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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '[[File:Mountrushmore.jpg|thumb|In the 1920s, sculptor [[Gutzon Borglum]] and President [[Calvin Coolidge]] selected [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]] to appear on [[Mount Rushmore]]. It has become an iconic symbol of presidential greatness.]]
In [[political studies]], '''historical rankings of presidents of the United States''' are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as [[President of the United States]]. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic [[historian]]s and [[political scientist]]s or popular opinion. The rankings focus on the presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures, and faults.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last=Maranell|first=Gary M.|title=The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls|journal=The Journal of American History|date=June 1970|volume=57|issue=1|pages=104–13|jstor=1900552}}</ref><ref>William J. Ridings, Jr., and Stuart B. McIver "Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent" (2000, ISBN 0806521511)[https://books.google.com/books/about/Rating_the_Presidents.html?id=DZkO7SIUSNQC ''Google Books Link'']</ref><ref name="Gallup.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx |title=Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President |publisher=Gallup.com |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
==General findings==
According to the rankings, [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[George Washington]], and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] are the three most popular presidents among historians. The remaining places in the Top 11 are often rounded out by [[Harry S Truman|Harry S. Truman]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[James K. Polk]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[James Madison]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. More recent presidents such as [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[Bill Clinton]] tend to be rated among the greatest in world opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 11 often includes [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[Warren G. Harding]], [[Millard Fillmore]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Herbert Hoover]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Zachary Taylor]], and [[John Tyler]]. Because [[William Henry Harrison]] (30 days) and [[James A. Garfield]] (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are sometimes omitted from presidential rankings. [[Zachary Taylor]] also died after serving as president for only 16 months, but he is usually included. In the case of these three, it is not clear if they received low rankings due to their actions as president, or because each was president for such a limited time that it is not possible to assess them more thoroughly.
Political scientist [[Walter Dean Burnham]] noted the "[[dichotomous]] or schizoid profiles" of presidents, which can make some hard to classify. Historian [[Alan Brinkley]] stated that "there are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great (for example, [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]])". Historian and political scientist [[James MacGregor Burns]] observed of Nixon, "How can one evaluate such an [[idiosyncratic]] president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?"<ref>Skidmore 2001</ref>
[[David Herbert Donald|David H. Donald]], noted biographer of Abraham Lincoln, relates that when he met John F. Kennedy in 1961, Kennedy voiced his deep dissatisfaction and resentment with historians who had rated some of his predecessors. Kennedy said that "No one has a right to grade a President—even poor James Buchanan—who has not sat in his chair, examined the mail and information that came across his desk, and learned why he made his decisions."<ref>Donald, David H., ''Lincoln'', 1995, p. 13</ref>
Historian and political scientist Julian E. Zelizer argues that traditional presidential rankings explain little concerning actual presidential history, and that they are "weak mechanisms for evaluating what has taken place in the [[White House]]".<ref name=Zelizer_02_21_2011>Zelizer (February 21, 2011), [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/02/21/zelizer.presidential.rankings/ What's wrong with presidential rankings], CNN Opinion</ref> Libertarian political commentator [[Ivan Eland]] wrote a book titled ''Recarving Rushmore'' (2008; updated 2014) in which he wrote that historians' criteria are poor in their capacity to reflect presidents' actual services to the country. In the book, Eland chose to rate 40 U.S. presidents on the basis of whether their policies promoted prosperity, liberty, and [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionism]], as well as modest executive roles for themselves; his final rankings varied significantly from those of most scholars.
==Notable scholar surveys==
[[File:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abraham Lincoln]] is often considered the greatest president for his leadership during the [[American Civil War]] and his eloquence in speeches such as the [[Gettysburg Address]].]]
[[File:JamesBuchanan1860s.png|thumb|upright|[[James Buchanan]] is often considered the worst president for his inept leadership during the years leading up to the [[American Civil War]].]]
The 1948 poll was conducted by historian [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.]], of [[Harvard University]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger, who surveyed 75 historians.<ref name="Schlesinger, Arthur M pp. 12">Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians". ''New York Times Magazine'' July 1962: pp. 12–13, 40–41, 43.</ref> Schlesinger's son [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.]], conducted another poll in 1996.<ref name="schles96">{{cite web
|title=Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton
|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/leadership/schlesinger.html#chart
|access-date=March 25, 2010
}}
</ref>
''The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents'' also gives the results of the 1982 survey, a poll of 49 historians conducted by the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. A notable difference from the 1962 Schlesinger poll was the ranking of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], which rose from 22nd in 1962 to 9th in 1982.
The [[Siena Research Institute]] of [[Siena College]] conducted surveys in 1982, 1990, 1994, 2002, and 2010. The 1994 survey placed only two presidents, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]], above 80 points and two presidents, [[Andrew Johnson]] and [[Warren G. Harding]], below 50 points.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060628235418/http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/95%20Presidency%20Survey.htm HISTORIANS GIVE GOOD GRADES TO CLINTON PRESIDENCY IN SIENA COLLEGE SURVEY]. January 11, 1995. Archived June 28, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210095846/http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/2002/02AugPresidentsSurvey.htm FDR America's Greatest President] August 19, 2002. Archived February 10, 2007.</ref> The 2010 Siena survey had [[George W. Bush]] plummet from the initial 2002 ranking of 23rd down to 39th.
The 1996 column shows the results from a poll conducted from 1988 to 1996 by William J. Ridings, Jr., and [[Stuart B. McIver]] and published in ''Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent''.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books/about/Rating_the_Presidents.html?id=DZkO7SIUSNQC ''Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent''] (2000, ISBN 0806521511)</ref> More than 719 people took part in the poll, primarily academic historians and political scientists, although some politicians and celebrities also took part. Participants from every state were included, and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and "specialists in [[African-American studies]]", as well as a few non-American historians. Poll respondents rated the presidents in five categories (leadership qualities, accomplishments & crisis management, political skill, appointments, character & integrity), and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking.
A 2000 survey by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' consisted of an "ideologically balanced group of 132 prominent professors of history, law, and political science". This poll sought to include an equal number of [[political liberalism|liberals]] and [[political conservatism|conservatives]] in the survey, as the editors argued that previous polls were dominated by either one group or the other. According to the editors, this poll included responses from more women, minorities, and young professors than the 1996 Schlesinger poll. The editors noted that the results of their poll were "remarkably similar" to the 1996 Schlesinger poll, with the main difference in the 2000 poll being the lower rankings for the 1960s presidents [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and John F. Kennedy, and higher ranking of President [[Ronald Reagan]] at 8th. Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three.
Another presidential poll was conducted by ''The Wall Street Journal'' in 2005, with [[James Lindgren]] of [[Northwestern University Law School]] for the [[Federalist Society]].<ref name="Wall Street Journal Online">{{cite web|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110007243|title=Presidential Leadership; The Rankings|work=Wall Street Journal Online|date=September 12, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207050558/http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110007243|archivedate=February 7, 2006}}</ref> As in the 2000 survey, the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives, adjusting the results "to give Democratic- and Republican-leaning scholars equal weight". Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three, but editor [[James Taranto]] noted that Democratic-leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth-worst president of all time, while Republican scholars rated him the sixth-best, giving him a split-decision rating of "average".
A 2006 [[Siena College]] poll of 744 professors reported the following results:<ref name="Siena_2006">[http://www.siena.edu/uploadedFiles/Home/Parents_and_Community/06_may_expert_bush_release.pdf Experts: Bush Presidency Is A Failure; Little Chance To Improve Ranking], ''Siena Research Institute'', May 1, 2006</ref>
* "George W. Bush has just finished five years as President. If today were the last day of his presidency, how would you rank him? The responses were: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%."
* "In your judgment, do you think he has a realistic chance of improving his rating?" Two-thirds (67%) responded no; less than a quarter (23%) responded yes; and 10% chose "no opinion or not applicable".
Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said: "President Bush would seem to have small hope for high marks from the current generation of practicing historians and political scientists. In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do." Douglas Lonnstrom, Siena College professor of statistics and director of the Siena Research Institute, stated: "In our 2002 presidential rating, with a group of experts comparable to this current poll, President Bush ranked 23rd of 42 presidents. That was shortly after [[9/11 terrorist attacks|9/11]]. Clearly, the professors do not think things have gone well for him in the past few years. These are the experts that teach college students today and will write the history of this era tomorrow."<ref name="Siena_2006" />
A 2010 Siena poll of 238 presidential scholars found that former President George W. Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments, and intelligence. Meanwhile, the then-current president, [[Barack Obama]], was ranked 15th out of 43, with high ratings for imagination, communication ability and intelligence and a low rating for background (family, education and experience).<ref name="Siena_2010">[http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_community/community_page/sri/independent_research/Presidents%20Release_2010_final.pdf Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011431/http://www2.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_community/community_page/sri/independent_research/Presidents%20Release_2010_final.pdf |date=July 7, 2015 }}, [[Siena Research Institute]], July 1, 2010</ref><ref name="Thomas 3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy">{{cite news|url=http://buffalo.bizjournals.com/buffalo/blog/the_score/2010/07/clean_sweep_for_the_roosevelts.html?appSession=13268321309770&RecordID=&PageID=2&PrevPageID=&cpipage=3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy= |title=Clean sweep for the Roosevelts |publisher=Business First of Buffalo |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2010 |first=G. Scott |last=Thomas}}</ref>
The [[C-SPAN]] Survey of Presidential Leadership consists of rankings from a group of presidential historians and biographers. The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has taken place three times: in 2000, 2009, and 2017.<ref>[http://static.c-span.org/files/pressCenter/C-SPANpresidentialsurveyPR021509.pdf C-SPAN RELEASES SECOND HISTORIANS SURVEY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP], C-SPAN (February 15, 2009).</ref><ref>[https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/ Presidential Historians Survey 2017], C-SPAN (last accessed February 17, 2017).</ref><ref name="CSPAN3rdSurvey">[C-SPAN RELEASES THIRD HISTORIANS SURVEY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP], C-SPAN (February 17, 2017).</ref> The most recent survey was of 91 presidential historians, surveyed by C-SPAN's Academic Advisor Team, made up of [[Douglas G. Brinkley]], [[Edna Greene Medford]], and [[Richard Norton Smith]]. In the survey, each historian rates each president on a scale of one ("not effective") to 10 ("very effective") on presidential leadership in ten categories: "Public Persuasion", "Crisis Leadership", "Economic Management", "Moral Authority", "International Relations", "Administrative Skills", "Relations with Congress", "Vision/Setting An Agenda", "Pursued Equal Justice for All", and "Performance Within the Context of His Times"; each category is equally weighed.<ref>[https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=methodology Methodology: Presidential Historians Survey 2017], C-SPAN (last accessed February 17, 2017).</ref> The results of all three C-SPAN surveys have been fairly consistent. [[Abraham Lincoln]] has taken the highest ranking in each survey, and [[George Washington]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] have always ranked in the top five, while [[James Buchanan]], [[Andrew Johnson]], and [[Franklin Pierce]] have been ranked at the bottom of all three surveys.<ref name="CSPAN3rdSurvey"/>
In 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' daily newspaper of London asked eight of its own "top international and political commentators" to rank all 42 U.S. presidents "in order of greatness".<ref>{{cite news
|title=Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings
|first=Jeremy
|last=Griffin
|author2=Nico Hines
|work=[[The Times]]
|date=October 28, 2008
|accessdate=March 24, 2010
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article5030539.ece
|location=London
}}
</ref>
In 2011, through the agency of its United States Presidency Centre (USPC), the [[Institute for the Study of the Americas]] (located in the [[University of London]]'s School of Advanced Study) released the first ever U.K. academic survey to rate U.S. presidents. This polled the opinion of British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance. They also gave an interim assessment of Barack Obama, but his unfinished presidency was not included in the survey (had he been included, he would have attained eighth place overall).<ref name="community-languages.org.uk">Iwan Morgan. [http://www.community-languages.org.uk/US-presidency-survey/pdf/analysis.pdf "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis"]. Retrieved October 10, 2013.</ref>
In 2012, ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best presidents since 1900. The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Dwight Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, and Ronald Reagan as the best since that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/09/24/from-franklin-delano-roosevelt-to-john-f-kennedy-newsweek-s-10-best-presidents-photos.html |title=From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy, Newsweek's 10 Best Presidents (Photos) |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=September 24, 2012 |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}</ref>
A 2013 [[History News Network]] poll of 203 American historians, when asked to rate Obama's presidency on an A–F scale, gave him a B- grade. Obama, whom historians graded using 15 separate measures plus an overall grade, was rated most highly in the categories of communication ability, integrity, and crisis management, and most poorly for his relationship with Congress, transparency, and accountability.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hnn.us/article/153229 |author=HNN Staff |title=Historians Give Barack Obama a B- |publisher=History News Network |date=September 8, 2013 |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}</ref>
A 2015 poll administered by the [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson, and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10. The results of this poll are reflected in the table below.<ref name="Brandon Rottinghaus">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/fixgov/posts/2015/02/13-obama-measuring-presidential-greatness-vaughn-rottinghaus|title=Measuring Obama against the great presidents|author=Brandon Rottinghaus|date=February 13, 2015|work=The Brookings Institution}}</ref>
[[Incumbent]] President [[Donald Trump]] is not included in any survey, as none have been conducted since his January 20, 2017 [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]].
