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VariableValue
Whether or not the edit is marked as minor (no longer in use) (minor_edit)
false
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
2
Name of the user account (user_name)
'Sabiremilio'
Age of the user account (user_age)
725
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[ 0 => '*', 1 => 'user' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
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[]
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
false
Page ID (page_id)
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Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'United Armenia'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'United Armenia'
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
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Edit summary/reason (summary)
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Old content model (old_content_model)
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New content model (new_content_model)
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} [[File:United Armenia.png|thumb|300px|right|The modern concept of United Armenia as claimed by the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].<ref name="crisisgroup"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/><br />Orange: areas overwhelmingly populated by Armenians (Republic of Armenia: 98%;<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census Results|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|website=armstat.am|publisher=National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|page=144}}</ref> Nagorno-Karabakh: 99%;<ref name="stat-nkr"/> Javakheti: 95%)<ref name="geostat"/><br />Yellow: Historically Armenian areas with presently no or insignificant Armenian population (Western Armenia and Nakhichevan)]] [[File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Mount Ararat]], today located in Turkey, as seen from Armenia's capital [[Yerevan]]. It symbolizes Western Armenia in Armenian public mind.{{efn|"The lands of Western Armenia which Mt. Ararat represent..."<ref name="Shirinian">{{cite book|first=Lorne|last=Shirinian|year=1992|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=978-0773496132|p=78}}</ref> "mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western Armenia"<ref>{{cite web|last=Adriaans|first=Rik|title=Sonorous Borders: National Cosmology & the Mediation of Collective Memory in Armenian Ethnopop Music |url=http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=224083 |publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]] |format=M.Sc. Thesis |year=2011 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121009/http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=224083 |archivedate=5 March 2016 |p=48}}</ref>"...Ararat, which is in the territory of modern Turkey but symbolizes the dream of all Armenians around the globe about the lands lost to the west of this biblical mountain." <ref>{{cite news|last=Khojoyan|first=Sara|title=Beyond and Inside: Turk look on Ararat with Armenian perception|url=http://www.armenianow.com/features/8966/beyond_and_inside_turk_look_on_ara|work=[[ArmeniaNow]]|date=1 August 2008}}</ref>}}]] '''United Armenia''' ([[Classical Armenian orthography|classical]] {{lang-hy|Միացեալ Հայաստան}}, [[Armenian orthography reform|reformed]]: Միացյալ Հայաստան, [[Romanization of Armenian|translit.]] ''Miatsyal Hayastan''), also known as ''Greater Armenia'' or ''Great Armenia'', is an [[Armenian nationalist|Armenian ethno-nationalist]] [[Irredentism|irredentist]] concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the [[Armenian Highland]]—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by [[Armenians]]. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun) and [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]], the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] and others. The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to [[Western Armenia]] (eastern [[Turkey]]), [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|Nagorno-Karabakh]] (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]] of [[Azerbaijan]] and the [[Javakheti]] (Javakhk) region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="crisisgroup"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/> Nagorno-Karabakh and Javakhk are overwhelmingly inhabited by Armenians. Western Armenia and Nakhichevan had significant Armenian populations in the early 20th century, but no longer do. The Armenian population of eastern Turkey was almost completely exterminated during the [[Armenian Genocide|genocide of 1915]], when the millennia-long Armenian presence in the area largely ended and [[Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey|Armenian cultural heritage]] was mainly destroyed by the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3|page=22|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Adam|title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25981-6|page=114}}</ref> In 1919 the ARF-dominated government of the [[First Republic of Armenia]] declared the formal unification of Armenian lands. The ARF bases its claims to Turkey on the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which was effectively negated by subsequent historical events. The territorial claims to Turkey are often seen as the ultimate goal of the [[recognition of the Armenian Genocide]] and the hypothetical [[Armenian Genocide reparations|reparations of the genocide]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Theriault|first=Henry|title=The Global Reparations Movement and Meaningful Resolution of the Armenian Genocide|work=[[The Armenian Weekly]]|date=6 May 2010|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/05/06/reparations-2/| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510063921/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/05/06/reparations-2/|archivedate= 10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stepanyan|first=S.|year=2012|language=hy|location=Yerevan|publisher=[[Armenian Academy of Sciences]]|journal=[[Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri]]|title=Հայոց ցեղասպանության ճանաչումից ու դատապարտումից մինչև Հայկական հարցի արդարացի լուծում [From the Recognition and Condemnation of the Armenian Genocide to the Just Resolution of the Armenian Question]|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/5595/|issue=1|p=34|issn= 0320-8117|quote=Արդի ժամանակներում Հայկական հարցը իր էությամբ նպատակամղված է Թուրքիայի կողմից արևմտահայության բնօրրան, ցեղասպանության և տեղահանության ենթարկված Արևմտյան Հայաստանը` հայրենիքը կորցրած հայերի ժառանգներին և Հայաստանի Հանրապետությանը վերադարձնելուն:}}</ref> The most recent Armenian irredentist movement, the [[Karabakh movement]] that began in 1988, sought to unify Nagorno-Karabakh with then-Soviet Armenia. As a result of the subsequent [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|war]] with Azerbaijan, the Armenian forces have established effective control over most of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding districts, thus succeeding in ''[[de facto]]'' unification of Armenia and Karabakh.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=146|ps=: "...&nbsp;Armenia's successful irrendentist project in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan."}}<ref name="Hughes 2002 211">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=James|title=Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict|year=2002|publisher=Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8210-5|page=211|quote=Indeed, Nagorno-Karabakh is de facto part of Armenia.}}</ref> Some Armenian nationalists consider Nagorno-Karabakh "the first stage of a United Armenia."<ref>{{cite news|title=ARS Marks Centennial With Pilgrimage to Der Zor, Armenia and Karabakh|url=http://asbarez.com/90971/ars-marks-centennial-with-pilgrimage-to-der-zor-armenia-and-karabakh/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=30 December 2010|quote=...Artsakh, the guiding light of Armenian victories and the first stage of a United Armenia}}</ref> ==History of the claims== [[File:Ethnic map of Asia Minor and Caucasus in 1914.jpg|thumb|275px|A German ethnographic map of [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Caucasus]] in 1914. Armenians are labeled in blue.]] ===Origins=== {{further|Armenian national liberation movement}} The term "United Armenia" was created during the [[Armenian national awakening]] in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, the Armenian-populated areas were divided between the [[Russian Empire]] ([[Eastern Armenia]]) and the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Western Armenia]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaligian|first=Dikran Mesrob|title=Armenian Organization and Ideology under Ottoman Rule: 1908–1914|publisher=Transaction|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-1-4128-4834-3|page=1}}</ref> One of the earliest uses of the phrase "United Armenia" is by the English [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]] in an 1899 edition of ''Free Russia'' monthly. It quotes a confidential report of [[Grigory Golitsin]] (the Russian governor of the Caucasus) sent to tsar [[Nicholas II]] "containing suggestions for a future policy." Golitsin is convinced that there exists a nationalist movement which "aims at the restoration of the independent Armenia of the past." Golitsin writes that "their ideal is one great and united Armenia."<ref>''Free Russia'', the Organ of the English [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]], Volumes 6-10, 1895–1899, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_t85AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA55&dq=%22United+Armenia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kv79Ua2WAZHe4APtkYCoCg&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22United%20Armenia%22&f=false 55]</ref> The idea of an independent and united Armenia was the main goal of the [[Armenian national liberation movement]] during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishkanian|first=Armine|title=Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-92922-3|page=5}}</ref> By the 1890s, a low-intensity armed conflict developed between the three major Armenian parties—the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (Dashnak), [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hnchak]] and [[Armenakan Party|Armenakan]]— and the Ottoman government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzig|first=Edmund|title=The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity|year=2005|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-00493-7|page=79|author2=Kurkchiyan, Marina }}</ref> Calls from the great powers for reforms in the Armenian provinces and Armenian aspirations of independence resulted in the [[Hamidian massacres]] between 1894 and 1896, during which up to 300,000 Armenian civilians were slaughtered by the order of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]], after whom the massacres were named.<ref>{{cite book|last=Totten|first=Samuel|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|pages=56–57|authorlink=Samuel Totten}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Freedman|first=Jeri|title=The Armenian genocide|year=2009|publisher=Rosen Pub. Group|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4042-1825-3|page=12}}</ref> After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]], some Armenians felt that the situation would improve; however, a year later the [[Adana massacre]] took place and Turkish-Armenian relations deteriorated further.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|title=Fires of hatred : ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-00994-3|page=83|authorlink=Norman Naimark}}</ref> After the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912–1913, the Ottoman government was pushed to accept the [[Armenian reform package|reforms]] in the Armenian provinces in early 1914.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0-691-15333-9|page=129|authorlink=Taner Akçam}}</ref> [[File:Armenian Genocide Map-en.svg|275px|thumb|The Armenians living in their ancestral lands were exterminated during the Armenian Genocide in 1915]] === World War I and the Armenian Genocide === The Armenians of eastern Ottoman Empire were exterminated by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years. An estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php|publisher=[[Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute]]|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|accessdate=5 August 2013|authorlink=John Kifner}}</ref> while the survivors found refuge in other countries. These events, which are known as the [[Armenian Genocide]], are officially denied by the Turkish state, which falsely claims the killings were a result of a "civil war."<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide|year=2005|publisher=University of Utah Press|location=Salt Lake City|isbn=978-0-87480-849-0|page=115}}</ref> The Ottoman government successfully ended the over two thousand year Armenian presence in [[Western Armenia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2129-7|page=174|author1=Marie-Aude Baronian |author2=Stephan Besser |author3=Yolande Jansen }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shirinian|first=Lorne|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|year=1992|publisher=E. Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-9613-2|page=ix}}</ref> By 1916, most of [[Western Armenia]] was occupied by the Russian Empire as part of the [[Caucasian Campaign]] of World War I. In parts of the occupied areas, especially around [[Van, Turkey|Van]], an Armenian autonomy was briefly set up. The Russian army left the region due to the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Revolution of 1917]]. The Ottoman Empire quickly regained the territories from the small number of irregular Armenian units. In the Caucasus, the [[Special Transcaucasian Committee]] was set up after the [[February Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|page=237}}</ref> The Bolsheviks took power in Russia through the [[October Revolution]] and soon signed the [[Armistice of Erzincan]] to stop the combat in Turkish Armenia. Russian forces abandoned their positions and left the area under weak Armenian control. The Bolsheviks set up the [[Transcaucasian Commissariat]] in the Caucasus. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed on 3 March 1918 and the Ottoman army started to regain the lost territories, taking over [[Kars]] by 25 April.<ref>{{cite book|last=McMeekin|first=Sean|title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: the Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for world power|year=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-05853-8|page=331}}</ref> Russia signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] with the Ottoman Empire and by April 1918 the [[Transcaucasian Federation]] proclaimed its independence from Russia. This fragile federation of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan collapsed when the Turks invaded the Caucasus region. The Armenian units defeated the Turks at the [[Battle of Sardarabad]], just 40 kilometers away from Armenia's future capital [[Yerevan]], preventing the complete destruction of the Armenian nation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Balakian|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2003|page=321|isbn=0-06-055870-9}}</ref> [[File:Armenia in Paris Peace Conference 1919.jpg|300px|thumb|A map presented by the Armenian National Delegation (representing [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenians]]){{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=227}} to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]].<ref>{{cite book|title=America as Mandatary for Armenia|url=https://archive.org/details/americaasmandata00amer|year=1919|publisher=[[Armenian National Committee of America|American Committee for the Independence of Armenia]]|location=New York|page=2}}</ref>]] A 1918 book by American scholars [[Lothrop Stoddard]] and [[Glenn Frank]], titled ''Stakes of the War'' listed 8 solutions to the Armenian Question as proposed by different parties. The second proposal, titled "United Armenia", is described as follows:<ref>https://archive.org/stream/stakeswarsummar00frangoog#page/n310/mode/2up</ref> {{quotation|A union of territories of Turkish, Russian, and Persian Armenia would result in enough area to constitute an independent state, but in no considerable section of this area would the Armenians form a clear majority of the population. To be sure, the Armenians would be the most intelligent and progressive element; but their numbers and their vitality has been greatly reduced by the long series of persecutions and massacres, and there has been such extensive destruction of property in these territories, that their potential force has been reduced as to form a serious bar to their gaining the ascendancy over the more numerous racial elements in the territory.}} === First Republic of Armenia: 1918–20 === {{see also|First Republic of Armenia}} [[File:Alexander Khatisian.png|thumb|175px|Armenia's Prime Minister [[Alexander Khatisian]] declared the formal unification of the Armenian lands in 1919.]] The [[Armenian National Council (1917—1918)|Armenian National Council]] declared the independence of the Armenian provinces on 28 May 1918.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919|year=1971|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-01805-1|page=33|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> It was recognized by the Ottoman Empire by the [[Treaty of Batum]] on 4 June 1918.<ref>{{cite book|last=Derogy|first=Jacques|title=Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations|year=1990|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3316-5|page=45}}</ref> After its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire and the Allies signed the [[Armistice of Mudros]] by which the Turkish troops left the Caucasus and by 1919 the Republic of Armenia established control over the former [[Kars Oblast]], the city of [[Iğdır]] and its surrounding territory, including [[Mount Ararat]].{{sfn|Hille|2010|p=84}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|title=Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History|year=1993|publisher=Indiana university press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=128|authorlink=Ronald Suny}}</ref> On 28 May 1919, on the first anniversary of the Republic of Armenia, the government of the newly founded country symbolically declared the union of Eastern and Western Armenia, the latter of which was still under the full control of the Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian people from ancient to modern times|year=2004|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9|page=323}}</ref> [[Alexander Khatisian]], the Armenian Prime Minister, read the declaration:<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatisian|first=Alexander|title=Հայաստանի Հանրապետության ծագումն ու զարգացումը [The Creation and Development of the Republic of Armenia]|year=1930|location=Athens|pages=129–130|authorlink=Alexander Khatisian}}</ref>{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=461-462}} {{cquote|To restore the integrity of Armenia and to secure the complete freedom and prosperity of its people, the Government of Armenia, abiding by the solid will and desire of the entire Armenian people, declares that from this day forward the separated parts of Armenia are everlastingly combined as an independent political entity. Now in promulgating this act of unification and independence of the ancestral Armenian lands located in Transcaucasia and the Ottoman Empire, the Government of Armenia declares that the political system of United Armenia is a democratic republic and that it has become the Government of the United Republic of Armenia. Thus, the people of Armenia are henceforth the supreme lord and master of their consolidated fatherland, and the Parliament and Government of Armenia stand as the supreme legislative and executive authority conjoining the free people of United Armenia.}} ====Treaty of Sèvres ==== [[File:Boundary between Turkey and Armenia as determined by Woodrow Wilson 1920.jpg|thumb|225px|The Armenian-Turkish border by the Treaty of Sèvres]] Almost two years after the [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] was established, on 23 April 1920, the United States officially recognized it. Its frontiers were to be determined later. On 26 April 1920, the Supreme Council of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in Paris (British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], French Prime Minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] and Italian Prime Minister [[Francesco Saverio Nitti]]) requested that the United States accept the mandate over Armenia and to make an Arbitral Decision to determine the boundaries of Armenia with Turkey.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=152}} President [[Woodrow Wilson]] agreed to act as arbitrator and draw a mutually acceptable border between the two nations. In July 1920, the [[US State Department]] founded the Committee upon the Arbitration of the Boundary between Turkey and Armenia, headed by William Westermann. The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was signed on 10 August 1920. On 28 September 1920, the Committee submitted a report that defined the border between Armenia and Turkey. It guaranteed access to the Mediterranean sea for Armenia via [[Trabzon|Trebizond]] and proclaimed Turkey's border regions demilitarization frontier line.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=153}} A territory of 40,000 square miles or 103,599 square kilometers, formerly part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], was given to Armenia. Based on the calculations the committee made, the ethnic structure of the 3,570,000 population would have been: 49% Muslims (Turks, Kurds, Tartar Azerbaijanis, and others), 40% Armenians, 5% Lazes, 4% Greeks, and 1% others. It was expected that in the case Armenian refugees' return, they would make up to 50% of the population.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=154}} Two months after the committee submitted the report to the State Department, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] received it on 12 November 1920. Ten days later, Wilson signed the report entitled "Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier."{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=155}} The report was sent to the US ambassador in Paris [[Hugh Campbell Wallace]] on 24 November 1920.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=158}} On 6 December 1920, Wallace delivered the documents to the secretary-general of the peace conference for submission to the Allied Supreme Council.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=158}} ==== Fall of the First Republic ==== In late September 1920, a [[Turkish–Armenian War|war]] erupted between Armenia and the [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]]-led Turkish nationalists ([[Government of the Grand National Assembly]]) led by [[Kâzım Karabekir]] took place. Turks [[Battle of Kars (1920)|captured Kars]] on 30 October 1920.{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=142}} With the Turkish army in [[Alexandropol]], the Bolsheviks invaded the country from the north east, and on 29 November 1920, they proclaimed Armenia a Soviet state. On 2 December 1920, Armenia became a Soviet state according to a joint proclamation of Armenia's Defence Minister [[Drastamat Kanayan|Dro]] and Soviet representative [[Boris Legran]] in [[Yerevan]]. Armenia was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Alexandropol]] with the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] on the night of 2–3 December 1920.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle - Partition and Sovietization|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-08804-7|pages=394–396|authorlink=Richard Hovannisian}}</ref>{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=143}}{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=132}} The Treaty of Sèvres and Wilson's award remained "dead letters."<ref name="Sicker">{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire|year=2001|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96891-5|page=225}}</ref> Just after the Soviet invasion of Armenia in November 1920, the Soviet Azerbaijani leader [[Nariman Narimanov]] declared that "the old borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared null and void. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia."{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=133}} Despite these assurances, both Nakhichevan and Karabakh were kept under Azerbaijani control for another eight months.{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=135}} On 16 March 1921, Soviet Russia and the Government of the Grand National Assembly signed the [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]]. By this treaty, Kars and Ardahan were ceded to Turkey, and [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]] was put under "protectorate" of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Hille|2010|pp=157-158}} The [[Treaty of Kars]] was signed between the Grand National Assembly Government on one side and Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR and Azerbaijan SSR on the other, reaffirming the Treaty of Moscow.{{sfn|Hille|2010|p=159}} ===Post-World War II: 1945–53 === [[File:Armenian and Georgian claims to Turkish Territory, map done by British Foreign Office, May, 1946..jpg|thumb|225px|Armenian and Georgian claims to Turkish Territory, [[British Foreign Office]], May 1946]] [[File:USSR territorial claims to Turkey 1945-1953.png|thumb]] After the end of [[World War II]] in Europe, the Soviet Union made territorial claims to Turkey. [[Joseph Stalin]] pushed Turkey to cede [[Kars]] and [[Ardahan]], thus returning the pre-[[World War I]] boundary between the Russian and Ottoman empires. Besides these provinces, the Soviet Union also claimed the Straits (see [[Turkish Straits crisis]]). "Stalin, perhaps, expected that the Turks, shocked by the Red Army's triumph, would give up, and Washington and London accept it as a ''[[fait accompli]]''," writes Jamil Hasanli.<ref name="Hasanli">{{cite book|last=Hasanli|first=Jamil|title=Stalin and the Turkish Crisis of the Cold War, 1945–1953|year=2011|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-7391-6807-3|page=124}}</ref> Athena Leoussi added, "While Stalin's motives can be debated, for Armenians at home and abroad the re-emergence of the Armenian Question revived hopes for territorial unification".{{sfn|Leoussi|Gal|Smith|2010|p=123}} On 7 June 1945 Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the USSR demanded a revision of its border with Turkey.{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} To repopulate the claimed areas with Armenians, the Soviet government organized a repatriation of Armenians living abroad, mostly survivors of the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|title=An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-27497-8|page=49}}</ref>{{sfn|Leoussi|Gal|Smith|2010|p=123}} Between 1946 and 1948, 90,000 to 100,000 Armenians from Lebanon, Syria, Greece, Iran, Romania, France, and elsewhere moved to Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history|year=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=225}}</ref>{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} An [[Office of Strategic Services]] (predecessor of the CIA) document dated 31 July 1944 reported that the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] changed its extreme anti-Soviet sentiment due to the rise of the Soviet power at the end of the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sassounian|first=Harut|title=1943 US Intelligence Report: All Armenians Demand Return of Lands from Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2013/07/30/1943-us-intelligence-report-all-armenians-demand-return-of-lands-from-turkey/|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Armenian Weekly]]|date=30 July 2013|authorlink=Harut Sassounian}}</ref> In a memorandum sent to the [[Moscow Conference (1945)|Moscow Conference]], Head of the Armenian Church [[George VI of Armenia|Gevorg VI]] expressed hope that "justice will finally be rendered" to the Armenians by the "liberation of Turkish Armenia and its annexation to Soviet Armenia."{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|pp=24-25}} Armenia's Communist leader [[Grigory Arutyunov|Grigor Harutunian]] defended the claims, describing Kars and Ardahan "of vital importance for the Armenian people as a whole." The Soviet Armenian élite suggested that the Armenians have earned the right to Kars and Ardahan by their contribution in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet struggle against fascism]].{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=225}} Armenian diaspora organizations also supported the idea.{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} As the relations between the West and the Soviet Union deteriorated with the US and the UK backing Turkey,<ref>{{cite book|last=Mandel|first=Maud S.|title=In the Aftermath of Genocide: Armenians and Jews in Twentieth-Century France|year=2003|publisher=Duke Univ. Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-3121-6|page=194}}</ref>{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} Soviet claims were out of the agenda by 1947. However, it was not until 1953, after Stalin's death, that they officially abandoned their claims,<ref name="Hasanli"/> thus ending the dispute.<ref>{{cite book|title=USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law Volume 3|year=2010|publisher=International Strategic Research Organization (USAK)|location=Ankara|isbn=978-605-4030-26-2|page=250}}</ref> ===Late Cold War: 1965–87=== A wave of Armenian nationalism started in the mid-1960s in the [[Soviet Union]] after [[Nikita Khrushchev]] came to power and granted relative freedom to the Soviet people during the [[De-Stalinization]] era. On 24 April 1965, the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, a [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations|mass demonstration]] took place in [[Yerevan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishkanian|first=Armine|title=Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-92922-3|page=7}}</ref> Thousands of Armenians poured into the streets of Yerevan to commemorate the victims of the genocide; however, their goal was not to "challenge the authority of the Soviet government", but "draw the government's attention" to the genocide and persuade the "Soviet government to assist them in reclaiming their lost lands."