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'{{Other uses}} {{selfref|On Wikipedia, ANI may refer to [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]].}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2011}} {{Infobox ancient site | name = Ani | native_name = | alternate_name = | image = Ani from Armenia.jpg | imagealttext = | caption = The ruins of Ani | map_type = Turkey | map_alt = | map_size = 285 | relief = | latd = 40 | latm = 30 | lats = 27 | latNS = N | longd = 43 | longm = 34 | longs = 22 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = inline, title | location = [[Kars Province]], [[Turkey]] | region = | type = Settlement | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = 5th century (first mentioned) | abandoned = 1319 | epochs = [[Middle Ages]] | cultures = [[Armenian culture|Armenian]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | notes = }} '''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-el|Ἄνιον ''Anion''}};<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=enbr /> {{lang-ka|ანისი ''Anisi''}};<ref name=nplg /> {{lang-tr|Ani}}){{efn|In modern Turkey, Ani is sometimes referred to as Ocaklı,<ref name=tact /><ref name=solm /> which is the name of the nearby village.<ref name=dubi />}} is a ruined medieval Armenian city-site situated in the Turkish province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], near the border with [[Armenia]]. Between 961 and 1045 it was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)|medieval (Bagratuni) Armenian Kingdom]] that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the [[Akhurian River]] and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the [[Araks River]] and forms part of the current border between Turkey and Armenia. Called the "City of 1001 Churches,"<ref name=hako /> Ani stood on various trade routes and its many [[Church architecture|religious buildings]], palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world.<ref name=virt /><ref name=eco /> At its height, Ani had a population of 100,000–200,000 people and was the rival of [[Constantinople]], [[Baghdad]] and [[Damascus]].<ref name=ghaf>{{hy icon}} Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.</ref><ref name=land /> Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani was abandoned and largely forgotten following the earthquake of 1319.<ref name=adal /> ==History== ===Etymology=== Armenian chroniclers such as [[Yeghishe]] and [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] first mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD.<ref name=ghaf /> They described it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian [[Kamsarakan dynasty]]. The city took its name from the Armenian fortress-city and [[pagan]] center of Ani-Kamakh located in the region of Daranaghi in [[Upper Armenia]].<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also previously known as Khnamk (Խնամք), although historians are uncertain as to why it was called so.<ref name=ghaf /> [[Johann Heinrich Hübschmann]], a German [[philologist]] and linguist who studied the Armenian language, suggested that the word may have come from the Armenian word "khnamel" (խնամել), an [[infinitive]] which means "to take care of".<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also the diminutive name of ancient Armenian goddess [[Anahit]] who was seen as the mother-protector of Armenia.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} ===Capital of the Bagratuni kingdom=== [[File:Bagratuni Armenia 1000-en.svg|thumb|right|275px|The Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, {{circa|1000}}]] By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in [[Arsharunik]] and [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last = Whittow|first = Mark|title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1996|location = Berkeley|pages =213–214|isbn =978-0-520-20497-3 }}</ref> Their leader, [[Ashot Msaker|Ashot ''Msaker'']] (Ashot the Meateater) (806–827) was given the title of ''ishkhan'' (prince) of Armenia by the [[Caliphate]] in 804.<ref>Garsoian, Nina. "The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (649–684)" in ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century'', ed. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]]. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997, p. 146. ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5</ref> The Bagratunis had their first capital at [[Bagaran]], some 40&nbsp;km south of Ani, before moving it to [[Shirakavan]], some 25&nbsp;km northeast of Ani, and then transferring it to [[Kars]] in the year 929. In 961 king [[Ashot III]] (953–977) transferred the capital from Kars to Ani. Ani expanded rapidly during the reign of King [[Smbat II]] (977–989). In 992 the [[List of Catholicoi of Armenia|Armenian Catholicosate]] moved its seat to Ani. In the 10th century the population was perhaps 50,000–100,000.<ref>Redgate, Anne Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, p. 210.</ref> By the start of the eleventhth century the population of Ani was well over 100,000, and its renown was such that it was known as the "city of forty gates" and the "city of a thousand and one churches." Ani attained the peak of its power during the long reign of King [[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]] (989–1020). After his death his two sons quarrelled over the succession. The eldest son, [[Hovhannes-Smbat]] (1020–41), gained control of Ani and his younger brother, Ashot IV (1020–40), controlled other parts of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni kingdom]]. Hovhannes-Smbat, fearing that the [[Byzantine Empire]] would attack his now weakened kingdom, made the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] his heir. In January 1022, the [[Catholicos]] Peter, handed over to Basil, who was wintering with his army in [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], a document from Hovhannes-Smbat pledging his kingdom to the emperor in the event of his death.<ref>Whittow. ''Making of Byzantium'', p. 383.</ref> When Hovhannes-Smbat died in 1041, the successor to Basil, Emperor Michael IV claimed sovereignty over Ani. The new king of Ani, [[Gagik II]] (1042–45), opposed this and several Byzantine armies sent to capture Ani were repulsed. However, in 1045, after Gagik was tricked into visiting Constantinople and detained there and at the instigation of pro-Byzantine elements among its population, Ani surrendered to Byzantine control. A Greek governor was installed in the city.<ref name=ghaf /> ===Cultural and economic center=== [[File:AniMap.gif|thumb|320px|Plan of the city]] Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Arabs]], as well as smaller nations in southern Russia and Central Asia.<ref name=ghaf /> ===Sacking and desolation=== Ani was attacked and sacked respectively by both Byzantine and Seljuk Turkish armies. For the former Byzantine attacks in 1044, Armenian historian [[Aristakes Lastivertsi]] wrote: "In these days Byzantine armies entered the land of Armenia four times in succession until they had rendered the whole country uninhabited through sword, fire, and captive taking."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.uml.edu/Ethan_Spanier/Teaching/documents/TheBattleofManzikert.pdf |title=The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure |publisher=Faculty.uml.edu |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> In 1064, a large [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] Turkish army, headed by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]], attacked Ani and after a siege of 25 days they captured the city and slaughtered its population. An account of the sack and massacres in Ani is given by the Arab historian [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]], who quotes an eyewitness saying: {{quotation|The army entered the city, massacred its inhabitants, pillaged and burned it, leaving it in ruins and taking prisoner all those who remained alive...The dead bodies were so many that they blocked the streets; one could not go anywhere without stepping over them. And the number of prisoners was not less than 50,000 souls. I was determined to enter city and see the destruction with my own eyes. I tried to find a street in which I would not have to walk over the corpses; but that was impossible.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|authorlink=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|publisher=Viking|location=New York|year = 1991|pages= 342–343|isbn = 978-0-394-53779-5}}</ref>}} In 1072 the Seljuks sold Ani to the [[Shaddadid]]s, a Muslim [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty. The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city’s overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, the population would appeal to the Christian kingdom of [[Georgia (country)#Mediaeval|Georgia]] for help. The Georgians captured Ani in 1124, 1161 and 1174, each time eventually returning it to the Shaddadids.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} In the year 1199 the forces of the Georgian queen [[Tamar of Georgia|Tamar]] captured Ani and dislodged the Shaddadids, the governorship of the city was given to Armenian generals Zakare and Ivane [[Zakarid Armenia|Zakarids]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Lordkipanidze|first = Mariam|title = Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries|publisher = Genatleba|year = 1987|location = Tbilisi|page = 150}}</ref> At Ani, this new dynasty is generally known as the [[Zakarid Armenia|Zakarids]], after its founder Zakare, and they considered themselves to be the successors to the Bagratids. Prosperity quickly returned to Ani; its defences were strengthened and many new churches were constructed. Zakare was succeeded by his son Shahanshah.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unsuccessfully besieged Ani in 1226, but in 1236 they captured and sacked the city, massacring large numbers of its population. Ani had fallen when Shahanshah was absent. On his return the Zakarids continued to rule Ani, only now as vassals of the Mongols rather than the Georgians. By the fourteenth century the city was ruled by a succession of local Turkish dynasties, including the Jalayrids and the [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital. [[Timur|Tamerlane]] captured Ani in the 1380s. On his death the Kara Koyunlu regained control but transferred their capital to Yerevan. In 1441 the Armenian Catholicosate did the same. The Persian [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] then ruled Ani until it became part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1579. A small town remained within its walls at least until the middle of the 17th century, but the site was entirely abandoned by the middle of the eighteenth. The depopulation of Ani was paralleled by the depopulation of its rural hinterland as a result of political unrest in the border region during the Ottoman-Iranian wars and a fragmentation of central control by either of the empires.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} ===Modern times=== [[File:Marr archeological dig of Ani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In 1905–06, archaeological excavations of the church of Saint Gregory of King Gagik were undertaken, headed by Nikolai Marr.]] In the first half of the 19th century, European travelers discovered Ani for the outside world, publishing their descriptions in academic journals and travel accounts. In 1878 the Kars region, including Ani, was incorporated into the territory of the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1892 the first archaeological excavations were conducted at Ani, sponsored by the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] and supervised by the Russian archaeologist and orientalist [[Nicholas Marr]] (1864–1934). Marr's excavations at Ani resumed in 1904 and continued yearly until 1917. Large sectors of the city were professionally excavated, numerous buildings were uncovered and measured, the finds were studied and published in academic journals, guidebooks for the monuments and the museum were written, and the whole site was surveyed for the first time.<ref>Kalantar, Ashkharbek, ''The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia,'' Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 – Philologie – CDPOP 2, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999; ISBN 978-2-940032-11-2</ref> Emergency repairs were also undertaken on those buildings that were most at risk of collapse. A museum was established to house the tens of thousands of items found during the excavations. This museum was housed in two buildings: the Minuchihr mosque, and a purpose-built stone building.<ref name="marr">{{cite book|last =Marr|first =Nicolas|title =Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher =Anagramme Editions|year =2001|isbn =978-2-914571-00-5}}</ref> Armenians from neighboring villages and towns also began to visit the city on a regular basis,<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen. "[http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/11/29/the-god-borne-days-of-ani/ The God-Borne Days of Ani: A Revealing Look at the Former Medieval Armenian Capital of Armenia at the Turn of the 20th Century]." ''[[Armenian Weekly]]''. November 29, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.</ref> and there was even talk by Marr's team of building a school for educating the local Armenian children, building parks, and planting trees to beautify the site.<ref>{{hy icon}} Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. (1982). ''Անիի Պատմություն, 1045 թ. մինչև անկումն ու ամայացումը'' [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Abandonment], vol. 2. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 368–386.</ref> In 1918, during the latter stages of [[World War I]], the armies of the Ottoman Empire were fighting their way across the territory of the newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing [[Kars]] in April 1918. At Ani, attempts were made to evacuate the artifacts contained in the museum as Turkish soldiers were approaching the site. About 6000 of the most portable items were removed by archaeologist [[Ashkharbek Kalantar]], a participant of Marr's excavation campaigns. At the behest of [[Joseph Orbeli]], the saved items were consolidated into a museum collection; they are currently part of the collection of Yerevan's State Museum of Armenian History.<ref name="Kalantar">{{cite book|last =Kalantar|first =Ashkharbek|title =Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|publisher =Recherches et Publications|year =1994|isbn =978-2-940032-01-3}}</ref> Everything that was left behind was later looted or destroyed.<ref>Marr, Nikolai Y. "Ani, La Ville Arménniene en Ruines," ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]''. vol. 1 (original series), 1921.</ref> Turkey's surrender at the end of World War I led to the restoration of Ani to Armenian control, but a resumed offensive against the Armenian Republic in 1920 resulted in Turkey's recapture of Ani. In 1921 the signing of the [[Treaty of Kars]] formalized the incorporation of the territory containing Ani into the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref>{{hy icon}} Zohrabyan, Edik A. (1979). ''Սովետական Ռուսաստանը և հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունները, 1920–1922 թթ.'' [Soviet Russia and Armenian-Turkish Relations, 1920–1922]. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 277–280.</ref> In May 1921, the government minister [[Rıza Nur]] ordered the commander of the Eastern Front, [[Kazım Karabekir]], for the monuments of Ani to "be wiped off the face of the earth."