===Scholar survey results===
Within each column:
* <span style="color:blue">'''Blue'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''first quartile'''. <ref>Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these into the first two and last two quartiles, respectively. When splitting an odd number of values, the [[median]] was included in the upper half.</ref>
* <span style="color:#006600">'''Green'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''second quartile'''.
* <span style="color:darkorange">'''Orange'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''third quartile'''.
* <span style="color:#B60000">'''Red'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''fourth quartile'''.
''Note: Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; border-spacing:0.1em;"
|-
! {{abbr|No.|Number}}!! President !! Political party !! [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|Schl.]] 1948 <ref name="ReferenceA"/> !! Schl. 1962 <ref name="Schlesinger, Arthur M pp. 12"/> !! M-B 1982 !! ''[[Chicago Tribune|CT]]'' 1982 !! [[Siena Research Institute|Siena]] 1982 !! Siena 1990 !! Siena 1994 !! R-McI 1996 <ref name="books.google.com"/> !! Schl. 1996 <ref name="schles96"/>!! [[C-SPAN]] 1999 !! ''[[The Wall Street Journal|WSJ]]'' 2000 !! Siena 2002 !! ''WSJ'' 2005 <ref name="Wall Street Journal Online"/> !! C-SPAN 2009 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/16/presidential.survey/ |title=Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 16, 2009 |accessdate=2010-10-30}}</ref> !! Siena 2010 <ref name="Siena_2010"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://buffalo.bizjournals.com/buffalo/blog/the_score/2010/07/clean_sweep_for_the_roosevelts.html?appSession=13268321309770&RecordID=&PageID=2&PrevPageID=&cpipage=3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy= |title=Clean sweep for the Roosevelts |publisher=Business First of Buffalo |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2010 |first=G. Scott |last=Thomas}}</ref> !! USPC 2011 <ref>Iwan Morgan. [http://www.community-languages.org.uk/US-presidency-survey/pdf/analysis.pdf "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis"]. Retrieved 2013-10-10.</ref> !! APSA 2015 <ref name="Brandon Rottinghaus"/> !! C-SPAN 2017 <ref name="2017 C-SPAN">{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017|website=C-SPAN|accessdate=February 17, 2017}}</ref> !! Aggr. <ref>Aggregate of all polls up to and including C-SPAN 2017 by ranking each president's ratio of favourable to total pairwise comparisons, excluding ties.</ref>
|-
| 1
| data-sort-value="Washington, George" | [[George Washington]]
| Independent || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03
|-
| 2
| data-sort-value="Adams, John" | [[John Adams]]
| [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 (tie) || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14
|-
| 3
| data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;"|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05
|-
| 4
| data-sort-value="Madison, James" | [[James Madison]]
| Dem-Repub || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17|| style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13
|-
| 5
| data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | [[James Monroe]]
| Dem-Repub || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16
|-
| 6
| data-sort-value="Adams, John Q" | [[John Quincy Adams]]
| Dem-Repub || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21
|-
| 7
| data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | [[Andrew Jackson]]
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09
|-
| 8
| data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin" | [[Martin Van Buren]]
| Democratic || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 ||style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 17 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 2 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21me || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23me || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31me
|| style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24
|-
| 9
| data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | [[William Henry Harrison|William Henry Harrison]]
| [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38
|-
| 10
| data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | [[John Tyler]]
| Whig || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37
|-
| 11
| data-sort-value="Polk, James K" | [[James K. Polk]]
| Democratic || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11
|-
| 12
| data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | [[Zachary Taylor]]
| Whig || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35
|-
| 13
| data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | [[Millard Fillmore]]
| Whig || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39
|-
| 14
| data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | [[Franklin Pierce]]
| Democratic || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 (tie) || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40
|-
| 15
| data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | [[James Buchanan]]
| Democratic || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43
|-
| 16
| data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01|| style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01
|-
| 17
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | [[Andrew Johnson]]
| Democratic<!-- only ever elected on National Union ticket --> || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41
|-
| 18
| data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S" | [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| Republican || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36
|-
| 19
| data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B" | [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]
| Republican || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25
|-
| 20
| data-sort-value="Garfield, James A" | [[James A. Garfield]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29
|-
| 21
| data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A" | [[Chester A. Arthur]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 17 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28
|-
| 22/24
| data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover" | [[Grover Cleveland]]
| Democratic || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18
|-
| 23
| data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | [[Benjamin Harrison]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30
|-
| 25
| data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | [[William McKinley]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19
|-
| 26
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| Republican || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04
|-
| 27
| data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | [[William Howard Taft]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23
|-
| 28
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| Democratic || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white"| 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07
|-
| 29
| data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G" | [[Warren G. Harding]]
| Republican || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 (tie) || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42
|-
| 30
| data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| Republican || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31
|-
| 31
| data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | [[Herbert Hoover]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33
|-
| 32
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Frankin D" | [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| Democratic || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02
|-
| 33
| data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | [[Harry S. Truman]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06
|-
| 34
| data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D" | [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 ||style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08
|-
| 35
| data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F" | [[John F. Kennedy]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 (tie) || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10
|-
| 36
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B" | [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – ||style="background:#006600; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12
|-
| 37
| data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | [[Richard Nixon]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32
|-
| 38
| data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald R" | [[Gerald Ford]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26
|-
| 39
| data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | [[Jimmy Carter]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27
|-
| 40
| data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | [[Ronald Reagan]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17
|-
| 41
| data-sort-value="Bush, George H W" | [[George H. W. Bush]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22
|-
| 42
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | [[Bill Clinton]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20
|-
| 43
| data-sort-value="Bush, George W" | [[George W. Bush]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 * || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34
|-
| 44
| data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | [[Barack Obama]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} –|| {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 * || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15
|-
| 45
| data-sort-value="Trump, Donald" | [[Donald Trump]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} –|| {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} –
|- class="sortbottom" style="background:#eea;"
| || Total in survey || || 29 || 31 || 36 || 38 || 39 || 40 || 41 || 41 || 39 || 41 || 39 || 42 || 40 || 42 || 43 || 40 || 43
|43|| 43
|}
{{block indent|* Ranking calculated before president had completed his term in office.
'''Note:''' [[Grover Cleveland]] was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States; to date he is the only person to have achieved this distinction. Because of it, the total number of people who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.
}}
==Liberal and conservative raters==
The Murray-Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic, social and economic issues.<ref>Murray and Blessing, p. 135.</ref> The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents. Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten Presidents (and were split over the inclusion of either [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] or [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]), and six of the worst seven (split over [[Jimmy Carter]] or [[Calvin Coolidge]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rankings by Liberals and Conservatives
|-
! Rank
! Liberals (''n'' = 190)
! Conservatives (''n'' = 50)
|-
! 1
|Abraham Lincoln
|Abraham Lincoln
|-
!2
| Franklin D. Roosevelt
| George Washington
|-
! 3
| George Washington
| Franklin D. Roosevelt
|-
! 4
| Thomas Jefferson
| Thomas Jefferson
|-
! 5
| Theodore Roosevelt
| Theodore Roosevelt
|-
! 6
| Woodrow Wilson
| Andrew Jackson
|-
! 7
| Andrew Jackson
| Harry S. Truman
|-
! 8
| Harry S. Truman
| Woodrow Wilson
|-
! 9
| Lyndon B. Johnson
| Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
! 10
| John Adams
| John Adams
|-
|colspan="3"| ...
|-
! 30
| Calvin Coolidge
| Jimmy Carter
|-
! 31
| Franklin Pierce
| Richard Nixon
|-
! 32
| James Buchanan
| Franklin Pierce
|-
! 33
| Andrew Johnson
| Andrew Johnson
|-
! 34
| Ulysses S. Grant
| James Buchanan
|-
! 35
| Richard Nixon
| Ulysses S. Grant
|-
! 36
| Warren G. Harding
| Warren G. Harding
|}
== Statistical analysis ==
Scholars have explored whether historians' rankings of a president are correlated with [[quantifiable]] measures. Economist [[David R. Henderson]] and Zachary Gochenour applied a [[linear regression]] model to explain the C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership rankings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=David R.|last2=Gochenour|first2=Zachary|year=2013|title=War and Presidential Greatness|url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_17_04_02_henderson.pdf|journal=The Independent Review|volume=17|issue=4|pages=505–516|issn=1086-1653|via=}}</ref> They found the following correlations to be statistically significant:
{| class="wikitable"
!Variable
!coefficient
![[p-value]]
|-
|Real Per-Capita GDP Growth
|7.75
|<.05
|-
|Years In Office
|22.67
|<.01
|-
|Intellectual Brilliance
|57.79
|<.01
|-
|War Hero
|147.86
|<.01
|-
|Assassination
|195.97
|<.001
|-
|Military Deaths Per-Capita Rank
| -8.73
|<.001
|}
They concluded that "the results indicate that military deaths as a percentage of population is a major determinant of greatness in the eyes of historians."