<ref name="Central Asia and the Caucasus">{{cite book|last=Atabaki|first=Touraj|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-49582-7|pages=135–137|author2=Mehendale, Sanjyot }}</ref> The Kremlin, taking into account the demands of the demonstrators, commissioned a memorial for the genocide. The memorial, which was built on [[Tsitsernakaberd]] hill, was completed in 1967.<ref name="Central Asia and the Caucasus"/> [[File:ASALA logo.svg|thumb|215px|left|The logo of [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] was the outline map of the claimed United Armenia.]] The 1960s and 1970s saw a rise in underground political and armed struggle against the Soviet Union and the Turkish state in and outside of Armenia. In 1966, an underground nationalist party called the [[National United Party (Armenia)|National United Party]] was founded by Haykaz Khachatryan in Yerevan. It secretly operated in Soviet Armenia from 1966 to the late 1980s and, after the imprisonment of its founding members in 1968, it was led by [[Paruyr Hayrikyan]]. It advocated for the creation of United Armenia through self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Ariel|title=Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis|year=1998|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96481-8|page=107}}</ref> Most of its members were arrested and the party was banned. Though the NUP was blamed for the [[1977 Moscow bombings]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, REV. Ed.|year=1989|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-0891-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA190&dq=1977+moscow+%22National+United+Party+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D8LQUdjcBaHl4APw9YGYBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1977%20moscow%20%22National%20United%20Party%20%22&f=false 190]}}</ref> historian [[Jay Bergman (historian)|Jay Bergman]] states, "Who actually caused the explosion has never been determined conclusively."<ref>Meeting the demands of reason; by prof. Jay Bergman, Cornell University Press, {{ISBN|0-8014-4731-3}}, 2009, p. 256</ref> According to [[Gerard Libaridian]], "by the 1970s, the [[Armenian Genocide recognition|recognition of the [Armenian] genocide]] became a very important objective of the Armenian cause and diaspora political parties linked the recognition of the genocide and the dream of a greater Armenia because Turkey's recognition of the genocide would constitute the legal basis for the Armenian claims on Western Armenia."<ref>{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerard J.|title=The challenge of statehood: Armenian political thinking since independence|year=1999|publisher=Blue Crane Books|location=Watertown, Mass.|isbn=978-1-886434-10-3|page=128|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian}}</ref> From the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, several Armenian militant (often considered terrorist) groups operated in the Middle East and Western Europe. Most notably the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA) carried out armed attacks on Turkish diplomatic missions around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jessup|first=John E.|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution: 1945–1996|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-28112-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA39&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRITUfmtKebe0QGKroCgAg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 39]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gerringer|first=Arthur E.|title=Terrorism: from one millennium to the next|year=2002|publisher=San Jose, Calif.|isbn=978-0-595-24286-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X51zPY3_H6IC&pg=PA239&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 239]}}</ref> Two ARF-affiliated groups—the [[Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide]] (JCAG) and the [[Armenian Revolutionary Army]] (ARA)—also carried out similar attacks, mainly in Western Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CB4Bh0-zrgoC&pg=PA173&dq=jcag+ara+arf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=olDQUfjZM6fO0QG88IC4Bw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=jcag%20ara%20arf&f=false 173]|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> [[David C. Rapoport]] argues that these organizations were inspired by [[Kourken Yanigian]], a 77-year-old Armenian genocide survivor, who assassinated two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973 as an act of revenge against Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rapoport|first=David C.|title=Inside Terrorist Organizations|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8179-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FnvCEOZLf8YC&pg=PA229&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 229]}}</ref> The ASALA was the largest of the three and was mostly composed of Lebanese Armenian young adults, who claimed revenge for the [[Armenian Genocide]], which the Turkish state denies. The concept of United Armenia was one of the ultimate goals of ASALA.{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=66}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkey: A Country Study|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4191-9126-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzYk_gzpJ0C&pg=PA368&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 368]|author=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref> On 18 June 1987, the [[European Parliament]], with the initiative of the Greek MPs, formally recognized the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Parliament Resolution|url=http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.152/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html|publisher=[[Armenian National Institute]]|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=18 June 1987}}</ref> [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] and [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] claim that Armenian Genocide became internationalized as a result of the activities of the Armenian militant groups in the Western European countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=From The Holy Mountain|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=Ne Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-303108-6|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|title=Turkey Today: A European Country?|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-84331-173-7|page=170}}</ref> ===Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 1988–94 === {{double image|right|Levon Ter-Petrosyan cropped.jpg|172|Վազգեն Սարգսյան.jpg|150|[[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]] ''(left)'' was the popular leader of the Karabakh movement and independent Armenia's first president. [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] ''(right)'' was the main commander of the Armenian forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh war.}} {{main|Karabakh movement|Nagorno-Karabakh War}} In February 1988 a [[Karabakh movement|popular nationalist movement]] emerged in Soviet Armenia and the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO), a small Armenian-populated enclave under the jurisdiction of Soviet Azerbaijan since 1923.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ambrosio|first=Thomas|title=Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-275-97260-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0hLzXEO-fAQC&pg=PA147&dq=%22supported+Azerbaijan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Y8jRUf7cNbij4AOsq4GgCA&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22supported%20Azerbaijan%22&f=false 148]}}</ref> The movement demanded the unification of the two entities, reviving the idea of a united Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Høiris|first1=Ole|last2=Yürükel|first2=Sefa Martin|title=Contrasts and Solutions in the Caucasus|date=1998|publisher=Aarhus University Press|isbn=9788772887081|page=233|quote=Since 1988, Nagorno-Karabakh (called 'Artsakh' by the Armenians), became the symbolic centre of the imagined, lost and regained Erkir. The old romantic idea of both an independent and united Armenia revived with Nagorno-Karabakh.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elbakyan|first1=Edgar|title=A New Legal Approach Towards the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Peaceful Resolution|journal=International Journal of Social Sciences|date=2014|volume=3|issue=5|page=47|url=http://www.iises.net.cms.intercore.cz/download/Soubory/IJOSS/V3N5-special/pp40-59_ijossV3N5.pdf|quote=The Armenians of Karabakh had determined their will towards political reunification with Armenia. That was a result of the same identity they shared with other Armenians as well as a political aspiration for “United Armenia”, i.e. all Armenian lands under the same title.}}</ref> On 20 February 1988, the Nagorno-Karabakh Supreme Council (the regional legislature) issued a request to transfer the region from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=147}}{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=10}} The Moscow government declined the claims, while hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated in [[Yerevan]] in support of the idea.{{sfn|Verluise|1995|p=86}} Few days later, on 26 February, an [[Sumgait pogrom|anti-Armenian ''pogrom'']] broke out in the Azerbaijani seaside industrial city Sumgait, forcing thousands of Armenians to leave Azerbaijan ''en masse''.{{sfn|Verluise|1995|p=87}} On 15 June 1988, the Supreme Council of Soviet Armenia voted to accept Nagorno-Karabakh into Armenia.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=289}} On 17 June 1988, the Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet refused to transfer the area to Armenia, saying that it was part of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=289}} The leading members of the [[Karabakh Committee]], a group of intellectuals leading the demonstrations, were arrested in December 1988, but were freed in May 1989.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=147}} On 1 December 1989, the Soviet Armenian Supreme Council and NKAO Supreme Council declared the unification of the two entities (օրենք «Հայկական ԽՍՀ-ի և Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի վերամիավորման մասին»).{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=290}} In January 1990, another ''pogrom'' took place against Armenians, this time [[Pogrom of Armenians in Baku|in Baku]]. In the meantime, most Azerbaijanis of Armenia and Armenians of Azerbaijan left their homes and moved to their respective countries. Pro-independence members were elected in the majority to the Armenian parliament in the [[Armenian parliamentary election, 1990|1990 election]].{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=111}} On 23 August 1990, the Armenian parliament passed a resolution on sovereignty.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=111}} The tensions grew even larger after the Soviet and Azeri forces deported thousands of Armenian from Shahumyan during [[Operation Ring]] in April and May 1991. After the unsuccessful [[August Putsch]], more Soviet republics declared independence. On 2 September 1991, the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] proclaimed independence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Christoph|title=The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus|year=2007|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-9709-9|page=168|authorlink=:de:Christoph Zürcher}}</ref> On 21 September 1991, the [[Armenian independence referendum, 1991|Armenian independence referendum]] was held with the overwhelming majority voting for the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union. On 26 November 1991, the Azerbaijani parliament abolished the autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=162}} On 10 December 1991, an [[Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, boycotted by the Azeri minority, and gained a vote of 99% in favor of independence.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=162}} The conflict escalated into a full-scale war with the [[Capture of Shusha|captured Shusha]] by Armenian forces on 9 May 1992. By 1993, the Armenian forces took control over not only the originally disputed Nagorno-Karabakh, but also several districts surrounding the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Caucasus City Falls to Armenian Forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/world/caucasus-city-falls-to-armenian-forces.html|accessdate=10 April 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 August 1993}}</ref> A ceasefire agreement was eventually signed on 5 May 1994 in [[Bishkek Protocol|Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan. According to [[Thomas de Waal]], three factors contributed to the victory of the Armenian side: "Azerbaijan's political and military chaos, greater Russian support for the Armenians, and the Armenians' superior fighting skills."{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=206}} Since the 1994 ceasefire, the Armenian [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] has ''de facto'' control of the territories taken over in the war.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} ==Current claimants== ===Armenian Revolutionary Federation=== Since its foundation in 1890, the [[left-wing nationalist]] [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (also known as Dashnaktsutyun or Dashnak/Tashnag) has been known as the main advocate for United Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pantelic|first=Nina|title=The Effects of Nationalism on Territorial Integrity Among Armenians and Serbs|url=http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3946&context=etd|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|accessdate=26 January 2013|date=28 September 2007|page=25}}</ref> Having affiliated organizations throughout the [[Armenian diaspora|Armenian communities abroad]], the ARF is regarded as one of the most influential Armenian institutions in the world, especially in the diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Karen|title=Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World|year=2003|publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9|author2=Levinson, David |page=402}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Roberta|title=The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced|year=1998|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-1498-9|page=275|author2=Deng, Francis Mading }}</ref> According to researcher Arus Harutyunyan, the party has "made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include" Western Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nakhichevan and Javakhk.<ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/> In the 1998 party program, it states that the ARF's first goal is "The creation of a Free, Independent and United Armenia. United Armenia should include inside its borders the Armenian lands [given to Armenia] by the Sevres Treaty, as well as Artsakh, Javakhk and Nakhichevan provinces."<ref name="1998 ARF program"/> "Free, Independent and United Armenia" is the party's main slogan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Verluise|first=Pierre|title=Armenia in crisis: the 1988 earthquake|year=1995|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chrysanthopoulos|first=Leonidas T.|title=Caucasus chronicles|year=2002|publisher=[[Gomidas Institute]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-884630-05-7|page=72}}</ref> and was adopted as its "supreme objective" in the 10th Party Congress in Paris (1924–25).<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Razmik Panossian|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|year=2006|publisher=Hurst & Co.|location=London|isbn=978-0-231-51133-9|page=253}}</ref> [[Hrant Markarian]], ARF Bureau Chairman, stated at the 2004 party congress:<ref name="Zakarian"/> {{quote frame|We are against any relations between Armenia and Turkey that would mean acceptance of any preconditions by us, that would require us to give up our rights or any part of them. We will keep up pressure on Turkey until we achieve full victory, until international recognition of the fact of genocide, until the creation of a United Armenia.}} <!-- ;2015 report http://www.armeniangenocidereparations.info/?page_id=229 The Armenian Genocide Reparations Study Group, founded in 2007 and funded by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, presented their final report titled "Resolution with Justice: Reparations for the Armenian Genocide" in March 2015. The group consisted of [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], Henry C. Theriault, Jermaine McCalpin, and [[Ara Papian]]. The group suggested that the "Wilsonian Arbitral Award of territory to the Armenian Republic was binding at the time, regardless of the fact that the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified. It follows that Turkey’s current occupation of “Wilsonian Armenia” constitutes a breach of an international obligation and is legally actionable... The group "recognizes that reparations claims and initiatives are typically met with skepticism by those outside the victim group, including individuals who are sympathetic to the suffering of the victim group. [...] There are those who would object to this report not on the grounds that its analysis is wrong or inadequate, but that the quest for reparations for the Armenian Genocide, especially a return of land, is very unlikely to succeed." --> ===Heritage Party=== Although the [[Party platform|platform]] of the [[national liberal]] [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]] party makes no explicit reference to territorial claims, its leader and some its members have expressed their support for them. Heritage supports the formal recognition of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] by Armenia and has introduced bills for the recognition of the NKR to the [[National Assembly of Armenia|Armenian National Assembly]] in 2007, 2010, and 2012. Although all three attempts were voted down by the ruling [[Republican Party of Armenia|Republican Party]].<ref> *2007: {{cite news|title=Armenian Bill To Recognize Nagorno-Karabakh Criticized|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078400.html|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=28 August 2007|agency=RFE/RL}} *2010: {{cite news|title=Armenian Ruling Party Against Karabakh Recognition Bill|url=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/2186305.html|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=10 October 2010|agency=RFE/RL}} *2012: {{cite news|title=Karabakh recognition bill put into circulation at Armenian parliament|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/121534/|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=4 September 2012|agency=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]]}}</ref> Its leader, [[Raffi Hovannisian]] (post-Soviet Armenia's first foreign minister), has hinted at Western Armenia, Javakhk and Nakhichevan with "vague formulations."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abrahamyan|first1=Aram|title=Raffi Hovhannisyan’s Foreign Policy Agenda|url=http://en.aravot.am/2013/03/04/152740/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144007/http://en.aravot.am/2013/03/04/152740/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=13 April 2014|work=[[Aravot]]|date=4 March 2013|quote=Mr. Hovhannisyan also hints at Nakhijevan, Western Armenia, and Javakhk with vague formulations...}}</ref> For instance, during a 2013 speech about his future plans Hovannisian stated that "only with [the existence of a] [[Legitimacy (political)|government belonging to the people]] will we have awareness of our [[national interest]]—with Artsakh, Javakhk, Western Armenia—and future for our children."<ref>{{cite news|last=Musayelyan|first=Lusine|title=Րաֆֆի Հովհաննիսյան. "Մեր պայքարը շարունակվում է" [Raffii Hovannisian. "Our struggle continues"]|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25000776.html|date=29 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030510/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25000776.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|agency=RFE/RL|quote=Միայն ժողովրդին պատկանող հայրենիքով կունենանք ազգային շահի գիտակցություն՝ Արցախ, Ջավախք, Արեւմտյան Հայաստան եւ մեր երեխայի ապագա:}}</ref> In 2011, a leading party member, [[Zaruhi Postanjyan]], stated in an [[open letter]] to presidents of Armenia and NKR that by organizing a [[repatriation]] of diaspora Armenians to Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, "we will [create a] base for the liberation of our entire homeland."<ref>{{cite news|last=Postanjyan|first=Zaruhi|title=Փոստանջյանը պահանջում է հանդիսություններ [Postanjyan demands celebrations]|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/politics/2011/11/21/zara|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614035154/http://www.a1plus.am/52130.html|archivedate=14 June 2014|agency=[[A1plus]]|quote=...մեր սերնդին ընձեռվել է հնարավորություն` կազմակերպել հայրենաշեն ազգահավաք հայկական երկու պետություններում, որոնք կազմում են 42000 քառակուսի կիլոմետր, ինչն էլ իր հերթին հիմք է ծառայում ազատագրելու նաև մեր ամբողջական հայրենիքը...}}</ref> In an April 2015 conference on the [[100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide centenary]] Postanjyan stated that Armenia should "restore its territorial integrity" by claiming the "territory of its historic homeland." When asked about how realistic Armenian claims to its historic lands are, Heritage leader Hovannisian responded: "Today's romantic will become tomorrow's realist."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lazaryan|first=Tatevik|title="Ժառանգությունը" քննարկում է "Ծովից ծով Հայաստանը" վերականգնելու օրինագիծը|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/26935407.html|work=azatutyun.am|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=2 April 2015|language=hy}}</ref> In an opinion piece published in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' on April 11, 2015 Hovannisian wrote that Turkey occupies Western Armenia and called for "the creation of an Armenian national hearth in historic Western Armenia." He added, "negotiations between the republics of Turkey and Armenia triggering the first-ever sovereign reciprocal demarcation of the official frontier, including but not limited to provisions for an Armenian easement to the Black Sea."<ref>{{cite news|last=Hovannisian|first=Raffi K.|authorlink1=Raffi Hovannisian|title=Remembering the Armenian genocide|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Remembering-the-Armenian-genocide-396789|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> ==Territories claimed== The modern use of United Armenia by the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (ARF) encompasses the following areas:<ref name="1998 ARF program">{{cite web|title=Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության (1998) [Armenian Revolutionary Federation Program (1998)]|url=http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website|accessdate=30 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150044/http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602|archivedate=11 June 2014|date=14 February 1998|language=hy|quote=ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է. Ա. Ազատ, Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում: Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը, ինչպես նաեւ` Արցախի, Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը: <br />The goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation are: A. The creation of a Free, Independent and United Armenia. United Armenia should include inside its borders the Armenian lands [given to Armenia] by the Sevres Treaty, as well as Artsakh, Javakhk and Nakhichevan provinces.}}</ref><ref name="crisisgroup">{{cite web|title=Armenia: Internal Instability Ahead |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |accessdate=11 June 2014 |location=Yerevan/Brussels |page=8 |date=18 October 2004 |quote=The Dashnaktsutiun Party, which has a major following within the diaspora, states as its goals: "The creation of a Free, Independent, and United Armenia. The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sevres as well as the regions of Artzakh [the Armenian name for Nagorno-Karabakh], Javakhk, and Nakhichevan". |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234002/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=89|ps=: "The ARF strives for the solution of the Armenian Cause and formation of the entire motherland with all Armenians. The party made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include Western Armenian territories (Eastern Turkey), Mountainous Karabagh and Nakhijevan (in Azerbaijan), and the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of the southern Georgia, bordering Armenia."}} {| class="wikitable" ! Area !! Part of !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Population !! Armenians !! % Armenian !!class="unsortable" | Source |- | [[#Nagorno-Karabakh_.28Artsakh.29|Nagorno-Karabakh]] | {{flagicon|Nagorno Karabakh}} [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] (''[[de facto]]'') <br />{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] ({{Tooltip|''de jure''|Internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan}}) | align="center"| 11,458 | align="center"| 137,737 | align="center"| 137,380 | align="center"| 99.7 | align="center"| 2005 census<ref name="stat-nkr">{{cite web|title=De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity |url=http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |accessdate=11 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003111153/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf |archivedate=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>The ''de facto'' controlled area by the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]]: {{cite web|title=De Jure Population by Administrative Territorial Distribution and Density |url=http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-4.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |accessdate=12 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306035735/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-4.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2009 }}</ref> |- | [[#Javakhk_.28Javakheti.29|Javakhk]] | {{flag|Georgia}} ([[Akhalkalaki]] and [[Ninotsminda]] districts) | align="center"| 2,588 | align="center"| 95,280 | align="center"| 90,373 | align="center"| 94.8 | align="center"| 2002 census<ref name="geostat">{{cite web|title=Ethnic Groups by Major Administrative-territorial Units|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|accessdate=11 November 2012}}</ref> |- | [[#Nakhichevan|Nakhichevan]] | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} ([[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]]) | align="center"| 5,363 | align="center"| 398,323 | align="center"| 6 | align="center"| ~0 | align="center"| 2009 census<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions of Azerbaijan, Nakchivan economic district, Ethnic Structure [Azərbaycanın regionları, Naxçıvan iqtisadi rayonu, Milli tərkib]|url=http://www.azstat.org/region/az/001.shtml|publisher=State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=28 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132849/http://www.azstat.org/region/az/001.shtml|archivedate=13 February 2012 }}</ref> |- | [[#Western_Armenia_.28eastern_Turkey.29|Western Armenia]] | {{flag|Turkey}} | align="center"| 132,967 | align="center"| 6,461,400 | colspan="2" align="center"|<small>N/A</small> | align="center"| 2009 estimate{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=37}} |- |} ===Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) === [[File:AZ-qa-location-en.svg|300px|thumb|The territory controlled by the Armenian forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic shown in brown]] In the aftermath of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]], the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], supported by the Republic of Armenia, took control over the territory of some 11,500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Overview|url=http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/overview.shtml|publisher=Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in Washington, DC|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> including several districts outside of the originally claimed borders of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Azerbaijani SSR]], creating a "buffer zone".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagorno-Karabakh profile|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} [[Kalbajar District|Kelbajar]] and [[Lachin District|Lachin]] districts guarantee solid land corridor between Armenia proper and Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eichensehr|first=Kristen|title=Stopping wars and making peace : studies in international intervention|year=2009|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-17855-7|page=44|author2=Reisman, W. Michael }}</ref>{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} Between 500,000 and 600,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from the area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hampton|first=Janie|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2013|publisher=Routledge,|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-54706-5|page=140}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kambeck|first=Michael|title=Europe's Next Avoidable War: Nagorno-Karabakh|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-230-30066-8|page=150|author2=Ghazaryan, Sargis }}</ref> In the meantime, almost all Armenians from Azerbaijan (between 300,000 and 400,000)<ref>{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|page=242}}</ref>{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=6}} and Azerbaijanis from Armenia (over 150,000) were forced to move to their respective countries as remaining in their homes became nearly impossible since tensions between the two groups have grown worse since the start of the conflict in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|title=Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh|year=1994|location=Helsinki|isbn=1-56432-142-8|page=1|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/AZER%20Conflict%20in%20N-K%20Dec94.pdf|author=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2002|publisher=Earthscan|location=London|isbn=978-1-85383-952-8|page=140|author=Global IDP Survey, Flyktningeråd (Norway)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jentleson|first=Bruce W.