to Ibn Asakir, the grave of Ibn Furak is a place where people go to seek healing (istishfâ') and have their prayers granted.

Controversy over Ibn Furak

Al-Dhahabi mentions Ibn Furak in a short reference stating some inaccurate and defaming reports from Ibn Hazm, without questioning their intent where Ibn Furak was unjustly accused of claiming the prophethood ends after the death of Muhammad and other slanders that accuse him of disbelief. Despite this, Al-Dhahabi goes on to say: "Ibn Furak was better than Ibn Hazm, of a greater stature (rank among scholars) and better belief (creed)."

Ibn al-Subki provided evidence that this statement by Ibn Hazm were "anti-Ash'ari fabrications and forgeries" falsely attributed to Ibn Furak. He showed how these reports were refuted by Al-Qushayri and Ibn al-Salah. Ibn al-Subki then quotes Ibn Furak's own words testifying his true creed. Ibn Furak says:

“The Ash'ari belief (creed) is that our prophet (ﷺ) is alive in his Blessed Grave and is the Messenger of Allah (God), forever until the End of times, this is literally, not metaphorically or symbolically, and the correct Belief is that he (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) was a Prophet when Adam (ﷺ) was between Water and Clay, and his Prophethood remains until now, and shall ever remain.”

Character

According to the martyred Imam Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Dunas al-Findalawi al-Maliki, Ibn Furak would always sleep elsewhere out of reverence for a house that cantained a volume of the Qur'an.

Works

Ibn Furak's works in "Usul al-Din" (foundation of religion), "Usul al-fiqh" (foundation of jurisprudence), and the meanings of the Quran count nearly one hundred volumes. Among them are Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari and Kitab Mushkil al-hadith wa-bayanihi (with many variants of the title), in which he refuted both the anthropomorphist tendencies of karramis and the over-interpretation of the Mu'tazila. Ibn Furak said that he embarked on the study of kalam because of the hadîth reported from the Prophet.

His main work in the eyes of later generations is Tabaqat al-mutakallimin which is the main source to study al-Ash'ari theology.

Early Islam scholars

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions

Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taught

Ali (607–661) fourth caliph taught

Aisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taught

Abd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taught

Zayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taught

Umar (579–644) second caliph taught

Abu Hurairah (603–681) taught

Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taught

Husayn ibn Ali (626–680) taught

Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught and raised by Aisha

Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, he then taught

Said ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taught

Abdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taught

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he then taught

Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taught

Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taught

Hisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taught

Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taught

Salim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taught

Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar

Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taught

Muhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taught

Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother

Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by the Fatimid and taught

Zayd ibn Ali (695–740)

Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taught

Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught

Al-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas

Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas

Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqh

Muhammad al-Shaybani (749–805)

al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught

Ismail ibn Ibrahim

Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions

Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography

Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775)

Musa al-Kadhim (745–799)

Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books

Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith books

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith books

Dawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded the Zahiri school

Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books

Al-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles

Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith book

Abu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book

Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed by Twelver Shia

Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari

Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna

Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia

Sharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver Shia

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver Shia

Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness on Sufism

Rumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism

Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions

Key: Taught in Medina

Key: Taught in Iraq

Key: Worked in Syria

Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith

Key: Worked in Persia

References

^ Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) . Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 767. ISBN 9004081186.
A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam). Oneworld Publications. p. 154. ISBN 978-1851686636.
^ Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1986) . Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (H-Iram) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 766. ISBN 9004081186.
Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012). Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East). Vol. I (A-B). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 384. ISBN 978-90-04-23424-6.
^ Al-Bayhaqi 1999, p. 26
Gibril Fouad Haddad 2015, p. 155
^ "Furak". Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ Al-Bayhaqi 1999, p. 27
^ Gibril Fouad Haddad 2015, p. 155-156
Al-Bayhaqi 1999, p. 28
Brown, Jonathan (2007). The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon (reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 190. ISBN 978-9-004158399.