==Excluded groups ranking approach==
In 2002, [[Ronald Walters]], former director of the [[University of Maryland]]'s African American Leadership Institute, stated that presidents ranked by how each one balanced the interests of majority interests and the interests of excluded groups was practical in respect to American debate on racial politics. Presidents have traditionally been ranked on personal qualities and their leadership ability to solve problems that move the nation in a positive direction. Walters stated there was a qualitative difference between white and African-American intellectuals in evaluating presidents. In the 1996 [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] poll by [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.]], 31 white historians and one black historian ranked presidents on differing categories of greatness. In a survey done by professors Hanes Walton, Jr., and Robert Smith, in their text book ''American Politics And The African American Quest For Universal Freedom'', 44 African-American political scientists and historians ranked presidents in terms of racial attitudes and racial legislation proposed.<ref>Walters (7-08-02),[http://hnn.us/articles/450.html Presidency: How Do African-American Scholars Rank Presidents?, History News Network]</ref> Individual presidents' attitudes, policies, and perspectives were historically ranked in five categories: White Supremacist; Racist; Racially Neutral; Racially Ambivalent; Antiracist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton Jr. |first1=Hanes |last2=Smith |first2=Robert C. |title=American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom |publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=201–02 |year=2000}}</ref>
==Popular opinion==
===Rasmussen poll===
According to a [[Rasmussen Reports|Rasmussen]] poll conducted in 2007, six presidents—[[George Washington]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[John F. Kennedy]]—were rated favorably by at least 80% of Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/people2/2007/washington_lincoln_most_popular_presidents_nixon_bush_least_popular |title=Washington, Lincoln Most Popular Presidents: Nixon, Bush Least Popular - Rasmussen Reports™ |publisher=Rasmussenreports.com |date=July 4, 2007 |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | Favorable
! scope="col" | Unfavorable
! scope="col" | Net favorable
|-
| data-sort-value="Washington, George" | George Washington
| 94
| 2
| 92
|-
| data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | Abraham Lincoln
| 92
| 4
| 88
|-
| data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | Thomas Jefferson
| 89
| 4
| 85
|-
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt
| 84
| 8
| 76
|-
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D." | Franklin D. Roosevelt
| 81
| 12
| 69
|-
| data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy
| 80
| 13
| 67
|-
| data-sort-value="Adams, John" | John Adams
| 74
| 9
| 65
|-
| data-sort-value="Madison, James" | James Madison
| 73
| 8
| 65
|-
| data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan
| 72
| 22
| 50
|-
| data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D." | Dwight D. Eisenhower
| 72
| 15
| 57
|-
| data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | Harry S. Truman
| 70
| 14
| 56
|-
| data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | Andrew Jackson
| 69
| 14
| 55
|-
| data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford
| 62
| 26
| 36
|-
| data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy" | John Quincy Adams
| 59
| 7
| 52
|-
| data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S." | Ulysses S. Grant
| 58
| 24
| 34
|-
| data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | George H. W. Bush
| 57
| 41
| 16
|-
| data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter
| 57
| 34
| 23
|-
| data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | William Howard Taft
| 57
| 15
| 42
|-
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Woodrow Wilson
| 56
| 19
| 37
|-
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton
| 55
| 41
| 14
|-
| data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | James Monroe
| 49
| 10
| 39
|-
| data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | Herbert Hoover
| 48
| 34
| 14
|-
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B." | Lyndon B. Johnson
| 45
| 42
| 3
|-
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson
| 45
| 26
| 19
|-
| data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A." | Chester A. Arthur
| 43
| 17
| 26
|-
| data-sort-value="Garfield, James A." | James A. Garfield
| 42
| 16
| 26
|-
| data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | William McKinley
| 42
| 24
| 18
|-
| data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | George W. Bush
| 41
| 59
| -18
|-
| data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover" | Grover Cleveland
| 40
| 26
| 14
|-
| data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | Calvin Coolidge
| 38
| 31
| 7
|-
| data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B." | Rutherford B. Hayes
| 38
| 19
| 19
|-
| data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon
| 32
| 60
| -28
|-
| data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | Benjamin Harrison
| 30
| 35
| -5
|-
| data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G." | Warren G. Harding
| 29
| 33
| -4
|-
| data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | James Buchanan
| 28
| 32
| -4
|-
| data-sort-value="Polk, James K." | James K. Polk
| 27
| 21
| 6
|-
| data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | Zachary Taylor
| 26
| 18
| 8
|-
| data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van" | Martin Van Buren
| 23
| 19
| 4
|-
| data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | William Henry Harrison
| 21
| 16
| 5
|-
| data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | Franklin Pierce
| 17
| 25
| -8
|-
| data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore
| 17
| 25
| -8
|-
| data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | John Tyler
| 9
| 15
| -6
|}
===Gallup poll===
A [[Gallup poll]] about presidential greatness taken February 2–5, 2011 asked 1015 adults in the U.S. "Who do you regard as the greatest United States president?"<ref name="Gallup.com"/>
# Ronald Reagan (19%)
# Abraham Lincoln (14%)
# Bill Clinton (13%)
# John F. Kennedy (11%)
# George Washington (10%)
# Franklin Roosevelt (8%)
# Barack Obama (5%)
# Theodore Roosevelt (3%)
# Harry Truman (3%)
# George W. Bush (2%)
# Thomas Jefferson (2%)
# Jimmy Carter (1%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
# George H. W. Bush (1%)
# Andrew Jackson (<1%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (<1%)
# Richard Nixon (<1%)
==Popular opinion polls on recent presidents==
These polls evaluate recent presidents only.
===2010 Gallup poll===
A [[Gallup poll]], taken on November 19–21, 2010, asked Americans to say, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/145064/Kennedy-Highest-Rated-Modern-President-Nixon-Lowest.aspx |title=Kennedy Still Highest-Rated Modern President, Nixon Lowest |publisher=Gallup.com |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
# John F. Kennedy (85% approval/10% disapproval)
# Ronald Reagan (74% approval/24% disapproval)
# Bill Clinton (69% approval/30% disapproval)
# George H. W. Bush (64% approval/34% disapproval)
# Gerald Ford (61% approval/26% disapproval)
# Jimmy Carter (52% approval/42% disapproval)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (49% approval/36% disapproval)
# George W. Bush (47% approval/51% disapproval)
# Richard Nixon (29% approval/65% disapproval)
===Public Policy Polling===
A [[Public Policy Polling]] poll taken between September 8–11, 2011 asked 665 American voters, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office.<ref>[http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2011/09/jfk-reagan-clinton-most-popular-recent-ex-presidents.html JFK, Reagan, Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents] September 15, 2011</ref>
# John F. Kennedy (74% favorability/15% unfavorability)
# Ronald Reagan (60% favorability/30% unfavorability)
# Bill Clinton (62% favorability/34% unfavorability)
# George H. W. Bush (53% favorability/35% unfavorability)
# Gerald Ford (45% favorability/26% unfavorability)
# Jimmy Carter (45% favorability/43% unfavorability)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (36% favorability/39% unfavorability)
# George W. Bush (41% favorability/51% unfavorability)
# Richard Nixon (19% favorability/62% unfavorability)
===Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll===
A Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll taken on February 18–19, 2011 asked respondents about 11 former presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad president.<ref>[http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/43774/kennedy-and-reagan-lead-list-of-good-presidents-for-americans/ Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans | Angus Reid Public Opinion] Retrieved August 22, 2012.</ref>
# John F. Kennedy (80% approval/6% disapproval)
# Ronald Reagan (72% approval/16% disapproval)
# Bill Clinton (65% approval/24% disapproval)
# Dwight D. Eisenhower (61% approval/6% disapproval)
# Harry S. Truman (57% approval/7% disapproval)
# Jimmy Carter (47% approval/28% disapproval)
# George H. W. Bush (44% approval/38% disapproval)
# Barack Obama (41% approval/33% disapproval)
# Gerald Ford (37% approval/25% disapproval)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (15% approval/27% disapproval)
# George W. Bush (30% approval/55% disapproval)
# Richard Nixon (24% approval/54% disapproval)
===2013 Gallup poll===
A [[Gallup Poll]] taken November 7–10, 2013 asked 1039 adults in the U.S. "How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history—as an outstanding president, above average, average, below average, or poor?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/165902/americans-rate-jfk-top-modern-president.aspx |title=Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President |author=Gallup, Inc. |work=Gallup.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801184550/http://www.gallup.com/poll/165902/americans-rate-jfk-top-modern-president.aspx |archivedate=August 1, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" cellspacing="2"
|+ Gallup poll 2013
|-
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | ''Outstanding''
! scope="col" | ''Above Average''
! scope="col" | ''Average''
! scope="col" | ''Below Average''
! scope="col" | ''Poor''
! scope="col" | ''No Opinion''
! scope="col" | ''Weighted Average''
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D." | Dwight D. Eisenhower
|10%
|39%
|36%
|2%
|1%
|12%
|2.38
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy
|18%
|56%
|19%
|2%
|1%
|4%
|2.08
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B." | Lyndon B. Johnson
|4%
|16%
|46%
|14%
|8%
|12%
|3.07
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon
|2%
|13%
|27%
|29%
|23%
|6%
|3.62
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford
|2%
|14%
|56%
|15%
|5%
|8%
|3.08
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter
|4%
|19%
|37%
|20%
|15%
|6%
|3.24
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan
|19%
|42%
|27%
|6%
|4%
|2%
|2.33
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | George H. W. Bush
|3%
|24%
|48%
|12%
|10%
|2%
|3.02
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton
|11%
|44%
|29%
|9%
|6%
|1%
|2.55
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | George W. Bush
|3%
|18%
|36%
|20%
|23%
|1%
|3.42
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | Barack Obama
|6%
|22%
|31%
|18%
|22%
|1%
|3.28
|}
===2014 Quinnipiac poll===
A [[Quinnipiac University]] poll taken June 24–30, 2014 asked 1446 registered voters in the U.S. who they thought were the best and worst presidents since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2056|title=National (US) Poll - July 2, 2014 - Obama Is First As Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better|author=Quinnipiac University|work=QU Poll}}</ref>
'''Best president since World War II:'''
# Ronald Reagan (35%)
# Bill Clinton (18%)
# John F. Kennedy (15%)
# Barack Obama (8%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (5%)
# Harry S. Truman (4%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (3%)
# George H. W. Bush (tie) (3%)
# Jimmy Carter (2%)
# Richard Nixon (tie) (1%)
# Gerald Ford (tie) (1%)
# George W. Bush (tie) (1%)
'''Worst president since World War II:'''
# Barack Obama (33%)
# George W. Bush (28%)
# Richard Nixon (13%)
# Jimmy Carter (8%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (3%)
# Ronald Reagan (tie) (3%)
# Bill Clinton (tie) (3%)
# Gerald Ford (tie) (2%)
# George H. W. Bush (tie) (2%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
# Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
# John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
===2017 Quinnipiac poll===
Four years later, a [[Quinnipiac University]] poll taken January 20–25, 2017 asked 1190 voters in the U.S. who they thought were the best and worst presidents since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2420|title=Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Reagan, Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years |work=QU Poll}}</ref>
'''Best president since World War II:'''
# Ronald Reagan (30%)
# Barack Obama (29%)
# John F. Kennedy (12%)
# Bill Clinton (9%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (3%)
# George W. Bush (tie) (3%)
# Harry Truman (tie) (2%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (2%)
# Jimmy Carter (tie) (2%)
# George H.W. Bush (tie) (2%)
# Richard Nixon (<1%)
# Gerald R. Ford (<1%)
'''Worst president since World War II:'''
# Richard Nixon (24%)
# Barack Obama (23%)
# George W. Bush (22%)
# Jimmy Carter (10%)
# Ronald Reagan (5%)
# Bill Clinton (4%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (3%)
# George H.W. Bush (2%)
# Gerald R. Ford (1%)
# Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (<1%)
# John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
==Siena College Research Institute, Presidential Expert Poll of 2010==
Source:<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100706090046/http://www.siena.edu/pages/179.asp?item=2566 210 Report</ref>
'''Abbreviations'''
{{colbegin|3}}
* Bg = Background
* PL = Party leadership
* CAb = Communication ability
* RC = Relations with Congress
* CAp = Court appointments
* HE = Handling of economy
* L = Luck
* AC = Ability to compromise
* WR = Willing to take risks
* EAp = Executive appointments
* OA = Overall ability
* Im = Imagination
* DA = Domestic accomplishments
* Int = Integrity
* EAb = Executive ability
* FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments
* LA = Leadership ability
* IQ = Intelligence
* AM = Avoid crucial mistakes
* EV = Experts' view
* O = Overall
{{colend}}
{{colbegin|1}}
* <span style="color:blue">'''Blue'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''first quartile'''.