|title=Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Postdcold War World|year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-8559-2|page=68}}</ref> The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (also known as Artsakh among Armenians) remains internationally unrecognized. Today, the Republic of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic are ''de facto'' functioning as one entity,<ref name="Hughes 2002 211"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mulcaire|first1=Jack|title=Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/face-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585|work=[[The National Interest]]|date=9 April 2015|quote=The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia expects Russian support in Karabakh war|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=armenia-expects-russian-support-in-karabakh-war-2011-05-20|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=20 May 2011|quote=While internationally recognized as Azerbaijani territory, the enclave has declared itself an independent republic but is administered as a de facto part of Armenia.}}</ref><ref>Central Asia and The Caucasus, Information and Analytical Center, 2009, Issues 55-60, Page 74, "Nagorno-Karabakh became de facto part of Armenia (its quasi-statehood can dupe no one) as a result of aggression."</ref><ref>[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für auswärtige Politik]], Internationale Politik, Volume 8, 2007 "...&nbsp;and Nagorno-Karabakh, the disputed territory that is now de facto part of Armenia&nbsp;..."</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=135|ps=: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia. Officially, Karabakh and Armenia remain separate political entities, but for most practical matters the two entities are unified."}}<ref>{{cite news|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: Crimea’s doppelganger|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/thomas-de-waal/nagorno-karabakh-crimea-doppelganger-azerbaijan-armenia|agency=[[openDemocracy]]|date=13 June 2016|quote=Following the Armenian victory in that conflict, confirmed by the 1994 ceasefire, Armenia has since carried out a de facto annexation of Karabakh.}}</ref> although the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic territory is internationally recognized as ''de jure'' part of [[Azerbaijan]]. Nagorno-Karabakh is more [[Monoethnicity|monoethnic]] than the Republic of Armenia, with 99.7% of its population being Armenian. The Azerbaijani minority was forced to leave during the war. The areas outside the original NKAO borders taken over by the Armenian forces during the war are mostly uninhabited or very sparsely inhabited, with the city of [[Lachin]] being exception. Between 2000 and 2011, 25,000 to 30,000 people settled in NKR.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:Արցախի ազատագրված տարածքներում մինչև 2011-ը վերաբնակեցվել է 20-30 հազար մարդ|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/arm/news/122038/|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]]|date=7 September 2012|language=hy}}</ref> Since the end of the conflict, Armenia and Azerbaijan are negotiating through the [[OSCE Minsk Group]]. Presidents and Foreign Affairs Ministers of the two countries have been meeting each other alongside the Russian, French and American co-chairmen trying to find a solution for the "[[frozen conflict]]" as described by experts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barry|first=Ellen|title='Frozen Conflict' Between Azerbaijan and Armenia Begins to Boil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/world/asia/01azerbaijan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=31 May 2011|authorlink=Ellen Barry (journalist)}}</ref> Armenia and Azerbaijan regularly exchange fires in [[Armenian–Azerbaijani border conflict|clashes throughout their border]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatal Armenian-Azeri border clash|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7278483.stm|accessdate=14 July 2013|date=5 March 2008|agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=8 Killed in Renewed Fighting on Armenia-Azerbaijan Border|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/europe/armenia-azerbaijan-border-fighting-leaves-soldiers-dead.html?_r=0|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=5 June 2012}}</ref> ===Javakhk (Javakheti) === [[File:Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda districts.png|thumb|310px|Javakhk (Javakheti) shown in red on the map of Georgia with [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] provincial borders outlined.<br>[[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both areas are not under the control of the central government of Georgia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Georgia Country Specific Information|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1122.html|publisher=[[Bureau of Consular Affairs]], U.S. Department of State|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> shown in light grey.]] {{see also|Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti}} The region of Javakheti (as known to Georgians)/Javakhk (as known to Armenians) comprises the districts of [[Akhalkalaki District|Akhalkalaki]] and [[Ninotsminda District|Ninotsminda]], both part of [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] province of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=European Yearbook of Minority Issues, Volume 3|year=2005|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-14280-0|page=310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH0qS_tQS0C|author=[[European Centre for Minority Issues]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nodia|first=Ghia|title=The Political Landscape of Georgia: Political Parties: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects|year=2006|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|location=Delft|isbn=978-90-5972-113-5|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBMrVV4C1e0C|author2=Scholtbach, Álvaro Pinto }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ishkhanyan|first=Vahan|title=Javakhk: The "Third" Armenia|url=http://agbu.org/news-item/javakhk-the-third-armenia/|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=1 November 2004|agency=[[Armenian General Benevolent Union]]}}</ref> It is overwhelmingly Armenian-populated (around 95%).{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} The area is geographically isolated from the rest of Georgia and remains economically and socially isolated from Georgia.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=199}} According to [[Svante Cornell]], Javakhk enjoys "wide cultural autonomy" and "certain Georgian analysts observe that the region is in practice as much 'Armenia' as 'Georgia'. It is distinctively easier to get around using Armenian than Georgian in this region; indeed, foreign visitors claim that at first they had difficulties determining which country they are in."{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} Generally, Javakheti Armenians live in "reasonable inter-ethnic harmony" within Georgia, although there is a "fairly strong fear for the future, a sense of insecurity."{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} Javakheti, along with [[Lori Province|Lori]] and [[Borchali]], was disputed by Armenia and Georgia from 1918 to 1920. A [[Georgian–Armenian War|brief armed conflict]] took place between the two nations in December 1918, mostly over Lori.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=198}} [[United Javakhk Democratic Alliance]], a local civil organization, is the main organization advocating for an Armenian autonomy in the region.{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=204}} It was founded in 1988, during the disintegration of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=164}} It campaigns for a referendum in Javakheti on autonomy.<ref name="Peimani">{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|pages=270–271}}</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}} It is believed that the organization has close links with the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}}<ref name="Peimani"/> Although the ARF claims Javakhk as part of United Armenia, the ARF World Congresses "have agreed with the demands raised by the Armenians of Javakhk that a Javakhk with a high degree of self-government within a federal Georgia would be able to sustain itself and would become a strong link in Georgian-Armenian relations."<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy & Strategy|url=http://www.arfd.info/arf-d-foreign-policy-strategy/|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation - Dashnaktsutyun|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> ARF Bureau Chairman [[Hrant Markarian]] declared in the 2004 party congress: "We want a strong, stable and autonomous Javakheti that is part of Georgia and enjoys state care."<ref name="Zakarian"/> The leader of the United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Vahagn Chakhalian, was arrested in 2008 and freed in 2013. A 2014 article suggested that the alliance has little influence today.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rimple|first1=Paul|last2=Mielnikiewicz|first2=Justyna|title=Post-Crimea, Phantom of Armenian Separatism Haunts Georgia|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68253|work=eurasianet.org|publisher=[[Open Society Institute]]|date=9 April 2014}}</ref> During [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]'s presidency (1991), Javakheti remained ''de facto'' semi-independent and only in November 1991 was the Tbilisi-appointed governor able to take power.{{efn|"The area remained effectively outside the control of Tbilisi for virtually the entire tenure of Gamsakhurdia."{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=164}} }} The issue of Javakheti was in the 1990s "clearly been perceived as the most dangerous potential ethnic conflict in Georgia", however, no actual armed conflict ever occurred.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=196}} Taking into account the importance of the bilateral relations, the governments of Armenia and Georgia have pursued a careful and calming policy to avoid tension.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=107|ps=: "The Georgian government has been very careful not to provoke the Javakhetia Armenians; meanwhile, the Armenian government, mindful of the importance of its relations with Georgia, has been careful to defuse potential problems in the region, intervening once to talk Javakhk out of plans to hold a referendum on autonomy or secession."}} The Armenian government has not made territorial claims to Georgia, nor has called for an autonomy in Javakheti.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=172|ps=: "Armenian Diaspora groups in Russia and the United States have recently began raising the question of Javakheti's status, although no overt support for the demands to grant it autonomy have been voiced by the Armenian government."}} [[Armenia–Georgia relations]] have traditionally been friendly,<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia interested in stability in Georgia and wants to strengthen friendly relations with it|url=http://arka.am/en/news/politics/armenia_interested_in_stability_in_georgia_and_wants_to_strengthen_friendly_relations_with_it/|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=ARKA|date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Ivanishvili: 'There are No Problems in Ties with Armenia'|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25650|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=17 January 2013|agency=[[Civil Georgia]]}}</ref> however, from time to time tensions arise between the two countries. In recent years, the status of Armenian churches in Georgia<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian, Georgian Churches Fail To Settle Disputes|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia_georgian_churches_fail_to_settle_disputes/24238571.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=17 June 2011|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Abrahamyan|first=Gayane|title=Armenia: Property Disputes Fueling Church Tension between Yerevan and Tbilisi|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64025|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=Eurasianet.org|date=10 August 2011}}</ref> and the status of the Armenian language in Georgian public schools had been a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Armenian language obtain regional status?|url=http://www.georgiatimes.info/en/analysis/88092.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=Georgia Times|date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia's Armenians demand official status for Armenian language in 2 districts with Armenian population|url=http://en.rian.ru/onlinenews/20050403/39697223.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=3 April 2005|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> [[Svante Cornell]] argues that "Armenia seems to have had a calming influence on Javakhk" as it is highly dependent on Georgia for imports.{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}} This viewpoint is shared by Georgian analysts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnovi|first=Andro|title=Detailed Review on Samtskhe-Javakheti|url=https://archive.org/details/JavakhetiStudy|publisher=Institute for Strategy and Development|accessdate=3 July 2013|location=Tbilisi|year=2009}}</ref> Armenian nationalist activist [[Alexander Yenikomshian]] has suggested that there are three long-term solutions to the Javakhk issue: 1) the region remains part of a Georgia, where the rights of the Armenian population are protected 2) "Artsakhization", i.e. ''de facto'' unification with the Republic of Armenia 3) "Nakhichevanization", i.e. Javakhk loses its Armenian population.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ի՞նչ է Ջավախքի նշանակությունը հայ ժողովրդի ու Հայաստանի համար|url=http://www.7or.am/am/news/view/1210/|work=7or.am|date=25 December 2010|language=hy}}</ref> === Western Armenia (eastern Turkey) === {| style="float: right;" ! The Turkish area claimed by the ARF (based on the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], 1920)<ref name="crisisgroup"/> |- |{{Image label begin|image=Armenians claims to Turkey according to the Treaty of Sevres, 1920.png|width=550|float=right}} {{Image label small|x=0.172|y=0.120|scale=550|text=[[Istanbul]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.342|y=0.188|scale=550|text=[[Ankara]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.672|y=0.216|scale=550|text=[[Erzincan Province|Erzincan]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.16|scale=550|text=[[Gümüşhane Province|Gümüşhane]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.132|scale=550|text=[[Trabzon Province|Trabzon]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.63|y=0.14|scale=550|text=[[Giresun Province|Giresun]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.756|y=0.116|scale=550|text=[[Rize Province|Rize]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.73|y=0.178|scale=550|text=[[Bayburt Province|Bayburt]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.79|y=0.196|scale=550|text=[[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.806|y=0.104|scale=550|text=[[Artvin Province|Artvin]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.862|y=0.114|scale=550|text=[[Ardahan Province|Ardahan]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.874|y=0.156|scale=550|text=[[Kars Province|Kars]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.884|y=0.206|scale=550|text=[[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.926|y=0.186|scale=550|text=[[Iğdır Province|Iğdır]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.694|y=0.248|scale=550|text=[[Tunceli Province|Tunceli]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.282|scale=550|text=[[Elâzığ Province|Elâzığ]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.72|y=0.324|scale=550|text=[[Diyarbakır Province|Diyarbakır]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.778|y=0.298|scale=550|text=[[Batman Province|Batman]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.842|y=0.328|scale=550|text=[[Siirt Province|Siirt]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.864|y=0.354|scale=550|text=[[Şırnak Province|Şırnak]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.848|y=0.294|scale=550|text=[[Bitlis Province|Bitlis]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.764|y=0.254|scale=550|text=[[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.822|y=0.256|scale=550|text=[[Muş Province|Muş]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.928|y=0.284|scale=550|text=[[Van Province|Van]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.948|y=0.348|scale=550|text=[[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]]}} {{Image label end}} |} [[Western Armenia]] refers to an undefined area, now in eastern Turkey, that had significant Armenian population prior to the [[Armenian Genocide]] of 1915.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallimann|first=Isidor Wallimann,|title=Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8156-2828-6|page=216|author2=Dobkowski, Michael N. |quote=The absence of Armenian life in Western Armenia (now Eastern Turkey), the success of the genocide&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khanam|first=R.|title=Encyclopedic Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia|year=2005|publisher=Global Vision|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8220-062-3|page=53}}</ref> As a result of the genocide, officially no Armenians live in the area today.<ref>[[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]], ''Near East/South Asia Report'', Issue 84004, p. 16 "These organizations demand the secession of former Armenian territories in eastern Turkey. Since officially no Armenians live on those lands today&nbsp;..."</ref> However, at least two groups of Armenian origin reside in the area. [[Hemshin peoples]], a islamisized group with Armenian ethnic origin,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vaux|first=Bert|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|citeseerx=10.1.1.18.1893|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|authorlink=Bert Vaux}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pelkmans|first=Mathijs|title=Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, And Modernity in the Republic of Georgia|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|isbn=978-0-8014-7330-2|page=34}}</ref> live in the [[Black Sea]] coast, particularity in the [[Rize Province|Rize]] province.<ref>Peter Alford Andrews, ''Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey''. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989, pp.&nbsp;476–477, 483-485, 491</ref> Another group, [[Crypto-Armenians]] or "secret" Armenians, live throughout Turkey, especially the eastern parts of the country. It is impossible to determine how many there are due to this(the fact they keep their identity hidden). estimates range from millions to the low 100,000s depending on the criteria used to determine it. since the Armenian Genocide, the area has been mostly inhabited by [[Kurds]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Masih|first=Joseph R.|title=Armenia: At the Crossroads|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-90-5702-344-6|page=xxvi|author2=Krikorian, Robert O. }}</ref> with smaller numbers of [[Azerbaijanis]] (near the Turkish-Armenian border)<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=Brenda|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|year=2002|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-262-26468-6|page=221}}</ref> and [[Georgians]] and [[Laz people]] in the northeastern provinces of Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkey: A Country Study|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=Whitefish, Mont|isbn=978-1-4191-9126-8|page=142|author=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2009|publisher=Infobashe Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=141}}</ref> Generally, the Armenian nationalist groups claim the area east of the boundary drawn by US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] for the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920. The [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] and groups supporting the concept of United Armenia claim that the Treaty of Sèvres, signed on 10 August 1920 between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies, including Armenia is the only legal document determining the border between Armenia and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Թուրքիան եւ ԱՄՆ-ը պետք է ընդունեն Սեւրի Դաշնագիրը [Turkey and the United States Should Recognize the Treaty of Sevres]|url=http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=2006|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=22 November 2010|language=hy}}</ref><ref name="Sevres legal border">{{cite news|title=Armenia, Turkey Border was Determined by 1920 Sevres Treaty, Says Manoyan|url=http://asbarez.com/56398/armenia-turkey-border-was-determined-by-1920-sevres-treaty-says-manoyan/|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=19 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/><!-- "...the Dashnaktsutyun Party believe that Armenia has a sufficient legal basis for claims against Turkey."--> Armenia's Former Deputy Foreign Minister [[Ara Papian]] claims that "[[Wilsonian Armenia]]", the territory granted to the Republic of Armenia in 1920 by Wilson in the scope of the Treaty of Sèvres, is still ''[[de jure]]'' part of Armenia today.<ref>{{cite web|last=Papian|first=Ara|title=Sound the Alarms! This is Our FInal Sardarapat|url=http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/SardEng.pdf|accessdate=29 July 2013|authorlink=Ara Papian|location=Yerevan|year=2009}}</ref> According to him the [[Treaty of Kars]], which determined the current Turkish-Armenian border, has no legal value because it was signed between two internationally unrecognized subjects: [[Bolshevik Russia]] and [[Kemalist Turkey]].{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=150}} Papian has suggested that the Armenian government can file a suit at the [[International Court of Justice]] to dispute the border between Armenia and Turkey.<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/> 22 November is celebrated by some Armenians as the anniversary of the Arbitral Award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Նոյեմբերի 22-ը Հայրենատիրության օր|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/politics/2007/11/16/21337|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=16 November 2007|agency=[[A1plus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Կոչ են անում նոյեմբերի 22-ը հռչակել Հայրենատիրության օր|url=http://hetq.am/arm/print/7043/|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hetq]]|date=22 November 2011}}</ref> In 2010 and 2011, posters with maps of the Treaty of Sèvres were hung throughout [[Yerevan]].<!-- "nationalist groups that hanged Sèvres maps all around the streets of Yerevan on the 90th anniversary of the Treaty of Sèvres" --><ref>{{cite news|last=Öztarsu|first=Mehmet Fatih|title=Armenia ready, target 2015|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251131-armenia-ready-target-2015-by-mehmet-fatih-oztarsu*.html|accessdate=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=20 July 2011}}</ref> ==== Official position of Armenia ==== Since [[Armenia]]'s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Armenian government has not officially made any territorial claims to Turkey.{{sfn|Phillips|2005|p=68}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Terzi|first=Özlem|title=The influence of the European Union on Turkish foreign policy|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham, Surrey, England|isbn=978-0-7546-7842-7|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hayrumyan|first=Naira|title=Border matters: Possible emergence of independent Kurdistan in Mideast expected to have bearing on Armenia|url=http://www.armenianow.com/commentary/analysis/42503/armenia_middle_east_region_kurdish_issue_geopolitics|accessdate=21 January 2013|date=14 January 2013|agency=[[ArmeniaNow]]}}</ref> However, the Armenian government has avoided "an explicit and formal recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border."<ref name="RFE/RL">{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Emil|title=Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/24280096.html|accessdate=29 June 2013|date=28 July 2011|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> In 2001, Armenian president [[Robert Kocharyan]] stated that the "genocide recognition will not lead to legal consequences or territorial claims."{{sfn|Phillips|2005|p=36}} In 2010, Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] addressed the Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's Arbitral Award: {{cquote|It was probably one of the most momentous events for our nation in the 20th century which was called up to reestablish historic justice and eliminate consequences of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated in the Ottoman Empire. The Arbitral Award defined and recognized internationally Armenia's borders within which the Armenian people, who had gone through hell of ''[[:wikt:Meds Yeghern|Mets Eghern]]'', were to build their statehood.<ref>{{cite news|title=Address of President Serzh Sargsyan to the Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's Arbitral Award|url=http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2010/11/23/news-1316/|accessdate=27 June 2013|date=23 November 2010|agency=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132437/http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2010/11/23/news-1316/|archivedate=13 April 2014 }}</ref>}} On 23 July 2011, during a meeting of Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] with students in [[Tsaghkadzor]] resort city, a student asked Sargsyan if Armenia "will return <!--the--> Western Armenia" in the future.<ref name="RFE/RL"/> Sargsyan responded: {{cquote|It depends on you and your generation. I believe, my generation has fulfilled the task in front of us; when it was necessary in the beginning of the 1990s to defend part of our fatherland—Karabakh—from the enemy, we did it. I am not telling this to embarrass anyone: my point is that each generation has its responsibilities and they have to be carried out, with honor. If you, boys and girls of your generation spare no effort, if those older and younger than you act the same way, we will have one of the best countries in the world. Trust me, in many cases the country's standing is not conditioned by its territory: the country should be modern, it should be secure and prosperous, and these are conditions which allow any nation to sit next to the respectable, powerful and reputed nations of the world. We simply must fulfill our duty, must be active, industrious, must be able to create bounty. And we can do that, we very easily can do that, and we have done it more than once in our history. I am certain about it, and I want you to be certain too. We are a nation that always rises from the ashes like phoenix—again and again.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Tsakhkadzor President Sargsyan met with the participants of the 5th Pan-Armenian Olympiad and with the students sponsored by the Luys Foundation|url=http://www.president.am/en/domestic-visits/item/2011/07/25/news-290/&|accessdate=29 June 2013|date=25 July 2011|agency=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia}}</ref>}} Sargsyan's statements "were considered by Turkish officials an encouragement for young students to fulfill the task of their generation and occupy eastern Turkey."<ref name="Zaman"/> During his visit to Baku a few days later, Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] denounced Sargsyan's statements and described them as "provocation" and claimed that Sargsyan this "told young Armenians to be ready for a future war with Turkey."<ref name="RFE/RL"/> Erdoğan demanded apology from Sargsyan calling his statements a "blunder".<ref>{{cite news|title=Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia|url=http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2011/08/04/erdogan-demands-apology-from-armenia/|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[Armenian Mirror-Spectator]]|date=4 August 2011}}</ref> In response, Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister Shavarsh Kocharyan stated that Sargsyan's words were "interpreted out of context."<ref name="Zaman">{{cite news|title=Yerevan claims Sarksyan's words 'misinterpreted'|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251995-yerevan-claims-sarksyans-words-misinterpreted.html|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> On 5 July 2013,<ref name="Hovsepyan Land Claim">{{cite news|title=Turkey Angry at Yerevan Over 'Land Claim' Remarks|url=http://asbarez.com/111487/turkey-angry-at-yerevan-over-%E2%80%98land-claim%E2%80%99-remarks/|accessdate=15 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> during a forum of Armenian lawyers in Yerevan on the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide organized by the Ministry of Diaspora, Armenia's Prosecutor General [[Aghvan Hovsepyan]] made a "sensational statement".