Bibliography

R. Y., Ebied & Van Renterghem, Vanessa (1960–2005). "Ibn Fūrak". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_032.
Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Vol. 4 of Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. Islamic Supreme Council of America. p. 26-28. ISBN 9781930409033.
Gibril Fouad Haddad (2 May 2015). "Ibn Furak (330 AH – 406 AH, 73-74 years old)". The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters. As-Sunnah Foundation of America. pp. 155–158.

v t e Shafi'i school
by century (AH / AD)
2nd/8th	Al-Shafi'i (founder of the school; 767–820) Al-Muzani (791/92–878)
3rd/9th	Al-Humaydi (d. 834) Harith al-Muhasibi (781–857) Bukhari (810–870) Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) Ibn Majah (824–887) Al-Nasai (d. 915) Ibn Khuzaymah (837–923) Ibn al-Mundhir (855–930) Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) Fakr ad-Din
4th/10th	Al-Daraqutni (918–995) Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 996) Al-Hakim Nishapuri (933–1014) Ibn Furak (d. 1015) Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad (935–1025) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 1037) Abu Nuaym (d. 1038) Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (1003–1083) Al-Lalaka'i
5th/11th	Al-Tha'labi (d. 1035) Al-Mawardi (972–1058) Al-Bayhaqi (994–1066) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1002–1071) Al-Qushayri (986–1072) Al-Juwayni (1028–1085) Al-Baghawi (d. 1122) Ahmad Ghazali (d. 1123/26)
6th/12th	Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Al-Shahrastani (1086–1153) Ibn `Asakir (1105–c. 1176) Abu Tahir al-Silafi (1079–1180) Ahmed al-Rifa`i (1119–1183) Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150–1209) Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (1156–1233) Ibn Abi'l-Dam (1187–1244) Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245)
7th/13th	Ibn Abil-Hadid (d. 1258) Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam (d. 1262) Ahmad al-Badawi (1200–1276) Al-Nawawi (1230–1277) Ibn Khallikan (1211–1282) Ibn Daqiq al-Id (1228–1302) Al-Baydawi (d. 1319) Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252/53–1334) Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi (1256–1341) Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
8th/14th	Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 1315/16) Al-Dhahabi (1274–1348) Taqi al-Din al-Subki (1284–1355) Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) Taj al-Din al-Subki (1327–1370) Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) Taftazani (1322–1390) Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi (1344–1392) Zain al-Din al-Iraqi (1325–1403) Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404) Ibn Nuhaas (d. 1411) Ibn al-Jazari (1350–1429)
9th/15th	Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1449) Al-Mahalli (d. 1460) Al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) Al-Suyuti (1445–1505) Al-Qastallani (1448–1517) Zakariyya al-Ansari (1420–1520) Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi (1466–1533)
10th/16th	Al-Sha`rani (1492/93–1565) Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (1503–1566) Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy (d. 1570)
11th/17th	Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)
13th/19th	Ibrahim al-Bajuri (1784–1860) Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i (1820–1882) Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816–1886) Shaykh Sufi (1828–1904) Uways al-Barawi (1847–1909) Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi (1860–1916)
14th/20th	Yusuf al-Nabhani (1849–1932) Abdallah al-Qutbi (1879–1952) Said Nursî (1877–1960) Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah (1908–1981) Muhammad Hamidullah (1908–2002) Ahmed Kuftaro (1915–2004) Abdullah al-Harari (1906–2008)
15th/21st	Wahbah al-Zuhayli (1932–2015) Taha Jabir Alalwani (1935–2016) Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar (1937–2016) Hasyim Muzadi (1944–2017) Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif (1935–2022) Abdul Azeez Madani (1950–2022) Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar (b. 1931) Naqib al-Attas (b. 1931) Mohammad Salim Al-Awa (b. 1942) K. Ali Kutty Musliyar (b. 1945) Ali Gomaa (b. 1952) Nuh Ha Mim Keller (b. 1954) Zaid Shakir (b. 1956) Gibril Haddad (b. 1960) Umar bin Hafiz (b. 1963) Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari (b. 1964) Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy (b. 1970) Ali al-Jifri (b. 1971) Afifi al-Akiti (b. 1976) Awn Al-Qaddoumi (b. 1982) Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Hanbali Maliki Zahiri