<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dadrian|first = Vahakn N.|authorlink = Vahakn Dadrian|title = The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume = 1|issue = 2|page = 192|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1986}}</ref> Karabekir records in his memoirs that he replied dismissively to this command,<ref>{{tr icon}} {{cite book|last =Karabekir|first =Kazım|title =Istiklal Harbimiz [Our War of Independence]|location=Istanbul|publisher= Türkiye Yayınevi|year =1960|pages =960–970}}</ref> but the wiping-out of all traces of Marr's excavations and building repairs suggests that the command was partially carried out.<ref>{{cite web| last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The City of Ani: Recent History|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|accessdate =January 26, 2007| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070126112900/http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm| archivedate= January 26, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ==Current state== According to ''[[The Economist]]'':<blockquote> Even as a ruin, Ani has been a disputed city. In 1921 when most of the site was ceded to Turkey, the Armenians were dismayed. They have since accused the Turks of neglecting the place in a spirit of chauvinism. The Turks retort that Ani's remains have been shaken by blasts from a [[quarry]] on the Armenian side of the border.<ref name="eco"/> </blockquote> Another commentator describes:<blockquote> Ani is now a [[ghost town|ghost city]], uninhabited for over three centuries and marooned inside a Turkish military zone on Turkey's border with modern Armenia. Ani's recent history has been one of continuous and always increasing destruction. Neglect, earthquakes, cultural cleansing, vandalism, quarrying, amateurish [[Building restoration|restorations]] and [[excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] – all these and more have taken a heavy toll on Ani's monuments.<ref name="virt"/></blockquote> In the estimation of the [[Landmarks Foundation]] (a non-profit organization established for the protection of sacred sites) this ancient city:<blockquote> needs to be protected regardless of whose [[jurisdiction]] it falls under. Earthquakes in 1319, 1832, and 1988, Army Target practice and general neglect all have had devastating effects on the architecture of the city. The city of Ani is a [[sacred]] place which needs ongoing protection.<ref name="land" /></blockquote> As a [[tourism|tourist site]], Ani has been less than welcoming until recently. A traveler{{Who|date=April 2011}} gives the following account from a few years ago{{Clarify|date=April 2011}}: {{quotation|Due to the proximity of the border, just as in Soviet days, visitors to Ani must first obtain permission from the tourist office in Kars. The lengthy procedure which is mentioned in many guidebooks has been shortcut and there is no need anymore to pay a visit to the police and the museum in Kars. Permit and entrance ticket are now issued at the Kars tourist office. The employees request the plate number of your car or taxi and try to sell you a packaged tour that they organize. This being the good news. The bad news is that, due to tensions with Armenia, photography is again strictly forbidden. When we arrived at Ani, all cameras had to remain in the car. During the visit, after a friendly body search, we were constantly escorted by border guards to ensure that no one went too close to the border.}} Around 2004 these restrictions were relaxed and photography is now allowed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The Permit for Visiting Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/ephemera/permit.htm|accessdate =January 22, 2007}}</ref> Now, according to an author of [[Lonely Planet]] and [[Frommer's]] travel guides to Turkey: <blockquote> Official permission to visit Ani is no longer needed. Just go to Ani and buy a ticket. If you don't have your own car, haggle with a taxi or minibus driver in Kars for the round-trip to Ani, perhaps sharing the cost with other travelers. If you have trouble, the Tourist Office may help. Plan to spend at least a half-day at Ani. It's not a bad idea to bring a picnic lunch and a water bottle.<ref>{{cite web|last =Brosnahan|first =Tom|title =Ancient Armenian City of Ani|publisher =Turkey Travel Planner|url =http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html|accessdate =January 22, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070101181138/http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html| archivedate= January 1, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> </blockquote> Turkey's authorities now say they will do their best to conserve and develop the site and the culture ministry has listed Ani among the sites it is keenest to conserve. In the words of Mehmet Ufuk Erden, the local governor:<blockquote> By restoring Ani, we'll make a contribution to humanity...We will start with one church and one mosque, and over time we will include every single monument.<ref name="eco"/></blockquote> In an October 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Ani as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and looting as primary causes.<ref name="global_heritage_fund">{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge|title=Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge | accessdate=June 3, 2011|date=October 2010|publisher=Global Heritage Fund}}</ref><ref name="national_geographic_12_ancient_landmarks_on_verge_of_vanishing">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/#/world-heritage-fun-sites-threatened-ani-turkey_27808_600x450.jpg|title=Pictures: 12 Ancient Landmarks on Verge of Vanishing|accessdate=June 3, 2011|author=John Roach|date=October 23, 2010|publisher=National Geographic| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110615073055/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/| archivedate= June 15, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The [[World Monuments Fund]] (WMF) placed Ani on its 1996, 1998, and 2000 Watch Lists of 100 Most Endangered Sites. In May 2011, WMF announced it was beginning conservation work on the cathedral and Church of the Holy Redeemer in partnership with the Turkish Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/Ani-press-release.pdf|title=Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and World Monuments Fund Collaborate on Historic Conservation Project in Eastern Turkey|accessdate=November 17, 2011|date=May 2011|publisher=World Monuments Fund}}</ref> ==Monuments at Ani== All the structures at Ani are constructed using the local volcanic basalt, a sort of tufa stone. It is easily carved and comes in a variety of vibrant colors, from creamy yellow, to rose-red, to jet black. The most important surviving monuments are as follows. [[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Cathedral of Ani]] ===The Cathedral=== {{main|Cathedral of Ani}} Also known as Surp Asdvadzadzin (church of the Holy Mother of God), its construction was started in the year 989, under [[King Smbat II]]. Work was halted after his death, and was only finished in 1001 (or in 1010 under another reading of its building inscription). The design of the cathedral was the work of [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]], the most celebrated architect of medieval Armenia. The cathedral is a domed basilica (the dome collapsed in 1319). The interior contains several progressive features (such as the use of pointed arches and clustered piers) that give to it the appearance of [[Gothic architecture]] (a style which the Ani cathedral predates by several centuries).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The cathedral of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|accessdate=January 23, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070120194628/http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ===Surp Stephanos Church=== There is no inscription giving the date of its construction, but an edict in Georgian is dated 1218. The church was referred to as "Georgian". During this period "Georgian" did not simply mean an ethnic Georgian, it had a denominational meaning and would have designated all those in Ani who professed the Chalcedonian faith, including [[Armenians|Armenian]]s. Although the Georgian Church controlled this church, its congregation would have mostly been Armenians.<ref>{{cite web |last =Sim|first =Steven|title =THE GEORGIAN CHURCH|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/georgianchurch/index.htm|accessdate =February 15, 2012}}</ref> ===The church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents=== This church, finished in 1215, is the best-preserved monument at Ani. It was built during the rule of the [[Zakarids]] and was commissioned by the wealthy Armenian merchant [[Tigran Honents]]. Its plan is of a type called a ''domed hall''. In front of its entrance are the ruins of a narthex and a small chapel that are from a slightly later period. The exterior of the church is spectacularly decorated. Ornate stone carvings of real and imaginary animals fill the spandrels between blind arcade that runs around all four sides of the church. The interior contains an important and unique series of frescoes cycles that depict two main themes. In the eastern third of the church is depicted the Life of [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator]], in the middle third of the church is depicted the Life of Christ. Such extensive fresco cycles are rare features in Armenian architecture – it is believed that these ones were executed by Georgian artists, and the cycle also includes scenes from the life of St. Nino, who converted the Georgians to Christianity. In the narthex and its chapel survive fragmentary frescoes that are more Byzantine in style.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honents|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> ===The church of the Holy Redeemer=== [[File:20110419 Church of Redeemer Collage Ani Turkey.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Church of the Redeemer (Surb Prkich).]] This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the [[True Cross]]. The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of the Redeemer|publisher=VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm |accessdate =January 23, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070120195202/http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ===The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents=== This small building probably dates from the late 10th century. It was built as a private chapel for the Pahlavuni family. Their mausoleum, built in 1040 and now reduced to its foundations, was constructed against the northern side of the church. The church has a centralised plan, with a dome over a drum, and the interior has six exedera.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of the Abughamir family|publisher =VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> ===King Gagik's church of St Gregory=== Also known as the Gagikashen, this church was constructed between the years 1001 and 1005 and intended to be a recreation of the celebrated cathedral of [[Zvartnots Cathedral|Zvartnots]] at [[Vagharshapat, Armenia|Vagharshapat]]. [[Nikolai Marr]] uncovered the foundations of this remarkable building in 1905 and 1906. Before that, all that was visible on the site was a huge earthen mound. The designer of the church was the architect [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]]. The church is known to have collapsed a relatively short time after its construction and houses were later constructed on top of its ruins. Trdat's design closely follows that of Zvartnotz in its size and in its plan (a quatrefoil core surrounded by a circular ambulatory).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =King Gagik's church of St. Gregory|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> ===The church of the Holy Apostles=== The date of its construction is not known, but the earliest dated inscription on its walls is from 1031. It was founded by the Pahlavuni family and was used by the archbishops of Ani (many of whom belonged to that dynasty). It has a plan of a type called an ''inscribed quatrefoil with corner chambers''. Only fragments remain of the church, but a narthex with spectacular stonework, built against the south side of the church, is still partially intact. It dates from the early 13th century. A number of other halls, chapels, and shrines once surrounded this church: Nicholas Marr excavated their foundations in 1909, but they are now mostly destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =Church of the Holy Apostles|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070216195144/http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm| archivedate= February 16, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[File:Ani.mosque.jpg|160px|thumb|right|Menüçehr Mosque west view]] ===The mosque of Minuchir=== The mosque is named after its presumed founder, Minuchihr, the first member of the [[Shaddadid]] dynasty that ruled Ani after 1072. The oldest surviving part of the mosque is its still intact minaret. It has the Arabic word ''Bismillah'' ("In the name of God") in [[Kufic]] lettering high on its northern face. The prayer hall, half of which survives, dates from a later period (the 12th or 13th century). In 1906 the mosque was partially repaired in order for it to house a public museum containing objects found during Nicholas Marr's excavations.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The mosque of Minuchihr|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070120195237/http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ===The citadel=== At the southern end of Ani is a flat-topped hill once known as ''Midjnaberd'' (the Inner Fortress). It has its own defensive walls that date back to the period when the [[Kamsarakan]] dynasty ruled Ani (7th century AD). Nicholas Marr excavated the citadel hill in 1908 and 1909. He uncovered the extensive ruins of the palace of the Bagratid kings of Ani that occupied the highest part of the hill. Also inside the citadel are the visible ruins of three churches and several unidentified buildings. One of the churches, the "church of the palace" is the oldest surviving church in Ani, dating from the 6th or 7th century. Marr undertook emergency repairs to this church, but most of it has now collapsed – probably during an earthquake in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The citadel of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> ===The city walls=== [[File:Ani townwall.jpg|thumb|275px|right|The walls of Ani showing a defensive tower.]] A line of walls that encircled the entire city defended Ani. The most powerful defences were along the northern side of the city, the only part of the site not protected by rivers or ravines. Here the city was protected by a double line of walls, the much taller inner wall studded by numerous large and closely space semicircular towers. Contemporary chroniclers wrote that King Smbat (977–989) built these walls. Later rulers strengthened Smbat's walls by making them substantially higher and thicker, and by adding more towers. Armenian inscriptions from the 12th and 13th century show that private individuals paid for some of these newer towers. The northern walls had three gateways, known as the Lion Gate, the Kars Gate, and the Dvin Gate (also known as the Chequer-Board Gate because of a panel of red and black stone squares over its entrance).