* <span style="color:#006600">'''Green'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''second quartile'''.
* <span style="color:darkorange">'''Orange'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''third quartile'''.
* <span style="color:#B60000">'''Red'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''fourth quartile'''.
{{colend}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; height:50%; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="1"
|-
! scope="col" | Seq.
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | Political party
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Bg|Background}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|PL|Party leadership}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAb|Communication ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|RC|Relations with Congress}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAp|Court appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|HE|Handling of economy}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|L|Luck}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AC|Ability to compromise}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|WR|Willing to take risks}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAp|Executive appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|OA|Overall ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Im|Imagination}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|DA|Domestic accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Int|Integrity}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAb|Executive ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|FPA|Foreign policy accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|LA|Leadership ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|IQ|Intelligence}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AM|Avoid crucial mistakes}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EV|Experts' view}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|O|Overall}}
|- class="nomobile"
! !! <!-- Deliberately empty header row per [[Help:Sorting#In a narrow space: sorting buttons in a separate row]], JavaScript sort icons are displayed here -->!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-
| 1
| data-sort-value="Washington, George" | George Washington
| No Party || style="background:blue; color:white" | 7 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4
|-
| 2
| data-sort-value="Adams, John" | John Adams
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17
|-
| 3
| data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | Thomas Jefferson
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5
|-
| 4
| data-sort-value="Madison, James" | James Madison
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6
|-
| 5
| data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | James Monroe
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7
|-
| 6
| data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy" | John Quincy Adams
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19
|-
| 7
| data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | Andrew Jackson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14
|-
| 8
| data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van" | Martin Van Buren
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23
|-
| 9
| data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | William Henry Harrison
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 ||style="background:darkorange; color:white" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35
|-
| 10
| data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | John Tyler
| Independent<ref>Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison's vice president, but Tyler became an [[independent (politics)|independent]] after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.</ref> || style="background:darkorange; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37
|-
| 11
| data-sort-value="Polk, James K." | James K. Polk
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12
|-
| 12
| data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | Zachary Taylor
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33
|-
| 13
| data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38
|-
| 14
| data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | Franklin Pierce
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40
|-
| 15
| data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | James Buchanan
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42
|-
| 16
| data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | Abraham Lincoln
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3
|-
| 17
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson
| {{Party shading/National Union}} | [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43
|-
| 18
| data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S." | Ulysses S. Grant
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26
|-
| 19
| data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B." | Rutherford B. Hayes
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31
|-
| 20
| data-sort-value="Garfield, James A." | James A. Garfield
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 ||style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27
|-
| 21
| data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A." | Chester A. Arthur
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25
|-
| 22/24 || [[Grover Cleveland]] || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20
|-
| 23
| data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | Benjamin Harrison
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34
|-
| 25
| data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | William McKinley
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21
|-
| 26
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2
|-
| 27
| data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | William Howard Taft
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 ||style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24
|-
| 28
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Woodrow Wilson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8
|-
| 29
| data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G." | Warren G. Harding
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41
|-
| 30
| data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | Calvin Coolidge
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29
|-
| 31
| data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | Herbert Hoover
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36
|-
| 32
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D." | Franklin D. Roosevelt
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1
|-
| 33
| data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | Harry S. Truman
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9
|-
| 34
| data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D." | Dwight D. Eisenhower
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10
|-
| 35
| data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11
|-
| 36
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B." | Lyndon B. Johnson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16
|-
| 37
| data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30
|-
| 38
| data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28
|-
| 39
| data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32
|-
| 40
| data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18
|-
| 41
| data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | George H. W. Bush
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22
|-
| 42
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13
|-
| 43
| data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | George W. Bush
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39
|-
| 44
| data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | Barack Obama
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15
|-
! scope="col" | Seq.
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | Political party
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Bg|Background}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|PL|Party leadership}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAb|Communication ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|RC|Relations with Congress}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAp|Court appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|HE|Handling of economy}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|L|Luck}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AC|Ability to compromise}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|WR|Willing to take risks}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAp|Executive appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|OA|Overall ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Im|Imagination}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|DA|Domestic accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Int|Integrity}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAb|Executive ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|FPA|Foreign policy accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|LA|Leadership ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|IQ|Intelligence}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AM|Avoid crucial mistakes}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EV|Experts' view}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|O|Overall}}
|}
==Memorability of the presidents==
In November 2014, [[Henry L. Roediger III]] and K. Andrew DeSoto published a study in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' asking research subjects to name as many presidents as possible.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Roediger | first1 = Henry L. | author1-link = Henry L. Roediger III | last2 = DeSoto | first2 = K. Andrew | title = Forgetting the Presidents | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6213 | pages = 1106–1109 | date = November 28, 2014 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6213/1106.short | doi = 10.1126/science.1259627 | pmid=25430768}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Benedict|title=Study on Cultural Memory Confirms: Chester A. Arthur, We Hardly Knew Ye|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/28/science/study-details-presidents-paths-from-power-to-dusty-corner-of-cultural-memory.html|accessdate=September 11, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> They reported data from three generations, as well as from an online survey conducted in 2014. The percentage of participants in the online survey sample who could name each president was:
{{div col||15em}}
# [[Barack Obama]] (100%)
# [[Bill Clinton]] (96%)
# [[George W. Bush]] or [[George H. W. Bush]] (95%)
# [[George Washington]] (94%)
# [[Abraham Lincoln]] (88%)
# [[John F. Kennedy]] (83%)
# [[Richard Nixon]] (82%)
# [[Jimmy Carter]] (79%)
# [[Thomas Jefferson]] (72%)
# [[Ronald Reagan]] (66%)
# [[Gerald Ford]] (62%)
# [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] or [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (60%)
# [[John Adams]] or [[John Quincy Adams]] (56%)
# [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (54%)
# [[Harry S. Truman]] (50%)
# [[Andrew Jackson]] (47%)
# [[Herbert Hoover]] (42%)
# [[Andrew Johnson]] or [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (41%)
# [[William Howard Taft]] (39%)
# [[James Madison]] (38%)
# [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (38%)
# [[James Monroe]] (30%)
# [[Woodrow Wilson]] (29%)
# [[Calvin Coolidge]] (22%)
# [[James A. Garfield]] (19%)
# [[James K. Polk]] (17%)
# [[Warren G. Harding]] (16%)
# [[William McKinley]] (15%)
# [[John Tyler]] (12%)
# [[James Buchanan]] (12%)
# [[Grover Cleveland]] (11%)
# [[William Henry Harrison]] or [[Benjamin Harrison]] (11%)
# [[Martin Van Buren]] (11%)
# [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] (10%)
# [[Zachary Taylor]] (10%)
# [[Millard Fillmore]] (8%)
# [[Franklin Pierce]] (7%)
# [[Chester A. Arthur]] (7%)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada]]
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia]]
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands]]
* [[Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany]]
* [[The Greatest American]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present |last=Bailey |first=Thomas A. |publisher=Appleton-Century |year=1966 |isbn= |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= }} → A non-quantitative appraisal by leading historian.
* {{Cite book |title=The Uses and Abuses of Presidential Ratings |last=Bose |first=Meena |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=1590337948|location=New York |author2=Landis Mark }} → A collection of essays by presidential scholars.
* {{Cite book |title=The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents |last=DeGregorio |first=William A. |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1993 |isbn=0942637925 |edition=4. ed., rev., expanded, and up-dated |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= }} → Contains the results of the 1962 and 1982 surveys.
* {{Cite book |title=Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty |last=Eland |first=Ivan |publisher=Independent Institute |year=2009 |isbn=1598130226 |location=Oakland, California |page=|authorlink= }}
* {{Cite book |title=The American Presidents Ranked by Performance |last=Faber |first=Charles |publisher=McFarland & Co. |year=2000 |isbn=0786407654 |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=|authorlink= |author2=Faber, Richard }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Felzenberg |first=Alvin S. |year=1997 |title=There You Go Again: Liberal Historians and the ''New York Times'' Deny Ronald Reagan His Due |url= |journal=Policy Review |volume=82 |issue= |pages=51–54 | issn = 0146-5945 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=The American Mayor: The Best & the Worst Big-City Leaders |last=Holli |first=Melvin G. |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ. Press |year=1999 |isbn=0271018763 |location=University Park, PA |pages=|authorlink= }}
* Merry, Robert W. ''Where They Stand: The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1451625405/ excerpt and text search]
* {{Cite book |title=Star-Spangled Men America's Ten Worst Presidents |last=Miller |first=Nathan |publisher=Scribner |year=1998 |isbn=0684836106 |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan |last=Murray |first=Robert K. |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ. Press |year=1994 |isbn=0271010894 |edition=2., updated |location=University Park, PA |pages=|authorlink= |author2=Blessing, Tim H. }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nichols |first=Curt |year=2012 |title=The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries |url= |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=275–299 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03966.x| issn = 0360-4918 |quote= |authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=James P. |year=2003 |title=Ranking the Presidents: Continuity and Volatility |url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~pubp502/Pres.rating.mss.pdf |journal=White House Studies |volume=3 |issue= |page=23 | issn = 1535-4768 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent |last=Ridings |first=William J., Jr. |publisher=Carol Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=0806517999 |location=Secaucus, NJ |pages=|authorlink= |author2=McIver, Stuart B. }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schlesinger |first=Arthur M., Jr. |year=1997 |title=Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton |url= |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=112 |issue= 2|pages=179–190 |doi=10.2307/2657937 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Presidential Performance: A Comprehensive Review |last=Skidmore |first=Max J. |publisher=McFarland & Co. |year=2004 |isbn=0786418206 |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=|authorlink= }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Skidmore |first=Max J. |year=2001 |title=Ranking and Evaluating Presidents: The Case of Theodore Roosevelt |url= |journal=White House Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=495–505 | issn = 1535-4768 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and Worst in the White House |last=Taranto |first=James |publisher=Wall Street Journal Books |year=2004 |isbn=0743254333 |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= |author2=Leo, Leonard }} → For Federalist Society surveys.
* {{Cite book |title=Reassessing the Presidency: The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom |last=Vedder |first=Richard |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |year=2001 |isbn=0945466293 |location=Auburn, AL |pages=|chapter=Rating Presidential Performance |authorlink= |author2=Gallaway, Lowell |editor=Denson, John V. (ed.) }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* [http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/dean/20010511.html "Ranking Presidents: Utter Nonsense Or Useful Analysis?], 2001 column by [[John Dean]]
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29216774/ List of presidential rankings Historians rank the 42 men who have held the office. AP via MSNBC. Feb. 16, 2009 Poll]
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Historical Rankings Of United States Presidents}}
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:United States presidential history]]
[[Category:Historical rankings of public figures]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '[[File:Mountrushmore.jpg|thumb|In the 1920s, sculptor [[Gutzon Borglum]] and President [[Calvin Coolidge]] selected [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]] to appear on [[Mount Rushmore]]. It has become an iconic symbol of presidential greatness.]]