Ash'ari school of Sunni theology

Ash'ari scholars
(Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari)

Malikis	Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (d. 386 AH) Al-Baqillani (d. 403 AH) Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 430 AH) Ibn Sidah (d. 458 AH) Abu al-Walid al-Baji (d. 474 AH) Abu Bakr al-Turtushi (d. 520 AH) Al-Maziri (d. 536 AH) Ibn Barrajan (d. 536 AH) Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543 AH) Al-Qadi 'Ayyad (d. 544 AH) Al-Suhayli (d. 581 AH) Ibn al-Qattan (d. 628 AH) Ibn Malik (d. 672 AH) Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684 AH) Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH) Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari (d. 709 AH) Ibn Adjurrum (d. 723 AH) Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari (d. 737 AH) Ibn Juzayy (d. 741 AH) Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi (d. 776 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d. 790 AH) Ibn 'Arafa (d. 803 AH) Ibn Khaldun (d. 808 AH) Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi (d. 876 AH) Ahmad Zarruq (d. 899 AH) Ahmad al-Wansharisi (d. 914 AH) Al-Akhdari (d. 953 AH) Al-Hattab (d. 954 AH) Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti (d. 1036 AH) Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani (d. 1041 AH) Ibrahim al-Laqani (d. 1041 AH) Muhammad Mayyara (d. 1072 AH) Ibn 'Ashir (d. 1090 AH) Al-Hasan al-Yusi (d. 1102 AH) Muhammad al-Zurqani (d. 1122 AH) Ahmad al-Dardir (d. 1201 AH) M'Hamed al-Azhari (d. 1208 AH) Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (d. 1224 AH) Ahmad al-Tijani (d. 1230 AH) Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki (d. 1230 AH) Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1276 AH) Muhammad 'Ilish (d. 1299 AH) Ahmad al-Ghumari (d. 1380 AH) Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (d. 1393 AH) Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (d. 1397 AH) Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi (d. 1419 AH) Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (d. 1425 AH) Ahmed el-Tayeb Hamza Yusuf
Shafi'is	Ibn Hibban (d. 354 AH) Ibn Khafif (d. 371 AH) Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (d. 405 AH) Ibn Furak (d. 406 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini (d. 418 AH) Al-Tha'labi (d. 427 AH) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 429 AH) Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (d. 430 AH) Al-Bayhaqi (d. 458 AH) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463 AH) Al-Qushayri (d. 465 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (d. 476 AH) Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH) Al-Juwayni (d. 478 AH) Al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH) Al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH) Al-Baghawi (d. 516 AH) Al-Shahrastani (d. 548 AH) Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571 AH) Ahmad al-Rifa'i (d. 578 AH) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606 AH) Ibn al-Salah (d. 643 AH) Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (d. 660 AH) Al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH) Al-Baydawi (d. 685 AH) Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (d. 702 AH) Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri (d. 728 AH) Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi (d. 742 AH) Taqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756 AH) Al-Safadi (d. 764 AH) Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771 AH) Shams al-Din al-Kirmani (d. 786 AH) Al-Zarkashi (d. 794 AH) Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (d. 806 AH) Nur al-Din al-Haythami (d. 807 AH) Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH) Al-Maqrizi (d. 845 AH) Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 AH) Al-Sakhawi (d. 902 AH) Al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH) Nur al-Din al-Samhudi (d. 911 AH) Jalal al-Din al-Dawani (d. 918 AH) Al-Qastallani (d. 923 AH) Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926 AH) Al-Sha'rani (d. 973 AH) Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974 AH) Al-Khatib al-Shirbini (d. 977 AH) Al-Munawi (d. 1031 AH) 'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (d. 1132 AH) Hasan al-Attar (d. 1230 AH) Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (d. 1304 AH) Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1379 AH) Noah al-Qudah (d. 1432 AH) 'Abdallah al-Harari (d. 1432 AH) Al-Bouti (d. 1434 AH) Ali Gomaa Ali al-Jifri Gibril Haddad
Hanbalis	Ibn 'Aqil (d. 508 AH) Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 534 AH)
Zahiris	Ibn Tumart (d. 524 AH) Ibn Mada' (d. 592 AH) Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi (d. 745 AH)