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The city walls of Ani|publisher=VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> ===Other monuments=== There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by [[Chalcedonian]] Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc. ===Cave Village=== Directly outside of Ani, there was a settlement-zone carved into the cliffs. It may have served as "urban sprawl" when Ani grew too large for its city walls. Today, goats and sheep take advantage of the caves' cool interiors. One highlight of this part of Ani is a cave church with frescos on its surviving walls and ceiling. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Double-Walls-Northside-Ani-Armenia-1885.gif|An 1885 engraving of Ani. File:Ani saint gregory church.jpg|The church of [[St. Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] of the Abughamrents and the citadel in the ruins of Ani. File:AniStGregory.jpg|Saint Gregory, drum and dome. File:Tigran Ani.JPG|Saint Gregory, western side. File:Ani St Tigran fresco.JPG|Frescoes on the southern wall: the Dormition. File:Ani St Tigris fresco 3.JPG|Frescoes. File:Ani - Tigran Honents frescoes.jpg|Frescoes. File:Ani The Raising of Lazarus.JPG|Frescoes of the northern wall: the Raising of Lazarus. File:cave fresca3.jpg|Fresco on the ceiling of a cave church outside Ani. </gallery> ===Panorama=== {{wide image|20110419 Ani North Walls Turkey Panorama.jpg|1800px|<center>Panoramic view of north walls of Ani, April 2011.</center>}} ==In culture== [[Ani (given name)|Ani]] is one of the most popular female given names in Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which are most common Armenian names?|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|accessdate=10 August 2013|newspaper=News.am|date=27 August 2012}}</ref> Songs and poems have been written about Ani and its past glory. "Tesnem Anin u nor mernem" (Տեսնեմ Անին ու նոր մեռնեմ, Let me see Ani and die) is a famous poem by [[Hovhannes Shiraz]]. It was turned into a song by Turkish-Armenian composer [[:tr:Cenk Taşkan|Cenk Taşkan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |title=Forums / Հայկական Երգերի Շտեմարան / Հայաստան - Կրթական Տեխնոլոգիաների Ազգային Կենտրոն |publisher=Ktak.am |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |title="Ani", A Poem By Hovhannes Shiraz |publisher=Yerevan2012.org |date=2012-02-16 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> [[Ara Gevorgyan]]'s 1999 album of folk instrumental songs is titled ''Ani''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|publisher=Ara Gevorgyan Website|accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Ani security fence]] * [[List of kings of Ani]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=adal>{{cite book|last=Adalian |first=Rouben Paul|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian |year=2010 |location=Lanham, Maryland|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|page=83}}</ref> <ref name=dubi>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Turkey|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|location=New York|isbn=9781843530718|page=831|author=Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry|edition=5th.|quote=Ani lies 45km southeast of Kars, just beyond the village of Ocaklı.}}</ref> <ref name=eco>{{cite news|title =Ani, a Disputed City Haunted by History|publisher =''[[The Economist]]''|date =June 15, 2006|url =http://www.economist.com/diversions/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7066270|accessdate=January 22, 2007}}</ref> <ref name=enbr>{{cite encyclopaedia|title=ANI (anc. Abnicum)|last=Hooper|first=Horace Everett|authorlink=Horace Everett Hooper|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|volume=2|pages=47|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1910–11|url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ANC_APO/ANI_anc_Abnicum_.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> <ref name=gars>{{citation|first1=Nina G.|last1=Garsoïan|first2=Alice|last2=Taylor|contribution=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0280?rskey=d3Kf7O&result=280 Ani]|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}}</ref> <ref name=hako>{{hy icon}} Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. (1980). ''Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ.'' [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045], vol. I. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 214–217.</ref> <ref name=land>{{cite web|title=SACRED SITE|work=Ani, Turkey|publisher=[[Landmarks Foundation]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526001133/http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml|accessdate=22 January 2007}}</ref> <ref name=nplg>{{cite web|title=ანისი [anisi]|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=14&t=11786|publisher=[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]|accessdate=4 November 2013|language=Georgian}}</ref> <ref name=solm>{{cite book|last=Solmaz|first=Gürsoy|title=Ortaçağ'da Erzurum-Kars kaleleri|year=2000|publisher=[[Atatürk University]] Institute of Turkish Studies|location=Erzurum|page=110|quote=Bu yüzden Anı (Ocaklı) köylüleri, eskiden dışarıdan hiç görülmeyip "gizli" kaldığı için bu kapıya "Oğrun / uğrun - Kapı (Gizli Kapı) da derler.}}</ref> <ref name=tact>{{cite book|title=Türkiye rehberi [Turkey's guide]|year=1990|publisher=[[Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey]]|location=İstanbul|isbn=9789757641087|page=348|language=Turkish|quote=Harita 54 / Kars 44 km Merkez ilçenin doğusundaki Ocaklı (Ani) Köyü sınırları içinde kalan, ünlü Ortaçağ yerleşmesi.}}</ref> <ref name=virt>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =VirtualANI – Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org|accessdate =January 22, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070120194819/http://www.virtualani.org/| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> }} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|first=S. Peter|last=Cowe|year=2001|title=Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital|publisher=Peeters|location=Sterling, Virginia}} * {{hy icon}} {{cite book|first=Tadevos Kh.|last=Hakobyan|title=Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ. [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045]|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|location=Yerevan|year=1980}} * {{hy icon}} {{cite book|first=Tadevos Kh.| last=Hakobyan|title= Անիի Պատմություն, 1045 թ. մինչև անկումն ու ամայացումը [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Desolation]|publisher = Yerevan State University Press|location=Yerevan|year=1982}} * {{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Kevorkian|editor=Raymond Kevorkian|year=2001|title=Ani – Capitale de l'Arménie en l'An Mil}} * {{cite book|first=H.F.B.|last=Lynch | year=1901|title=Armenia, Travels and Studies|publisher=Longmans|location=London|isbn=1-4021-8950-8}} * {{cite book|first=Nicolas Yacovlevich|last=Marr|authorlink=Nicholas Marr|year=2001|title=Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher=Anagramme Editions|location=Paris}} * {{cite book|first=Vladimir|last=Minorsky|authorlink=Vladimir Minorsky|year=1953|title=Studies in Caucasian History|isbn=0-521-05735-3}} * {{cite book|first=Cuneo|last=Paolo|year=1984|title=Documents of Armenian Architecture, volume 12: Ani}} * {{cite book|first=Ashkharbek|last=Kalantar|authorlink=Ashkharbek Kalantar|year=1994|title=Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages}} * {{cite book|first=Thomas Allen|last=Sinclair|year=1987|title=Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archeological Survey, volume 1}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no}} * [http://www.360tr.net/kars/ani-armenian-cathedral/ 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral * [http://www.360tr.com/ani-armenian-cathedral-virtual-tour_f34c0986c5_en.html 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral * [http://www.virtualani.org/citymap.htm Virtual Ani] – has clickable maps, extensive history and photos * [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/cldetails?mid=ab9b417b469b0f00aa01bde570e9763c 3D Models of Ani] * [http://turkishtravelblog.com/ruins-ani-city-1001-churches/ Photos of Ani] * [http://www.wmf.org/project/ani-cathedral World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Ani Cathedral conservation project] * [http://www.wmf.org/project/church-holy-savior World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Church of the Holy Savior/Redeemer conservation project] * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/ani 400+ pictures of Ani] *{{cite news|title=The Ancient Ghost City of Ani|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-ancient-ghost-city-of-ani/100668/|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=24 January 2014}} - a gallery of 27 photos of Ani {{Historic capitals of Armenia}} {{Ancient settlements in Turkey}} [[Category:History of Armenia]] [[Category:History of Turkey]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia]] [[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]] [[Category:Ruins in Turkey]] [[Category:Former capitals of Armenia]] [[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kars Province]]'
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'@@ -1,257 +1,2 @@ -{{Other uses}} -{{selfref|On Wikipedia, ANI may refer to [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]].}} -{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2011}} -{{Infobox ancient site -| name = Ani -| native_name = -| alternate_name = -| image = Ani from Armenia.jpg -| imagealttext = -| caption = The ruins of Ani -| map_type = Turkey -| map_alt = -| map_size = 285 -| relief = -| latd = 40 -| latm = 30 -| lats = 27 -| latNS = N -| longd = 43 -| longm = 34 -| longs = 22 -| longEW = E -| coordinates_display = inline, title -| location = [[Kars Province]], [[Turkey]] -| region = -| type = Settlement -| part_of = -| length = -| width = -| area = -| height = -| builder = -| material = -| built = 5th century (first mentioned) -| abandoned = 1319 -| epochs = [[Middle Ages]] -| cultures = [[Armenian culture|Armenian]] -| dependency_of = -| occupants = -| event = -| excavations = -| archaeologists = -| condition = -| ownership = -| management = -| public_access = -| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> -| notes = -}} -'''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-el|Ἄνιον ''Anion''}};<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=enbr /> {{lang-ka|ანისი ''Anisi''}};<ref name=nplg /> {{lang-tr|Ani}}){{efn|In modern Turkey, Ani is sometimes referred to as Ocaklı,<ref name=tact /><ref name=solm /> which is the name of the nearby village.<ref name=dubi />}} is a ruined medieval Armenian city-site situated in the Turkish province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], near the border with [[Armenia]]. - -Between 961 and 1045 it was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)|medieval (Bagratuni) Armenian Kingdom]] that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the [[Akhurian River]] and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the [[Araks River]] and forms part of the current border between Turkey and Armenia. Called the "City of 1001 Churches,"<ref name=hako /> Ani stood on various trade routes and its many [[Church architecture|religious buildings]], palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world.<ref name=virt /><ref name=eco /> - -At its height, Ani had a population of 100,000–200,000 people and was the rival of [[Constantinople]], [[Baghdad]] and [[Damascus]].<ref name=ghaf>{{hy icon}} Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.</ref><ref name=land /> Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani was abandoned and largely forgotten following the earthquake of 1319.<ref name=adal /> - -==History== - -===Etymology=== -Armenian chroniclers such as [[Yeghishe]] and [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] first mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD.<ref name=ghaf /> They described it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian [[Kamsarakan dynasty]]. The city took its name from the Armenian fortress-city and [[pagan]] center of Ani-Kamakh located in the region of Daranaghi in [[Upper Armenia]].<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also previously known as Khnamk (Խնամք), although historians are uncertain as to why it was called so.<ref name=ghaf /> [[Johann Heinrich Hübschmann]], a German [[philologist]] and linguist who studied the Armenian language, suggested that the word may have come from the Armenian word "khnamel" (խնամել), an [[infinitive]] which means "to take care of".<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also the diminutive name of ancient Armenian goddess [[Anahit]] who was seen as the mother-protector of Armenia.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} - -===Capital of the Bagratuni kingdom=== -[[File:Bagratuni Armenia 1000-en.svg|thumb|right|275px|The Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, {{circa|1000}}]] - -By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in [[Arsharunik]] and [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last = Whittow|first = Mark|title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1996|location = Berkeley|pages =213–214|isbn =978-0-520-20497-3 }}</ref> Their leader, [[Ashot Msaker|Ashot ''Msaker'']] (Ashot the Meateater) (806–827) was given the title of ''ishkhan'' (prince) of Armenia by the [[Caliphate]] in 804.<ref>Garsoian, Nina. "The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (649–684)" in ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century'', ed. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]]. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997, p. 146. ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5</ref> The Bagratunis had their first capital at [[Bagaran]], some 40&nbsp;km south of Ani, before moving it to [[Shirakavan]], some 25&nbsp;km northeast of Ani, and then transferring it to [[Kars]] in the year 929. In 961 king [[Ashot III]] (953–977) transferred the capital from Kars to Ani. Ani expanded rapidly during the reign of King [[Smbat II]] (977–989). In 992 the [[List of Catholicoi of Armenia|Armenian Catholicosate]] moved its seat to Ani. In the 10th century the population was perhaps 50,000–100,000.<ref>Redgate, Anne Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, p. 210.</ref> By the start of the eleventhth century the population of Ani was well over 100,000, and its renown was such that it was known as the "city of forty gates" and the "city of a thousand and one churches." - -Ani attained the peak of its power during the long reign of King [[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]] (989–1020). After his death his two sons quarrelled over the succession. The eldest son, [[Hovhannes-Smbat]] (1020–41), gained control of Ani and his younger brother, Ashot IV (1020–40), controlled other parts of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni kingdom]]. Hovhannes-Smbat, fearing that the [[Byzantine Empire]] would attack his now weakened kingdom, made the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] his heir. In January 1022, the [[Catholicos]] Peter, handed over to Basil, who was wintering with his army in [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], a document from Hovhannes-Smbat pledging his kingdom to the emperor in the event of his death.<ref>Whittow. ''Making of Byzantium'', p. 383.</ref> When Hovhannes-Smbat died in 1041, the successor to Basil, Emperor Michael IV claimed sovereignty over Ani. The new king of Ani, [[Gagik II]] (1042–45), opposed this and several Byzantine armies sent to capture Ani were repulsed. However, in 1045, after Gagik was tricked into visiting Constantinople and detained there and at the instigation of pro-Byzantine elements among its population, Ani surrendered to Byzantine control. A Greek governor was installed in the city.