<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Prosecutor General: Armenia Should Have Its Territories Back|url=http://asbarez.com/111143/prosecutor-general-armenia-should-have-its-territories-back/|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=8 July 2013}}</ref> Hovsepyan particularly stated: {{cquote|Indeed, the Republic of Armenia should have its lost territories returned and the victims of the Armenian Genocide should receive material compensation. But all these claims must have perfect legal grounds. I strongly believe that the descendants of the genocide must receive material compensation, churches miraculously preserved in Turkey's territory and church lands must be returned to the Armenian Church, and the Republic of Armenia must get back its lost lands.<ref name="Hovsepyan Land Claim"/><!-- «Հայոց ցեղասպանության զոհերի ժառանգները պետք է նյութական փոխհատուցում ստանան, Հայ եկեղեցուն պետք է վերադարձվեն Թուրքիայի տարածքում հրաշքով կանգուն մնացած եկեղեցիները և եկեղեցապատկան հողերը, Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունը պետք է ստանա իր կորցրած տարածքները։ Բայց այդ բոլոր պահանջները պետք է ունենան անթերի իրավական հիմնավորումներ»,–հայտարարել է ՀՀ գլխավոր դատախազը։ -->}} According to ''[[ArmeniaNow]]'' news agency "this was seen as the first territorial claim of Armenia to Turkey made on an official level. The prosecutor general is the carrier of the highest legal authority in the country, and his statement is equivalent to an official statement."<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan">{{cite news|last=Hayrumyan|first=Naira|title=Armenia and Year 2015: From Genocide recognition demand to demand for eliminating its consequences|url=http://armenianow.com/genocide/47534/armenia_turkey_genocide_recognition_aghvan_hovsepyan|accessdate=11 July 2013|date=11 July 2013|agency=[[ArmeniaNow]]}}</ref> In response, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 12 July 2013 denouncing Hovsepyan's statements. According to the Turkish side his statements reflect the "prevailing problematic mentality in Armenia as to the territorial integrity of its neighbor Turkey." The statement said that "one should be well aware that no one can presume to claim land from Turkey."<ref>{{cite web|title=QA-18, 12 July 2013, Statement of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey in Response to a Question Regarding the Declaration of the Prosecutor General of Armenia about the Border between Turkey and Armenia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/qa_18_-12-july-2013_-statement-of-the-spokesman-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-turkey-in-response-to-a-question-regarding-the-declaration-of-the-prosecutor-general-of-armenia-about-the-border-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref> ===Nakhichevan=== {{See also|Armenians in Nakhichevan}} [[File:Nakhichevan and Artsakh in Azerbaijan location map.png|thumb|285px|Nakhichevan shown in brown. The area ''de facto'' held by the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] shown in yellow.]] Armenian tradition says that Nakhichevan (Նախիջևան ''Naxidjevan'' in Armenian and Naxçıvan in Azerbaijani) was founded by [[Noah]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coene|first=Frederik|title=The Caucasus: an introduction |year=2009|publisher=Routedge |isbn=978-0-415-48660-6|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FqFMmVbfRfEC&pg=PA35&dq=Nakhchivan+Noah&hl=en&ei=9J3KTczQOcy38gO9t8nKBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nakhchivan%20Noah&f=false|page=35}}</ref> Armenians have been living in Nakhichevan since ancient times. It was one of ''gavars'' of [[Vaspurakan]] province of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]. In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] established by [[Artaxias I]].<ref name="Monuments">Ayvazyan, Argam. ''The Historical Monuments Of Nakhichevan'', pp.&nbsp;10–12. {{ISBN|0-8143-1896-7}}</ref> Within the kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhichevan was part of the [[Ayrarat]], [[Vaspurakan]] and [[Syunik (historic province)|Syunik]] provinces.{{sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=100}} By the 16th century, control of Nakhichevan passed to the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Persian Empire|Persia]]. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the earlier wars between Persia and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 14th to 18th centuries. In 1604–1605, [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas I]], concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas could potentially pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a [[scorched earth]] policy. He forced some 300,000 Armenians,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From The Eighteenth Century To Modern Times|year=2005|publisher=Wayne State Univ Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-3221-4|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmtPLvnrc38C|author1=Agop Jack Hacikyan |author2=Gabriel Basmajian |author3=Edward S. Franchuk |author4=Nourhan Ouzounian }}</ref> including the Armenian population of Nakhichevan to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of the [[Aras River]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gervers|first=Michael|title=Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries|year=1990|publisher=Pontifical Inst. of Mediaeval Studies|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-88844-809-5|page=230|author2=Bikhazi, Ramzi Jibran }}</ref> After the last [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1826-1828 Russo-Persian War]], Nakhichevan became part of Russia per the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] after Persia's forced ceding. [[Alexandr Griboyedov]], the Russian envoy to Persia, reported that 1,228 Armenian families from Persia migrated to Nakhichevan, while prior to their migration there were 2,024 Muslim and 404 Armenian families living in the province.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Письмо Паскевичу И. Ф., 1 октября 1828 - Грибоедов А.С.|url=http://www.griboedov.net/pisma/150.shtml|accessdate=30 July 2013|date=1 October 1828|language=ru}}</ref> According to the 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]], the Nakhichevan ''uyezd'' of the [[Erivan Governorate]] had a population of 100,771, of which 34,672 were Armenian (34.4%), while Caucasian Tatars (Azerbaijanis) numbered 64,151 or 63.7% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-Russian census of 1897 Nakhichevan uyezd ethnic composition|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=575|publisher=Demoscope Weekly|accessdate=29 June 2013|language=ru}}</ref> The proportion of Armenian was around 40% prior to World War I.<ref name="Starr">{{cite book|last=Starr|first=S. Frederick|title=The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1398-1|pages=247–248|authorlink=S. Frederick Starr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Donald Earl|title=Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-92914-2|page=7|author2=Miller, Lorna Touryan }}</ref> Nakhichevan was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan from 1918 to 1920 during the countries' brief independence. The Armenian population of Nakhichevan largely fled the area during the Ottoman invasion in 1918.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=229}} By June 1919, after the British troops left the area, [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] succeeded in establishing control over Nakhichevan. Some of the Nakhichevan Armenians returned to their homes in summer 1919.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=247}} Again, more violence erupted in 1919 leaving some 10,000 Armenians dead and some 45 Armenian villages destroyed.{{sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=266}} After the Soviet takeover of the Caucasus region in 1920 and 1921, the [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]], also known as the Treaty of Brotherhood, was signed between the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] and Soviet Russia on 16 March 1921. According to this treaty Nakhichevan became "an autonomous territory under the auspices of Azerbaijan, under the condition that Azerbaijan will not relinquish the protectorate to any third party."<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Moscow: March 16, 1921|url=http://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Vertrag-von-Moskau-16.-M%C3%A4rz-1921.pdf|publisher=Deutsch-Armenische Gesellschaft (DAG)|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Kars]] was signed between the Grand National Assembly and Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR on 13 October 1921. The treaty reaffirmed that the "Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhichevan&nbsp;... constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan."<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Kars|url=http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/Articles/1921Treaty%20of%20Kars.pdf|publisher=Armenian News Network / Groong|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> By the mid-1920s, the number of Armenians in Nakhichevan dwindled significantly and according to the [[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet census]] the 11,276 Armenians made up only 10.7% of the [[Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomous republic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1926|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/naxichevan26.html|publisher=[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet Census]]|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> During the Soviet period, the Armenians of Nakhichevan felt "pressured to leave."<ref name="Starr"/> According to the Soviet census of 1979, only 3,406 Armenians resided in Nakhichevan or 1.4% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azerbaijan SSR|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnazerbaijan.html|publisher=1979 Soviet Census|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> The last few thousand Armenians left Nakhichevan in 1988 amid the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=310}} In August 1987, the [[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]] started a petition to transfer Nakhichevan and Nagorno-Karabakh under jurisdiction of Armenia.{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=48}} In the [[Karabakh movement|nationalist movement to unite Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia]], Armenians "used the example of the slow "de-Armenianization" of Nakhichevan in the course of the twentieth century as an example of what they feared would happen to them."{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=133}}<ref name="Starr"/><!--"Armenians have charged the authorities of Soviet Azerbaijan with intentionally neglecting Karabagh to draw away the youth and manipulating the economy to diminish the self-sufficiency of the region and make it entirely dependent on Baku and other Azerbaijani cities. Claimed discrimination and second-class citizenship."--> During the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]], clashes occurred between Armenian and Azeri forces in the Nakhichevan-Armenia border, however, the war did not spill over into Nakhichevan. Turkey, Azerbaijan's close ally, threatened to intervene if Armenia invaded Nakhichevan.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=203}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=Hugh|title=Turkey 'must show its teeth' to Armenia: Military help for Azerbaijan urged|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/turkey-must-show-its-teeth-to-armenia-military-help-for-azerbaijan-urged-1453934.html|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=7 April 1993}}</ref> Nakhichevan was in center of attention during the destruction of the [[Armenian cemetery in Julfa]] in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/azerbaijan-famous-medieval-cemetery-vanishes|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=27 April 2006|agency=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan|url=http://shr.aaas.org/geotech/azerbaijan/Azerbaijan_Report.pdf|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=5 December 2010|agency=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sarah Pickman|title=Tragedy on the Araxes|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]|date=30 June 2006}}</ref> According to the [[Research on Armenian Architecture]], most of the Armenian churches, monasteries and cemeteries were destroyed by Azerbaijan in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gevorgyan|first=Alisa|title=How the Armenian trace was erased from Nakhijevan|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2012/11/13/how-the-armenian-trace-was-erased-from-nakhijevan/|accessdate=28 July 2013|date=13 November 2012|agency=[[Public Radio of Armenia]]}}</ref> The Armenian government has never made any claims to Nakhichevan, although there have been calls by nationalist circles (including [[Hayazn]],<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:"Հայազն" կուսակցությունը դատապարտում է ԼՂՀ ԱԳ նախարարի հայտարարությունները|url=http://www.aravot.am/2013/06/20/257003/|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[Aravot]]|date=20 June 2013|language=hy|quote=Հավանական պատերազմի դեպքում Ադրբեջանին բռնակցված մյուս շրջանների' մասնավորապես Գանձակի և Նախիջևանի ազատագրում և պաշտպանական հայեցակարգի համապատասխանեցում այդ նպատակներին:}}</ref> [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]] youth wing<ref>{{cite news|title=Խոստանում են ազատագրել Նախիջեւանը [Promise to liberate Nakhichevan]|url=http://www.a1plus.am/34921.html|date=27 November 2009|agency=[[A1plus]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611145719/http://www.a1plus.am/34921.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|language=hy}}</ref> and prominent Nagorno-Karabakh War veteran [[Jirair Sefilian]])<ref>{{cite news|title=The next must be Nakhijevan|url=http://www.azg.am/wap/?nl=EN&id=2007092106&Base_PUB=0|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=Azg Daily|date=21 September 2007}} ([archived])</ref> to forcibly annex Nakhichevan in case Azerbaijan attacks Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:Պետք է վերցնել Նախիջևանը|url=http://www.lragir.am/index.php/arm/0/politics/view/36886|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=Lragir.am|date=15 July 2010|language=hy}}</ref> Rəfael Hüseynov, the Director of the [[Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature]], in his written question to the [[Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe]] in 2007 claimed that the "seizure Nakhichevan is one of the main military goals of Armenia."<ref>{{cite web|title=The serious threats arising from Armenia's invasive plans towards the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and the responsibility of the Council of Europe|url=http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11689&Language=EN|publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]]|accessdate=26 July 2013|date=27 June 2007}}</ref> Writing in the ''[[Harvard International Review]]'' in 2011 US-based Azerbaijani historian Alec Rasizade suggested that "Armenian ideologues have lately started to talk about the return of Nakhichevan."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rasizade|first=Alec|title=Azerbaijan’s Chances in the Karabakh Conflict|journal=[[Harvard International Review]]|date=18 January 2011|url=http://hir.harvard.edu/azerbaijans-chances-in-the-karabakh-conflict/}}</ref> == Public opinion == [[File:Ararat is and remains Armenian.jpg|thumb|225x|[[Lebanese Armenians]] holding a poster during Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]]'s visit to Beirut in November 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/Nov/26/Armenian-protest-against-Erdogan-visit-turns-violent.ashx#axzz2XWWLJBKD|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|date=26 November 2010}}</ref> The text reads "[[Mount Ararat|[Mount] Ararat]] is and remains Armenian".]] [[File:Armenia and Artsakh graffiti in Yerevan.jpg|thumb|left|225x|A graffiti in [[Yerevan]] of the map outline of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The text reads "Liberated, not occupied."]] There are no public opinion data concerning the United Armenia concept, however, it is popular among Armenians according to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goksel|first=Nigar|title=The Turkey-Armenia border, mental maps and incoherent policies|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=the-turkey-armenia-border-mental-maps-and-incoherent-policies-2008-01-28|accessdate=26 June 2013|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=28 January 2008|quote=For borders with Turkey to open, Armenia must recognize the border with Turkey clearly, thus ending the popular (among Armenians) vision of “Greater Armenia.”}}</ref> Moshe Gammer of the [[Tel Aviv University]] and Emil Souleimanov of the [[Charles University in Prague]] both suggest that the concept is popular in the Armenian diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gammer|first=Moshe|title=The Caspian Region, Volume 2: The Caucasus, Volume 2|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-00512-5|page=32|quote=In the first place 'Greater Armenia' is a concept which is said to have adherents in mono-ethnic Armenians as well as among the Armenian diaspora the world over.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Souleimanov|first=Emil|title=Understanding Ethnopolitical Conflict: Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28024-4|chapter=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yfQzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155&dq=armenian+genocide+recognition+territorial+claims&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fasKUqezIdOj4AOZwIGQDA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=armenian%20genocide%20recognition%20territorial%20claims&f=false Turkey's Relations with Armenia]|quote=...&nbsp;the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, one of the most influential political parties inside Armenia, still regards the "returning" of territory in eastern Anatolia as one of the priority goals of its activities; while the Armenian diaspora around the world is apt to strongly sympathize with this aspiration.}}</ref> [[Gerard Libaridian]] wrote in 2007:<ref>{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerald J.|title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-0648-0|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian|p=42}}</ref> {{quote frame|While it is true that not all Armenians in the Diaspora share the vision of a united Armenia as a political program, territorial aspirations were sustained, nonetheless, by the deep sense of injustice that Armenians generally felt [by the Turkish denial of the genocide and lack of any kind of compensation for the genocide losses]}} A 2014 survey in Armenia asked what kind of demands should Armenia make to Turkey. Some 80% agreed that Armenia should make territorial claims (30% said only territorial claims, while another 50% said territorial, moral, financial, and proprietary). Only 5.5% said no demands should be made.<ref name="barometer.am">{{cite web|title=Ի՞նչ ենք ուզում Թուրքիայից [What do we want from Turkey?]|url=http://www.barometer.am/news/real-politics/20141219/178/|website=barometer.am|language=hy|date=19 December 2014}}</ref> According to a 2012 survey, 36% of Armenians asked agree or somewhat agree that Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide will result in territorial compensation, while 45% believe it will not.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucasus Barometer 2012 Armenia: Armenia will receive territorial compensation, if Turkey recognizes the Genocide|url=http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2012am/ARMGEN73/|publisher=Caucasus Research Resource Centers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611014035/http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2012am/ARMGEN73/|archivedate=11 June 2014|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> The online publication Barometer.am wrote: "It appears that our pragmatic population believes that all possible demands should be forwarded to Turkey [...] but a relative majority consider the practival realization of territorial claims to Turkey is unrealistic."<ref name="barometer.am"/> One researcher wrote in the ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' magazine in 2016 that "[f]ew in Armenia support [the] pleas to use Karabakh as a springboard to recreate 'Greater Armenia.' But the idea that Karabakh must be held no matter the cost is widespread."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pheiffer|first1=Evan|title=A Place to Live For|journal=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|date=1 June 2016|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/06/nagorno-karabakh-armenia-azerbaijan-four-day-war/}}</ref> According to a 2013 Caucasus Barometer survey, when asked about having Nagorno-Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia, 77% of respondents "definitely favor" such a status, 13% would be "accepting under certain circumstances", and 7% oppose it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucasus Barometer 2013 Armenia: Have Nagorno-Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia|url=http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_1/|publisher=Caucasus Research Resource Centers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611004658/http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_1/|archivedate=11 June 2014|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> When asked about Nagorno-Karabakh becoming an independent country, 56% would "definitely favor" such a status, 18% would be "accepting under certain circumstances", and 24% said they would "never accept" it.<ref>http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_2/</ref> == In culture == [[File:Armenia map in Road home cartoon.png|thumb|275px|The map of Armenia as seen in 2005 animated film ''Road home''.]] The concept of creating a united state that would include all Armenian-populated areas has been the main theme of the [[Armenian revolutionary songs]]. [[Nersik Ispiryan]] and [[Harout Pamboukjian]] are among the most famous performers of such songs. One of the most widely known examples of these songs is "We must go" (Պիտի գնանք, Piti gnank) by ''[[Gusans|gusan]]'' Haykazun written in 1989:<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Պիտի գնանք|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?206.50|publisher=National Center of Educational Technologies|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=hy}}</ref> {| cellpadding=6 |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" | :Ախ էն երկրի հողին մատաղ, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ, :Սիրով լինի, սրով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ, :Արարատի գլխին դրոշ պիտի՛ դնենք վաղ թե ուշ, :Հերթով լինի, երթով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ: :Թեկուզ անանց պարիսպներով մեզ բաժանեն մեր երկրից, :Հրով լինի, սրով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ: | :Oh, God bless that country, that we must go to sooner or later, :With love it will be or with sword, we must go sooner or later, :We must put a flag on [[Mount Ararat|Ararat]] sooner or later, :With line it will be or with march, we must go sooner or later. :Even if impassable fences separate us from our country, :With fire it will be or sword, we must go sooner or later. |} From 2005 to 2008, four short [[animated cartoon]]s were released by the [[Armenfilm|National Cinema Center of Armenia]] called ''Road home'' (Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն) produced by Armenian animator [[Robert Sahakyants]]. It tells a story of a group of school children from [[Erzurum|Karin]] (Erzurum) in 2050 taking a trip throughout the "liberated from enemy" territories: [[Tigranakert (Silvan)|Tigranakert]], [[Bitlis|Baghesh]] (Bitlis), [[Muş|Mush]] and [[Akdamar Island]]. The country they live in is called ''Hayk' '' (Հայք) after the [[Name of Armenia|historical name of Armenia]]. The series was aired by the [[Public Television of Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն|trans_title=Road Home|language=hy|url=http://www.ncca.am/producing/view/article/21|publisher=National Cinema Center of Armenia|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611145221/http://www.ncca.am/producing/view/article/21|archivedate=11 June 2014 }}</ref> In one of his last interviews, Sahakyants stated: "If today I'm shooting a film about how we are going to return Western Armenia, then I'm convinced that it will definitely take place."<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Аплодисменты Роберту Саакянцу|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/10/29/aplodismenty-robertu-saakyancu/|newspaper=[[Yerkramas]]|date=29 October 2011|language=ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611143031/http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/10/29/aplodismenty-robertu-saakyancu/|archivedate=11 June 2014}}</ref> == Reaction == ===In Turkey=== [[File:Coat of arms of Armenia.svg|thumb|230px|Some Turkish sources have speculated that the [[Coat of arms of Armenia]], which features [[Mount Ararat]], currently located in Turkey, is part of the Armenian claims.<ref name="turkishpress"/><ref name="Hürriyet 2000"/><ref name="Bal"/> ]] {{see also|Sèvres Syndrome}} In December 1991, Turkey became one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relations between Turkey and Armenia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Armenia–Turkey relations]] deteriorated during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh war]], during which Turkey aligned itself with Azerbaijan. Turkey shares the Turkic heritage with Azerbaijan and the two countries are generally seen as allies in the region. The expression "one nation, two states" has been often used to describe the [[Azerbaijan–Turkey relations|relations of these countries]].{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=391}} In Turkey, "many believe that Armenia's territorial claims are the main reason why the Armenian administration and lobbyists are pushing for global recognition" of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name="turkishpress">{{cite news|last=Sirmen|first=Ali|title=A Careful Policy Is Necessity|url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=167062|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=Turkish Press|date=16 March 2007|quote=Armenia's policy of seeking Greater Armenia is still being pushed. Under this policy, firstly the so-called genocide will be recognized and compensation and territorial claims against Turkey will follow.}}</ref><ref name="Hürriyet 2000"/> The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism credits the idea of "Great Armenia" to Armenian President [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dream Of A Greater Armenia|url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,32317/the-dream-of-a-greater-armenia.html|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> According to Prof. İdris Bal "Turkey considers Armenian policy (and the activities of its powerful diaspora groups) since 1989 to be against its national security interests and territorial integrity. Armenia's failure to recognize the Kars Agreement, along with the frequent public references to eastern Turkey as 'Western Armenia,' provides a serious irritant to Turkey. The Turkish Mt. Ararat is pictured in the official Armenian state emblem, which Turkey interprets as a sign that the 'greater Armenia' vision is still very much alive."<ref name="Bal">{{cite book|last=Bal|first=İdris|title=Turkish foreign policy in post cold war era|year=2004|publisher=BrownWalker Press|location=Boca Raton, Fl.|isbn=978-1-58112-423-1|page=272}}</ref> According to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'' some "foreign policy experts draw attention to the fact that Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey, citing certain phrases in the [[Armenian Constitution]] and Declaration of Independence."<ref name="Hürriyet 2000">{{cite news|title=Experts suggest Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=experts-suggest-armenia-has-territorial-claims-over-turkey-2000-12-06|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=26 June 2000}}</ref> The [[Armenia Declaration of Independence]] was passed on 23 August 1990 officially declaring "the beginning of the process of establishing of independent statehood positioning the question of the creation of a democratic society." It was signed by [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]], the President of the Supreme Council, who became the first President of Armenia in 1991.<ref name="1990 Declaration of Independence"/> Article 11 of the declaration read: :::"The Republic of Armenia stands in support of the task of achieving international recognition of the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey and Western Armenia."<ref name="1990 Declaration of Independence">{{cite web|title=Armenian Declaration of Independence|url=http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2602&lang=eng|publisher=National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> Turkish historian and political scientist Umut Uzer characterized Armenian territorials claims to eastern Turkey as "a racist and irredentist demand with regard to a territory which has never in history had an Armenian majority population. And these demands are buttressed with genocide claims which in fact deny the very existence of Turkey in its current borders."<ref>{{cite news|last=Uzer|first=Umut|title=The fallacies of the Armenian nationalist narrative|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-fallacies-of-the-Armenian-nationalist-narrative-399368|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> ===In Azerbaijan=== {{see also|Anti-Armenianism in Azerbaijan}} Azerbaijani President [[Heydar Aliyev]] in 1998 stated in his "[[:wikisource:Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people|Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people]]" that the "artificial territorial division in essence created the preconditions for implementing the policy of expelling Azerbaijanis from their lands and annihilating them. The concept of 'greater Armenia' began to be propagated."