Ash'ari leaders

Nizam al-Mulk (d. 485 AH)
Yusuf ibn Tashfin (d. 500 AH)
'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali (d. 558 AH)
Saladin (d. 589 AH)
Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub (d. 615 AH)
Al-Kamil (d. 635 AH)
Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH)
Qutuz (d. 658 AH)
Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH)
Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH)
Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH)
'Izz al-Din al-Qassam (d. 1354 AH)
Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi (d. 1382 AH)
Al-Muwahhidun
Ayyubid dynasty
Mamluk

Theology books

See also

Ash'ari-related templates

Islamic theology

Fields
Theologians
Books

Fields

Aqidah	Eschatology Ethics Kalam
Philosophy	‘Aql Education Logic Peace
Science	Astronomy Cosmology Physics
Sufism	Cosmology Metaphysics Philosophy

Theologians

Ash'arism (al-Ash'ari)	Al-Bayhaqi Al-Baqillani Al-Juwayni Al-Qushayri Al-Shahrastani Al-Ghazali Al-Taftazani Al-Maziri Ibn Furak Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani Zakariyya al-Ansari Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini Ibn Aqil Ibn Tumart Abdul Qadir Gilani Abu al-Walid al-Baji Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi Ibn al-Jawzi Qadi Ayyad Ahmad al-Rifa'i Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Sayf al-Din al-Amidi Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam Taqi al-Din al-Subki Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati Al-Baydawi Ibn Khaldun Ibn Arafa Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi Ibn Hajar al-Haytami Al-Sha'rani Jalal al-Din al-Dawani Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi Ibn Ashir Al-Bahūtī Muhammad Mayyara Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 'Illish Ibrahim al-Bajuri Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad Ahmad al-Dardir Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
Early Sunni	Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit (Hanafiyah) Malik ibn Anas (Maliki) Al-Shafi'i (Shafi‘i)
Maturidism (Al-Maturidi)	Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi Al-Sarakhsi Al-Bazdawi Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari Al-Sharif al-Jurjani Akmal al-Din al-Babarti Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi Nur al-Din al-Sabuni Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi Siraj al-Din al-Ushi Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi Khidr Bey Ibn Kemal Ali Qushji Ali al-Qari Al-Maydani Ahmad Sirhindi Anwar Shah Kashmiri Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Shah Abdul Aziz Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi Rahmatullah Kairanawi Murtada al-Zabidi Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi Muhammad Abu Zahra Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar Rumi
Mu'attila	Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham Mu'jbira Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī Jahmīyya Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
Mu'jassimā	Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī al-Balkhī (Muqātilīyya) Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-Juzjanī al-Kūfī Jawālikīyya Rum Abdals Ibn Karram (Karramiyya)
Murji'ah	Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-Dimashqī an-Nabati al-Qībtī (Murjī-Qadariyah)
Mu'tazila (Wasil ibn 'Ata')	Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām (Nazzāmīyya) Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya) Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī (Jubbāīyya) Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya) Ja'far ibn Harb Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī (Jāhizīyya) Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar Abu al-Husayn al-Basri Al-Zamakhshari Amr ibn Ubayd Ibn Abi'l-Hadid Sahib ibn Abbad Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
Najjārīyya	Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) Mustadrakīyya
Salafi Theologians	Ibn Taymiyyah Ibnul Qayyim Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Wahhabism Al-Shawkani Rashid Rida Ibn Baz Al-Uthaymin Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i Al-Albani Saleh Al-Fawzan Rabee al-Madkhali Madkhalism Syed Nazeer Husain Ahl-i Hadith Siddiq Hasan Khan Zubair Ali Zai Safar Al-Hawali Sahwa movement Salman al-Ouda Osama bin Laden Salafi Jihadism Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi Hazimism Yasir Qadhi Post-Salafism
Twelver Shi'ism	Twelve Imams Ali Hasan ibn Ali Husayn ibn Ali Ali al-Sajjad Muhammad al-Baqir Ja'far al-Sadiq Musa al-Kazim Ali al-Rida Muhammad al-Jawad Ali al-Hadi Hasan al-Askari Muhammad al-Mahdi Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid Sharif al-Murtaza Shaykh Tusi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Allamah Al-Hilli Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi Zurarah ibn A'yan Hisham ibn Hakam Agha Zia ol Din Araghi Ja'far Sobhani Ruhollah Khomeini Wilayat al-faqih
Isma'ili Shi'ism	Al-Qadi al-Nu'man Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine Dhu'ayb ibn Musa Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam Idris Imad al-Din Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
Zaydi Shi'ism	Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd Al-Qasim al-Rassi Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya Al-Mansur al-Qasim