<ref name=ghaf /> - -===Cultural and economic center=== -[[File:AniMap.gif|thumb|320px|Plan of the city]] -Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Arabs]], as well as smaller nations in southern Russia and Central Asia.<ref name=ghaf /> - -===Sacking and desolation=== -Ani was attacked and sacked respectively by both Byzantine and Seljuk Turkish armies. For the former Byzantine attacks in 1044, Armenian historian [[Aristakes Lastivertsi]] wrote: "In these days Byzantine armies entered the land of Armenia four times in succession until they had rendered the whole country uninhabited through sword, fire, and captive taking."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.uml.edu/Ethan_Spanier/Teaching/documents/TheBattleofManzikert.pdf |title=The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure |publisher=Faculty.uml.edu |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> - -In 1064, a large [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] Turkish army, headed by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]], attacked Ani and after a siege of 25 days they captured the city and slaughtered its population. An account of the sack and massacres in Ani is given by the Arab historian [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]], who quotes an eyewitness saying: -{{quotation|The army entered the city, massacred its inhabitants, pillaged and burned it, leaving it in ruins and taking prisoner all those who remained alive...The dead bodies were so many that they blocked the streets; one could not go anywhere without stepping over them. And the number of prisoners was not less than 50,000 souls. I was determined to enter city and see the destruction with my own eyes. I tried to find a street in which I would not have to walk over the corpses; but that was impossible.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|authorlink=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|publisher=Viking|location=New York|year = 1991|pages= 342–343|isbn = 978-0-394-53779-5}}</ref>}} -In 1072 the Seljuks sold Ani to the [[Shaddadid]]s, a Muslim [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty. The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city’s overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, the population would appeal to the Christian kingdom of [[Georgia (country)#Mediaeval|Georgia]] for help. The Georgians captured Ani in 1124, 1161 and 1174, each time eventually returning it to the Shaddadids.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} - -In the year 1199 the forces of the Georgian queen [[Tamar of Georgia|Tamar]] captured Ani and dislodged the Shaddadids, the governorship of the city was given to Armenian generals Zakare and Ivane [[Zakarid Armenia|Zakarids]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Lordkipanidze|first = Mariam|title = Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries|publisher = Genatleba|year = 1987|location = Tbilisi|page = 150}}</ref> At Ani, this new dynasty is generally known as the [[Zakarid Armenia|Zakarids]], after its founder Zakare, and they considered themselves to be the successors to the Bagratids. Prosperity quickly returned to Ani; its defences were strengthened and many new churches were constructed. Zakare was succeeded by his son Shahanshah.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} - -The [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unsuccessfully besieged Ani in 1226, but in 1236 they captured and sacked the city, massacring large numbers of its population. Ani had fallen when Shahanshah was absent. On his return the Zakarids continued to rule Ani, only now as vassals of the Mongols rather than the Georgians. - -By the fourteenth century the city was ruled by a succession of local Turkish dynasties, including the Jalayrids and the [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital. [[Timur|Tamerlane]] captured Ani in the 1380s. On his death the Kara Koyunlu regained control but transferred their capital to Yerevan. In 1441 the Armenian Catholicosate did the same. The Persian [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] then ruled Ani until it became part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1579. A small town remained within its walls at least until the middle of the 17th century, but the site was entirely abandoned by the middle of the eighteenth. The depopulation of Ani was paralleled by the depopulation of its rural hinterland as a result of political unrest in the border region during the Ottoman-Iranian wars and a fragmentation of central control by either of the empires.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} - -===Modern times=== -[[File:Marr archeological dig of Ani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In 1905–06, archaeological excavations of the church of Saint Gregory of King Gagik were undertaken, headed by Nikolai Marr.]] -In the first half of the 19th century, European travelers discovered Ani for the outside world, publishing their descriptions in academic journals and travel accounts. In 1878 the Kars region, including Ani, was incorporated into the territory of the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1892 the first archaeological excavations were conducted at Ani, sponsored by the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] and supervised by the Russian archaeologist and orientalist [[Nicholas Marr]] (1864–1934). Marr's excavations at Ani resumed in 1904 and continued yearly until 1917. Large sectors of the city were professionally excavated, numerous buildings were uncovered and measured, the finds were studied and published in academic journals, guidebooks for the monuments and the museum were written, and the whole site was surveyed for the first time.<ref>Kalantar, Ashkharbek, ''The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia,'' Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 – Philologie – CDPOP 2, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999; ISBN 978-2-940032-11-2</ref> Emergency repairs were also undertaken on those buildings that were most at risk of collapse. A museum was established to house the tens of thousands of items found during the excavations. This museum was housed in two buildings: the Minuchihr mosque, and a purpose-built stone building.<ref name="marr">{{cite book|last =Marr|first =Nicolas|title =Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher =Anagramme Editions|year =2001|isbn =978-2-914571-00-5}}</ref> Armenians from neighboring villages and towns also began to visit the city on a regular basis,<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen. "[http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/11/29/the-god-borne-days-of-ani/ The God-Borne Days of Ani: A Revealing Look at the Former Medieval Armenian Capital of Armenia at the Turn of the 20th Century]." ''[[Armenian Weekly]]''. November 29, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.</ref> and there was even talk by Marr's team of building a school for educating the local Armenian children, building parks, and planting trees to beautify the site.<ref>{{hy icon}} Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. (1982). ''Անիի Պատմություն, 1045 թ. մինչև անկումն ու ամայացումը'' [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Abandonment], vol. 2. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 368–386.</ref> - -In 1918, during the latter stages of [[World War I]], the armies of the Ottoman Empire were fighting their way across the territory of the newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing [[Kars]] in April 1918. At Ani, attempts were made to evacuate the artifacts contained in the museum as Turkish soldiers were approaching the site. About 6000 of the most portable items were removed by archaeologist [[Ashkharbek Kalantar]], a participant of Marr's excavation campaigns. At the behest of [[Joseph Orbeli]], the saved items were consolidated into a museum collection; they are currently part of the collection of Yerevan's State Museum of Armenian History.<ref name="Kalantar">{{cite book|last =Kalantar|first =Ashkharbek|title =Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|publisher =Recherches et Publications|year =1994|isbn =978-2-940032-01-3}}</ref> -Everything that was left behind was later looted or destroyed.<ref>Marr, Nikolai Y. "Ani, La Ville Arménniene en Ruines," ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]''. vol. 1 (original series), 1921.</ref> Turkey's surrender at the end of World War I led to the restoration of Ani to Armenian control, but a resumed offensive against the Armenian Republic in 1920 resulted in Turkey's recapture of Ani. In 1921 the signing of the [[Treaty of Kars]] formalized the incorporation of the territory containing Ani into the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref>{{hy icon}} Zohrabyan, Edik A. (1979). ''Սովետական Ռուսաստանը և հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունները, 1920–1922 թթ.'' [Soviet Russia and Armenian-Turkish Relations, 1920–1922]. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 277–280.</ref> - -In May 1921, the government minister [[Rıza Nur]] ordered the commander of the Eastern Front, [[Kazım Karabekir]], for the monuments of Ani to "be wiped off the face of the earth."<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dadrian|first = Vahakn N.|authorlink = Vahakn Dadrian|title = The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume = 1|issue = 2|page = 192|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1986}}</ref> Karabekir records in his memoirs that he replied dismissively to this command,<ref>{{tr icon}} {{cite book|last =Karabekir|first =Kazım|title =Istiklal Harbimiz [Our War of Independence]|location=Istanbul|publisher= Türkiye Yayınevi|year =1960|pages =960–970}}</ref> but the wiping-out of all traces of Marr's excavations and building repairs suggests that the command was partially carried out.<ref>{{cite web| last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The City of Ani: Recent History|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|accessdate =January 26, 2007| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070126112900/http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm| archivedate= January 26, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> - -==Current state== -According to ''[[The Economist]]'':<blockquote> -Even as a ruin, Ani has been a disputed city. In 1921 when most of the site was ceded to Turkey, the Armenians were dismayed. They have since accused the Turks of neglecting the place in a spirit of chauvinism. The Turks retort that Ani's remains have been shaken by blasts from a [[quarry]] on the Armenian side of the border.<ref name="eco"/> -</blockquote> -Another commentator describes:<blockquote> -Ani is now a [[ghost town|ghost city]], uninhabited for over three centuries and marooned inside a Turkish military zone on Turkey's border with modern Armenia. Ani's recent history has been one of continuous and always increasing destruction. Neglect, earthquakes, cultural cleansing, vandalism, quarrying, amateurish [[Building restoration|restorations]] and [[excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] – all these and more have taken a heavy toll on Ani's monuments.<ref name="virt"/></blockquote> - -In the estimation of the [[Landmarks Foundation]] (a non-profit organization established for the protection of sacred sites) this ancient city:<blockquote> -needs to be protected regardless of whose [[jurisdiction]] it falls under. Earthquakes in 1319, 1832, and 1988, Army Target practice and general neglect all have had devastating effects on the architecture of the city. The city of Ani is a [[sacred]] place which needs ongoing protection.<ref name="land" /></blockquote> - -As a [[tourism|tourist site]], Ani has been less than welcoming until recently. A traveler{{Who|date=April 2011}} gives the following account from a few years ago{{Clarify|date=April 2011}}: - -{{quotation|Due to the proximity of the border, just as in Soviet days, visitors to Ani must first obtain permission from the tourist office in Kars. The lengthy procedure which is mentioned in many guidebooks has been shortcut and there is no need anymore to pay a visit to the police and the museum in Kars. Permit and entrance ticket are now issued at the Kars tourist office. The employees request the plate number of your car or taxi and try to sell you a packaged tour that they organize. This being the good news. The bad news is that, due to tensions with Armenia, photography is again strictly forbidden. When we arrived at Ani, all cameras had to remain in the car. During the visit, after a friendly body search, we were constantly escorted by border guards to ensure that no one went too close to the border.}} - -Around 2004 these restrictions were relaxed and photography is now allowed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The Permit for Visiting Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/ephemera/permit.htm|accessdate =January 22, 2007}}</ref> - -Now, according to an author of [[Lonely Planet]] and [[Frommer's]] travel guides to Turkey: <blockquote> -Official permission to visit Ani is no longer needed. Just go to Ani and buy a ticket. If you don't have your own car, haggle with a taxi or minibus driver in Kars for the round-trip to Ani, perhaps sharing the cost with other travelers. If you have trouble, the Tourist Office may help. Plan to spend at least a half-day at Ani. It's not a bad idea to bring a picnic lunch and a water bottle.<ref>{{cite web|last =Brosnahan|first =Tom|title =Ancient Armenian City of Ani|publisher =Turkey Travel Planner|url =http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html|accessdate =January 22, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070101181138/http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html| archivedate= January 1, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> -</blockquote> - -Turkey's authorities now say they will do their best to conserve and develop the site and the culture ministry has listed Ani among the sites it is keenest to conserve. In the words of Mehmet Ufuk Erden, the local governor:<blockquote> -By restoring Ani, we'll make a contribution to humanity...We will start with one church and one mosque, and over time we will include every single monument.<ref name="eco"/></blockquote> - -In an October 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Ani as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and looting as primary causes.