<ref>{{cite web|title=Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani|url=http://www.human.gov.az/?sehife=etrafli&sid=MTMyMjMzMTA4MTMyNjE1Mw==&dil=en|publisher=Azerbaijani State Commission on Prisoners of War, Hostages and Missing Persons|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150329/http://www.human.gov.az/?sehife=etrafli&sid=MTMyMjMzMTA4MTMyNjE1Mw==&dil=en|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=26 March 1998}}</ref> In 2012, President of Azerbaijan and son of Heydar Aliyev, [[Ilham Aliyev]], who has made several statements toward Armenia and Armenians in past such as "our main enemies are Armenians of the world",<ref>{{cite web|title=Closing Speech by Ilham Aliyev at the conference on the results of the third year into the "State Program on the socioeconomic development of districts for 2009–2013"|url=http://en.president.az/articles/4423|publisher=[[President of Azerbaijan|Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150354/http://en.president.az/articles/4423|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=28 February 2012}}</ref> stated that "Over the past two centuries, Armenian bigots, in an effort to materialize their 'Great Armenia' obsession at the expense of historically Azerbaijani lands, have repeatedly committed crimes against humanity such as terrorism, mass extermination, deportation and ethnic cleansing of our people."<ref>{{cite web|title=Address to the people of Azerbaijan on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Khojaly genocide|url=http://en.president.az/articles/4372|publisher=Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150441/http://en.president.az/articles/4372|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=23 February 2012}}</ref> ==See also== {{Col-begin}} {{Col-3}} *[[Armenian nationalism]] *[[Foreign relations of Armenia]] *[[Armenian national liberation movement]] *[[Armenian Question]] {{Col-3}} ;Other irrendentist concepts *[[Pan-Turkism]] *[[Whole Azerbaijan]] *''[[Megali Idea]]'' *[[Greater Israel]] {{Col-3}} {{Col-end}} ==References== ;Notes {{notelist}} ;Citations {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Zakarian">{{cite news|last1=Zakarian|first1=Armen|title=Dashnaktsutyun Demands Autonomy For Javakheti Armenians|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1573045.html|work=azatutyun.am|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=6 February 2004}}</ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{Div col|cols=3}} *{{cite book|title=The frontier between Armenia and Turkey as decided by President Woodrow Wilson, November 22, 1920|year=1920|publisher=Armenian National Committee|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028610677}} *{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919. 1|year=1971|publisher=University of California Publishing|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-01805-1|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|title=Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History|year=1993|publisher=Indiana university press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Chorbajian|first=Levon|title=The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh|year=1994|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85649-288-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Verluise|first=Pierre|title=Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake|year=1995|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8|authorlink=:fr:Pierre Verluise|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-30610-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|authorlink=Robert H. Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-33228-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-98887-9|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Ambrosio|first=Thomas|title=Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-97260-8|authorlink=Thomas Ambrosio|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|title=Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia|year=2002|publisher=Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61|location=Uppsala|isbn=91-506-1600-5|url=http://www.nukri.org/modules/CmodsDownload/upload/Politics/Domestic_policy/0419dissertation.pdf|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|title=[[Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War]]|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=David L.|title=Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation|year=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84545-007-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerald J.|title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=978-1-4128-0648-0|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Papian|first=Ara|authorlink=Ara Papian|script-title=hy:Հայոց պահանջատիրության իրավական հիմունքները|trans_title=Legal Bases for Armenian Claims|year=2009|publisher=Modus Vivendi|location=Yerevan|language=hy|url=http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/EastArm.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419123829/http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/EastArm.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-04-19|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Harutyunyan|first=Arus|title=Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization|year=2009|publisher=Western Michigan University|location=Kalamazoo, Michigan|isbn=978-1-109-12012-7|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Leoussi|first=Athena S.|title=The call of the homeland: diaspora nationalisms, past and present|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-18210-3 |first2=Allon |last2=Gal |first3=Anthony D. |last3=Smith |ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Hille|first=Charlotte Mathilde Louise|title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-17901-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Alex|title=The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mlUS7rlhcC|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-203-84700-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|year=2011|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7656-3004-9|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} {{Div col end}} {{Armenian nationalism|state=expanded}} {{Irredentism|state=expanded}} {{Pan-nationalist concepts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Unitd Armenia}} [[Category:Irredentism|Armenia]] [[Category:Middle East]] [[Category:Armenia–Turkey relations]] [[Category:Armenian nationalism]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Stupid}} {{Stupidism}} ===Only yours F*ckin` Dreams === {{Pan-nationalist concepts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Unitd Armenia}} [[Category:Irredentism|Armenia]] [[Category:Middle East]] [[Category:Armenia–Turkey relations]] [[Category:Armenian nationalism]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,362 +1,5 @@ -{{good article}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} -[[File:United Armenia.png|thumb|300px|right|The modern concept of United Armenia as claimed by the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].<ref name="crisisgroup"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/><br />Orange: areas overwhelmingly populated by Armenians (Republic of Armenia: 98%;<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census Results|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|website=armstat.am|publisher=National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|page=144}}</ref> Nagorno-Karabakh: 99%;<ref name="stat-nkr"/> Javakheti: 95%)<ref name="geostat"/><br />Yellow: Historically Armenian areas with presently no or insignificant Armenian population (Western Armenia and Nakhichevan)]] -[[File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Mount Ararat]], today located in Turkey, as seen from Armenia's capital [[Yerevan]]. It symbolizes Western Armenia in Armenian public mind.{{efn|"The lands of Western Armenia which Mt. Ararat represent..."<ref name="Shirinian">{{cite book|first=Lorne|last=Shirinian|year=1992|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=978-0773496132|p=78}}</ref> "mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western Armenia"<ref>{{cite web|last=Adriaans|first=Rik|title=Sonorous Borders: National Cosmology & the Mediation of Collective Memory in Armenian Ethnopop Music |url=http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=224083 |publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]] |format=M.Sc. Thesis |year=2011 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121009/http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=224083 |archivedate=5 March 2016 |p=48}}</ref>"...Ararat, which is in the territory of modern Turkey but symbolizes the dream of all Armenians around the globe about the lands lost to the west of this biblical mountain." <ref>{{cite news|last=Khojoyan|first=Sara|title=Beyond and Inside: Turk look on Ararat with Armenian perception|url=http://www.armenianow.com/features/8966/beyond_and_inside_turk_look_on_ara|work=[[ArmeniaNow]]|date=1 August 2008}}</ref>}}]] - -'''United Armenia''' ([[Classical Armenian orthography|classical]] {{lang-hy|Միացեալ Հայաստան}}, [[Armenian orthography reform|reformed]]: Միացյալ Հայաստան, [[Romanization of Armenian|translit.]] ''Miatsyal Hayastan''), also known as ''Greater Armenia'' or ''Great Armenia'', is an [[Armenian nationalist|Armenian ethno-nationalist]] [[Irredentism|irredentist]] concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the [[Armenian Highland]]—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by [[Armenians]]. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun) and [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]], the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] and others. - -The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to [[Western Armenia]] (eastern [[Turkey]]), [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|Nagorno-Karabakh]] (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]] of [[Azerbaijan]] and the [[Javakheti]] (Javakhk) region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="crisisgroup"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/> Nagorno-Karabakh and Javakhk are overwhelmingly inhabited by Armenians. Western Armenia and Nakhichevan had significant Armenian populations in the early 20th century, but no longer do. The Armenian population of eastern Turkey was almost completely exterminated during the [[Armenian Genocide|genocide of 1915]], when the millennia-long Armenian presence in the area largely ended and [[Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey|Armenian cultural heritage]] was mainly destroyed by the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3|page=22|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Adam|title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25981-6|page=114}}</ref> In 1919 the ARF-dominated government of the [[First Republic of Armenia]] declared the formal unification of Armenian lands. The ARF bases its claims to Turkey on the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which was effectively negated by subsequent historical events. The territorial claims to Turkey are often seen as the ultimate goal of the [[recognition of the Armenian Genocide]] and the hypothetical [[Armenian Genocide reparations|reparations of the genocide]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Theriault|first=Henry|title=The Global Reparations Movement and Meaningful Resolution of the Armenian Genocide|work=[[The Armenian Weekly]]|date=6 May 2010|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/05/06/reparations-2/| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510063921/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/05/06/reparations-2/|archivedate= 10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stepanyan|first=S.|year=2012|language=hy|location=Yerevan|publisher=[[Armenian Academy of Sciences]]|journal=[[Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri]]|title=Հայոց ցեղասպանության ճանաչումից ու դատապարտումից մինչև Հայկական հարցի արդարացի լուծում [From the Recognition and Condemnation of the Armenian Genocide to the Just Resolution of the Armenian Question]|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/5595/|issue=1|p=34|issn= 0320-8117|quote=Արդի ժամանակներում Հայկական հարցը իր էությամբ նպատակամղված է Թուրքիայի կողմից արևմտահայության բնօրրան, ցեղասպանության և տեղահանության ենթարկված Արևմտյան Հայաստանը` հայրենիքը կորցրած հայերի ժառանգներին և Հայաստանի Հանրապետությանը վերադարձնելուն:}}</ref> - -The most recent Armenian irredentist movement, the [[Karabakh movement]] that began in 1988, sought to unify Nagorno-Karabakh with then-Soviet Armenia. As a result of the subsequent [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|war]] with Azerbaijan, the Armenian forces have established effective control over most of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding districts, thus succeeding in ''[[de facto]]'' unification of Armenia and Karabakh.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=146|ps=: "...&nbsp;Armenia's successful irrendentist project in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan."}}<ref name="Hughes 2002 211">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=James|title=Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict|year=2002|publisher=Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8210-5|page=211|quote=Indeed, Nagorno-Karabakh is de facto part of Armenia.}}</ref> Some Armenian nationalists consider Nagorno-Karabakh "the first stage of a United Armenia."<ref>{{cite news|title=ARS Marks Centennial With Pilgrimage to Der Zor, Armenia and Karabakh|url=http://asbarez.com/90971/ars-marks-centennial-with-pilgrimage-to-der-zor-armenia-and-karabakh/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=30 December 2010|quote=...Artsakh, the guiding light of Armenian victories and the first stage of a United Armenia}}</ref> - -==History of the claims== -[[File:Ethnic map of Asia Minor and Caucasus in 1914.jpg|thumb|275px|A German ethnographic map of [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Caucasus]] in 1914. Armenians are labeled in blue.]] - -===Origins=== -{{further|Armenian national liberation movement}} -The term "United Armenia" was created during the [[Armenian national awakening]] in the second half of the 19th century. -During this period, the Armenian-populated areas were divided between the [[Russian Empire]] ([[Eastern Armenia]]) and the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Western Armenia]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaligian|first=Dikran Mesrob|title=Armenian Organization and Ideology under Ottoman Rule: 1908–1914|publisher=Transaction|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-1-4128-4834-3|page=1}}</ref> One of the earliest uses of the phrase "United Armenia" is by the English [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]] in an 1899 edition of ''Free Russia'' monthly. It quotes a confidential report of [[Grigory Golitsin]] (the Russian governor of the Caucasus) sent to tsar [[Nicholas II]] "containing suggestions for a future policy." Golitsin is convinced that there exists a nationalist movement which "aims at the restoration of the independent Armenia of the past." Golitsin writes that "their ideal is one great and united Armenia."<ref>''Free Russia'', the Organ of the English [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]], Volumes 6-10, 1895–1899, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_t85AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA55&dq=%22United+Armenia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kv79Ua2WAZHe4APtkYCoCg&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22United%20Armenia%22&f=false 55]</ref> - -The idea of an independent and united Armenia was the main goal of the [[Armenian national liberation movement]] during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishkanian|first=Armine|title=Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-92922-3|page=5}}</ref> By the 1890s, a low-intensity armed conflict developed between the three major Armenian parties—the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (Dashnak), [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hnchak]] and [[Armenakan Party|Armenakan]]— and the Ottoman government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzig|first=Edmund|title=The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity|year=2005|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-00493-7|page=79|author2=Kurkchiyan, Marina }}</ref> Calls from the great powers for reforms in the Armenian provinces and Armenian aspirations of independence resulted in the [[Hamidian massacres]] between 1894 and 1896, during which up to 300,000 Armenian civilians were slaughtered by the order of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]], after whom the massacres were named.<ref>{{cite book|last=Totten|first=Samuel|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|pages=56–57|authorlink=Samuel Totten}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Freedman|first=Jeri|title=The Armenian genocide|year=2009|publisher=Rosen Pub. Group|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4042-1825-3|page=12}}</ref> After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]], some Armenians felt that the situation would improve; however, a year later the [[Adana massacre]] took place and Turkish-Armenian relations deteriorated further.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|title=Fires of hatred : ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-00994-3|page=83|authorlink=Norman Naimark}}</ref> After the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912–1913, the Ottoman government was pushed to accept the [[Armenian reform package|reforms]] in the Armenian provinces in early 1914.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0-691-15333-9|page=129|authorlink=Taner Akçam}}</ref> - -[[File:Armenian Genocide Map-en.svg|275px|thumb|The Armenians living in their ancestral lands were exterminated during the Armenian Genocide in 1915]] - -=== World War I and the Armenian Genocide === -The Armenians of eastern Ottoman Empire were exterminated by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years. An estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php|publisher=[[Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute]]|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|accessdate=5 August 2013|authorlink=John Kifner}}</ref> while the survivors found refuge in other countries. These events, which are known as the [[Armenian Genocide]], are officially denied by the Turkish state, which falsely claims the killings were a result of a "civil war."<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide|year=2005|publisher=University of Utah Press|location=Salt Lake City|isbn=978-0-87480-849-0|page=115}}</ref> The Ottoman government successfully ended the over two thousand year Armenian presence in [[Western Armenia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2129-7|page=174|author1=Marie-Aude Baronian |author2=Stephan Besser |author3=Yolande Jansen }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shirinian|first=Lorne|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|year=1992|publisher=E. Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-9613-2|page=ix}}</ref> - -By 1916, most of [[Western Armenia]] was occupied by the Russian Empire as part of the [[Caucasian Campaign]] of World War I. In parts of the occupied areas, especially around [[Van, Turkey|Van]], an Armenian autonomy was briefly set up. The Russian army left the region due to the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Revolution of 1917]]. The Ottoman Empire quickly regained the territories from the small number of irregular Armenian units. In the Caucasus, the [[Special Transcaucasian Committee]] was set up after the [[February Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|page=237}}</ref> - -The Bolsheviks took power in Russia through the [[October Revolution]] and soon signed the [[Armistice of Erzincan]] to stop the combat in Turkish Armenia. Russian forces abandoned their positions and left the area under weak Armenian control. The Bolsheviks set up the [[Transcaucasian Commissariat]] in the Caucasus. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed on 3 March 1918 and the Ottoman army started to regain the lost territories, taking over [[Kars]] by 25 April.<ref>{{cite book|last=McMeekin|first=Sean|title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: the Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for world power|year=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-05853-8|page=331}}</ref> Russia signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] with the Ottoman Empire and by April 1918 the [[Transcaucasian Federation]] proclaimed its independence from Russia. This fragile federation of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan collapsed when the Turks invaded the Caucasus region. The Armenian units defeated the Turks at the [[Battle of Sardarabad]], just 40 kilometers away from Armenia's future capital [[Yerevan]], preventing the complete destruction of the Armenian nation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Balakian|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2003|page=321|isbn=0-06-055870-9}}</ref> - -[[File:Armenia in Paris Peace Conference 1919.jpg|300px|thumb|A map presented by the Armenian National Delegation (representing [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenians]]){{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=227}} to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]].<ref>{{cite book|title=America as Mandatary for Armenia|url=https://archive.org/details/americaasmandata00amer|year=1919|publisher=[[Armenian National Committee of America|American Committee for the Independence of Armenia]]|location=New York|page=2}}</ref>]] - -A 1918 book by American scholars [[Lothrop Stoddard]] and [[Glenn Frank]], titled ''Stakes of the War'' listed 8 solutions to the Armenian Question as proposed by different parties. The second proposal, titled "United Armenia", is described as follows:<ref>https://archive.org/stream/stakeswarsummar00frangoog#page/n310/mode/2up</ref> -{{quotation|A union of territories of Turkish, Russian, and Persian Armenia would result in enough area to constitute an independent state, but in no considerable section of this area would the Armenians form a clear majority of the population. To be sure, the Armenians would be the most intelligent and progressive element; but their numbers and their vitality has been greatly reduced by the long series of persecutions and massacres, and there has been such extensive destruction of property in these territories, that their potential force has been reduced as to form a serious bar to their gaining the ascendancy over the more numerous racial elements in the territory.}} - -=== First Republic of Armenia: 1918–20 === -{{see also|First Republic of Armenia}} -[[File:Alexander Khatisian.png|thumb|175px|Armenia's Prime Minister [[Alexander Khatisian]] declared the formal unification of the Armenian lands in 1919.]] - -The [[Armenian National Council (1917—1918)|Armenian National Council]] declared the independence of the Armenian provinces on 28 May 1918.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919|year=1971|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-01805-1|page=33|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> It was recognized by the Ottoman Empire by the [[Treaty of Batum]] on 4 June 1918.<ref>{{cite book|last=Derogy|first=Jacques|title=Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations|year=1990|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3316-5|page=45}}</ref> After its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire and the Allies signed the [[Armistice of Mudros]] by which the Turkish troops left the Caucasus and by 1919 the Republic of Armenia established control over the former [[Kars Oblast]], the city of [[Iğdır]] and its surrounding territory, including [[Mount Ararat]].{{sfn|Hille|2010|p=84}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|title=Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History|year=1993|publisher=Indiana university press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=128|authorlink=Ronald Suny}}</ref> - -On 28 May 1919, on the first anniversary of the Republic of Armenia, the government of the newly founded country symbolically declared the union of Eastern and Western Armenia, the latter of which was still under the full control of the Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian people from ancient to modern times|year=2004|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9|page=323}}</ref> [[Alexander Khatisian]], the Armenian Prime Minister, read the declaration:<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatisian|first=Alexander|title=Հայաստանի Հանրապետության ծագումն ու զարգացումը [The Creation and Development of the Republic of Armenia]|year=1930|location=Athens|pages=129–130|authorlink=Alexander Khatisian}}</ref>{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=461-462}} -{{cquote|To restore the integrity of Armenia and to secure the complete freedom and prosperity of its people, the Government of Armenia, abiding by the solid will and desire of the entire Armenian people, declares that from this day forward the separated parts of Armenia are everlastingly combined as an independent political entity. - -Now in promulgating this act of unification and independence of the ancestral Armenian lands located in Transcaucasia and the Ottoman Empire, the Government of Armenia declares that the political system of United Armenia is a democratic republic and that it has become the Government of the United Republic of Armenia. - -Thus, the people of Armenia are henceforth the supreme lord and master of their consolidated fatherland, and the Parliament and Government of Armenia stand as the supreme legislative and executive authority conjoining the free people of United Armenia.}} - -====Treaty of Sèvres ==== -[[File:Boundary between Turkey and Armenia as determined by Woodrow Wilson 1920.jpg|thumb|225px|The Armenian-Turkish border by the Treaty of Sèvres]] -Almost two years after the [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] was established, on 23 April 1920, the United States officially recognized it. Its frontiers were to be determined later. On 26 April 1920, the Supreme Council of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in Paris (British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], French Prime Minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] and Italian Prime Minister [[Francesco Saverio Nitti]]) requested that the United States accept the mandate over Armenia and to make an Arbitral Decision to determine the boundaries of Armenia with Turkey.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=152}} President [[Woodrow Wilson]] agreed to act as arbitrator and draw a mutually acceptable border between the two nations. In July 1920, the [[US State Department]] founded the Committee upon the Arbitration of the Boundary between Turkey and Armenia, headed by William Westermann. The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was signed on 10 August 1920. On 28 September 1920, the Committee submitted a report that defined the border between Armenia and Turkey. It guaranteed access to the Mediterranean sea for Armenia via [[Trabzon|Trebizond]] and proclaimed Turkey's border regions demilitarization frontier line.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=153}} - -A territory of 40,000 square miles or 103,599 square kilometers, formerly part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], was given to Armenia. Based on the calculations the committee made, the ethnic structure of the 3,570,000 population would have been: 49% Muslims (Turks, Kurds, Tartar Azerbaijanis, and others), 40% Armenians, 5% Lazes, 4% Greeks, and 1% others. It was expected that in the case Armenian refugees' return, they would make up to 50% of the population.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=154}} Two months after the committee submitted the report to the State Department, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] received it on 12 November 1920. Ten days later, Wilson signed the report entitled "Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier."{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=155}} The report was sent to the US ambassador in Paris [[Hugh Campbell Wallace]] on 24 November 1920.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=158}} On 6 December 1920, Wallace delivered the documents to the secretary-general of the peace conference for submission to the Allied Supreme Council.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=158}} - -==== Fall of the First Republic ==== -In late September 1920, a [[Turkish–Armenian War|war]] erupted between Armenia and the [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]]-led Turkish nationalists ([[Government of the Grand National Assembly]]) led by [[Kâzım Karabekir]] took place. Turks [[Battle of Kars (1920)|captured Kars]] on 30 October 1920.{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=142}} With the Turkish army in [[Alexandropol]], the Bolsheviks invaded the country from the north east, and on 29 November 1920, they proclaimed Armenia a Soviet state. On 2 December 1920, Armenia became a Soviet state according to a joint proclamation of Armenia's Defence Minister [[Drastamat Kanayan|Dro]] and Soviet representative [[Boris Legran]] in [[Yerevan]]. Armenia was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Alexandropol]] with the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] on the night of 2–3 December 1920.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle - Partition and Sovietization|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-08804-7|pages=394–396|authorlink=Richard Hovannisian}}</ref>{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=143}}{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=132}} The Treaty of Sèvres and Wilson's award remained "dead letters."<ref name="Sicker">{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire|year=2001|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96891-5|page=225}}</ref> - -Just after the Soviet invasion of Armenia in November 1920, the Soviet Azerbaijani leader [[Nariman Narimanov]] declared that "the old borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared null and void. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia."{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=133}} Despite these assurances, both Nakhichevan and Karabakh were kept under Azerbaijani control for another eight months.{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=135}} On 16 March 1921, Soviet Russia and the Government of the Grand National Assembly signed the [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]]. By this treaty, Kars and Ardahan were ceded to Turkey, and [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]] was put under "protectorate" of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Hille|2010|pp=157-158}} The [[Treaty of Kars]] was signed between the Grand National Assembly Government on one side and Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR and Azerbaijan SSR on the other, reaffirming the Treaty of Moscow.{{sfn|Hille|2010|p=159}} - -===Post-World War II: 1945–53 === -[[File:Armenian and Georgian claims to Turkish Territory, map done by British Foreign Office, May, 1946..jpg|thumb|225px|Armenian and Georgian claims to Turkish Territory, [[British Foreign Office]], May 1946]] -[[File:USSR territorial claims to Turkey 1945-1953.png|thumb]] -After the end of [[World War II]] in Europe, the Soviet Union made territorial claims to Turkey. [[Joseph Stalin]] pushed Turkey to cede [[Kars]] and [[Ardahan]], thus returning the pre-[[World War I]] boundary between the Russian and Ottoman empires. Besides these provinces, the Soviet Union also claimed the Straits (see [[Turkish Straits crisis]]). "Stalin, perhaps, expected that the Turks, shocked by the Red Army's triumph, would give up, and Washington and London accept it as a ''[[fait accompli]]''," writes Jamil Hasanli.<ref name="Hasanli">{{cite book|last=Hasanli|first=Jamil|title=Stalin and the Turkish Crisis of the Cold War, 1945–1953|year=2011|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-7391-6807-3|page=124}}</ref> Athena Leoussi added, "While Stalin's motives can be debated, for Armenians at home and abroad the re-emergence of the Armenian Question revived hopes for territorial unification".{{sfn|Leoussi|Gal|Smith|2010|p=123}} On 7 June 1945 Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the USSR demanded a revision of its border with Turkey.{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} - -To repopulate the claimed areas with Armenians, the Soviet government organized a repatriation of Armenians living abroad, mostly survivors of the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|title=An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-27497-8|page=49}}</ref>{{sfn|Leoussi|Gal|Smith|2010|p=123}} Between 1946 and 1948, 90,000 to 100,000 Armenians from Lebanon, Syria, Greece, Iran, Romania, France, and elsewhere moved to Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history|year=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=225}}</ref>{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} - -An [[Office of Strategic Services]] (predecessor of the CIA) document dated 31 July 1944 reported that the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] changed its extreme anti-Soviet sentiment due to the rise of the Soviet power at the end of the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sassounian|first=Harut|title=1943 US Intelligence Report: All Armenians Demand Return of Lands from Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2013/07/30/1943-us-intelligence-report-all-armenians-demand-return-of-lands-from-turkey/|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Armenian Weekly]]|date=30 July 2013|authorlink=Harut Sassounian}}</ref> In a memorandum sent to the [[Moscow Conference (1945)|Moscow Conference]], Head of the Armenian Church [[George VI of Armenia|Gevorg VI]] expressed hope that "justice will finally be rendered" to the Armenians by the "liberation of Turkish Armenia and its annexation to Soviet Armenia."{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|pp=24-25}} Armenia's Communist leader [[Grigory Arutyunov|Grigor Harutunian]] defended the claims, describing Kars and Ardahan "of vital importance for the Armenian people as a whole." The Soviet Armenian élite suggested that the Armenians have earned the right to Kars and Ardahan by their contribution in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet struggle against fascism]].{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=225}} Armenian diaspora organizations also supported the idea.{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} - -As the relations between the West and the Soviet Union deteriorated with the US and the UK backing Turkey,<ref>{{cite book|last=Mandel|first=Maud S.|title=In the Aftermath of Genocide: Armenians and Jews in Twentieth-Century France|year=2003|publisher=Duke Univ. Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-3121-6|page=194}}</ref>{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} Soviet claims were out of the agenda by 1947. However, it was not until 1953, after Stalin's death, that they officially abandoned their claims,<ref name="Hasanli"/> thus ending the dispute.<ref>{{cite book|title=USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law Volume 3|year=2010|publisher=International Strategic Research Organization (USAK)|location=Ankara|isbn=978-605-4030-26-2|page=250}}</ref> - -===Late Cold War: 1965–87=== -A wave of Armenian nationalism started in the mid-1960s in the [[Soviet Union]] after [[Nikita Khrushchev]] came to power and granted relative freedom to the Soviet people during the [[De-Stalinization]] era. On 24 April 1965, the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, a [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations|mass demonstration]] took place in [[Yerevan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishkanian|first=Armine|title=Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-92922-3|page=7}}</ref> Thousands of Armenians poured into the streets of Yerevan to commemorate the victims of the genocide; however, their goal was not to "challenge the authority of the Soviet government", but "draw the government's attention" to the genocide and persuade the "Soviet government to assist them in reclaiming their lost lands."<ref name="Central Asia and the Caucasus">{{cite book|last=Atabaki|first=Touraj|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-49582-7|pages=135–137|author2=Mehendale, Sanjyot }}</ref> The Kremlin, taking into account the demands of the demonstrators, commissioned a memorial for the genocide. The memorial, which was built on [[Tsitsernakaberd]] hill, was completed in 1967.<ref name="Central Asia and the Caucasus"/> - -[[File:ASALA logo.svg|thumb|215px|left|The logo of [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] was the outline map of the claimed United Armenia.]] - -The 1960s and 1970s saw a rise in underground political and armed struggle against the Soviet Union and the Turkish state in and outside of Armenia. In 1966, an underground nationalist party called the [[National United Party (Armenia)|National United Party]] was founded by Haykaz Khachatryan in Yerevan. It secretly operated in Soviet Armenia from 1966 to the late 1980s and, after the imprisonment of its founding members in 1968, it was led by [[Paruyr Hayrikyan]]. It advocated for the creation of United Armenia through self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Ariel|title=Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis|year=1998|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96481-8|page=107}}</ref> Most of its members were arrested and the party was banned. Though the NUP was blamed for the [[1977 Moscow bombings]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, REV. Ed.|year=1989|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-0891-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA190&dq=1977+moscow+%22National+United+Party+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D8LQUdjcBaHl4APw9YGYBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1977%20moscow%20%22National%20United%20Party%20%22&f=false 190]}}</ref> historian [[Jay Bergman (historian)|Jay Bergman]] states, "Who actually caused the explosion has never been determined conclusively."<ref>Meeting the demands of reason; by prof. Jay Bergman, Cornell University Press, {{ISBN|0-8014-4731-3}}, 2009, p. 256</ref> - -According to [[Gerard Libaridian]], "by the 1970s, the [[Armenian Genocide recognition|recognition of the [Armenian] genocide]] became a very important objective of the Armenian cause and diaspora political parties linked the recognition of the genocide and the dream of a greater Armenia because Turkey's recognition of the genocide would constitute the legal basis for the Armenian claims on Western Armenia."<ref>{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerard J.|title=The challenge of statehood: Armenian political thinking since independence|year=1999|publisher=Blue Crane Books|location=Watertown, Mass.|isbn=978-1-886434-10-3|page=128|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian}}</ref> From the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, several Armenian militant (often considered terrorist) groups operated in the Middle East and Western Europe. Most notably the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA) carried out armed attacks on Turkish diplomatic missions around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jessup|first=John E.|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution: 1945–1996|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-28112-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA39&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRITUfmtKebe0QGKroCgAg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 39]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gerringer|first=Arthur E.|title=Terrorism: from one millennium to the next|year=2002|publisher=San Jose, Calif.|isbn=978-0-595-24286-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X51zPY3_H6IC&pg=PA239&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 239]}}</ref> Two ARF-affiliated groups—the [[Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide]] (JCAG) and the [[Armenian Revolutionary Army]] (ARA)—also carried out similar attacks, mainly in Western Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CB4Bh0-zrgoC&pg=PA173&dq=jcag+ara+arf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=olDQUfjZM6fO0QG88IC4Bw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=jcag%20ara%20arf&f=false 173]|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> [[David C. Rapoport]] argues that these organizations were inspired by [[Kourken Yanigian]], a 77-year-old Armenian genocide survivor, who assassinated two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973 as an act of revenge against Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rapoport|first=David C.|title=Inside Terrorist Organizations|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8179-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FnvCEOZLf8YC&pg=PA229&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 229]}}</ref> - -The ASALA was the largest of the three and was mostly composed of Lebanese Armenian young adults, who claimed revenge for the [[Armenian Genocide]], which the Turkish state denies. The concept of United Armenia was one of the ultimate goals of ASALA.{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=66}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkey: A Country Study|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4191-9126-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzYk_gzpJ0C&pg=PA368&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 368]|author=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref> On 18 June 1987, the [[European Parliament]], with the initiative of the Greek MPs, formally recognized the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Parliament Resolution|url=http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.152/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html|publisher=[[Armenian National Institute]]|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=18 June 1987}}</ref> [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] and [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] claim that Armenian Genocide became internationalized as a result of the activities of the Armenian militant groups in the Western European countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=From The Holy Mountain|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=Ne Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-303108-6|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|title=Turkey Today: A European Country?|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-84331-173-7|page=170}}</ref> - -===Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 1988–94 === -{{double image|right|Levon Ter-Petrosyan cropped.jpg|172|Վազգեն Սարգսյան.jpg|150|[[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]] ''(left)'' was the popular leader of the Karabakh movement and independent Armenia's first president. [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] ''(right)'' was the main commander of the Armenian forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh war.}} -{{main|Karabakh movement|Nagorno-Karabakh War}} - -In February 1988 a [[Karabakh movement|popular nationalist movement]] emerged in Soviet Armenia and the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO), a small Armenian-populated enclave under the jurisdiction of Soviet Azerbaijan since 1923.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ambrosio|first=Thomas|title=Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-275-97260-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0hLzXEO-fAQC&pg=PA147&dq=%22supported+Azerbaijan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Y8jRUf7cNbij4AOsq4GgCA&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22supported%20Azerbaijan%22&f=false 148]}}</ref> The movement demanded the unification of the two entities, reviving the idea of a united Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Høiris|first1=Ole|last2=Yürükel|first2=Sefa Martin|title=Contrasts and Solutions in the Caucasus|date=1998|publisher=Aarhus University Press|isbn=9788772887081|page=233|quote=Since 1988, Nagorno-Karabakh (called 'Artsakh' by the Armenians), became the symbolic centre of the imagined, lost and regained Erkir. The old romantic idea of both an independent and united Armenia revived with Nagorno-Karabakh.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elbakyan|first1=Edgar|title=A New Legal Approach Towards the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Peaceful Resolution|journal=International Journal of Social Sciences|date=2014|volume=3|issue=5|page=47|url=http://www.iises.net.cms.intercore.cz/download/Soubory/IJOSS/V3N5-special/pp40-59_ijossV3N5.pdf|quote=The Armenians of Karabakh had determined their will towards political reunification with Armenia. That was a result of the same identity they shared with other Armenians as well as a political aspiration for “United Armenia”, i.e. all Armenian lands under the same title.}}</ref> - -On 20 February 1988, the Nagorno-Karabakh Supreme Council (the regional legislature) issued a request to transfer the region from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=147}}{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=10}} The Moscow government declined the claims, while hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated in [[Yerevan]] in support of the idea.{{sfn|Verluise|1995|p=86}} Few days later, on 26 February, an [[Sumgait pogrom|anti-Armenian ''pogrom'']] broke out in the Azerbaijani seaside industrial city Sumgait, forcing thousands of Armenians to leave Azerbaijan ''en masse''.{{sfn|Verluise|1995|p=87}} - -On 15 June 1988, the Supreme Council of Soviet Armenia voted to accept Nagorno-Karabakh into Armenia.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=289}} On 17 June 1988, the Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet refused to transfer the area to Armenia, saying that it was part of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=289}} The leading members of the [[Karabakh Committee]], a group of intellectuals leading the demonstrations, were arrested in December 1988, but were freed in May 1989.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=147}} On 1 December 1989, the Soviet Armenian Supreme Council and NKAO Supreme Council declared the unification of the two entities (օրենք «Հայկական ԽՍՀ-ի և Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի վերամիավորման մասին»).{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=290}} In January 1990, another ''pogrom'' took place against Armenians, this time [[Pogrom of Armenians in Baku|in Baku]]. In the meantime, most Azerbaijanis of Armenia and Armenians of Azerbaijan left their homes and moved to their respective countries. - -Pro-independence members were elected in the majority to the Armenian parliament in the [[Armenian parliamentary election, 1990|1990 election]].{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=111}} On 23 August 1990, the Armenian parliament passed a resolution on sovereignty.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=111}} The tensions grew even larger after the Soviet and Azeri forces deported thousands of Armenian from Shahumyan during [[Operation Ring]] in April and May 1991. After the unsuccessful [[August Putsch]], more Soviet republics declared independence. On 2 September 1991, the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] proclaimed independence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Christoph|title=The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus|year=2007|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-9709-9|page=168|authorlink=:de:Christoph Zürcher}}</ref> On 21 September 1991, the [[Armenian independence referendum, 1991|Armenian independence referendum]] was held with the overwhelming majority voting for the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union. On 26 November 1991, the Azerbaijani parliament abolished the autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=162}} On 10 December 1991, an [[Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, boycotted by the Azeri minority, and gained a vote of 99% in favor of independence.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=162}} - -The conflict escalated into a full-scale war with the [[Capture of Shusha|captured Shusha]] by Armenian forces on 9 May 1992. By 1993, the Armenian forces took control over not only the originally disputed Nagorno-Karabakh, but also several districts surrounding the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Caucasus City Falls to Armenian Forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/world/caucasus-city-falls-to-armenian-forces.html|accessdate=10 April 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 August 1993}}</ref> A ceasefire agreement was eventually signed on 5 May 1994 in [[Bishkek Protocol|Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan. According to [[Thomas de Waal]], three factors contributed to the victory of the Armenian side: "Azerbaijan's political and military chaos, greater Russian support for the Armenians, and the Armenians' superior fighting skills."{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=206}} Since the 1994 ceasefire, the Armenian [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] has ''de facto'' control of the territories taken over in the war.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} - -==Current claimants== - -===Armenian Revolutionary Federation=== -Since its foundation in 1890, the [[left-wing nationalist]] [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (also known as Dashnaktsutyun or Dashnak/Tashnag) has been known as the main advocate for United Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pantelic|first=Nina|title=The Effects of Nationalism on Territorial Integrity Among Armenians and Serbs|url=http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3946&context=etd|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|accessdate=26 January 2013|date=28 September 2007|page=25}}</ref> Having affiliated organizations throughout the [[Armenian diaspora|Armenian communities abroad]], the ARF is regarded as one of the most influential Armenian institutions in the world, especially in the diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Karen|title=Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World|year=2003|publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9|author2=Levinson, David |page=402}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Roberta|title=The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced|year=1998|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-1498-9|page=275|author2=Deng, Francis Mading }}</ref> According to researcher Arus Harutyunyan, the party has "made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include" Western Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nakhichevan and Javakhk.<ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/> In the 1998 party program, it states that the ARF's first goal is "The creation of a Free, Independent and United Armenia. United Armenia should include inside its borders the Armenian lands [given to Armenia] by the Sevres Treaty, as well as Artsakh, Javakhk and Nakhichevan provinces."<ref name="1998 ARF program"/> "Free, Independent and United Armenia" is the party's main slogan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Verluise|first=Pierre|title=Armenia in crisis: the 1988 earthquake|year=1995|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chrysanthopoulos|first=Leonidas T.|title=Caucasus chronicles|year=2002|publisher=[[Gomidas Institute]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-884630-05-7|page=72}}</ref> and was adopted as its "supreme objective" in the 10th Party Congress in Paris (1924–25).<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Razmik Panossian|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|year=2006|publisher=Hurst & Co.|location=London|isbn=978-0-231-51133-9|page=253}}</ref> [[Hrant Markarian]], ARF Bureau Chairman, stated at the 2004 party congress:<ref name="Zakarian"/> -{{quote frame|We are against any relations between Armenia and Turkey that would mean acceptance of any preconditions by us, that would require us to give up our rights or any part of them. We will keep up pressure on Turkey until we achieve full victory, until international recognition of the fact of genocide, until the creation of a United Armenia.}} -<!-- -;2015 report - -http://www.armeniangenocidereparations.info/?page_id=229 -The Armenian Genocide Reparations Study Group, founded in 2007 and funded by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, presented their final report titled "Resolution with Justice: Reparations for the Armenian Genocide" in March 2015. The group consisted of [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], Henry C. Theriault, Jermaine McCalpin, and [[Ara Papian]]. - -The group suggested that the "Wilsonian Arbitral Award of territory to the Armenian Republic was binding at the time, regardless of the fact that the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified. It follows that Turkey’s current occupation of “Wilsonian Armenia” constitutes a breach of an -international obligation and is legally actionable... - -The group "recognizes that reparations claims and initiatives are typically met with skepticism by those outside the victim group, including individuals who are sympathetic to the suffering of the victim group. [...] There are those who would object to this report not on the grounds that its analysis is wrong or inadequate, but that the quest for reparations for the Armenian Genocide, especially a return of land, is very unlikely to succeed." ---> -===Heritage Party=== -Although the [[Party platform|platform]] of the [[national liberal]] [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]] party makes no explicit reference to territorial claims, its leader and some its members have expressed their support for them. Heritage supports the formal recognition of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] by Armenia and has introduced bills for the recognition of the NKR to the [[National Assembly of Armenia|Armenian National Assembly]] in 2007, 2010, and 2012. Although all three attempts were voted down by the ruling [[Republican Party of Armenia|Republican Party]].<ref> -*2007: {{cite news|title=Armenian Bill To Recognize Nagorno-Karabakh Criticized|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078400.html|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=28 August 2007|agency=RFE/RL}} -*2010: {{cite news|title=Armenian Ruling Party Against Karabakh Recognition Bill|url=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/2186305.html|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=10 October 2010|agency=RFE/RL}} -*2012: {{cite news|title=Karabakh recognition bill put into circulation at Armenian parliament|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/121534/|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=4 September 2012|agency=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]]}}</ref> Its leader, [[Raffi Hovannisian]] (post-Soviet Armenia's first foreign minister), has hinted at Western Armenia, Javakhk and Nakhichevan with "vague formulations."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abrahamyan|first1=Aram|title=Raffi Hovhannisyan’s Foreign Policy Agenda|url=http://en.aravot.am/2013/03/04/152740/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144007/http://en.aravot.am/2013/03/04/152740/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=13 April 2014|work=[[Aravot]]|date=4 March 2013|quote=Mr. Hovhannisyan also hints at Nakhijevan, Western Armenia, and Javakhk with vague formulations...}}</ref> For instance, during a 2013 speech about his future plans Hovannisian stated that "only with [the existence of a] [[Legitimacy (political)|government belonging to the people]] will we have awareness of our [[national interest]]—with Artsakh, Javakhk, Western Armenia—and future for our children."<ref>{{cite news|last=Musayelyan|first=Lusine|title=Րաֆֆի Հովհաննիսյան. "Մեր պայքարը շարունակվում է" [Raffii Hovannisian. "Our struggle continues"]|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25000776.html|date=29 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030510/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25000776.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|agency=RFE/RL|quote=Միայն ժողովրդին պատկանող հայրենիքով կունենանք ազգային շահի գիտակցություն՝ Արցախ, Ջավախք, Արեւմտյան Հայաստան եւ մեր երեխայի ապագա:}}</ref> In 2011, a leading party member, [[Zaruhi Postanjyan]], stated in an [[open letter]] to presidents of Armenia and NKR that by organizing a [[repatriation]] of diaspora Armenians to Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, "we will [create a] base for the liberation of our entire homeland."<ref>{{cite news|last=Postanjyan|first=Zaruhi|title=Փոստանջյանը պահանջում է հանդիսություններ [Postanjyan demands celebrations]|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/politics/2011/11/21/zara|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614035154/http://www.a1plus.am/52130.html|archivedate=14 June 2014|agency=[[A1plus]]|quote=...մեր սերնդին ընձեռվել է հնարավորություն` կազմակերպել հայրենաշեն ազգահավաք հայկական երկու պետություններում, որոնք կազմում են 42000 քառակուսի կիլոմետր, ինչն էլ իր հերթին հիմք է ծառայում ազատագրելու նաև մեր ամբողջական հայրենիքը...}}</ref> - -In an April 2015 conference on the [[100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide centenary]] Postanjyan stated that Armenia should "restore its territorial integrity" by claiming the "territory of its historic homeland." When asked about how realistic Armenian claims to its historic lands are, Heritage leader Hovannisian responded: "Today's romantic will become tomorrow's realist."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lazaryan|first=Tatevik|title="Ժառանգությունը" քննարկում է "Ծովից ծով Հայաստանը" վերականգնելու օրինագիծը|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/26935407.html|work=azatutyun.am|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=2 April 2015|language=hy}}</ref> In an opinion piece published in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' on April 11, 2015 Hovannisian wrote that Turkey occupies Western Armenia and called for "the creation of an Armenian national hearth in historic Western Armenia." He added, "negotiations between the republics of Turkey and Armenia triggering the first-ever sovereign reciprocal demarcation of the official frontier, including but not limited to provisions for an Armenian easement to the Black Sea."<ref>{{cite news|last=Hovannisian|first=Raffi K.|authorlink1=Raffi Hovannisian|title=Remembering the Armenian genocide|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Remembering-the-Armenian-genocide-396789|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> - -==Territories claimed== -The modern use of United Armenia by the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (ARF) encompasses the following areas:<ref name="1998 ARF program">{{cite web|title=Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության (1998) [Armenian Revolutionary Federation Program (1998)]|url=http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website|accessdate=30 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150044/http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602|archivedate=11 June 2014|date=14 February 1998|language=hy|quote=ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է. Ա. Ազատ, Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում: Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը, ինչպես նաեւ` Արցախի, Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը: <br />The goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation are: A. The creation of a Free, Independent and United Armenia. United Armenia should include inside its borders the Armenian lands [given to Armenia] by the Sevres Treaty, as well as Artsakh, Javakhk and Nakhichevan provinces.