Key books

Sunni books	Asas al-Taqdis Al-Baz al-Ashhab Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq Al-Milal wa al-Nihal Al-Irshad Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah Al-Sawad al-A'zam Kitab al-Tawhid Tabsirat al-Adilla Masnavi Fihi Ma Fihi Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi The Moderation in Belief
Shia books	Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya Al-Amali Al-Khisal Awail Al Maqalat Tashih al-I'tiqad Tajrid al-I'tiqad
Independent	Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Kitab al-Majmu of Alawis Malfūzāt of Ahmadiyya Umm al-kitab of Musta'li Isma'ilism

Islamic schools and branches

Sunni Islam

Ahl al-Hadith (Atharism)	Kullabiyya Ibn Kullab Hanbalis Ahmad ibn Hanbal Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la Khwaja Abdullah Ansari Zahiris Dawud al-Zahiri Salafism Ahl-i Hadith Syed Nazeer Husain / Siddiq Hasan Khan Wahhabism Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Ibn Baz Al-Uthaymin Al-Albani Other Salafi trends Jihadism Madkhalism Sahwa Salafi Modernism Muhammad bin Dawud Maqrizi
Ahl ar-Ra'y (Ilm al-Kalam)	Ash'arism Malikis Shafi'is Abdullah al-Harari – Al-Ahbash Maturidism Hanafis Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi / Ahmed Raza Khan – Barelvi Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi / Rashid Ahmad Gangohi – Deobandi Necmettin Erbakan – Millî Görüş

Shia Islam

Zaydism	Zayd ibn Ali Jarudiyya Batriyya Imamate Alid dynasties of northern Iran Hasan al-Utrush Yahya ibn Umar Imams of Yemen Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects Dukayniyya Khalafiyya

Imami
Mahdiist
Shi'ite
Sects in
Islam

Imami Twelver	Theology of Twelvers Ja'fari Akhbari Usuli Shaykhism Qizilbash Sheikh Haydar / Shah Ismail / Pir Sultan / Kul Nesîmî – Safavid Islam Ghulat al-Khaṣībī / ibn Nusayr – Alawites Astarabadi (Naimi) / Imadaddin Nasimi – Hurufism / Bektashism Baktāshism Demir Bābā – Alians Bābā Rexheb – Hārābātīs
Imami Isma'ilism	Fathite Abdallah al-Aftah Batiniyyah Hamdan Qarmat – Sevener Qarmatians Hamza / Baha al-Din al-Muqtana / ad-Darazi – Druzes Fatimids Musta'li Tayyibi Alavi Dawoodi Sulaymani Hafizi Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani – Badakhshan Alevism Nizari Hassan-i Sabbah – Assassins Aga Khans – Nizaris / Khojas Pir Sadardin – Satpanth
Kaysanites Shia	Mukhtār Abū ʿAmra Kaysān Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah – Hashimiyya Hārbīyya ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi Janāhiyya Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya Hārithīyya Riyāhīyya Sam‘ānīyya Bayān ibn Sam‘ān Rezāmīyya Abu Muslim Sunpadh Muḥammirah Khurramites Babak Mazyar al-Muqanna Ishaq al-Turk Khashabiyya Shia
Other Mahdiists	An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah Hurufiyya Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī – Nuktawiyya Shayki Nuqta-yi Ula – Bábīyya Tawussite Shia ʿAjlan ibn Nawus Waqifite Shia