In [[political studies]], '''historical rankings of presidents of the United States''' are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as [[President of the United States]]. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic [[historian]]s and [[political scientist]]s or popular opinion. The rankings focus on the presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures, and faults.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last=Maranell|first=Gary M.|title=The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls|journal=The Journal of American History|date=June 1970|volume=57|issue=1|pages=104–13|jstor=1900552}}</ref><ref>William J. Ridings, Jr., and Stuart B. McIver "Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent" (2000, ISBN 0806521511)[https://books.google.com/books/about/Rating_the_Presidents.html?id=DZkO7SIUSNQC ''Google Books Link'']</ref><ref name="Gallup.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx |title=Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President |publisher=Gallup.com |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
==General findings==
According to the rankings, [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[George Washington]], and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] are the three most popular presidents among historians. The remaining places in the Top 11 are often rounded out by [[Harry S Truman|Harry S. Truman]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[James K. Polk]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[James Madison]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. More recent presidents such as [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[Bill Clinton]] tend to be rated among the greatest in world opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 11 often includes [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[Warren G. Harding]], [[Millard Fillmore]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Herbert Hoover]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Zachary Taylor]], and [[John Tyler]]. Because [[William Henry Harrison]] (30 days) and [[James A. Garfield]] (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are sometimes omitted from presidential rankings. [[Zachary Taylor]] also died after serving as president for only 16 months, but he is usually included. In the case of these three, it is not clear if they received low rankings due to their actions as president, or because each was president for such a limited time that it is not possible to assess them more thoroughly.
Political scientist [[Walter Dean Burnham]] noted the "[[dichotomous]] or schizoid profiles" of presidents, which can make some hard to classify. Historian [[Alan Brinkley]] stated that "there are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great (for example, [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]])". Historian and political scientist [[James MacGregor Burns]] observed of Nixon, "How can one evaluate such an [[idiosyncratic]] president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?"<ref>Skidmore 2001</ref>
[[David Herbert Donald|David H. Donald]], noted biographer of Abraham Lincoln, relates that when he met John F. Kennedy in 1961, Kennedy voiced his deep dissatisfaction and resentment with historians who had rated some of his predecessors. Kennedy said that "No one has a right to grade a President—even poor James Buchanan—who has not sat in his chair, examined the mail and information that came across his desk, and learned why he made his decisions."<ref>Donald, David H., ''Lincoln'', 1995, p. 13</ref>
Historian and political scientist Julian E. Zelizer argues that traditional presidential rankings explain little concerning actual presidential history, and that they are "weak mechanisms for evaluating what has taken place in the [[White House]]".<ref name=Zelizer_02_21_2011>Zelizer (February 21, 2011), [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/02/21/zelizer.presidential.rankings/ What's wrong with presidential rankings], CNN Opinion</ref> Libertarian political commentator [[Ivan Eland]] wrote a book titled ''Recarving Rushmore'' (2008; updated 2014) in which he wrote that historians' criteria are poor in their capacity to reflect presidents' actual services to the country. In the book, Eland chose to rate 40 U.S. presidents on the basis of whether their policies promoted prosperity, liberty, and [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionism]], as well as modest executive roles for themselves; his final rankings varied significantly from those of most scholars.
==Notable scholar surveys==
[[File:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abraham Lincoln]] is often considered the greatest president for his leadership during the [[American Civil War]] and his eloquence in speeches such as the [[Gettysburg Address]].]]
[[File:JamesBuchanan1860s.png|thumb|upright|[[James Buchanan]] is often considered the worst president for his inept leadership during the years leading up to the [[American Civil War]].]]
The 1948 poll was conducted by historian [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.]], of [[Harvard University]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger, who surveyed 75 historians.<ref name="Schlesinger, Arthur M pp. 12">Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians". ''New York Times Magazine'' July 1962: pp. 12–13, 40–41, 43.</ref> Schlesinger's son [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.]], conducted another poll in 1996.<ref name="schles96">{{cite web
|title=Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton
|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/leadership/schlesinger.html#chart
|access-date=March 25, 2010
}}
</ref>
''The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents'' also gives the results of the 1982 survey, a poll of 49 historians conducted by the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. A notable difference from the 1962 Schlesinger poll was the ranking of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], which rose from 22nd in 1962 to 9th in 1982.
The [[Siena Research Institute]] of [[Siena College]] conducted surveys in 1982, 1990, 1994, 2002, and 2010. The 1994 survey placed only two presidents, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]], above 80 points and two presidents, [[Andrew Johnson]] and [[Warren G. Harding]], below 50 points.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060628235418/http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/95%20Presidency%20Survey.htm HISTORIANS GIVE GOOD GRADES TO CLINTON PRESIDENCY IN SIENA COLLEGE SURVEY]. January 11, 1995. Archived June 28, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210095846/http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/2002/02AugPresidentsSurvey.htm FDR America's Greatest President] August 19, 2002. Archived February 10, 2007.</ref> The 2010 Siena survey had [[George W. Bush]] plummet from the initial 2002 ranking of 23rd down to 39th.
The 1996 column shows the results from a poll conducted from 1988 to 1996 by William J. Ridings, Jr., and [[Stuart B. McIver]] and published in ''Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent''.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books/about/Rating_the_Presidents.html?id=DZkO7SIUSNQC ''Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent''] (2000, ISBN 0806521511)</ref> More than 719 people took part in the poll, primarily academic historians and political scientists, although some politicians and celebrities also took part. Participants from every state were included, and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and "specialists in [[African-American studies]]", as well as a few non-American historians. Poll respondents rated the presidents in five categories (leadership qualities, accomplishments & crisis management, political skill, appointments, character & integrity), and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking.
A 2000 survey by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' consisted of an "ideologically balanced group of 132 prominent professors of history, law, and political science". This poll sought to include an equal number of [[political liberalism|liberals]] and [[political conservatism|conservatives]] in the survey, as the editors argued that previous polls were dominated by either one group or the other. According to the editors, this poll included responses from more women, minorities, and young professors than the 1996 Schlesinger poll. The editors noted that the results of their poll were "remarkably similar" to the 1996 Schlesinger poll, with the main difference in the 2000 poll being the lower rankings for the 1960s presidents [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and John F. Kennedy, and higher ranking of President [[Ronald Reagan]] at 8th. Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three.
Another presidential poll was conducted by ''The Wall Street Journal'' in 2005, with [[James Lindgren]] of [[Northwestern University Law School]] for the [[Federalist Society]].<ref name="Wall Street Journal Online">{{cite web|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110007243|title=Presidential Leadership; The Rankings|work=Wall Street Journal Online|date=September 12, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207050558/http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110007243|archivedate=February 7, 2006}}</ref> As in the 2000 survey, the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives, adjusting the results "to give Democratic- and Republican-leaning scholars equal weight". Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three, but editor [[James Taranto]] noted that Democratic-leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth-worst president of all time, while Republican scholars rated him the sixth-best, giving him a split-decision rating of "average".
A 2006 [[Siena College]] poll of 744 professors reported the following results:<ref name="Siena_2006">[http://www.siena.edu/uploadedFiles/Home/Parents_and_Community/06_may_expert_bush_release.pdf Experts: Bush Presidency Is A Failure; Little Chance To Improve Ranking], ''Siena Research Institute'', May 1, 2006</ref>
* "George W. Bush has just finished five years as President. If today were the last day of his presidency, how would you rank him? The responses were: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%."
* "In your judgment, do you think he has a realistic chance of improving his rating?" Two-thirds (67%) responded no; less than a quarter (23%) responded yes; and 10% chose "no opinion or not applicable".
Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said: "President Bush would seem to have small hope for high marks from the current generation of practicing historians and political scientists. In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do." Douglas Lonnstrom, Siena College professor of statistics and director of the Siena Research Institute, stated: "In our 2002 presidential rating, with a group of experts comparable to this current poll, President Bush ranked 23rd of 42 presidents. That was shortly after [[9/11 terrorist attacks|9/11]]. Clearly, the professors do not think things have gone well for him in the past few years. These are the experts that teach college students today and will write the history of this era tomorrow."<ref name="Siena_2006" />
A 2010 Siena poll of 238 presidential scholars found that former President George W. Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments, and intelligence. Meanwhile, the then-current president, [[Barack Obama]], was ranked 15th out of 43, with high ratings for imagination, communication ability and intelligence and a low rating for background (family, education and experience).<ref name="Siena_2010">[http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_community/community_page/sri/independent_research/Presidents%20Release_2010_final.pdf Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011431/http://www2.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_community/community_page/sri/independent_research/Presidents%20Release_2010_final.pdf |date=July 7, 2015 }}, [[Siena Research Institute]], July 1, 2010</ref><ref name="Thomas 3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy">{{cite news|url=http://buffalo.bizjournals.com/buffalo/blog/the_score/2010/07/clean_sweep_for_the_roosevelts.html?appSession=13268321309770&RecordID=&PageID=2&PrevPageID=&cpipage=3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy= |title=Clean sweep for the Roosevelts |publisher=Business First of Buffalo |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2010 |first=G. Scott |last=Thomas}}</ref>
The [[C-SPAN]] Survey of Presidential Leadership consists of rankings from a group of presidential historians and biographers. The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has taken place three times: in 2000, 2009, and 2017.<ref>[http://static.c-span.org/files/pressCenter/C-SPANpresidentialsurveyPR021509.pdf C-SPAN RELEASES SECOND HISTORIANS SURVEY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP], C-SPAN (February 15, 2009).</ref><ref>[https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/ Presidential Historians Survey 2017], C-SPAN (last accessed February 17, 2017).</ref><ref name="CSPAN3rdSurvey">[C-SPAN RELEASES THIRD HISTORIANS SURVEY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP], C-SPAN (February 17, 2017).</ref> The most recent survey was of 91 presidential historians, surveyed by C-SPAN's Academic Advisor Team, made up of [[Douglas G. Brinkley]], [[Edna Greene Medford]], and [[Richard Norton Smith]]. In the survey, each historian rates each president on a scale of one ("not effective") to 10 ("very effective") on presidential leadership in ten categories: "Public Persuasion", "Crisis Leadership", "Economic Management", "Moral Authority", "International Relations", "Administrative Skills", "Relations with Congress", "Vision/Setting An Agenda", "Pursued Equal Justice for All", and "Performance Within the Context of His Times"; each category is equally weighed.<ref>[https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=methodology Methodology: Presidential Historians Survey 2017], C-SPAN (last accessed February 17, 2017).</ref> The results of all three C-SPAN surveys have been fairly consistent. [[Abraham Lincoln]] has taken the highest ranking in each survey, and [[George Washington]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] have always ranked in the top five, while [[James Buchanan]], [[Andrew Johnson]], and [[Franklin Pierce]] have been ranked at the bottom of all three surveys.<ref name="CSPAN3rdSurvey"/>
In 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' daily newspaper of London asked eight of its own "top international and political commentators" to rank all 42 U.S. presidents "in order of greatness".<ref>{{cite news
|title=Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings
|first=Jeremy
|last=Griffin
|author2=Nico Hines
|work=[[The Times]]
|date=October 28, 2008
|accessdate=March 24, 2010
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article5030539.ece
|location=London
}}
</ref>
In 2011, through the agency of its United States Presidency Centre (USPC), the [[Institute for the Study of the Americas]] (located in the [[University of London]]'s School of Advanced Study) released the first ever U.K. academic survey to rate U.S. presidents. This polled the opinion of British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance. They also gave an interim assessment of Barack Obama, but his unfinished presidency was not included in the survey (had he been included, he would have attained eighth place overall).<ref name="community-languages.org.uk">Iwan Morgan. [http://www.community-languages.org.uk/US-presidency-survey/pdf/analysis.pdf "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis"]. Retrieved October 10, 2013.</ref>
In 2012, ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best presidents since 1900. The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Dwight Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, and Ronald Reagan as the best since that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/09/24/from-franklin-delano-roosevelt-to-john-f-kennedy-newsweek-s-10-best-presidents-photos.html |title=From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy, Newsweek's 10 Best Presidents (Photos) |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=September 24, 2012 |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}</ref>
A 2013 [[History News Network]] poll of 203 American historians, when asked to rate Obama's presidency on an A–F scale, gave him a B- grade. Obama, whom historians graded using 15 separate measures plus an overall grade, was rated most highly in the categories of communication ability, integrity, and crisis management, and most poorly for his relationship with Congress, transparency, and accountability.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hnn.us/article/153229 |author=HNN Staff |title=Historians Give Barack Obama a B- |publisher=History News Network |date=September 8, 2013 |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}</ref>
A 2015 poll administered by the [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson, and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10. The results of this poll are reflected in the table below.<ref name="Brandon Rottinghaus">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/fixgov/posts/2015/02/13-obama-measuring-presidential-greatness-vaughn-rottinghaus|title=Measuring Obama against the great presidents|author=Brandon Rottinghaus|date=February 13, 2015|work=The Brookings Institution}}</ref>
[[Incumbent]] President [[Donald Trump]] is not included in any survey, as none have been conducted since his January 20, 2017 [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]].