<ref name="global_heritage_fund">{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge|title=Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge | accessdate=June 3, 2011|date=October 2010|publisher=Global Heritage Fund}}</ref><ref name="national_geographic_12_ancient_landmarks_on_verge_of_vanishing">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/#/world-heritage-fun-sites-threatened-ani-turkey_27808_600x450.jpg|title=Pictures: 12 Ancient Landmarks on Verge of Vanishing|accessdate=June 3, 2011|author=John Roach|date=October 23, 2010|publisher=National Geographic| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110615073055/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/| archivedate= June 15, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> - -The [[World Monuments Fund]] (WMF) placed Ani on its 1996, 1998, and 2000 Watch Lists of 100 Most Endangered Sites. In May 2011, WMF announced it was beginning conservation work on the cathedral and Church of the Holy Redeemer in partnership with the Turkish Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/Ani-press-release.pdf|title=Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and World Monuments Fund Collaborate on Historic Conservation Project in Eastern Turkey|accessdate=November 17, 2011|date=May 2011|publisher=World Monuments Fund}}</ref> - -==Monuments at Ani== -All the structures at Ani are constructed using the local volcanic basalt, a sort of tufa stone. It is easily carved and comes in a variety of vibrant colors, from creamy yellow, to rose-red, to jet black. The most important surviving monuments are as follows. - -[[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Cathedral of Ani]] - -===The Cathedral=== -{{main|Cathedral of Ani}} -Also known as Surp Asdvadzadzin (church of the Holy Mother of God), its construction was started in the year 989, under [[King Smbat II]]. Work was halted after his death, and was only finished in 1001 (or in 1010 under another reading of its building inscription). The design of the cathedral was the work of [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]], the most celebrated architect of medieval Armenia. The cathedral is a domed basilica (the dome collapsed in 1319). The interior contains several progressive features (such as the use of pointed arches and clustered piers) that give to it the appearance of [[Gothic architecture]] (a style which the Ani cathedral predates by several centuries).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The cathedral of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|accessdate=January 23, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070120194628/http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> - -===Surp Stephanos Church=== -There is no inscription giving the date of its construction, but an edict in Georgian is dated 1218. The church was referred to as "Georgian". During this period "Georgian" did not simply mean an ethnic Georgian, it had a denominational meaning and would have designated all those in Ani who professed the Chalcedonian faith, including [[Armenians|Armenian]]s. Although the Georgian Church controlled this church, its congregation would have mostly been Armenians.<ref>{{cite web |last =Sim|first =Steven|title =THE GEORGIAN CHURCH|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/georgianchurch/index.htm|accessdate =February 15, 2012}}</ref> - -===The church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents=== -This church, finished in 1215, is the best-preserved monument at Ani. It was built during the rule of the [[Zakarids]] and was commissioned by the wealthy Armenian merchant [[Tigran Honents]]. Its plan is of a type called a ''domed hall''. In front of its entrance are the ruins of a narthex and a small chapel that are from a slightly later period. The exterior of the church is spectacularly decorated. Ornate stone carvings of real and imaginary animals fill the spandrels between blind arcade that runs around all four sides of the church. The interior contains an important and unique series of frescoes cycles that depict two main themes. In the eastern third of the church is depicted the Life of [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator]], in the middle third of the church is depicted the Life of Christ. Such extensive fresco cycles are rare features in Armenian architecture – it is believed that these ones were executed by Georgian artists, and the cycle also includes scenes from the life of St. Nino, who converted the Georgians to Christianity. In the narthex and its chapel survive fragmentary frescoes that are more Byzantine in style.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honents|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> - -===The church of the Holy Redeemer=== -[[File:20110419 Church of Redeemer Collage Ani Turkey.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Church of the Redeemer (Surb Prkich).]] -This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the [[True Cross]]. The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of the Redeemer|publisher=VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm -|accessdate =January 23, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070120195202/http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> - -===The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents=== -This small building probably dates from the late 10th century. It was built as a private chapel for the Pahlavuni family. Their mausoleum, built in 1040 and now reduced to its foundations, was constructed against the northern side of the church. The church has a centralised plan, with a dome over a drum, and the interior has six exedera.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of the Abughamir family|publisher =VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> - -===King Gagik's church of St Gregory=== -Also known as the Gagikashen, this church was constructed between the years 1001 and 1005 and intended to be a recreation of the celebrated cathedral of [[Zvartnots Cathedral|Zvartnots]] at [[Vagharshapat, Armenia|Vagharshapat]]. [[Nikolai Marr]] uncovered the foundations of this remarkable building in 1905 and 1906. Before that, all that was visible on the site was a huge earthen mound. The designer of the church was the architect [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]]. The church is known to have collapsed a relatively short time after its construction and houses were later constructed on top of its ruins. Trdat's design closely follows that of Zvartnotz in its size and in its plan (a quatrefoil core surrounded by a circular ambulatory).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =King Gagik's church of St. Gregory|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> - -===The church of the Holy Apostles=== -The date of its construction is not known, but the earliest dated inscription on its walls is from 1031. It was founded by the Pahlavuni family and was used by the archbishops of Ani (many of whom belonged to that dynasty). It has a plan of a type called an ''inscribed quatrefoil with corner chambers''. Only fragments remain of the church, but a narthex with spectacular stonework, built against the south side of the church, is still partially intact. It dates from the early 13th century. A number of other halls, chapels, and shrines once surrounded this church: Nicholas Marr excavated their foundations in 1909, but they are now mostly destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =Church of the Holy Apostles|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070216195144/http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm| archivedate= February 16, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> - -[[File:Ani.mosque.jpg|160px|thumb|right|Menüçehr Mosque west view]] - -===The mosque of Minuchir=== -The mosque is named after its presumed founder, Minuchihr, the first member of the [[Shaddadid]] dynasty that ruled Ani after 1072. The oldest surviving part of the mosque is its still intact minaret. It has the Arabic word ''Bismillah'' ("In the name of God") in [[Kufic]] lettering high on its northern face. The prayer hall, half of which survives, dates from a later period (the 12th or 13th century). In 1906 the mosque was partially repaired in order for it to house a public museum containing objects found during Nicholas Marr's excavations.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The mosque of Minuchihr|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070120195237/http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> - -===The citadel=== -At the southern end of Ani is a flat-topped hill once known as ''Midjnaberd'' (the Inner Fortress). It has its own defensive walls that date back to the period when the [[Kamsarakan]] dynasty ruled Ani (7th century AD). Nicholas Marr excavated the citadel hill in 1908 and 1909. He uncovered the extensive ruins of the palace of the Bagratid kings of Ani that occupied the highest part of the hill. Also inside the citadel are the visible ruins of three churches and several unidentified buildings. One of the churches, the "church of the palace" is the oldest surviving church in Ani, dating from the 6th or 7th century. Marr undertook emergency repairs to this church, but most of it has now collapsed – probably during an earthquake in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The citadel of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> - -===The city walls=== -[[File:Ani townwall.jpg|thumb|275px|right|The walls of Ani showing a defensive tower.]] -A line of walls that encircled the entire city defended Ani. The most powerful defences were along the northern side of the city, the only part of the site not protected by rivers or ravines. Here the city was protected by a double line of walls, the much taller inner wall studded by numerous large and closely space semicircular towers. Contemporary chroniclers wrote that King Smbat (977–989) built these walls. Later rulers strengthened Smbat's walls by making them substantially higher and thicker, and by adding more towers. Armenian inscriptions from the 12th and 13th century show that private individuals paid for some of these newer towers. The northern walls had three gateways, known as the Lion Gate, the Kars Gate, and the Dvin Gate (also known as the Chequer-Board Gate because of a panel of red and black stone squares over its entrance).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The city walls of Ani|publisher=VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref> - -===Other monuments=== -There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by [[Chalcedonian]] Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc. - -===Cave Village=== -Directly outside of Ani, there was a settlement-zone carved into the cliffs. It may have served as "urban sprawl" when Ani grew too large for its city walls. Today, goats and sheep take advantage of the caves' cool interiors. One highlight of this part of Ani is a cave church with frescos on its surviving walls and ceiling. - -==Gallery== -<gallery> -File:Double-Walls-Northside-Ani-Armenia-1885.gif|An 1885 engraving of Ani. -File:Ani saint gregory church.jpg|The church of [[St. Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] of the Abughamrents and the citadel in the ruins of Ani. -File:AniStGregory.jpg|Saint Gregory, drum and dome. -File:Tigran Ani.JPG|Saint Gregory, western side. -File:Ani St Tigran fresco.JPG|Frescoes on the southern wall: the Dormition. -File:Ani St Tigris fresco 3.JPG|Frescoes. -File:Ani - Tigran Honents frescoes.jpg|Frescoes. -File:Ani The Raising of Lazarus.JPG|Frescoes of the northern wall: the Raising of Lazarus. -File:cave fresca3.jpg|Fresco on the ceiling of a cave church outside Ani. -</gallery> - -===Panorama=== -{{wide image|20110419 Ani North Walls Turkey Panorama.jpg|1800px|<center>Panoramic view of north walls of Ani, April 2011.</center>}} - -==In culture== -[[Ani (given name)|Ani]] is one of the most popular female given names in Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which are most common Armenian names?|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|accessdate=10 August 2013|newspaper=News.am|date=27 August 2012}}</ref> - -Songs and poems have been written about Ani and its past glory. "Tesnem Anin u nor mernem" (Տեսնեմ Անին ու նոր մեռնեմ, Let me see Ani and die) is a famous poem by [[Hovhannes Shiraz]]. It was turned into a song by Turkish-Armenian composer [[:tr:Cenk Taşkan|Cenk Taşkan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |title=Forums / Հայկական Երգերի Շտեմարան / Հայաստան - Կրթական Տեխնոլոգիաների Ազգային Կենտրոն |publisher=Ktak.am |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |title="Ani", A Poem By Hovhannes Shiraz |publisher=Yerevan2012.org |date=2012-02-16 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> [[Ara Gevorgyan]]'s 1999 album of folk instrumental songs is titled ''Ani''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|publisher=Ara Gevorgyan Website|accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> - -==See also== -* [[Ani security fence]] -* [[List of kings of Ani]] - -==Notes== -{{notelist}} - -==References== -{{reflist|30em|refs= -<ref name=adal>{{cite book|last=Adalian |first=Rouben Paul|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian |year=2010 |location=Lanham, Maryland|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|page=83}}</ref> - -<ref name=dubi>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Turkey|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|location=New York|isbn=9781843530718|page=831|author=Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry|edition=5th.|quote=Ani lies 45km southeast of Kars, just beyond the village of Ocaklı.}}</ref> - -<ref name=eco>{{cite news|title =Ani, a Disputed City Haunted by History|publisher =''[[The Economist]]''|date =June 15, 2006|url =http://www.economist.com/diversions/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7066270|accessdate=January 22, 2007}}</ref> - -<ref name=enbr>{{cite encyclopaedia|title=ANI (anc. Abnicum)|last=Hooper|first=Horace Everett|authorlink=Horace Everett Hooper|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|volume=2|pages=47|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1910–11|url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ANC_APO/ANI_anc_Abnicum_.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> - -<ref name=gars>{{citation|first1=Nina G.|last1=Garsoïan|first2=Alice|last2=Taylor|contribution=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0280?rskey=d3Kf7O&result=280 Ani]|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}}</ref> - -<ref name=hako>{{hy icon}} Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. (1980). ''Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ.'' [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045], vol. I. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 214–217.</ref> - -<ref name=land>{{cite web|title=SACRED SITE|work=Ani, Turkey|publisher=[[Landmarks Foundation]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526001133/http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml|accessdate=22 January 2007}}</ref> - -<ref name=nplg>{{cite web|title=ანისი [anisi]|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=14&t=11786|publisher=[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]|accessdate=4 November 2013|language=Georgian}}</ref> - -<ref name=solm>{{cite book|last=Solmaz|first=Gürsoy|title=Ortaçağ'da Erzurum-Kars kaleleri|year=2000|publisher=[[Atatürk University]] Institute of Turkish Studies|location=Erzurum|page=110|quote=Bu yüzden Anı (Ocaklı) köylüleri, eskiden dışarıdan hiç görülmeyip "gizli" kaldığı için bu kapıya "Oğrun / uğrun - Kapı (Gizli Kapı) da derler.}}</ref> - -<ref name=tact>{{cite book|title=Türkiye rehberi [Turkey's guide]|year=1990|publisher=[[Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey]]|location=İstanbul|isbn=9789757641087|page=348|language=Turkish|quote=Harita 54 / Kars 44 km Merkez ilçenin doğusundaki Ocaklı (Ani) Köyü sınırları içinde kalan, ünlü Ortaçağ yerleşmesi.}}</ref> - -<ref name=virt>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =VirtualANI – Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org|accessdate =January 22, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070120194819/http://www.virtualani.org/| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> -}} - -==Further reading== -* {{cite book|first=S. Peter|last=Cowe|year=2001|title=Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital|publisher=Peeters|location=Sterling, Virginia}} -* {{hy icon}} {{cite book|first=Tadevos Kh.