Muhakkima
(Arbitration)

Kharijites	Ajardi Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād Maymunīyyah Sa'labīyyah Azariqa Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī Bayhasīyyah Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir Najdat Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī Sufri Abu Qurra Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād al-Nukkari
Ibadism	'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi Jābir ibn Zayd Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin al-Ifrani Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi Wahbiyyah Azzabas

Murji'ah
(Hasan ibn
Muḥāmmad
ibn al-
Hanafiyyah)

Karrāmīyya	Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) Dhīmmīyya Hakāiqīyya Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) Maʿīyya Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) Nūnīyya Razīnīyya Sauwāqīyya Sūramīyya Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) Wāhidīyya Zarībīyya
Other sects	Gaylānīyya Gaylān ibn Marwān Yūnusīyya Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī Gassānīyya Gassān al-Kūfī Tūmanīyya Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī Sawbānīyya Abū Sawbān al-Murjī Sālehīyya Sāleh ibn Umar Shamrīyya Abū Shamr Ubaydīyya Ubayd al-Mūktaib Ziyādīyya Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
Other Murjīs	Al-Harith ibn Surayj Sa'id ibn Jubayr Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān Muhārīb ibn Dithār Sābit Kutna Awn ibn Abdullāh Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr Umar ibn Zar Salm ibn Sālem Hālaf ibn Ayyūb Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf Nusayr ibn Yahyā Ahmad ibn Hārb Amr ibn Murrah

Mu'shabbiha

Tamsīl

Jawārībīyya
- Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
Hāshwīyya
Hulmānīyya
- Abū Hulmān al-Fārisī ad-Dimashqī
- Kalandars
- Bārāq Bābā

Tajsīm

Khaṭṭābiyya
- Abu al-Khattab
Bāzīghiyya
- Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
Muʿāmmarīyya
- Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
- Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
Mufaḍḍaliyya
- al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
Ghurābīyya
Mānsūrīyya
- Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
Mughīrīyya
- Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
Mukhāmmīsa
Namiriya
‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
Saba'īyya
- Abdullah ibn Saba'

Qadariyah
(Ma'bad
al-Juhani)

Alevism	Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar – Malamatiyya / Qalandariyya Baba Ishak – Babai revolt Balım Sultan – Bektashi Order Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu – Galibi Order
Muʿtazila (Rationalism)	Mā’marīyya Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī Bishriyya Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī Bahshamiyya Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī Huzaylīyya Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī Ikhshīdiyya Nazzāmīyya Ali al-Aswarī Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī Hābītīyya Ahmad ibn Hābīt Sumamīyya Sumāma ibn Ashras Kā‘bīyya Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
Quranism	Ahle Qur'an Kala Kato Tolu-e-Islam Muhammad Iqbal Ghulam Ahmed Pervez United Submitters International Rashad Khalifa Edip Yüksel

Independent
Muslim
beliefs

Messianism	Ahmadiyya Mirza Ghulam Qadiani Lahori Kabbalist Dönmes Sabbatai Zevi – Sabbatean Mahdavīyya Muhammad Jaunpuri / Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir – Zikris Nation of Islam Wallace Fard Muhammad's doctrine Nur movement Said Nursî / Fethullah Gülen – Hizmet
Modernism	Modernist Salafism Muhammad Abduh Muhammad Asad Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani Rashid Rida Other Islamic modernists
Taṣawwuf	Tariqah Ahmed Raza Khan – Barelvi Hilmi Tunahan – Süleymancı Ahmad al-Rifa'i – Rifa`i Other orders Tawassul
Other beliefs	Sadaqah Sunnah Taqwa Tawakkul Tewafuq Thawab

Other scholars of Sunni schools of jurisprudence:
Hanafi
Hanbali
Maliki
Shafi'i
Zahiri

Categories: