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Sultan Mohammed Esmail Enang Kiram was a Sultan of Sulu. He ruled from 1950 to 1974.

Personal life

He was the eldest son of Raja Muda Muwallil Wasit II and Mora Napsa. He became the legally recognized successor of the Sultan of Sulu upon his father's death.

History

The Sultan granted authority to the Philippine government under the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal in 1962. In 1969, he met with President Ferdinand Marcos. The Philippine government officially recognized the continued existence of the Sulu Sultanate and the office of Sultan of Sulu. His eldest son, Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram, became his Raja Muda (Crown Prince).

In 1974, Mohammed Esmail Kiram passed away, and Mahakuttah was duly succeeded as Sultan of Sulu. His accession was recognized by the Filipino President, under whose act Manila acknowledged the personal status of the Sultan-King and the formation of the government of Sulu. Mahakuttah's son and heir, Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, became the Raja Muda.

However, it is crucial to note that, based on the traditional Tausūg practice of giba, Sultan Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram did not truly fulfill the cultural and legal requirements for the Sultanate of Sulu. The giba ceremony is a traditional ritual that affirms the legitimacy of a new Sultan, typically involving a public recognition and affirmation by key figures from various branches of the Sulu Sultanate and their supporters. This rite ensures that the Sultan is recognized by the people and the noble families of Sulu as their rightful ruler.

In the case of Sultan Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram, he did not undergo this essential rite, and thus, his rule was not considered legitimate within the traditional Tausūg system. This absence of the giba ceremony led to skepticism about his authority and legitimacy as Sultan. As a result, despite official recognition by the Philippine government, Mahakuttah’s rule was never fully accepted by all traditionalist factions of the Sultanate, thus complicating his position as the true Sultan of Sulu in the eyes of those who adhered to traditional customs.

References

1. Today, Philippine Muslim (2020-08-06). "Sultan of Sulu to revive Sabah Claim; asserts sovereignty, proprietary rights". PHILIPPINE MUSLIM TODAY. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
2. Omar, Ibrahim S. (July 10, 2018). Diary of a Colonized Native:(Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery). Singapore: Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781543743272.
3. ^ "Line of Succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
4. "New Sultan of Sulu Named". The New York Times. 1950-11-20. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
5. "Cession and transfer of the territory of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, acting with the consent and approval of the Ruma Bechara, in council assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
6. "Acceptance by the Republic of the Philippines of the cession and transfer of the territory of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, acting with the consent and approval of the Ruma Bechara, in council assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
7. "Duterte unlikely to discuss Sabah with Malaysian PM in meeting". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
8. "Official Week in Review: July 11 – July 17, 1969 | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
9. "A Proclamation | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2019-08-10.

External links

• Line of Succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era, published by the Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines

v t e List of sultans of Sulu (1405–1915) and claimants (1936–present)
	Sultans from 1405 to 1915 Sharif ul-Hāshim Kamal ud-Din Ala ud-Din Amir ul-Umara Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in Nasir ud-Din I Muhammad ul-Halim Batarah Shah Tengah Muwallil Wasit I Nasir ud-Din II Salah ud-Din Ali Shah Azim ud-Din I (Ferdinand I) Bantilan Azim ud-Din II Azim ud-Din I (Ferdinand I) Jamalul Kiram I Jamalul Kiram II
	Claimants after 1936 Line after Jamalul Kiram II Bomid-Din I (1936-73) Muwallil Wasit II (-36, murdered) Amirul Umara I (35-1964)
	Claimants after Muwallil Wasit II Line after Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram Mohammed Esmail Kiram I (1950-74) Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (74-86) Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram (86 - current) Line after Punjungan Kiram Muhammad Punjungan Kiram (1980-83) Aguimuddin Abirin (83) Mohammad Akijal Atti (83-90) Jamalul Kiram III (90-99) Ismael Kiram II (99-2015) Agbimuddin Kiram (2015) Phudgal Kiram Fuad Kiram Mohamad Akjan Ali Muhammad Abdul Rajak Aliuddin Eddy T. Sulaiman
The last recognised Sultan of Sulu was Sultan Jamalul Kiram II and based on historical records in Malaysia, Philippines and Brunei, he died in 1936 and had seven daughters but no son which in Islamic law, a woman cannot be appointed as heir or successor. (note)

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