===Scholar survey results===
Within each column:
* <span style="color:blue">'''Blue'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''first quartile'''. <ref>Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these into the first two and last two quartiles, respectively. When splitting an odd number of values, the [[median]] was included in the upper half.</ref>
* <span style="color:#006600">'''Green'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''second quartile'''.
* <span style="color:darkorange">'''Orange'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''third quartile'''.
* <span style="color:#B60000">'''Red'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''fourth quartile'''.
''Note: Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; border-spacing:0.1em;"
|-
! {{abbr|No.|Number}}!! President !! Political party !! [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|Schl.]] 1948 <ref name="ReferenceA"/> !! Schl. 1962 <ref name="Schlesinger, Arthur M pp. 12"/> !! M-B 1982 !! ''[[Chicago Tribune|CT]]'' 1982 !! [[Siena Research Institute|Siena]] 1982 !! Siena 1990 !! Siena 1994 !! R-McI 1996 <ref name="books.google.com"/> !! Schl. 1996 <ref name="schles96"/>!! [[C-SPAN]] 1999 !! ''[[The Wall Street Journal|WSJ]]'' 2000 !! Siena 2002 !! ''WSJ'' 2005 <ref name="Wall Street Journal Online"/> !! C-SPAN 2009 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/16/presidential.survey/ |title=Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 16, 2009 |accessdate=2010-10-30}}</ref> !! Siena 2010 <ref name="Siena_2010"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://buffalo.bizjournals.com/buffalo/blog/the_score/2010/07/clean_sweep_for_the_roosevelts.html?appSession=13268321309770&RecordID=&PageID=2&PrevPageID=&cpipage=3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy= |title=Clean sweep for the Roosevelts |publisher=Business First of Buffalo |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=September 1, 2010 |first=G. Scott |last=Thomas}}</ref> !! USPC 2011 <ref>Iwan Morgan. [http://www.community-languages.org.uk/US-presidency-survey/pdf/analysis.pdf "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis"]. Retrieved 2013-10-10.</ref> !! APSA 2015 <ref name="Brandon Rottinghaus"/> !! C-SPAN 2017 <ref name="2017 C-SPAN">{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017|website=C-SPAN|accessdate=February 17, 2017}}</ref> !! Aggr. <ref>Aggregate of all polls up to and including C-SPAN 2017 by ranking each president's ratio of favourable to total pairwise comparisons, excluding ties.</ref>
|-
| 1
| data-sort-value="Washington, George" | [[George Washington]]
| Independent || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03
|-
| 2
| data-sort-value="Adams, John" | [[John Adams]]
| [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 (tie) || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14
|-
| 3
| data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;"|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05
|-
| 4
| data-sort-value="Madison, James" | [[James Madison]]
| Dem-Repub || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17|| style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13
|-
| 5
| data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | [[James Monroe]]
| Dem-Repub || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16
|-
| 6
| data-sort-value="Adams, John Q" | [[John Quincy Adams]]
| Dem-Repub || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21
|-
| 7
| data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | [[Andrew Jackson]]
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09
|-
| 8
| data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin" | [[Martin Van Buren]]
| Democratic || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 ||style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 17 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 2 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21me || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23me || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31me
|| style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24
|-
| 9
| data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | [[William Henry Harrison|William Henry Harrison]]
| [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38
|-
| 10
| data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | [[John Tyler]]
| Whig || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37
|-
| 11
| data-sort-value="Polk, James K" | [[James K. Polk]]
| Democratic || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11
|-
| 12
| data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | [[Zachary Taylor]]
| Whig || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35
|-
| 13
| data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | [[Millard Fillmore]]
| Whig || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39
|-
| 14
| data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | [[Franklin Pierce]]
| Democratic || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 (tie) || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40
|-
| 15
| data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | [[James Buchanan]]
| Democratic || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43
|-
| 16
| data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01|| style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01
|-
| 17
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | [[Andrew Johnson]]
| Democratic<!-- only ever elected on National Union ticket --> || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41
|-
| 18
| data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S" | [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| Republican || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36
|-
| 19
| data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B" | [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]
| Republican || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25
|-
| 20
| data-sort-value="Garfield, James A" | [[James A. Garfield]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29
|-
| 21
| data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A" | [[Chester A. Arthur]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 17 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28
|-
| 22/24
| data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover" | [[Grover Cleveland]]
| Democratic || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18
|-
| 23
| data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | [[Benjamin Harrison]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30
|-
| 25
| data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | [[William McKinley]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19
|-
| 26
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| Republican || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04
|-
| 27
| data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | [[William Howard Taft]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23
|-
| 28
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| Democratic || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 04 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white"| 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07
|-
| 29
| data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G" | [[Warren G. Harding]]
| Republican || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 37 (tie) || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 42
|-
| 30
| data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| Republican || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31
|-
| 31
| data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | [[Herbert Hoover]]
| Republican || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 29 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33
|-
| 32
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Frankin D" | [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| Democratic || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 01 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 03 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 02
|-
| 33
| data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | [[Harry S. Truman]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06
|-
| 34
| data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D" | [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 ||style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 07 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 05 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08
|-
| 35
| data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F" | [[John F. Kennedy]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 (tie) || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10
|-
| 36
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B" | [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – ||style="background:#006600; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 14 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12
|-
| 37
| data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | [[Richard Nixon]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32
|-
| 38
| data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald R" | [[Gerald Ford]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 32 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 28 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26
|-
| 39
| data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | [[Jimmy Carter]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 33 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 30 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 27
|-
| 40
| data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | [[Ronald Reagan]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 26 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 25 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 06 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 11 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 09 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17
|-
| 41
| data-sort-value="Bush, George H W" | [[George H. W. Bush]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22
|-
| 42
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | [[Bill Clinton]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 16 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 21 * || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 24 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 || style="background:blue; color:white" | 08 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 20
|-
| 43
| data-sort-value="Bush, George W" | [[George W. Bush]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 23 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 19 * || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 35 || style="background:darkorange; color:black" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" | 34
|-
| 44
| data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | [[Barack Obama]]
| Democratic || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} –|| {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15 * || {{hs|99}} – || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 18 * || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" | 15
|-
| 45
| data-sort-value="Trump, Donald" | [[Donald Trump]]
| Republican || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} –|| {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} – || {{hs|99}} –
|- class="sortbottom" style="background:#eea;"
| || Total in survey || || 29 || 31 || 36 || 38 || 39 || 40 || 41 || 41 || 39 || 41 || 39 || 42 || 40 || 42 || 43 || 40 || 43
|43|| 43
|}
{{block indent|* Ranking calculated before president had completed his term in office.
'''Note:''' [[Grover Cleveland]] was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States; to date he is the only person to have achieved this distinction. Because of it, the total number of people who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.
}}
==Liberal and conservative raters==
The Murray-Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic, social and economic issues.<ref>Murray and Blessing, p. 135.</ref> The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents. Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten Presidents (and were split over the inclusion of either [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] or [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]), and six of the worst seven (split over [[Jimmy Carter]] or [[Calvin Coolidge]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rankings by Liberals and Conservatives
|-
! Rank
! Liberals (''n'' = 190)
! Conservatives (''n'' = 50)
|-
! 1
|Abraham Lincoln
|Abraham Lincoln
|-
!2
| Franklin D. Roosevelt
| George Washington
|-
! 3
| George Washington
| Franklin D. Roosevelt
|-
! 4
| Thomas Jefferson
| Thomas Jefferson
|-
! 5
| Theodore Roosevelt
| Theodore Roosevelt
|-
! 6
| Woodrow Wilson
| Andrew Jackson
|-
! 7
| Andrew Jackson
| Harry S. Truman
|-
! 8
| Harry S. Truman
| Woodrow Wilson
|-
! 9
| Lyndon B. Johnson
| Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
! 10
| John Adams
| John Adams
|-
|colspan="3"| ...
|-
! 30
| Calvin Coolidge
| Jimmy Carter
|-
! 31
| Franklin Pierce
| Richard Nixon
|-
! 32
| James Buchanan
| Franklin Pierce
|-
! 33
| Andrew Johnson
| Andrew Johnson
|-
! 34
| Ulysses S. Grant
| James Buchanan
|-
! 35
| Richard Nixon
| Ulysses S. Grant
|-
! 36
| Warren G. Harding
| Warren G. Harding
|}
== Statistical analysis ==
Scholars have explored whether historians' rankings of a president are correlated with [[quantifiable]] measures. Economist [[David R. Henderson]] and Zachary Gochenour applied a [[linear regression]] model to explain the C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership rankings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=David R.|last2=Gochenour|first2=Zachary|year=2013|title=War and Presidential Greatness|url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_17_04_02_henderson.pdf|journal=The Independent Review|volume=17|issue=4|pages=505–516|issn=1086-1653|via=}}</ref> They found the following correlations to be statistically significant:
{| class="wikitable"
!Variable
!coefficient
![[p-value]]
|-
|Real Per-Capita GDP Growth
|7.75
|<.05
|-
|Years In Office
|22.67
|<.01
|-
|Intellectual Brilliance
|57.79
|<.01
|-
|War Hero
|147.86
|<.01
|-
|Assassination
|195.97
|<.001
|-
|Military Deaths Per-Capita Rank
| -8.73
|<.001
|}
They concluded that "the results indicate that military deaths as a percentage of population is a major determinant of greatness in the eyes of historians."