|last=Hakobyan|title=Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ. [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045]|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|location=Yerevan|year=1980}} -* {{hy icon}} {{cite book|first=Tadevos Kh.| last=Hakobyan|title= Անիի Պատմություն, 1045 թ. մինչև անկումն ու ամայացումը [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Desolation]|publisher = Yerevan State University Press|location=Yerevan|year=1982}} -* {{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Kevorkian|editor=Raymond Kevorkian|year=2001|title=Ani – Capitale de l'Arménie en l'An Mil}} -* {{cite book|first=H.F.B.|last=Lynch | year=1901|title=Armenia, Travels and Studies|publisher=Longmans|location=London|isbn=1-4021-8950-8}} -* {{cite book|first=Nicolas Yacovlevich|last=Marr|authorlink=Nicholas Marr|year=2001|title=Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher=Anagramme Editions|location=Paris}} -* {{cite book|first=Vladimir|last=Minorsky|authorlink=Vladimir Minorsky|year=1953|title=Studies in Caucasian History|isbn=0-521-05735-3}} -* {{cite book|first=Cuneo|last=Paolo|year=1984|title=Documents of Armenian Architecture, volume 12: Ani}} -* {{cite book|first=Ashkharbek|last=Kalantar|authorlink=Ashkharbek Kalantar|year=1994|title=Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages}} -* {{cite book|first=Thomas Allen|last=Sinclair|year=1987|title=Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archeological Survey, volume 1}} - -==External links== -{{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no}} - -* [http://www.360tr.net/kars/ani-armenian-cathedral/ 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral -* [http://www.360tr.com/ani-armenian-cathedral-virtual-tour_f34c0986c5_en.html 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral -* [http://www.virtualani.org/citymap.htm Virtual Ani] – has clickable maps, extensive history and photos -* [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/cldetails?mid=ab9b417b469b0f00aa01bde570e9763c 3D Models of Ani] -* [http://turkishtravelblog.com/ruins-ani-city-1001-churches/ Photos of Ani] -* [http://www.wmf.org/project/ani-cathedral World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Ani Cathedral conservation project] -* [http://www.wmf.org/project/church-holy-savior World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Church of the Holy Savior/Redeemer conservation project] -* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/ani 400+ pictures of Ani] -*{{cite news|title=The Ancient Ghost City of Ani|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-ancient-ghost-city-of-ani/100668/|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=24 January 2014}} - a gallery of 27 photos of Ani - -{{Historic capitals of Armenia}} -{{Ancient settlements in Turkey}} - -[[Category:History of Armenia]] -[[Category:History of Turkey]] -[[Category:Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia]] -[[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]] -[[Category:Ruins in Turkey]] -[[Category:Former capitals of Armenia]] -[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]] -[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kars Province]] +This is a terrible place to look up your thoughts because people can change the types like I have, SO GET OFF!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 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[ 0 => '{{Other uses}}', 1 => '{{selfref|On Wikipedia, ANI may refer to [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]].}}', 2 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2011}}', 3 => '{{Infobox ancient site', 4 => '| name = Ani', 5 => '| native_name = ', 6 => '| alternate_name = ', 7 => '| image = Ani from Armenia.jpg', 8 => '| imagealttext = ', 9 => '| caption = The ruins of Ani', 10 => '| map_type = Turkey', 11 => '| map_alt = ', 12 => '| map_size = 285', 13 => '| relief = ', 14 => '| latd = 40', 15 => '| latm = 30', 16 => '| lats = 27', 17 => '| latNS = N', 18 => '| longd = 43', 19 => '| longm = 34', 20 => '| longs = 22', 21 => '| longEW = E', 22 => '| coordinates_display = inline, title', 23 => '| location = [[Kars Province]], [[Turkey]]', 24 => '| region = ', 25 => '| type = Settlement', 26 => '| part_of = ', 27 => '| length = ', 28 => '| width = ', 29 => '| area = ', 30 => '| height = ', 31 => '| builder = ', 32 => '| material = ', 33 => '| built = 5th century (first mentioned)', 34 => '| abandoned = 1319', 35 => '| epochs = [[Middle Ages]]', 36 => '| cultures = [[Armenian culture|Armenian]]', 37 => '| dependency_of = ', 38 => '| occupants = ', 39 => '| event = ', 40 => '| excavations = ', 41 => '| archaeologists = ', 42 => '| condition = ', 43 => '| ownership = ', 44 => '| management = ', 45 => '| public_access = ', 46 => '| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->', 47 => '| notes = ', 48 => '}}', 49 => ''''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-el|Ἄνιον ''Anion''}};<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=enbr /> {{lang-ka|ანისი ''Anisi''}};<ref name=nplg /> {{lang-tr|Ani}}){{efn|In modern Turkey, Ani is sometimes referred to as Ocaklı,<ref name=tact /><ref name=solm /> which is the name of the nearby village.<ref name=dubi />}} is a ruined medieval Armenian city-site situated in the Turkish province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], near the border with [[Armenia]].', 50 => false, 51 => 'Between 961 and 1045 it was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)|medieval (Bagratuni) Armenian Kingdom]] that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the [[Akhurian River]] and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the [[Araks River]] and forms part of the current border between Turkey and Armenia. Called the "City of 1001 Churches,"<ref name=hako /> Ani stood on various trade routes and its many [[Church architecture|religious buildings]], palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world.<ref name=virt /><ref name=eco />', 52 => false, 53 => 'At its height, Ani had a population of 100,000–200,000 people and was the rival of [[Constantinople]], [[Baghdad]] and [[Damascus]].<ref name=ghaf>{{hy icon}} Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.</ref><ref name=land /> Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani was abandoned and largely forgotten following the earthquake of 1319.<ref name=adal />', 54 => false, 55 => '==History==', 56 => false, 57 => '===Etymology===', 58 => 'Armenian chroniclers such as [[Yeghishe]] and [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] first mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD.<ref name=ghaf /> They described it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian [[Kamsarakan dynasty]]. The city took its name from the Armenian fortress-city and [[pagan]] center of Ani-Kamakh located in the region of Daranaghi in [[Upper Armenia]].<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also previously known as Khnamk (Խնամք), although historians are uncertain as to why it was called so.<ref name=ghaf /> [[Johann Heinrich Hübschmann]], a German [[philologist]] and linguist who studied the Armenian language, suggested that the word may have come from the Armenian word "khnamel" (խնամել), an [[infinitive]] which means "to take care of".<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also the diminutive name of ancient Armenian goddess [[Anahit]] who was seen as the mother-protector of Armenia.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}', 59 => false, 60 => '===Capital of the Bagratuni kingdom===', 61 => '[[File:Bagratuni Armenia 1000-en.svg|thumb|right|275px|The Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, {{circa|1000}}]]', 62 => false, 63 => 'By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in [[Arsharunik]] and [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last = Whittow|first = Mark|title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1996|location = Berkeley|pages =213–214|isbn =978-0-520-20497-3 }}</ref> Their leader, [[Ashot Msaker|Ashot ''Msaker'']] (Ashot the Meateater) (806–827) was given the title of ''ishkhan'' (prince) of Armenia by the [[Caliphate]] in 804.<ref>Garsoian, Nina. "The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (649–684)" in ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century'', ed. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]]. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997, p. 146. ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5</ref> The Bagratunis had their first capital at [[Bagaran]], some 40&nbsp;km south of Ani, before moving it to [[Shirakavan]], some 25&nbsp;km northeast of Ani, and then transferring it to [[Kars]] in the year 929. In 961 king [[Ashot III]] (953–977) transferred the capital from Kars to Ani. Ani expanded rapidly during the reign of King [[Smbat II]] (977–989). In 992 the [[List of Catholicoi of Armenia|Armenian Catholicosate]] moved its seat to Ani. In the 10th century the population was perhaps 50,000–100,000.<ref>Redgate, Anne Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, p. 210.</ref> By the start of the eleventhth century the population of Ani was well over 100,000, and its renown was such that it was known as the "city of forty gates" and the "city of a thousand and one churches."', 64 => false, 65 => 'Ani attained the peak of its power during the long reign of King [[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]] (989–1020). After his death his two sons quarrelled over the succession. The eldest son, [[Hovhannes-Smbat]] (1020–41), gained control of Ani and his younger brother, Ashot IV (1020–40), controlled other parts of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni kingdom]]. Hovhannes-Smbat, fearing that the [[Byzantine Empire]] would attack his now weakened kingdom, made the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] his heir. In January 1022, the [[Catholicos]] Peter, handed over to Basil, who was wintering with his army in [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], a document from Hovhannes-Smbat pledging his kingdom to the emperor in the event of his death.<ref>Whittow. ''Making of Byzantium'', p. 383.</ref> When Hovhannes-Smbat died in 1041, the successor to Basil, Emperor Michael IV claimed sovereignty over Ani. The new king of Ani, [[Gagik II]] (1042–45), opposed this and several Byzantine armies sent to capture Ani were repulsed. However, in 1045, after Gagik was tricked into visiting Constantinople and detained there and at the instigation of pro-Byzantine elements among its population, Ani surrendered to Byzantine control. A Greek governor was installed in the city.<ref name=ghaf />', 66 => false, 67 => '===Cultural and economic center===', 68 => '[[File:AniMap.gif|thumb|320px|Plan of the city]]', 69 => 'Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Arabs]], as well as smaller nations in southern Russia and Central Asia.<ref name=ghaf />', 70 => false, 71 => '===Sacking and desolation===', 72 => 'Ani was attacked and sacked respectively by both Byzantine and Seljuk Turkish armies. For the former Byzantine attacks in 1044, Armenian historian [[Aristakes Lastivertsi]] wrote: "In these days Byzantine armies entered the land of Armenia four times in succession until they had rendered the whole country uninhabited through sword, fire, and captive taking."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.uml.edu/Ethan_Spanier/Teaching/documents/TheBattleofManzikert.pdf |title=The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure |publisher=Faculty.uml.edu |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref>', 73 => false, 74 => 'In 1064, a large [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] Turkish army, headed by Sultan [[Alp Arslan]], attacked Ani and after a siege of 25 days they captured the city and slaughtered its population. An account of the sack and massacres in Ani is given by the Arab historian [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]], who quotes an eyewitness saying:', 75 => '{{quotation|The army entered the city, massacred its inhabitants, pillaged and burned it, leaving it in ruins and taking prisoner all those who remained alive...The dead bodies were so many that they blocked the streets; one could not go anywhere without stepping over them. And the number of prisoners was not less than 50,000 souls. I was determined to enter city and see the destruction with my own eyes. I tried to find a street in which I would not have to walk over the corpses; but that was impossible.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|authorlink=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|publisher=Viking|location=New York|year = 1991|pages= 342–343|isbn = 978-0-394-53779-5}}</ref>}}', 76 => 'In 1072 the Seljuks sold Ani to the [[Shaddadid]]s, a Muslim [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty. The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city’s overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, the population would appeal to the Christian kingdom of [[Georgia (country)#Mediaeval|Georgia]] for help. The Georgians captured Ani in 1124, 1161 and 1174, each time eventually returning it to the Shaddadids.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}', 77 => false, 78 => 'In the year 1199 the forces of the Georgian queen [[Tamar of Georgia|Tamar]] captured Ani and dislodged the Shaddadids, the governorship of the city was given to Armenian generals Zakare and Ivane [[Zakarid Armenia|Zakarids]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Lordkipanidze|first = Mariam|title = Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries|publisher = Genatleba|year = 1987|location = Tbilisi|page = 150}}</ref> At Ani, this new dynasty is generally known as the [[Zakarid Armenia|Zakarids]], after its founder Zakare, and they considered themselves to be the successors to the Bagratids. Prosperity quickly returned to Ani; its defences were strengthened and many new churches were constructed. Zakare was succeeded by his son Shahanshah.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}', 79 => false, 80 => 'The [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unsuccessfully besieged Ani in 1226, but in 1236 they captured and sacked the city, massacring large numbers of its population. Ani had fallen when Shahanshah was absent. On his return the Zakarids continued to rule Ani, only now as vassals of the Mongols rather than the Georgians. ', 81 => false, 82 => 'By the fourteenth century the city was ruled by a succession of local Turkish dynasties, including the Jalayrids and the [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital. [[Timur|Tamerlane]] captured Ani in the 1380s. On his death the Kara Koyunlu regained control but transferred their capital to Yerevan. In 1441 the Armenian Catholicosate did the same. The Persian [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] then ruled Ani until it became part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1579. A small town remained within its walls at least until the middle of the 17th century, but the site was entirely abandoned by the middle of the eighteenth. The depopulation of Ani was paralleled by the depopulation of its rural hinterland as a result of political unrest in the border region during the Ottoman-Iranian wars and a fragmentation of central control by either of the empires.