}}</ref><ref name="crisisgroup">{{cite web|title=Armenia: Internal Instability Ahead |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |accessdate=11 June 2014 |location=Yerevan/Brussels |page=8 |date=18 October 2004 |quote=The Dashnaktsutiun Party, which has a major following within the diaspora, states as its goals: "The creation of a Free, Independent, and United Armenia. The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sevres as well as the regions of Artzakh [the Armenian name for Nagorno-Karabakh], Javakhk, and Nakhichevan". |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234002/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=89|ps=: "The ARF strives for the solution of the Armenian Cause and formation of the entire motherland with all Armenians. The party made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include Western Armenian territories (Eastern Turkey), Mountainous Karabagh and Nakhijevan (in Azerbaijan), and the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of the southern Georgia, bordering Armenia."}} -{| class="wikitable" -! Area !! Part of !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Population !! Armenians !! % Armenian !!class="unsortable" | Source -|- -| [[#Nagorno-Karabakh_.28Artsakh.29|Nagorno-Karabakh]] -| {{flagicon|Nagorno Karabakh}} [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] (''[[de facto]]'') <br />{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] ({{Tooltip|''de jure''|Internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan}}) -| align="center"| 11,458 -| align="center"| 137,737 -| align="center"| 137,380 -| align="center"| 99.7 -| align="center"| 2005 census<ref name="stat-nkr">{{cite web|title=De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity |url=http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |accessdate=11 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003111153/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf |archivedate=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>The ''de facto'' controlled area by the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]]: {{cite web|title=De Jure Population by Administrative Territorial Distribution and Density |url=http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-4.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |accessdate=12 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306035735/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-4.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2009 }}</ref> -|- -| [[#Javakhk_.28Javakheti.29|Javakhk]] -| {{flag|Georgia}} ([[Akhalkalaki]] and [[Ninotsminda]] districts) -| align="center"| 2,588 -| align="center"| 95,280 -| align="center"| 90,373 -| align="center"| 94.8 -| align="center"| 2002 census<ref name="geostat">{{cite web|title=Ethnic Groups by Major Administrative-territorial Units|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|accessdate=11 November 2012}}</ref> -|- -| [[#Nakhichevan|Nakhichevan]] -| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} ([[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]]) -| align="center"| 5,363 -| align="center"| 398,323 -| align="center"| 6 -| align="center"| ~0 -| align="center"| 2009 census<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions of Azerbaijan, Nakchivan economic district, Ethnic Structure [Azərbaycanın regionları, Naxçıvan iqtisadi rayonu, Milli tərkib]|url=http://www.azstat.org/region/az/001.shtml|publisher=State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=28 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132849/http://www.azstat.org/region/az/001.shtml|archivedate=13 February 2012 }}</ref> -|- -| [[#Western_Armenia_.28eastern_Turkey.29|Western Armenia]] -| {{flag|Turkey}} -| align="center"| 132,967 -| align="center"| 6,461,400 -| colspan="2" align="center"|<small>N/A</small> -| align="center"| 2009 estimate{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=37}} -|- -|} - -===Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) === -[[File:AZ-qa-location-en.svg|300px|thumb|The territory controlled by the Armenian forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic shown in brown]] - -In the aftermath of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]], the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], supported by the Republic of Armenia, took control over the territory of some 11,500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Overview|url=http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/overview.shtml|publisher=Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in Washington, DC|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> including several districts outside of the originally claimed borders of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Azerbaijani SSR]], creating a "buffer zone".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagorno-Karabakh profile|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} [[Kalbajar District|Kelbajar]] and [[Lachin District|Lachin]] districts guarantee solid land corridor between Armenia proper and Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eichensehr|first=Kristen|title=Stopping wars and making peace : studies in international intervention|year=2009|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-17855-7|page=44|author2=Reisman, W. Michael }}</ref>{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} Between 500,000 and 600,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from the area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hampton|first=Janie|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2013|publisher=Routledge,|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-54706-5|page=140}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kambeck|first=Michael|title=Europe's Next Avoidable War: Nagorno-Karabakh|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-230-30066-8|page=150|author2=Ghazaryan, Sargis }}</ref> In the meantime, almost all Armenians from Azerbaijan (between 300,000 and 400,000)<ref>{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|page=242}}</ref>{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=6}} and Azerbaijanis from Armenia (over 150,000) were forced to move to their respective countries as remaining in their homes became nearly impossible since tensions between the two groups have grown worse since the start of the conflict in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|title=Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh|year=1994|location=Helsinki|isbn=1-56432-142-8|page=1|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/AZER%20Conflict%20in%20N-K%20Dec94.pdf|author=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2002|publisher=Earthscan|location=London|isbn=978-1-85383-952-8|page=140|author=Global IDP Survey, Flyktningeråd (Norway)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jentleson|first=Bruce W.|title=Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Postdcold War World|year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-8559-2|page=68}}</ref> - -The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (also known as Artsakh among Armenians) remains internationally unrecognized. Today, the Republic of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic are ''de facto'' functioning as one entity,<ref name="Hughes 2002 211"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mulcaire|first1=Jack|title=Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/face-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585|work=[[The National Interest]]|date=9 April 2015|quote=The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia expects Russian support in Karabakh war|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=armenia-expects-russian-support-in-karabakh-war-2011-05-20|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=20 May 2011|quote=While internationally recognized as Azerbaijani territory, the enclave has declared itself an independent republic but is administered as a de facto part of Armenia.}}</ref><ref>Central Asia and The Caucasus, Information and Analytical Center, 2009, Issues 55-60, Page 74, "Nagorno-Karabakh became de facto part of Armenia (its quasi-statehood can dupe no one) as a result of aggression."</ref><ref>[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für auswärtige Politik]], Internationale Politik, Volume 8, 2007 "...&nbsp;and Nagorno-Karabakh, the disputed territory that is now de facto part of Armenia&nbsp;..."</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=135|ps=: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia. Officially, Karabakh and Armenia remain separate political entities, but for most practical matters the two entities are unified."}}<ref>{{cite news|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: Crimea’s doppelganger|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/thomas-de-waal/nagorno-karabakh-crimea-doppelganger-azerbaijan-armenia|agency=[[openDemocracy]]|date=13 June 2016|quote=Following the Armenian victory in that conflict, confirmed by the 1994 ceasefire, Armenia has since carried out a de facto annexation of Karabakh.}}</ref> although the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic territory is internationally recognized as ''de jure'' part of [[Azerbaijan]]. Nagorno-Karabakh is more [[Monoethnicity|monoethnic]] than the Republic of Armenia, with 99.7% of its population being Armenian. The Azerbaijani minority was forced to leave during the war. The areas outside the original NKAO borders taken over by the Armenian forces during the war are mostly uninhabited or very sparsely inhabited, with the city of [[Lachin]] being exception. Between 2000 and 2011, 25,000 to 30,000 people settled in NKR.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:Արցախի ազատագրված տարածքներում մինչև 2011-ը վերաբնակեցվել է 20-30 հազար մարդ|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/arm/news/122038/|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]]|date=7 September 2012|language=hy}}</ref> - -Since the end of the conflict, Armenia and Azerbaijan are negotiating through the [[OSCE Minsk Group]]. Presidents and Foreign Affairs Ministers of the two countries have been meeting each other alongside the Russian, French and American co-chairmen trying to find a solution for the "[[frozen conflict]]" as described by experts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barry|first=Ellen|title='Frozen Conflict' Between Azerbaijan and Armenia Begins to Boil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/world/asia/01azerbaijan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=31 May 2011|authorlink=Ellen Barry (journalist)}}</ref> Armenia and Azerbaijan regularly exchange fires in [[Armenian–Azerbaijani border conflict|clashes throughout their border]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatal Armenian-Azeri border clash|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7278483.stm|accessdate=14 July 2013|date=5 March 2008|agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=8 Killed in Renewed Fighting on Armenia-Azerbaijan Border|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/europe/armenia-azerbaijan-border-fighting-leaves-soldiers-dead.html?_r=0|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=5 June 2012}}</ref> - -===Javakhk (Javakheti) === -[[File:Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda districts.png|thumb|310px|Javakhk (Javakheti) shown in red on the map of Georgia with [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] provincial borders outlined.<br>[[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both areas are not under the control of the central government of Georgia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Georgia Country Specific Information|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1122.html|publisher=[[Bureau of Consular Affairs]], U.S. Department of State|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> shown in light grey.]] -{{see also|Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti}} - -The region of Javakheti (as known to Georgians)/Javakhk (as known to Armenians) comprises the districts of [[Akhalkalaki District|Akhalkalaki]] and [[Ninotsminda District|Ninotsminda]], both part of [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] province of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=European Yearbook of Minority Issues, Volume 3|year=2005|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-14280-0|page=310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH0qS_tQS0C|author=[[European Centre for Minority Issues]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nodia|first=Ghia|title=The Political Landscape of Georgia: Political Parties: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects|year=2006|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|location=Delft|isbn=978-90-5972-113-5|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBMrVV4C1e0C|author2=Scholtbach, Álvaro Pinto }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ishkhanyan|first=Vahan|title=Javakhk: The "Third" Armenia|url=http://agbu.org/news-item/javakhk-the-third-armenia/|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=1 November 2004|agency=[[Armenian General Benevolent Union]]}}</ref> It is overwhelmingly Armenian-populated (around 95%).{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} The area is geographically isolated from the rest of Georgia and remains economically and socially isolated from Georgia.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=199}} According to [[Svante Cornell]], Javakhk enjoys "wide cultural autonomy" and "certain Georgian analysts observe that the region is in practice as much 'Armenia' as 'Georgia'. It is distinctively easier to get around using Armenian than Georgian in this region; indeed, foreign visitors claim that at first they had difficulties determining which country they are in."{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} Generally, Javakheti Armenians live in "reasonable inter-ethnic harmony" within Georgia, although there is a "fairly strong fear for the future, a sense of insecurity."{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} Javakheti, along with [[Lori Province|Lori]] and [[Borchali]], was disputed by Armenia and Georgia from 1918 to 1920. A [[Georgian–Armenian War|brief armed conflict]] took place between the two nations in December 1918, mostly over Lori.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=198}} - -[[United Javakhk Democratic Alliance]], a local civil organization, is the main organization advocating for an Armenian autonomy in the region.{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=204}} It was founded in 1988, during the disintegration of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=164}} It campaigns for a referendum in Javakheti on autonomy.<ref name="Peimani">{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|pages=270–271}}</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}} It is believed that the organization has close links with the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}}<ref name="Peimani"/> Although the ARF claims Javakhk as part of United Armenia, the ARF World Congresses "have agreed with the demands raised by the Armenians of Javakhk that a Javakhk with a high degree of self-government within a federal Georgia would be able to sustain itself and would become a strong link in Georgian-Armenian relations."<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy & Strategy|url=http://www.arfd.info/arf-d-foreign-policy-strategy/|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation - Dashnaktsutyun|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> ARF Bureau Chairman [[Hrant Markarian]] declared in the 2004 party congress: "We want a strong, stable and autonomous Javakheti that is part of Georgia and enjoys state care."<ref name="Zakarian"/> The leader of the United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Vahagn Chakhalian, was arrested in 2008 and freed in 2013. A 2014 article suggested that the alliance has little influence today.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rimple|first1=Paul|last2=Mielnikiewicz|first2=Justyna|title=Post-Crimea, Phantom of Armenian Separatism Haunts Georgia|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68253|work=eurasianet.org|publisher=[[Open Society Institute]]|date=9 April 2014}}</ref> - -During [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]'s presidency (1991), Javakheti remained ''de facto'' semi-independent and only in November 1991 was the Tbilisi-appointed governor able to take power.{{efn|"The area remained effectively outside the control of Tbilisi for virtually the entire tenure of Gamsakhurdia."{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=164}} }} The issue of Javakheti was in the 1990s "clearly been perceived as the most dangerous potential ethnic conflict in Georgia", however, no actual armed conflict ever occurred.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=196}} Taking into account the importance of the bilateral relations, the governments of Armenia and Georgia have pursued a careful and calming policy to avoid tension.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=107|ps=: "The Georgian government has been very careful not to provoke the Javakhetia Armenians; meanwhile, the Armenian government, mindful of the importance of its relations with Georgia, has been careful to defuse potential problems in the region, intervening once to talk Javakhk out of plans to hold a referendum on autonomy or secession."}} The Armenian government has not made territorial claims to Georgia, nor has called for an autonomy in Javakheti.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=172|ps=: "Armenian Diaspora groups in Russia and the United States have recently began raising the question of Javakheti's status, although no overt support for the demands to grant it autonomy have been voiced by the Armenian government."}} [[Armenia–Georgia relations]] have traditionally been friendly,<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia interested in stability in Georgia and wants to strengthen friendly relations with it|url=http://arka.am/en/news/politics/armenia_interested_in_stability_in_georgia_and_wants_to_strengthen_friendly_relations_with_it/|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=ARKA|date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Ivanishvili: 'There are No Problems in Ties with Armenia'|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25650|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=17 January 2013|agency=[[Civil Georgia]]}}</ref> however, from time to time tensions arise between the two countries. In recent years, the status of Armenian churches in Georgia<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian, Georgian Churches Fail To Settle Disputes|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia_georgian_churches_fail_to_settle_disputes/24238571.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=17 June 2011|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Abrahamyan|first=Gayane|title=Armenia: Property Disputes Fueling Church Tension between Yerevan and Tbilisi|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64025|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=Eurasianet.org|date=10 August 2011}}</ref> and the status of the Armenian language in Georgian public schools had been a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Armenian language obtain regional status?|url=http://www.georgiatimes.info/en/analysis/88092.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=Georgia Times|date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia's Armenians demand official status for Armenian language in 2 districts with Armenian population|url=http://en.rian.ru/onlinenews/20050403/39697223.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=3 April 2005|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> [[Svante Cornell]] argues that "Armenia seems to have had a calming influence on Javakhk" as it is highly dependent on Georgia for imports.{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}} This viewpoint is shared by Georgian analysts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnovi|first=Andro|title=Detailed Review on Samtskhe-Javakheti|url=https://archive.org/details/JavakhetiStudy|publisher=Institute for Strategy and Development|accessdate=3 July 2013|location=Tbilisi|year=2009}}</ref> - -Armenian nationalist activist [[Alexander Yenikomshian]] has suggested that there are three long-term solutions to the Javakhk issue: 1) the region remains part of a Georgia, where the rights of the Armenian population are protected 2) "Artsakhization", i.e. ''de facto'' unification with the Republic of Armenia 3) "Nakhichevanization", i.e. Javakhk loses its Armenian population.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ի՞նչ է Ջավախքի նշանակությունը հայ ժողովրդի ու Հայաստանի համար|url=http://www.7or.am/am/news/view/1210/|work=7or.am|date=25 December 2010|language=hy}}</ref> - -=== Western Armenia (eastern Turkey) === -{| style="float: right;" -! The Turkish area claimed by the ARF (based on the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], 1920)<ref name="crisisgroup"/> -|- -|{{Image label begin|image=Armenians claims to Turkey according to the Treaty of Sevres, 1920.png|width=550|float=right}} -{{Image label small|x=0.172|y=0.120|scale=550|text=[[Istanbul]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.342|y=0.188|scale=550|text=[[Ankara]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.672|y=0.216|scale=550|text=[[Erzincan Province|Erzincan]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.16|scale=550|text=[[Gümüşhane Province|Gümüşhane]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.132|scale=550|text=[[Trabzon Province|Trabzon]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.63|y=0.14|scale=550|text=[[Giresun Province|Giresun]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.756|y=0.116|scale=550|text=[[Rize Province|Rize]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.73|y=0.178|scale=550|text=[[Bayburt Province|Bayburt]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.79|y=0.196|scale=550|text=[[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.806|y=0.104|scale=550|text=[[Artvin Province|Artvin]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.862|y=0.114|scale=550|text=[[Ardahan Province|Ardahan]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.874|y=0.156|scale=550|text=[[Kars Province|Kars]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.884|y=0.206|scale=550|text=[[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.926|y=0.186|scale=550|text=[[Iğdır Province|Iğdır]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.694|y=0.248|scale=550|text=[[Tunceli Province|Tunceli]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.282|scale=550|text=[[Elâzığ Province|Elâzığ]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.72|y=0.324|scale=550|text=[[Diyarbakır Province|Diyarbakır]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.778|y=0.298|scale=550|text=[[Batman Province|Batman]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.842|y=0.328|scale=550|text=[[Siirt Province|Siirt]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.864|y=0.354|scale=550|text=[[Şırnak Province|Şırnak]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.848|y=0.294|scale=550|text=[[Bitlis Province|Bitlis]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.764|y=0.254|scale=550|text=[[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.822|y=0.256|scale=550|text=[[Muş Province|Muş]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.928|y=0.284|scale=550|text=[[Van Province|Van]]}} -{{Image label small|x=0.948|y=0.348|scale=550|text=[[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]]}} -{{Image label end}} -|} - -[[Western Armenia]] refers to an undefined area, now in eastern Turkey, that had significant Armenian population prior to the [[Armenian Genocide]] of 1915.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallimann|first=Isidor Wallimann,|title=Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8156-2828-6|page=216|author2=Dobkowski, Michael N. |quote=The absence of Armenian life in Western Armenia (now Eastern Turkey), the success of the genocide&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khanam|first=R.|title=Encyclopedic Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia|year=2005|publisher=Global Vision|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8220-062-3|page=53}}</ref> As a result of the genocide, officially no Armenians live in the area today.<ref>[[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]], ''Near East/South Asia Report'', Issue 84004, p. 16 "These organizations demand the secession of former Armenian territories in eastern Turkey. Since officially no Armenians live on those lands today&nbsp;..."</ref> However, at least two groups of Armenian origin reside in the area. [[Hemshin peoples]], a islamisized group with Armenian ethnic origin,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vaux|first=Bert|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|citeseerx=10.1.1.18.1893|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|authorlink=Bert Vaux}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pelkmans|first=Mathijs|title=Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, And Modernity in the Republic of Georgia|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|isbn=978-0-8014-7330-2|page=34}}</ref> live in the [[Black Sea]] coast, particularity in the [[Rize Province|Rize]] province.<ref>Peter Alford Andrews, ''Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey''. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989, pp.&nbsp;476–477, 483-485, 491</ref> Another group, [[Crypto-Armenians]] or "secret" Armenians, live throughout Turkey, especially the eastern parts of the country. It is impossible to determine how many there are due to this(the fact they keep their identity hidden). estimates range from millions to the low 100,000s depending on the criteria used to determine it. since the Armenian Genocide, the area has been mostly inhabited by [[Kurds]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Masih|first=Joseph R.|title=Armenia: At the Crossroads|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-90-5702-344-6|page=xxvi|author2=Krikorian, Robert O. }}</ref> with smaller numbers of [[Azerbaijanis]] (near the Turkish-Armenian border)<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=Brenda|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|year=2002|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-262-26468-6|page=221}}</ref> and [[Georgians]] and [[Laz people]] in the northeastern provinces of Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkey: A Country Study|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=Whitefish, Mont|isbn=978-1-4191-9126-8|page=142|author=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2009|publisher=Infobashe Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=141}}</ref> - -Generally, the Armenian nationalist groups claim the area east of the boundary drawn by US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] for the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920. The [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] and groups supporting the concept of United Armenia claim that the Treaty of Sèvres, signed on 10 August 1920 between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies, including Armenia is the only legal document determining the border between Armenia and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Թուրքիան եւ ԱՄՆ-ը պետք է ընդունեն Սեւրի Դաշնագիրը [Turkey and the United States Should Recognize the Treaty of Sevres]|url=http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=2006|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=22 November 2010|language=hy}}</ref><ref name="Sevres legal border">{{cite news|title=Armenia, Turkey Border was Determined by 1920 Sevres Treaty, Says Manoyan|url=http://asbarez.com/56398/armenia-turkey-border-was-determined-by-1920-sevres-treaty-says-manoyan/|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=19 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/><!-- "...the Dashnaktsutyun Party believe that Armenia has a sufficient legal basis for claims against Turkey."--> Armenia's Former Deputy Foreign Minister [[Ara Papian]] claims that "[[Wilsonian Armenia]]", the territory granted to the Republic of Armenia in 1920 by Wilson in the scope of the Treaty of Sèvres, is still ''[[de jure]]'' part of Armenia today.<ref>{{cite web|last=Papian|first=Ara|title=Sound the Alarms! This is Our FInal Sardarapat|url=http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/SardEng.pdf|accessdate=29 July 2013|authorlink=Ara Papian|location=Yerevan|year=2009}}</ref> According to him the [[Treaty of Kars]], which determined the current Turkish-Armenian border, has no legal value because it was signed between two internationally unrecognized subjects: [[Bolshevik Russia]] and [[Kemalist Turkey]].{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=150}} Papian has suggested that the Armenian government can file a suit at the [[International Court of Justice]] to dispute the border between Armenia and Turkey.<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/> - -22 November is celebrated by some Armenians as the anniversary of the Arbitral Award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Նոյեմբերի 22-ը Հայրենատիրության օր|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/politics/2007/11/16/21337|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=16 November 2007|agency=[[A1plus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Կոչ են անում նոյեմբերի 22-ը հռչակել Հայրենատիրության օր|url=http://hetq.am/arm/print/7043/|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hetq]]|date=22 November 2011}}</ref> In 2010 and 2011, posters with maps of the Treaty of Sèvres were hung throughout [[Yerevan]].<!-- "nationalist groups that hanged Sèvres maps all around the streets of Yerevan on the 90th anniversary of the Treaty of Sèvres" --><ref>{{cite news|last=Öztarsu|first=Mehmet Fatih|title=Armenia ready, target 2015|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251131-armenia-ready-target-2015-by-mehmet-fatih-oztarsu*.html|accessdate=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=20 July 2011}}</ref> - -==== Official position of Armenia ==== -Since [[Armenia]]'s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Armenian government has not officially made any territorial claims to Turkey.