==Excluded groups ranking approach==
In 2002, [[Ronald Walters]], former director of the [[University of Maryland]]'s African American Leadership Institute, stated that presidents ranked by how each one balanced the interests of majority interests and the interests of excluded groups was practical in respect to American debate on racial politics. Presidents have traditionally been ranked on personal qualities and their leadership ability to solve problems that move the nation in a positive direction. Walters stated there was a qualitative difference between white and African-American intellectuals in evaluating presidents. In the 1996 [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] poll by [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.]], 31 white historians and one black historian ranked presidents on differing categories of greatness. In a survey done by professors Hanes Walton, Jr., and Robert Smith, in their text book ''American Politics And The African American Quest For Universal Freedom'', 44 African-American political scientists and historians ranked presidents in terms of racial attitudes and racial legislation proposed.<ref>Walters (7-08-02),[http://hnn.us/articles/450.html Presidency: How Do African-American Scholars Rank Presidents?, History News Network]</ref> Individual presidents' attitudes, policies, and perspectives were historically ranked in five categories: White Supremacist; Racist; Racially Neutral; Racially Ambivalent; Antiracist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton Jr. |first1=Hanes |last2=Smith |first2=Robert C. |title=American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom |publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=201–02 |year=2000}}</ref>
==Popular opinion==
===Rasmussen poll===
According to a [[Rasmussen Reports|Rasmussen]] poll conducted in 2007, six presidents—[[George Washington]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[John F. Kennedy]]—were rated favorably by at least 80% of Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/people2/2007/washington_lincoln_most_popular_presidents_nixon_bush_least_popular |title=Washington, Lincoln Most Popular Presidents: Nixon, Bush Least Popular - Rasmussen Reports™ |publisher=Rasmussenreports.com |date=July 4, 2007 |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | Favorable
! scope="col" | Unfavorable
! scope="col" | Net favorable
|-
| data-sort-value="Washington, George" | George Washington
| 94
| 2
| 92
|-
| data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | Abraham Lincoln
| 92
| 4
| 88
|-
| data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | Thomas Jefferson
| 89
| 4
| 85
|-
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt
| 84
| 8
| 76
|-
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D." | Franklin D. Roosevelt
| 81
| 12
| 69
|-
| data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy
| 80
| 13
| 67
|-
| data-sort-value="Adams, John" | John Adams
| 74
| 9
| 65
|-
| data-sort-value="Madison, James" | James Madison
| 73
| 8
| 65
|-
| data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan
| 72
| 22
| 50
|-
| data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D." | Dwight D. Eisenhower
| 72
| 15
| 57
|-
| data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | Harry S. Truman
| 70
| 14
| 56
|-
| data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | Andrew Jackson
| 69
| 14
| 55
|-
| data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford
| 62
| 26
| 36
|-
| data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy" | John Quincy Adams
| 59
| 7
| 52
|-
| data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S." | Ulysses S. Grant
| 58
| 24
| 34
|-
| data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | George H. W. Bush
| 57
| 41
| 16
|-
| data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter
| 57
| 34
| 23
|-
| data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | William Howard Taft
| 57
| 15
| 42
|-
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Woodrow Wilson
| 56
| 19
| 37
|-
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton
| 55
| 41
| 14
|-
| data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | James Monroe
| 49
| 10
| 39
|-
| data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | Herbert Hoover
| 48
| 34
| 14
|-
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B." | Lyndon B. Johnson
| 45
| 42
| 3
|-
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson
| 45
| 26
| 19
|-
| data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A." | Chester A. Arthur
| 43
| 17
| 26
|-
| data-sort-value="Garfield, James A." | James A. Garfield
| 42
| 16
| 26
|-
| data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | William McKinley
| 42
| 24
| 18
|-
| data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | George W. Bush
| 41
| 59
| -18
|-
| data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover" | Grover Cleveland
| 40
| 26
| 14
|-
| data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | Calvin Coolidge
| 38
| 31
| 7
|-
| data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B." | Rutherford B. Hayes
| 38
| 19
| 19
|-
| data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon
| 32
| 60
| -28
|-
| data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | Benjamin Harrison
| 30
| 35
| -5
|-
| data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G." | Warren G. Harding
| 29
| 33
| -4
|-
| data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | James Buchanan
| 28
| 32
| -4
|-
| data-sort-value="Polk, James K." | James K. Polk
| 27
| 21
| 6
|-
| data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | Zachary Taylor
| 26
| 18
| 8
|-
| data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van" | Martin Van Buren
| 23
| 19
| 4
|-
| data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | William Henry Harrison
| 21
| 16
| 5
|-
| data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | Franklin Pierce
| 17
| 25
| -8
|-
| data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore
| 17
| 25
| -8
|-
| data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | John Tyler
| 9
| 15
| -6
|}
===Gallup poll===
A [[Gallup poll]] about presidential greatness taken February 2–5, 2011 asked 1015 adults in the U.S. "Who do you regard as the greatest United States president?"<ref name="Gallup.com"/>
# Ronald Reagan (19%)
# Abraham Lincoln (14%)
# Bill Clinton (13%)
# John F. Kennedy (11%)
# George Washington (10%)
# Franklin Roosevelt (8%)
# Barack Obama (5%)
# Theodore Roosevelt (3%)
# Harry Truman (3%)
# George W. Bush (2%)
# Thomas Jefferson (2%)
# Jimmy Carter (1%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
# George H. W. Bush (1%)
# Andrew Jackson (<1%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (<1%)
# Richard Nixon (<1%)
==Popular opinion polls on recent presidents==
These polls evaluate recent presidents only.
===2010 Gallup poll===
A [[Gallup poll]], taken on November 19–21, 2010, asked Americans to say, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/145064/Kennedy-Highest-Rated-Modern-President-Nixon-Lowest.aspx |title=Kennedy Still Highest-Rated Modern President, Nixon Lowest |publisher=Gallup.com |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
# John F. Kennedy (85% approval/10% disapproval)
# Ronald Reagan (74% approval/24% disapproval)
# Bill Clinton (69% approval/30% disapproval)
# George H. W. Bush (64% approval/34% disapproval)
# Gerald Ford (61% approval/26% disapproval)
# Jimmy Carter (52% approval/42% disapproval)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (49% approval/36% disapproval)
# George W. Bush (47% approval/51% disapproval)
# Richard Nixon (29% approval/65% disapproval)
===Public Policy Polling===
A [[Public Policy Polling]] poll taken between September 8–11, 2011 asked 665 American voters, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office.<ref>[http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2011/09/jfk-reagan-clinton-most-popular-recent-ex-presidents.html JFK, Reagan, Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents] September 15, 2011</ref>
# John F. Kennedy (74% favorability/15% unfavorability)
# Ronald Reagan (60% favorability/30% unfavorability)
# Bill Clinton (62% favorability/34% unfavorability)
# George H. W. Bush (53% favorability/35% unfavorability)
# Gerald Ford (45% favorability/26% unfavorability)
# Jimmy Carter (45% favorability/43% unfavorability)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (36% favorability/39% unfavorability)
# George W. Bush (41% favorability/51% unfavorability)
# Richard Nixon (19% favorability/62% unfavorability)
===Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll===
A Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll taken on February 18–19, 2011 asked respondents about 11 former presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad president.<ref>[http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/43774/kennedy-and-reagan-lead-list-of-good-presidents-for-americans/ Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans | Angus Reid Public Opinion] Retrieved August 22, 2012.</ref>
# John F. Kennedy (80% approval/6% disapproval)
# Ronald Reagan (72% approval/16% disapproval)
# Bill Clinton (65% approval/24% disapproval)
# Dwight D. Eisenhower (61% approval/6% disapproval)
# Harry S. Truman (57% approval/7% disapproval)
# Jimmy Carter (47% approval/28% disapproval)
# George H. W. Bush (44% approval/38% disapproval)
# Barack Obama (41% approval/33% disapproval)
# Gerald Ford (37% approval/25% disapproval)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (15% approval/27% disapproval)
# George W. Bush (30% approval/55% disapproval)
# Richard Nixon (24% approval/54% disapproval)
===2013 Gallup poll===
A [[Gallup Poll]] taken November 7–10, 2013 asked 1039 adults in the U.S. "How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history—as an outstanding president, above average, average, below average, or poor?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/165902/americans-rate-jfk-top-modern-president.aspx |title=Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President |author=Gallup, Inc. |work=Gallup.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801184550/http://www.gallup.com/poll/165902/americans-rate-jfk-top-modern-president.aspx |archivedate=August 1, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" cellspacing="2"
|+ Gallup poll 2013
|-
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | ''Outstanding''
! scope="col" | ''Above Average''
! scope="col" | ''Average''
! scope="col" | ''Below Average''
! scope="col" | ''Poor''
! scope="col" | ''No Opinion''
! scope="col" | ''Weighted Average''
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D." | Dwight D. Eisenhower
|10%
|39%
|36%
|2%
|1%
|12%
|2.38
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy
|18%
|56%
|19%
|2%
|1%
|4%
|2.08
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B." | Lyndon B. Johnson
|4%
|16%
|46%
|14%
|8%
|12%
|3.07
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon
|2%
|13%
|27%
|29%
|23%
|6%
|3.62
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford
|2%
|14%
|56%
|15%
|5%
|8%
|3.08
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter
|4%
|19%
|37%
|20%
|15%
|6%
|3.24
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan
|19%
|42%
|27%
|6%
|4%
|2%
|2.33
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | George H. W. Bush
|3%
|24%
|48%
|12%
|10%
|2%
|3.02
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton
|11%
|44%
|29%
|9%
|6%
|1%
|2.55
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | George W. Bush
|3%
|18%
|36%
|20%
|23%
|1%
|3.42
|-
! scope="row" data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | Barack Obama
|6%
|22%
|31%
|18%
|22%
|1%
|3.28
|}
===2014 Quinnipiac poll===
A [[Quinnipiac University]] poll taken June 24–30, 2014 asked 1446 registered voters in the U.S. who they thought were the best and worst presidents since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2056|title=National (US) Poll - July 2, 2014 - Obama Is First As Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better|author=Quinnipiac University|work=QU Poll}}</ref>
'''Best president since World War II:'''
# Ronald Reagan (35%)
# Bill Clinton (18%)
# John F. Kennedy (15%)
# Barack Obama (8%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (5%)
# Harry S. Truman (4%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (3%)
# George H. W. Bush (tie) (3%)
# Jimmy Carter (2%)
# Richard Nixon (tie) (1%)
# Gerald Ford (tie) (1%)
# George W. Bush (tie) (1%)
'''Worst president since World War II:'''
# Barack Obama (33%)
# George W. Bush (28%)
# Richard Nixon (13%)
# Jimmy Carter (8%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (3%)
# Ronald Reagan (tie) (3%)
# Bill Clinton (tie) (3%)
# Gerald Ford (tie) (2%)
# George H. W. Bush (tie) (2%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
# Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
# John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
===2017 Quinnipiac poll===
Four years later, a [[Quinnipiac University]] poll taken January 20–25, 2017 asked 1190 voters in the U.S. who they thought were the best and worst presidents since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2420|title=Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Reagan, Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years |work=QU Poll}}</ref>
'''Best president since World War II:'''
# Ronald Reagan (30%)
# Barack Obama (29%)
# John F. Kennedy (12%)
# Bill Clinton (9%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (3%)
# George W. Bush (tie) (3%)
# Harry Truman (tie) (2%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (2%)
# Jimmy Carter (tie) (2%)
# George H.W. Bush (tie) (2%)
# Richard Nixon (<1%)
# Gerald R. Ford (<1%)
'''Worst president since World War II:'''
# Richard Nixon (24%)
# Barack Obama (23%)
# George W. Bush (22%)
# Jimmy Carter (10%)
# Ronald Reagan (5%)
# Bill Clinton (4%)
# Lyndon B. Johnson (3%)
# George H.W. Bush (2%)
# Gerald R. Ford (1%)
# Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
# Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (<1%)
# John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
==Siena College Research Institute, Presidential Expert Poll of 2010==
Source:<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100706090046/http://www.siena.edu/pages/179.asp?item=2566 210 Report</ref>
'''Abbreviations'''
{{colbegin|3}}
* Bg = Background
* PL = Party leadership
* CAb = Communication ability
* RC = Relations with Congress
* CAp = Court appointments
* HE = Handling of economy
* L = Luck
* AC = Ability to compromise
* WR = Willing to take risks
* EAp = Executive appointments
* OA = Overall ability
* Im = Imagination
* DA = Domestic accomplishments
* Int = Integrity
* EAb = Executive ability
* FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments
* LA = Leadership ability
* IQ = Intelligence
* AM = Avoid crucial mistakes
* EV = Experts' view
* O = Overall
{{colend}}
{{colbegin|1}}
* <span style="color:blue">'''Blue'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''first quartile'''.