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}', 83 => false, 84 => '===Modern times===', 85 => '[[File:Marr archeological dig of Ani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In 1905–06, archaeological excavations of the church of Saint Gregory of King Gagik were undertaken, headed by Nikolai Marr.]]', 86 => 'In the first half of the 19th century, European travelers discovered Ani for the outside world, publishing their descriptions in academic journals and travel accounts. In 1878 the Kars region, including Ani, was incorporated into the territory of the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1892 the first archaeological excavations were conducted at Ani, sponsored by the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] and supervised by the Russian archaeologist and orientalist [[Nicholas Marr]] (1864–1934). Marr's excavations at Ani resumed in 1904 and continued yearly until 1917. Large sectors of the city were professionally excavated, numerous buildings were uncovered and measured, the finds were studied and published in academic journals, guidebooks for the monuments and the museum were written, and the whole site was surveyed for the first time.<ref>Kalantar, Ashkharbek, ''The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia,'' Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 – Philologie – CDPOP 2, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999; ISBN 978-2-940032-11-2</ref> Emergency repairs were also undertaken on those buildings that were most at risk of collapse. A museum was established to house the tens of thousands of items found during the excavations. This museum was housed in two buildings: the Minuchihr mosque, and a purpose-built stone building.<ref name="marr">{{cite book|last =Marr|first =Nicolas|title =Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher =Anagramme Editions|year =2001|isbn =978-2-914571-00-5}}</ref> Armenians from neighboring villages and towns also began to visit the city on a regular basis,<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen. "[http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/11/29/the-god-borne-days-of-ani/ The God-Borne Days of Ani: A Revealing Look at the Former Medieval Armenian Capital of Armenia at the Turn of the 20th Century]." ''[[Armenian Weekly]]''. November 29, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.</ref> and there was even talk by Marr's team of building a school for educating the local Armenian children, building parks, and planting trees to beautify the site.<ref>{{hy icon}} Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. (1982). ''Անիի Պատմություն, 1045 թ. մինչև անկումն ու ամայացումը'' [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Abandonment], vol. 2. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 368–386.</ref>', 87 => false, 88 => 'In 1918, during the latter stages of [[World War I]], the armies of the Ottoman Empire were fighting their way across the territory of the newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing [[Kars]] in April 1918. At Ani, attempts were made to evacuate the artifacts contained in the museum as Turkish soldiers were approaching the site. About 6000 of the most portable items were removed by archaeologist [[Ashkharbek Kalantar]], a participant of Marr's excavation campaigns. At the behest of [[Joseph Orbeli]], the saved items were consolidated into a museum collection; they are currently part of the collection of Yerevan's State Museum of Armenian History.<ref name="Kalantar">{{cite book|last =Kalantar|first =Ashkharbek|title =Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|publisher =Recherches et Publications|year =1994|isbn =978-2-940032-01-3}}</ref>', 89 => 'Everything that was left behind was later looted or destroyed.<ref>Marr, Nikolai Y. "Ani, La Ville Arménniene en Ruines," ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]''. vol. 1 (original series), 1921.</ref> Turkey's surrender at the end of World War I led to the restoration of Ani to Armenian control, but a resumed offensive against the Armenian Republic in 1920 resulted in Turkey's recapture of Ani. In 1921 the signing of the [[Treaty of Kars]] formalized the incorporation of the territory containing Ani into the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref>{{hy icon}} Zohrabyan, Edik A. (1979). ''Սովետական Ռուսաստանը և հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունները, 1920–1922 թթ.'' [Soviet Russia and Armenian-Turkish Relations, 1920–1922]. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 277–280.</ref>', 90 => false, 91 => 'In May 1921, the government minister [[Rıza Nur]] ordered the commander of the Eastern Front, [[Kazım Karabekir]], for the monuments of Ani to "be wiped off the face of the earth."<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dadrian|first = Vahakn N.|authorlink = Vahakn Dadrian|title = The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume = 1|issue = 2|page = 192|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1986}}</ref> Karabekir records in his memoirs that he replied dismissively to this command,<ref>{{tr icon}} {{cite book|last =Karabekir|first =Kazım|title =Istiklal Harbimiz [Our War of Independence]|location=Istanbul|publisher= Türkiye Yayınevi|year =1960|pages =960–970}}</ref> but the wiping-out of all traces of Marr's excavations and building repairs suggests that the command was partially carried out.<ref>{{cite web| last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The City of Ani: Recent History|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|accessdate =January 26, 2007| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070126112900/http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm| archivedate= January 26, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 92 => false, 93 => '==Current state==', 94 => 'According to ''[[The Economist]]'':<blockquote>', 95 => 'Even as a ruin, Ani has been a disputed city. In 1921 when most of the site was ceded to Turkey, the Armenians were dismayed. They have since accused the Turks of neglecting the place in a spirit of chauvinism. The Turks retort that Ani's remains have been shaken by blasts from a [[quarry]] on the Armenian side of the border.<ref name="eco"/>', 96 => '</blockquote>', 97 => 'Another commentator describes:<blockquote>', 98 => 'Ani is now a [[ghost town|ghost city]], uninhabited for over three centuries and marooned inside a Turkish military zone on Turkey's border with modern Armenia. Ani's recent history has been one of continuous and always increasing destruction. Neglect, earthquakes, cultural cleansing, vandalism, quarrying, amateurish [[Building restoration|restorations]] and [[excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] – all these and more have taken a heavy toll on Ani's monuments.<ref name="virt"/></blockquote>', 99 => false, 100 => 'In the estimation of the [[Landmarks Foundation]] (a non-profit organization established for the protection of sacred sites) this ancient city:<blockquote>', 101 => 'needs to be protected regardless of whose [[jurisdiction]] it falls under. Earthquakes in 1319, 1832, and 1988, Army Target practice and general neglect all have had devastating effects on the architecture of the city. The city of Ani is a [[sacred]] place which needs ongoing protection.<ref name="land" /></blockquote>', 102 => false, 103 => 'As a [[tourism|tourist site]], Ani has been less than welcoming until recently. A traveler{{Who|date=April 2011}} gives the following account from a few years ago{{Clarify|date=April 2011}}:', 104 => false, 105 => '{{quotation|Due to the proximity of the border, just as in Soviet days, visitors to Ani must first obtain permission from the tourist office in Kars. The lengthy procedure which is mentioned in many guidebooks has been shortcut and there is no need anymore to pay a visit to the police and the museum in Kars. Permit and entrance ticket are now issued at the Kars tourist office. The employees request the plate number of your car or taxi and try to sell you a packaged tour that they organize. This being the good news. The bad news is that, due to tensions with Armenia, photography is again strictly forbidden. When we arrived at Ani, all cameras had to remain in the car. During the visit, after a friendly body search, we were constantly escorted by border guards to ensure that no one went too close to the border.}}', 106 => false, 107 => 'Around 2004 these restrictions were relaxed and photography is now allowed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The Permit for Visiting Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/ephemera/permit.htm|accessdate =January 22, 2007}}</ref>', 108 => false, 109 => 'Now, according to an author of [[Lonely Planet]] and [[Frommer's]] travel guides to Turkey: <blockquote>', 110 => 'Official permission to visit Ani is no longer needed. Just go to Ani and buy a ticket. If you don't have your own car, haggle with a taxi or minibus driver in Kars for the round-trip to Ani, perhaps sharing the cost with other travelers. If you have trouble, the Tourist Office may help. Plan to spend at least a half-day at Ani. It's not a bad idea to bring a picnic lunch and a water bottle.<ref>{{cite web|last =Brosnahan|first =Tom|title =Ancient Armenian City of Ani|publisher =Turkey Travel Planner|url =http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html|accessdate =January 22, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070101181138/http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html| archivedate= January 1, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 111 => '</blockquote>', 112 => false, 113 => 'Turkey's authorities now say they will do their best to conserve and develop the site and the culture ministry has listed Ani among the sites it is keenest to conserve. In the words of Mehmet Ufuk Erden, the local governor:<blockquote>', 114 => 'By restoring Ani, we'll make a contribution to humanity...We will start with one church and one mosque, and over time we will include every single monument.<ref name="eco"/></blockquote>', 115 => false, 116 => 'In an October 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Ani as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and looting as primary causes.<ref name="global_heritage_fund">{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge|title=Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge | accessdate=June 3, 2011|date=October 2010|publisher=Global Heritage Fund}}</ref><ref name="national_geographic_12_ancient_landmarks_on_verge_of_vanishing">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/#/world-heritage-fun-sites-threatened-ani-turkey_27808_600x450.jpg|title=Pictures: 12 Ancient Landmarks on Verge of Vanishing|accessdate=June 3, 2011|author=John Roach|date=October 23, 2010|publisher=National Geographic| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110615073055/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/| archivedate= June 15, 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 117 => false, 118 => 'The [[World Monuments Fund]] (WMF) placed Ani on its 1996, 1998, and 2000 Watch Lists of 100 Most Endangered Sites. In May 2011, WMF announced it was beginning conservation work on the cathedral and Church of the Holy Redeemer in partnership with the Turkish Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/Ani-press-release.pdf|title=Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and World Monuments Fund Collaborate on Historic Conservation Project in Eastern Turkey|accessdate=November 17, 2011|date=May 2011|publisher=World Monuments Fund}}</ref>', 119 => false, 120 => '==Monuments at Ani==', 121 => 'All the structures at Ani are constructed using the local volcanic basalt, a sort of tufa stone. It is easily carved and comes in a variety of vibrant colors, from creamy yellow, to rose-red, to jet black. The most important surviving monuments are as follows.', 122 => false, 123 => '[[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Cathedral of Ani]]', 124 => false, 125 => '===The Cathedral===', 126 => '{{main|Cathedral of Ani}}', 127 => 'Also known as Surp Asdvadzadzin (church of the Holy Mother of God), its construction was started in the year 989, under [[King Smbat II]]. Work was halted after his death, and was only finished in 1001 (or in 1010 under another reading of its building inscription). The design of the cathedral was the work of [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]], the most celebrated architect of medieval Armenia. The cathedral is a domed basilica (the dome collapsed in 1319). The interior contains several progressive features (such as the use of pointed arches and clustered piers) that give to it the appearance of [[Gothic architecture]] (a style which the Ani cathedral predates by several centuries).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The cathedral of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|accessdate=January 23, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070120194628/http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 128 => false, 129 => '===Surp Stephanos Church===', 130 => 'There is no inscription giving the date of its construction, but an edict in Georgian is dated 1218. The church was referred to as "Georgian". During this period "Georgian" did not simply mean an ethnic Georgian, it had a denominational meaning and would have designated all those in Ani who professed the Chalcedonian faith, including [[Armenians|Armenian]]s. Although the Georgian Church controlled this church, its congregation would have mostly been Armenians.<ref>{{cite web |last =Sim|first =Steven|title =THE GEORGIAN CHURCH|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/georgianchurch/index.htm|accessdate =February 15, 2012}}</ref>', 131 => false, 132 => '===The church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents===', 133 => 'This church, finished in 1215, is the best-preserved monument at Ani. It was built during the rule of the [[Zakarids]] and was commissioned by the wealthy Armenian merchant [[Tigran Honents]]. Its plan is of a type called a ''domed hall''. In front of its entrance are the ruins of a narthex and a small chapel that are from a slightly later period. The exterior of the church is spectacularly decorated. Ornate stone carvings of real and imaginary animals fill the spandrels between blind arcade that runs around all four sides of the church. The interior contains an important and unique series of frescoes cycles that depict two main themes. In the eastern third of the church is depicted the Life of [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator]], in the middle third of the church is depicted the Life of Christ. Such extensive fresco cycles are rare features in Armenian architecture – it is believed that these ones were executed by Georgian artists, and the cycle also includes scenes from the life of St. Nino, who converted the Georgians to Christianity. In the narthex and its chapel survive fragmentary frescoes that are more Byzantine in style.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honents|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref>', 134 => false, 135 => '===The church of the Holy Redeemer===', 136 => '[[File:20110419 Church of Redeemer Collage Ani Turkey.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Church of the Redeemer (Surb Prkich).]]', 137 => 'This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the [[True Cross]]. The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of the Redeemer|publisher=VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm', 138 => '|accessdate =January 23, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070120195202/http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 139 => false, 140 => '===The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents===', 141 => 'This small building probably dates from the late 10th century. It was built as a private chapel for the Pahlavuni family. Their mausoleum, built in 1040 and now reduced to its foundations, was constructed against the northern side of the church. The church has a centralised plan, with a dome over a drum, and the interior has six exedera.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of the Abughamir family|publisher =VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref>', 142 => false, 143 => '===King Gagik's church of St Gregory===', 144 => 'Also known as the Gagikashen, this church was constructed between the years 1001 and 1005 and intended to be a recreation of the celebrated cathedral of [[Zvartnots Cathedral|Zvartnots]] at [[Vagharshapat, Armenia|Vagharshapat]]. [[Nikolai Marr]] uncovered the foundations of this remarkable building in 1905 and 1906. Before that, all that was visible on the site was a huge earthen mound. The designer of the church was the architect [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]]. The church is known to have collapsed a relatively short time after its construction and houses were later constructed on top of its ruins. Trdat's design closely follows that of Zvartnotz in its size and in its plan (a quatrefoil core surrounded by a circular ambulatory).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =King Gagik's church of St. Gregory|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref>', 145 => false, 146 => '===The church of the Holy Apostles===', 147 => 'The date of its construction is not known, but the earliest dated inscription on its walls is from 1031. It was founded by the Pahlavuni family and was used by the archbishops of Ani (many of whom belonged to that dynasty). It has a plan of a type called an ''inscribed quatrefoil with corner chambers''. Only fragments remain of the church, but a narthex with spectacular stonework, built against the south side of the church, is still partially intact. It dates from the early 13th century. A number of other halls, chapels, and shrines once surrounded this church: Nicholas Marr excavated their foundations in 1909, but they are now mostly destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =Church of the Holy Apostles|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070216195144/http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm| archivedate= February 16, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 148 => false, 149 => '[[File:Ani.mosque.jpg|160px|thumb|right|Menüçehr Mosque west view]]', 150 => false, 151 => '===The mosque of Minuchir===', 152 => 'The mosque is named after its presumed founder, Minuchihr, the first member of the [[Shaddadid]] dynasty that ruled Ani after 1072. The oldest surviving part of the mosque is its still intact minaret. It has the Arabic word ''Bismillah'' ("In the name of God") in [[Kufic]] lettering high on its northern face. The prayer hall, half of which survives, dates from a later period (the 12th or 13th century). In 1906 the mosque was partially repaired in order for it to house a public museum containing objects found during Nicholas Marr's excavations.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The mosque of Minuchihr|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070120195237/http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 153 => false, 154 => '===The citadel===', 155 => 'At the southern end of Ani is a flat-topped hill once known as ''Midjnaberd'' (the Inner Fortress). It has its own defensive walls that date back to the period when the [[Kamsarakan]] dynasty ruled Ani (7th century AD). Nicholas Marr excavated the citadel hill in 1908 and 1909. He uncovered the extensive ruins of the palace of the Bagratid kings of Ani that occupied the highest part of the hill. Also inside the citadel are the visible ruins of three churches and several unidentified buildings. One of the churches, the "church of the palace" is the oldest surviving church in Ani, dating from the 6th or 7th century. Marr undertook emergency repairs to this church, but most of it has now collapsed – probably during an earthquake in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The citadel of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref>', 156 => false, 157 => '===The city walls===', 158 => '[[File:Ani townwall.jpg|thumb|275px|right|The walls of Ani showing a defensive tower.]]', 159 => 'A line of walls that encircled the entire city defended Ani. The most powerful defences were along the northern side of the city, the only part of the site not protected by rivers or ravines. Here the city was protected by a double line of walls, the much taller inner wall studded by numerous large and closely space semicircular towers. Contemporary chroniclers wrote that King Smbat (977–989) built these walls. Later rulers strengthened Smbat's walls by making them substantially higher and thicker, and by adding more towers. Armenian inscriptions from the 12th and 13th century show that private individuals paid for some of these newer towers. The northern walls had three gateways, known as the Lion Gate, the Kars Gate, and the Dvin Gate (also known as the Chequer-Board Gate because of a panel of red and black stone squares over its entrance).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The city walls of Ani|publisher=VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|accessdate =January 23, 2007}}</ref>', 160 => false, 161 => '===Other monuments===', 162 => 'There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by [[Chalcedonian]] Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.', 163 => false, 164 => '===Cave Village===', 165 => 'Directly outside of Ani, there was a settlement-zone carved into the cliffs. It may have served as "urban sprawl" when Ani grew too large for its city walls. Today, goats and sheep take advantage of the caves' cool interiors. One highlight of this part of Ani is a cave church with frescos on its surviving walls and ceiling.', 166 => false, 167 => '==Gallery==', 168 => '<gallery>', 169 => 'File:Double-Walls-Northside-Ani-Armenia-1885.gif|An 1885 engraving of Ani.', 170 => 'File:Ani saint gregory church.jpg|The church of [[St. Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] of the Abughamrents and the citadel in the ruins of Ani.', 171 => 'File:AniStGregory.jpg|Saint Gregory, drum and dome.', 172 => 'File:Tigran Ani.JPG|Saint Gregory, western side.', 173 => 'File:Ani St Tigran fresco.JPG|Frescoes on the southern wall: the Dormition.', 174 => 'File:Ani St Tigris fresco 3.JPG|Frescoes.', 175 => 'File:Ani - Tigran Honents frescoes.jpg|Frescoes.', 176 => 'File:Ani The Raising of Lazarus.JPG|Frescoes of the northern wall: the Raising of Lazarus.', 177 => 'File:cave fresca3.jpg|Fresco on the ceiling of a cave church outside Ani.', 178 => '</gallery>', 179 => false, 180 => '===Panorama===', 181 => '{{wide image|20110419 Ani North Walls Turkey Panorama.jpg|1800px|<center>Panoramic view of north walls of Ani, April 2011.</center>}}', 182 => false, 183 => '==In culture==', 184 => '[[Ani (given name)|Ani]] is one of the most popular female given names in Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which are most common Armenian names?|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|accessdate=10 August 2013|newspaper=News.am|date=27 August 2012}}</ref>', 185 => false, 186 => 'Songs and poems have been written about Ani and its past glory. "Tesnem Anin u nor mernem" (Տեսնեմ Անին ու նոր մեռնեմ, Let me see Ani and die) is a famous poem by [[Hovhannes Shiraz]]. It was turned into a song by Turkish-Armenian composer [[:tr:Cenk Taşkan|Cenk Taşkan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |title=Forums / Հայկական Երգերի Շտեմարան / Հայաստան - Կրթական Տեխնոլոգիաների Ազգային Կենտրոն |publisher=Ktak.am |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |title="Ani", A Poem By Hovhannes Shiraz |publisher=Yerevan2012.org |date=2012-02-16 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> [[Ara Gevorgyan]]'s 1999 album of folk instrumental songs is titled ''Ani''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|publisher=Ara Gevorgyan Website|accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref>', 187 => false, 188 => '==See also==', 189 => '* [[Ani security fence]]', 190 => '* [[List of kings of Ani]]', 191 => false, 192 => '==Notes==', 193 => '{{notelist}}', 194 => false, 195 => '==References==', 196 => '{{reflist|30em|refs=', 197 => '<ref name=adal>{{cite book|last=Adalian |first=Rouben Paul|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian |year=2010 |location=Lanham, Maryland|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|page=83}}</ref>', 198 => false, 199 => '<ref name=dubi>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Turkey|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|location=New York|isbn=9781843530718|page=831|author=Dubin, Marc; Gawthrop, John; Richardson, Terry|edition=5th.|quote=Ani lies 45km southeast of Kars, just beyond the village of Ocaklı.}}</ref>', 200 => false, 201 => '<ref name=eco>{{cite news|title =Ani, a Disputed City Haunted by History|publisher =''[[The Economist]]''|date =June 15, 2006|url =http://www.economist.com/diversions/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7066270|accessdate=January 22, 2007}}</ref>', 202 => false, 203 => '<ref name=enbr>{{cite encyclopaedia|title=ANI (anc. Abnicum)|last=Hooper|first=Horace Everett|authorlink=Horace Everett Hooper|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|volume=2|pages=47|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1910–11|url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ANC_APO/ANI_anc_Abnicum_.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref>', 204 => false, 205 => '<ref name=gars>{{citation|first1=Nina G.|last1=Garsoïan|first2=Alice|last2=Taylor|contribution=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0280?rskey=d3Kf7O&result=280 Ani]|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}}</ref>', 206 => false, 207 => '<ref name=hako>{{hy icon}} Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh. (1980). ''Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ.'' [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045], vol. I. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 214–217.</ref>', 208 => false, 209 => '<ref name=land>{{cite web|title=SACRED SITE|work=Ani, Turkey|publisher=[[Landmarks Foundation]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526001133/http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml|accessdate=22 January 2007}}</ref>', 210 => false, 211 => '<ref name=nplg>{{cite web|title=ანისი [anisi]|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=14&t=11786|publisher=[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]|accessdate=4 November 2013|language=Georgian}}</ref>', 212 => false, 213 => '<ref name=solm>{{cite book|last=Solmaz|first=Gürsoy|title=Ortaçağ'da Erzurum-Kars kaleleri|year=2000|publisher=[[Atatürk University]] Institute of Turkish Studies|location=Erzurum|page=110|quote=Bu yüzden Anı (Ocaklı) köylüleri, eskiden dışarıdan hiç görülmeyip "gizli" kaldığı için bu kapıya "Oğrun / uğrun - Kapı (Gizli Kapı) da derler.}}</ref>', 214 => false, 215 => '<ref name=tact>{{cite book|title=Türkiye rehberi [Turkey's guide]|year=1990|publisher=[[Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey]]|location=İstanbul|isbn=9789757641087|page=348|language=Turkish|quote=Harita 54 / Kars 44 km Merkez ilçenin doğusundaki Ocaklı (Ani) Köyü sınırları içinde kalan, ünlü Ortaçağ yerleşmesi.}}</ref>', 216 => false, 217 => '<ref name=virt>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =VirtualANI – Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org|accessdate =January 22, 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070120194819/http://www.virtualani.org/| archivedate= January 20, 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>', 218 => '}}', 219 => false, 220 => '==Further reading==', 221 => '* {{cite book|first=S. Peter|last=Cowe|year=2001|title=Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital|publisher=Peeters|location=Sterling, Virginia}}', 222 => '* {{hy icon}} {{cite book|first=Tadevos Kh.|last=Hakobyan|title=Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ. [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045]|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|location=Yerevan|year=1980}}', 223 => '* {{hy icon}} {{cite book|first=Tadevos Kh.| last=Hakobyan|title= Անիի Պատմություն, 1045 թ. մինչև անկումն ու ամայացումը [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Desolation]|publisher = Yerevan State University Press|location=Yerevan|year=1982}}', 224 => '* {{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Kevorkian|editor=Raymond Kevorkian|year=2001|title=Ani – Capitale de l'Arménie en l'An Mil}}', 225 => '* {{cite book|first=H.F.B.|last=Lynch | year=1901|title=Armenia, Travels and Studies|publisher=Longmans|location=London|isbn=1-4021-8950-8}}', 226 => '* {{cite book|first=Nicolas Yacovlevich|last=Marr|authorlink=Nicholas Marr|year=2001|title=Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher=Anagramme Editions|location=Paris}}', 227 => '* {{cite book|first=Vladimir|last=Minorsky|authorlink=Vladimir Minorsky|year=1953|title=Studies in Caucasian History|isbn=0-521-05735-3}}', 228 => '* {{cite book|first=Cuneo|last=Paolo|year=1984|title=Documents of Armenian Architecture, volume 12: Ani}}', 229 => '* {{cite book|first=Ashkharbek|last=Kalantar|authorlink=Ashkharbek Kalantar|year=1994|title=Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages}}', 230 => '* {{cite book|first=Thomas Allen|last=Sinclair|year=1987|title=Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archeological Survey, volume 1}}', 231 => false, 232 => '==External links==', 233 => '{{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no}}', 234 => false, 235 => '* [http://www.360tr.net/kars/ani-armenian-cathedral/ 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral', 236 => '* [http://www.360tr.com/ani-armenian-cathedral-virtual-tour_f34c0986c5_en.html 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral', 237 => '* [http://www.virtualani.org/citymap.htm Virtual Ani] – has clickable maps, extensive history and photos', 238 => '* [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/cldetails?mid=ab9b417b469b0f00aa01bde570e9763c 3D Models of Ani]', 239 => '* [http://turkishtravelblog.com/ruins-ani-city-1001-churches/ Photos of Ani]', 240 => '* [http://www.wmf.org/project/ani-cathedral World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Ani Cathedral conservation project]', 241 => '* [http://www.wmf.org/project/church-holy-savior World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Church of the Holy Savior/Redeemer conservation project]', 242 => '* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/ani 400+ pictures of Ani]', 243 => '*{{cite news|title=The Ancient Ghost City of Ani|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-ancient-ghost-city-of-ani/100668/|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=24 January 2014}} - a gallery of 27 photos of Ani', 244 => false, 245 => '{{Historic capitals of Armenia}}', 246 => '{{Ancient settlements in Turkey}}', 247 => false, 248 => '[[Category:History of Armenia]]', 249 => '[[Category:History of Turkey]]', 250 => '[[Category:Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia]]', 251 => '[[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]]', 252 => '[[Category:Ruins in Turkey]]', 253 => '[[Category:Former capitals of Armenia]]', 254 => '[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]]', 255 => '[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kars Province]]' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
0
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1400437089