* <span style="color:#006600">'''Green'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''second quartile'''.
* <span style="color:darkorange">'''Orange'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''third quartile'''.
* <span style="color:#B60000">'''Red'''</span> backgrounds indicate '''fourth quartile'''.
{{colend}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; height:50%; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="1"
|-
! scope="col" | Seq.
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | Political party
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Bg|Background}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|PL|Party leadership}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAb|Communication ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|RC|Relations with Congress}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAp|Court appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|HE|Handling of economy}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|L|Luck}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AC|Ability to compromise}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|WR|Willing to take risks}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAp|Executive appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|OA|Overall ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Im|Imagination}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|DA|Domestic accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Int|Integrity}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAb|Executive ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|FPA|Foreign policy accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|LA|Leadership ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|IQ|Intelligence}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AM|Avoid crucial mistakes}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EV|Experts' view}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|O|Overall}}
|- class="nomobile"
! !! <!-- Deliberately empty header row per [[Help:Sorting#In a narrow space: sorting buttons in a separate row]], JavaScript sort icons are displayed here -->!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-
| 1
| data-sort-value="Washington, George" | George Washington
| No Party || style="background:blue; color:white" | 7 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4
|-
| 2
| data-sort-value="Adams, John" | John Adams
| {{Party shading/Federalist}} | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17
|-
| 3
| data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas" | Thomas Jefferson
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5
|-
| 4
| data-sort-value="Madison, James" | James Madison
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6
|-
| 5
| data-sort-value="Monroe, James" | James Monroe
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7
|-
| 6
| data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy" | John Quincy Adams
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem-Repub]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19
|-
| 7
| data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" | Andrew Jackson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14
|-
| 8
| data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van" | Martin Van Buren
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23
|-
| 9
| data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry" | William Henry Harrison
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 ||style="background:darkorange; color:white" | 31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35
|-
| 10
| data-sort-value="Tyler, John" | John Tyler
| Independent<ref>Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison's vice president, but Tyler became an [[independent (politics)|independent]] after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.</ref> || style="background:darkorange; color:white" | 33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37
|-
| 11
| data-sort-value="Polk, James K." | James K. Polk
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12
|-
| 12
| data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary" | Zachary Taylor
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33
|-
| 13
| data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard" | Millard Fillmore
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38
|-
| 14
| data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" | Franklin Pierce
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40
|-
| 15
| data-sort-value="Buchanan, James" | James Buchanan
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42
|-
| 16
| data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham" | Abraham Lincoln
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3
|-
| 17
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew" | Andrew Johnson
| {{Party shading/National Union}} | [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43
|-
| 18
| data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S." | Ulysses S. Grant
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26
|-
| 19
| data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B." | Rutherford B. Hayes
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31
|-
| 20
| data-sort-value="Garfield, James A." | James A. Garfield
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 ||style="background:#006600; color:white" | 22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27
|-
| 21
| data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A." | Chester A. Arthur
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25
|-
| 22/24 || [[Grover Cleveland]] || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20
|-
| 23
| data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin" | Benjamin Harrison
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34
|-
| 25
| data-sort-value="McKinley, William" | William McKinley
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21
|-
| 26
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2
|-
| 27
| data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard" | William Howard Taft
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 ||style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24
|-
| 28
| data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow" | Woodrow Wilson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8
|-
| 29
| data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G." | Warren G. Harding
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41
|-
| 30
| data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin" | Calvin Coolidge
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29
|-
| 31
| data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert" | Herbert Hoover
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36
|-
| 32
| data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D." | Franklin D. Roosevelt
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 ||style="background:blue; color:white" | 2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:blue; color:white" |2 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1
|-
| 33
| data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S." | Harry S. Truman
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9
|-
| 34
| data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D." | Dwight D. Eisenhower
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10
|-
| 35
| data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F." | John F. Kennedy
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11
|-
| 36
| data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B." | Lyndon B. Johnson
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |1 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16
|-
| 37
| data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard" | Richard Nixon
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |43 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |37 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30
|-
| 38
| data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald" | Gerald Ford
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28
|-
| 39
| data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy" | Jimmy Carter
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |35 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |30 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32
|-
| 40
| data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald" | Ronald Reagan
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |5 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18
|-
| 41
| data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W." | George H. W. Bush
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |33 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |23 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |26 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |29 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |27 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |31 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |28 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |20 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |24 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22
|-
| 42
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill" | Bill Clinton
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |25 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |3 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |4 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:blue; color:white" |11 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:blue; color:white" |9 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |34 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13
|-
| 43
| data-sort-value="Bush, George W." | George W. Bush
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |36 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |19 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |41 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |40 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |42 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |38 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39 || style="background:#B30000; color:white" |39
|-
| 44
| data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | Barack Obama
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] || style="background:darkorange; color:white" |32 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:blue; color:white" |7 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |17 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |10 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |13 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |14 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:blue; color:white" |6 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |12 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |22 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |16 || style="background:blue; color:white" |8 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |21 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |18 || style="background:#006600; color:white" |15
|-
! scope="col" | Seq.
! scope="col" | President
! scope="col" | Political party
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Bg|Background}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|PL|Party leadership}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAb|Communication ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|RC|Relations with Congress}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|CAp|Court appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|HE|Handling of economy}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|L|Luck}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AC|Ability to compromise}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|WR|Willing to take risks}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAp|Executive appointments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|OA|Overall ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Im|Imagination}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|DA|Domestic accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Int|Integrity}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EAb|Executive ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|FPA|Foreign policy accomplishments}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|LA|Leadership ability}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|IQ|Intelligence}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|AM|Avoid crucial mistakes}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|EV|Experts' view}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|O|Overall}}
|}
==Memorability of the presidents==
In November 2014, [[Henry L. Roediger III]] and K. Andrew DeSoto published a study in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' asking resear
# [[Richard Nixon]] (82%)
# [[Jimmy Carter]] (79%)
# [[Thomas Jefferson]] (72%)
# [[Ronald Reagan]] (66%)
# [[Gerald Ford]] (62%)
# [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] or [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (60%)
# [[John Adams]] or [[John Quincy Adams]] (56%)
# [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (54%)
# [[Harry S. Truman]] (50%)
# [[Andrew Jackson]] (47%)
# [[Herbert Hoover]] (42%)
# [[Andrew Johnson]] or [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (41%)
# [[William Howard Taft]] (39%)
# [[James Madison]] (38%)
# [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (38%)
# [[James Monroe]] (30%)
# [[Woodrow Wilson]] (29%)
# [[Calvin Coolidge]] (22%)
# [[James A. Garfield]] (19%)
# [[James K. Polk]] (17%)
# [[Warren G. Harding]] (16%)
# [[William McKinley]] (15%)
# [[John Tyler]] (12%)
# [[James Buchanan]] (12%)
# [[Grover Cleveland]] (11%)
# [[William Henry Harrison]] or [[Benjamin Harrison]] (11%)
# [[Martin Van Buren]] (11%)
# [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] (10%)
# [[Zachary Taylor]] (10%)
# [[Millard Fillmore]] (8%)
# [[Franklin Pierce]] (7%)
# [[Chester A. Arthur]] (7%)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada]]
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia]]
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands]]
* [[Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany]]
* [[The Greatest American]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present |last=Bailey |first=Thomas A. |publisher=Appleton-Century |year=1966 |isbn= |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= }} → A non-quantitative appraisal by leading historian.
* {{Cite book |title=The Uses and Abuses of Presidential Ratings |last=Bose |first=Meena |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=1590337948|location=New York |author2=Landis Mark }} → A collection of essays by presidential scholars.
* {{Cite book |title=The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents |last=DeGregorio |first=William A. |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1993 |isbn=0942637925 |edition=4. ed., rev., expanded, and up-dated |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= }} → Contains the results of the 1962 and 1982 surveys.
* {{Cite book |title=Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty |last=Eland |first=Ivan |publisher=Independent Institute |year=2009 |isbn=1598130226 |location=Oakland, California |page=|authorlink= }}
* {{Cite book |title=The American Presidents Ranked by Performance |last=Faber |first=Charles |publisher=McFarland & Co. |year=2000 |isbn=0786407654 |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=|authorlink= |author2=Faber, Richard }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Felzenberg |first=Alvin S. |year=1997 |title=There You Go Again: Liberal Historians and the ''New York Times'' Deny Ronald Reagan His Due |url= |journal=Policy Review |volume=82 |issue= |pages=51–54 | issn = 0146-5945 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=The American Mayor: The Best & the Worst Big-City Leaders |last=Holli |first=Melvin G. |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ. Press |year=1999 |isbn=0271018763 |location=University Park, PA |pages=|authorlink= }}
* Merry, Robert W. ''Where They Stand: The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1451625405/ excerpt and text search]
* {{Cite book |title=Star-Spangled Men America's Ten Worst Presidents |last=Miller |first=Nathan |publisher=Scribner |year=1998 |isbn=0684836106 |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan |last=Murray |first=Robert K. |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ. Press |year=1994 |isbn=0271010894 |edition=2., updated |location=University Park, PA |pages=|authorlink= |author2=Blessing, Tim H. }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nichols |first=Curt |year=2012 |title=The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries |url= |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=275–299 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03966.x| issn = 0360-4918 |quote= |authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=James P. |year=2003 |title=Ranking the Presidents: Continuity and Volatility |url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~pubp502/Pres.rating.mss.pdf |journal=White House Studies |volume=3 |issue= |page=23 | issn = 1535-4768 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent |last=Ridings |first=William J., Jr. |publisher=Carol Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=0806517999 |location=Secaucus, NJ |pages=|authorlink= |author2=McIver, Stuart B. }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schlesinger |first=Arthur M., Jr. |year=1997 |title=Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton |url= |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=112 |issue= 2|pages=179–190 |doi=10.2307/2657937 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Presidential Performance: A Comprehensive Review |last=Skidmore |first=Max J. |publisher=McFarland & Co. |year=2004 |isbn=0786418206 |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=|authorlink= }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Skidmore |first=Max J. |year=2001 |title=Ranking and Evaluating Presidents: The Case of Theodore Roosevelt |url= |journal=White House Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=495–505 | issn = 1535-4768 |quote=|authorlink= |accessdate= }}
* {{Cite book |title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and Worst in the White House |last=Taranto |first=James |publisher=Wall Street Journal Books |year=2004 |isbn=0743254333 |location=New York |pages=|authorlink= |author2=Leo, Leonard }} → For Federalist Society surveys.
* {{Cite book |title=Reassessing the Presidency: The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom |last=Vedder |first=Richard |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |year=2001 |isbn=0945466293 |location=Auburn, AL |pages=|chapter=Rating Presidential Performance |authorlink= |author2=Gallaway, Lowell |editor=Denson, John V. (ed.) }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* [http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/dean/20010511.html "Ranking Presidents: Utter Nonsense Or Useful Analysis?], 2001 column by [[John Dean]]
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29216774/ List of presidential rankings Historians rank the 42 men who have held the office. AP via MSNBC. Feb. 16, 2009 Poll]
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Historical Rankings Of United States Presidents}}
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:United States presidential history]]
[[Category:Historical rankings of public figures]]' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | 0 |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1491845572 |