{{sfn|Phillips|2005|p=68}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Terzi|first=Özlem|title=The influence of the European Union on Turkish foreign policy|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham, Surrey, England|isbn=978-0-7546-7842-7|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hayrumyan|first=Naira|title=Border matters: Possible emergence of independent Kurdistan in Mideast expected to have bearing on Armenia|url=http://www.armenianow.com/commentary/analysis/42503/armenia_middle_east_region_kurdish_issue_geopolitics|accessdate=21 January 2013|date=14 January 2013|agency=[[ArmeniaNow]]}}</ref> However, the Armenian government has avoided "an explicit and formal recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border."<ref name="RFE/RL">{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Emil|title=Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/24280096.html|accessdate=29 June 2013|date=28 July 2011|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> In 2001, Armenian president [[Robert Kocharyan]] stated that the "genocide recognition will not lead to legal consequences or territorial claims."{{sfn|Phillips|2005|p=36}} - -In 2010, Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] addressed the Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's Arbitral Award: -{{cquote|It was probably one of the most momentous events for our nation in the 20th century which was called up to reestablish historic justice and eliminate consequences of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated in the Ottoman Empire. The Arbitral Award defined and recognized internationally Armenia's borders within which the Armenian people, who had gone through hell of ''[[:wikt:Meds Yeghern|Mets Eghern]]'', were to build their statehood.<ref>{{cite news|title=Address of President Serzh Sargsyan to the Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's Arbitral Award|url=http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2010/11/23/news-1316/|accessdate=27 June 2013|date=23 November 2010|agency=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132437/http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2010/11/23/news-1316/|archivedate=13 April 2014 }}</ref>}} - -On 23 July 2011, during a meeting of Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] with students in [[Tsaghkadzor]] resort city, a student asked Sargsyan if Armenia "will return <!--the--> Western Armenia" in the future.<ref name="RFE/RL"/> Sargsyan responded: -{{cquote|It depends on you and your generation. I believe, my generation has fulfilled the task in front of us; when it was necessary in the beginning of the 1990s to defend part of our fatherland—Karabakh—from the enemy, we did it. I am not telling this to embarrass anyone: my point is that each generation has its responsibilities and they have to be carried out, with honor. If you, boys and girls of your generation spare no effort, if those older and younger than you act the same way, we will have one of the best countries in the world. Trust me, in many cases the country's standing is not conditioned by its territory: the country should be modern, it should be secure and prosperous, and these are conditions which allow any nation to sit next to the respectable, powerful and reputed nations of the world. We simply must fulfill our duty, must be active, industrious, must be able to create bounty. And we can do that, we very easily can do that, and we have done it more than once in our history. I am certain about it, and I want you to be certain too. We are a nation that always rises from the ashes like phoenix—again and again.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Tsakhkadzor President Sargsyan met with the participants of the 5th Pan-Armenian Olympiad and with the students sponsored by the Luys Foundation|url=http://www.president.am/en/domestic-visits/item/2011/07/25/news-290/&|accessdate=29 June 2013|date=25 July 2011|agency=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia}}</ref>}} - -Sargsyan's statements "were considered by Turkish officials an encouragement for young students to fulfill the task of their generation and occupy eastern Turkey."<ref name="Zaman"/> During his visit to Baku a few days later, Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] denounced Sargsyan's statements and described them as "provocation" and claimed that Sargsyan this "told young Armenians to be ready for a future war with Turkey."<ref name="RFE/RL"/> Erdoğan demanded apology from Sargsyan calling his statements a "blunder".<ref>{{cite news|title=Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia|url=http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2011/08/04/erdogan-demands-apology-from-armenia/|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[Armenian Mirror-Spectator]]|date=4 August 2011}}</ref> In response, Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister Shavarsh Kocharyan stated that Sargsyan's words were "interpreted out of context."<ref name="Zaman">{{cite news|title=Yerevan claims Sarksyan's words 'misinterpreted'|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251995-yerevan-claims-sarksyans-words-misinterpreted.html|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> - -On 5 July 2013,<ref name="Hovsepyan Land Claim">{{cite news|title=Turkey Angry at Yerevan Over 'Land Claim' Remarks|url=http://asbarez.com/111487/turkey-angry-at-yerevan-over-%E2%80%98land-claim%E2%80%99-remarks/|accessdate=15 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> during a forum of Armenian lawyers in Yerevan on the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide organized by the Ministry of Diaspora, Armenia's Prosecutor General [[Aghvan Hovsepyan]] made a "sensational statement".<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Prosecutor General: Armenia Should Have Its Territories Back|url=http://asbarez.com/111143/prosecutor-general-armenia-should-have-its-territories-back/|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=8 July 2013}}</ref> Hovsepyan particularly stated: -{{cquote|Indeed, the Republic of Armenia should have its lost territories returned and the victims of the Armenian Genocide should receive material compensation. But all these claims must have perfect legal grounds. I strongly believe that the descendants of the genocide must receive material compensation, churches miraculously preserved in Turkey's territory and church lands must be returned to the Armenian Church, and the Republic of Armenia must get back its lost lands.<ref name="Hovsepyan Land Claim"/><!-- «Հայոց ցեղասպանության զոհերի ժառանգները պետք է նյութական փոխհատուցում ստանան, Հայ եկեղեցուն պետք է վերադարձվեն Թուրքիայի տարածքում հրաշքով կանգուն մնացած եկեղեցիները և եկեղեցապատկան հողերը, Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունը պետք է ստանա իր կորցրած տարածքները։ Բայց այդ բոլոր պահանջները պետք է ունենան անթերի իրավական հիմնավորումներ»,–հայտարարել է ՀՀ գլխավոր դատախազը։ -->}} -According to ''[[ArmeniaNow]]'' news agency "this was seen as the first territorial claim of Armenia to Turkey made on an official level. The prosecutor general is the carrier of the highest legal authority in the country, and his statement is equivalent to an official statement."<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan">{{cite news|last=Hayrumyan|first=Naira|title=Armenia and Year 2015: From Genocide recognition demand to demand for eliminating its consequences|url=http://armenianow.com/genocide/47534/armenia_turkey_genocide_recognition_aghvan_hovsepyan|accessdate=11 July 2013|date=11 July 2013|agency=[[ArmeniaNow]]}}</ref> In response, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 12 July 2013 denouncing Hovsepyan's statements. According to the Turkish side his statements reflect the "prevailing problematic mentality in Armenia as to the territorial integrity of its neighbor Turkey." The statement said that "one should be well aware that no one can presume to claim land from Turkey."<ref>{{cite web|title=QA-18, 12 July 2013, Statement of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey in Response to a Question Regarding the Declaration of the Prosecutor General of Armenia about the Border between Turkey and Armenia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/qa_18_-12-july-2013_-statement-of-the-spokesman-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-turkey-in-response-to-a-question-regarding-the-declaration-of-the-prosecutor-general-of-armenia-about-the-border-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref> - -===Nakhichevan=== -{{See also|Armenians in Nakhichevan}} -[[File:Nakhichevan and Artsakh in Azerbaijan location map.png|thumb|285px|Nakhichevan shown in brown. The area ''de facto'' held by the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] shown in yellow.]] -Armenian tradition says that Nakhichevan (Նախիջևան ''Naxidjevan'' in Armenian and Naxçıvan in Azerbaijani) was founded by [[Noah]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coene|first=Frederik|title=The Caucasus: an introduction |year=2009|publisher=Routedge |isbn=978-0-415-48660-6|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FqFMmVbfRfEC&pg=PA35&dq=Nakhchivan+Noah&hl=en&ei=9J3KTczQOcy38gO9t8nKBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nakhchivan%20Noah&f=false|page=35}}</ref> Armenians have been living in Nakhichevan since ancient times. It was one of ''gavars'' of [[Vaspurakan]] province of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]. In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] established by [[Artaxias I]].<ref name="Monuments">Ayvazyan, Argam. ''The Historical Monuments Of Nakhichevan'', pp.&nbsp;10–12. {{ISBN|0-8143-1896-7}}</ref> Within the kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhichevan was part of the [[Ayrarat]], [[Vaspurakan]] and [[Syunik (historic province)|Syunik]] provinces.{{sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=100}} - -By the 16th century, control of Nakhichevan passed to the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Persian Empire|Persia]]. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the earlier wars between Persia and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 14th to 18th centuries. In 1604–1605, [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas I]], concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas could potentially pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a [[scorched earth]] policy. He forced some 300,000 Armenians,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From The Eighteenth Century To Modern Times|year=2005|publisher=Wayne State Univ Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-3221-4|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmtPLvnrc38C|author1=Agop Jack Hacikyan |author2=Gabriel Basmajian |author3=Edward S. Franchuk |author4=Nourhan Ouzounian }}</ref> including the Armenian population of Nakhichevan to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of the [[Aras River]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gervers|first=Michael|title=Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries|year=1990|publisher=Pontifical Inst. of Mediaeval Studies|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-88844-809-5|page=230|author2=Bikhazi, Ramzi Jibran }}</ref> After the last [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1826-1828 Russo-Persian War]], Nakhichevan became part of Russia per the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] after Persia's forced ceding. [[Alexandr Griboyedov]], the Russian envoy to Persia, reported that 1,228 Armenian families from Persia migrated to Nakhichevan, while prior to their migration there were 2,024 Muslim and 404 Armenian families living in the province.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Письмо Паскевичу И. Ф., 1 октября 1828 - Грибоедов А.С.|url=http://www.griboedov.net/pisma/150.shtml|accessdate=30 July 2013|date=1 October 1828|language=ru}}</ref> - -According to the 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]], the Nakhichevan ''uyezd'' of the [[Erivan Governorate]] had a population of 100,771, of which 34,672 were Armenian (34.4%), while Caucasian Tatars (Azerbaijanis) numbered 64,151 or 63.7% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-Russian census of 1897 Nakhichevan uyezd ethnic composition|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=575|publisher=Demoscope Weekly|accessdate=29 June 2013|language=ru}}</ref> The proportion of Armenian was around 40% prior to World War I.<ref name="Starr">{{cite book|last=Starr|first=S. Frederick|title=The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1398-1|pages=247–248|authorlink=S. Frederick Starr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Donald Earl|title=Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-92914-2|page=7|author2=Miller, Lorna Touryan }}</ref> Nakhichevan was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan from 1918 to 1920 during the countries' brief independence. The Armenian population of Nakhichevan largely fled the area during the Ottoman invasion in 1918.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=229}} By June 1919, after the British troops left the area, [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] succeeded in establishing control over Nakhichevan. Some of the Nakhichevan Armenians returned to their homes in summer 1919.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=247}} Again, more violence erupted in 1919 leaving some 10,000 Armenians dead and some 45 Armenian villages destroyed.{{sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=266}} - -After the Soviet takeover of the Caucasus region in 1920 and 1921, the [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]], also known as the Treaty of Brotherhood, was signed between the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] and Soviet Russia on 16 March 1921. According to this treaty Nakhichevan became "an autonomous territory under the auspices of Azerbaijan, under the condition that Azerbaijan will not relinquish the protectorate to any third party."<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Moscow: March 16, 1921|url=http://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Vertrag-von-Moskau-16.-M%C3%A4rz-1921.pdf|publisher=Deutsch-Armenische Gesellschaft (DAG)|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Kars]] was signed between the Grand National Assembly and Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR on 13 October 1921. The treaty reaffirmed that the "Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhichevan&nbsp;... constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan."<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Kars|url=http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/Articles/1921Treaty%20of%20Kars.pdf|publisher=Armenian News Network / Groong|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> By the mid-1920s, the number of Armenians in Nakhichevan dwindled significantly and according to the [[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet census]] the 11,276 Armenians made up only 10.7% of the [[Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomous republic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1926|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/naxichevan26.html|publisher=[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet Census]]|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> During the Soviet period, the Armenians of Nakhichevan felt "pressured to leave."<ref name="Starr"/> According to the Soviet census of 1979, only 3,406 Armenians resided in Nakhichevan or 1.4% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azerbaijan SSR|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnazerbaijan.html|publisher=1979 Soviet Census|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> The last few thousand Armenians left Nakhichevan in 1988 amid the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=310}} - -In August 1987, the [[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]] started a petition to transfer Nakhichevan and Nagorno-Karabakh under jurisdiction of Armenia.{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=48}} In the [[Karabakh movement|nationalist movement to unite Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia]], Armenians "used the example of the slow "de-Armenianization" of Nakhichevan in the course of the twentieth century as an example of what they feared would happen to them."{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=133}}<ref name="Starr"/><!--"Armenians have charged the authorities of Soviet Azerbaijan with intentionally neglecting Karabagh to draw away the youth and manipulating the economy to diminish the self-sufficiency of the region and make it entirely dependent on Baku and other Azerbaijani cities. Claimed discrimination and second-class citizenship."--> During the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]], clashes occurred between Armenian and Azeri forces in the Nakhichevan-Armenia border, however, the war did not spill over into Nakhichevan. Turkey, Azerbaijan's close ally, threatened to intervene if Armenia invaded Nakhichevan.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=203}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=Hugh|title=Turkey 'must show its teeth' to Armenia: Military help for Azerbaijan urged|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/turkey-must-show-its-teeth-to-armenia-military-help-for-azerbaijan-urged-1453934.html|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=7 April 1993}}</ref> Nakhichevan was in center of attention during the destruction of the [[Armenian cemetery in Julfa]] in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/azerbaijan-famous-medieval-cemetery-vanishes|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=27 April 2006|agency=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan|url=http://shr.aaas.org/geotech/azerbaijan/Azerbaijan_Report.pdf|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=5 December 2010|agency=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sarah Pickman|title=Tragedy on the Araxes|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]|date=30 June 2006}}</ref> According to the [[Research on Armenian Architecture]], most of the Armenian churches, monasteries and cemeteries were destroyed by Azerbaijan in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gevorgyan|first=Alisa|title=How the Armenian trace was erased from Nakhijevan|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2012/11/13/how-the-armenian-trace-was-erased-from-nakhijevan/|accessdate=28 July 2013|date=13 November 2012|agency=[[Public Radio of Armenia]]}}</ref> - -The Armenian government has never made any claims to Nakhichevan, although there have been calls by nationalist circles (including [[Hayazn]],<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:"Հայազն" կուսակցությունը դատապարտում է ԼՂՀ ԱԳ նախարարի հայտարարությունները|url=http://www.aravot.am/2013/06/20/257003/|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[Aravot]]|date=20 June 2013|language=hy|quote=Հավանական պատերազմի դեպքում Ադրբեջանին բռնակցված մյուս շրջանների' մասնավորապես Գանձակի և Նախիջևանի ազատագրում և պաշտպանական հայեցակարգի համապատասխանեցում այդ նպատակներին:}}</ref> [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]] youth wing<ref>{{cite news|title=Խոստանում են ազատագրել Նախիջեւանը [Promise to liberate Nakhichevan]|url=http://www.a1plus.am/34921.html|date=27 November 2009|agency=[[A1plus]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611145719/http://www.a1plus.am/34921.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|language=hy}}</ref> and prominent Nagorno-Karabakh War veteran [[Jirair Sefilian]])<ref>{{cite news|title=The next must be Nakhijevan|url=http://www.azg.am/wap/?nl=EN&id=2007092106&Base_PUB=0|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=Azg Daily|date=21 September 2007}} ([archived])</ref> to forcibly annex Nakhichevan in case Azerbaijan attacks Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:Պետք է վերցնել Նախիջևանը|url=http://www.lragir.am/index.php/arm/0/politics/view/36886|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=Lragir.am|date=15 July 2010|language=hy}}</ref> Rəfael Hüseynov, the Director of the [[Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature]], in his written question to the [[Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe]] in 2007 claimed that the "seizure Nakhichevan is one of the main military goals of Armenia."<ref>{{cite web|title=The serious threats arising from Armenia's invasive plans towards the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and the responsibility of the Council of Europe|url=http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11689&Language=EN|publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]]|accessdate=26 July 2013|date=27 June 2007}}</ref> Writing in the ''[[Harvard International Review]]'' in 2011 US-based Azerbaijani historian Alec Rasizade suggested that "Armenian ideologues have lately started to talk about the return of Nakhichevan."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rasizade|first=Alec|title=Azerbaijan’s Chances in the Karabakh Conflict|journal=[[Harvard International Review]]|date=18 January 2011|url=http://hir.harvard.edu/azerbaijans-chances-in-the-karabakh-conflict/}}</ref> - -== Public opinion == -[[File:Ararat is and remains Armenian.jpg|thumb|225x|[[Lebanese Armenians]] holding a poster during Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]]'s visit to Beirut in November 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/Nov/26/Armenian-protest-against-Erdogan-visit-turns-violent.ashx#axzz2XWWLJBKD|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|date=26 November 2010}}</ref> The text reads "[[Mount Ararat|[Mount] Ararat]] is and remains Armenian".]] -[[File:Armenia and Artsakh graffiti in Yerevan.jpg|thumb|left|225x|A graffiti in [[Yerevan]] of the map outline of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The text reads "Liberated, not occupied."]] - -There are no public opinion data concerning the United Armenia concept, however, it is popular among Armenians according to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goksel|first=Nigar|title=The Turkey-Armenia border, mental maps and incoherent policies|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=the-turkey-armenia-border-mental-maps-and-incoherent-policies-2008-01-28|accessdate=26 June 2013|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=28 January 2008|quote=For borders with Turkey to open, Armenia must recognize the border with Turkey clearly, thus ending the popular (among Armenians) vision of “Greater Armenia.”}}</ref> Moshe Gammer of the [[Tel Aviv University]] and Emil Souleimanov of the [[Charles University in Prague]] both suggest that the concept is popular in the Armenian diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gammer|first=Moshe|title=The Caspian Region, Volume 2: The Caucasus, Volume 2|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-00512-5|page=32|quote=In the first place 'Greater Armenia' is a concept which is said to have adherents in mono-ethnic Armenians as well as among the Armenian diaspora the world over.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Souleimanov|first=Emil|title=Understanding Ethnopolitical Conflict: Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28024-4|chapter=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yfQzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155&dq=armenian+genocide+recognition+territorial+claims&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fasKUqezIdOj4AOZwIGQDA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=armenian%20genocide%20recognition%20territorial%20claims&f=false Turkey's Relations with Armenia]|quote=...&nbsp;the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, one of the most influential political parties inside Armenia, still regards the "returning" of territory in eastern Anatolia as one of the priority goals of its activities; while the Armenian diaspora around the world is apt to strongly sympathize with this aspiration.}}</ref> [[Gerard Libaridian]] wrote in 2007:<ref>{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerald J.|title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-0648-0|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian|p=42}}</ref> -{{quote frame|While it is true that not all Armenians in the Diaspora share the vision of a united Armenia as a political program, territorial aspirations were sustained, nonetheless, by the deep sense of injustice that Armenians generally felt [by the Turkish denial of the genocide and lack of any kind of compensation for the genocide losses]}} - -A 2014 survey in Armenia asked what kind of demands should Armenia make to Turkey. Some 80% agreed that Armenia should make territorial claims (30% said only territorial claims, while another 50% said territorial, moral, financial, and proprietary). Only 5.5% said no demands should be made.<ref name="barometer.am">{{cite web|title=Ի՞նչ ենք ուզում Թուրքիայից [What do we want from Turkey?]|url=http://www.barometer.am/news/real-politics/20141219/178/|website=barometer.am|language=hy|date=19 December 2014}}</ref> According to a 2012 survey, 36% of Armenians asked agree or somewhat agree that Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide will result in territorial compensation, while 45% believe it will not.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucasus Barometer 2012 Armenia: Armenia will receive territorial compensation, if Turkey recognizes the Genocide|url=http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2012am/ARMGEN73/|publisher=Caucasus Research Resource Centers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611014035/http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2012am/ARMGEN73/|archivedate=11 June 2014|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> The online publication Barometer.am wrote: "It appears that our pragmatic population believes that all possible demands should be forwarded to Turkey [...] but a relative majority consider the practival realization of territorial claims to Turkey is unrealistic."<ref name="barometer.am"/> - - -One researcher wrote in the ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' magazine in 2016 that "[f]ew in Armenia support [the] pleas to use Karabakh as a springboard to recreate 'Greater Armenia.' But the idea that Karabakh must be held no matter the cost is widespread."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pheiffer|first1=Evan|title=A Place to Live For|journal=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|date=1 June 2016|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/06/nagorno-karabakh-armenia-azerbaijan-four-day-war/}}</ref> According to a 2013 Caucasus Barometer survey, when asked about having Nagorno-Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia, 77% of respondents "definitely favor" such a status, 13% would be "accepting under certain circumstances", and 7% oppose it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucasus Barometer 2013 Armenia: Have Nagorno-Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia|url=http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_1/|publisher=Caucasus Research Resource Centers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611004658/http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_1/|archivedate=11 June 2014|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> When asked about Nagorno-Karabakh becoming an independent country, 56% would "definitely favor" such a status, 18% would be "accepting under certain circumstances", and 24% said they would "never accept" it.<ref>http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_2/</ref> - -== In culture == -[[File:Armenia map in Road home cartoon.png|thumb|275px|The map of Armenia as seen in 2005 animated film ''Road home''.]] - -The concept of creating a united state that would include all Armenian-populated areas has been the main theme of the [[Armenian revolutionary songs]]. [[Nersik Ispiryan]] and [[Harout Pamboukjian]] are among the most famous performers of such songs. One of the most widely known examples of these songs is "We must go" (Պիտի գնանք, Piti gnank) by ''[[Gusans|gusan]]'' Haykazun written in 1989:<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Պիտի գնանք|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?206.50|publisher=National Center of Educational Technologies|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=hy}}</ref> -{| cellpadding=6 -|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" -| -:Ախ էն երկրի հողին մատաղ, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ, -:Սիրով լինի, սրով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ, -:Արարատի գլխին դրոշ պիտի՛ դնենք վաղ թե ուշ, -:Հերթով լինի, երթով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ: - -:Թեկուզ անանց պարիսպներով մեզ բաժանեն մեր երկրից, -:Հրով լինի, սրով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ: -| -:Oh, God bless that country, that we must go to sooner or later, -:With love it will be or with sword, we must go sooner or later, -:We must put a flag on [[Mount Ararat|Ararat]] sooner or later, -:With line it will be or with march, we must go sooner or later. - -:Even if impassable fences separate us from our country, -:With fire it will be or sword, we must go sooner or later. -|} - -From 2005 to 2008, four short [[animated cartoon]]s were released by the [[Armenfilm|National Cinema Center of Armenia]] called ''Road home'' (Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն) produced by Armenian animator [[Robert Sahakyants]]. It tells a story of a group of school children from [[Erzurum|Karin]] (Erzurum) in 2050 taking a trip throughout the "liberated from enemy" territories: [[Tigranakert (Silvan)|Tigranakert]], [[Bitlis|Baghesh]] (Bitlis), [[Muş|Mush]] and [[Akdamar Island]]. The country they live in is called ''Hayk' '' (Հայք) after the [[Name of Armenia|historical name of Armenia]]. The series was aired by the [[Public Television of Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն|trans_title=Road Home|language=hy|url=http://www.ncca.am/producing/view/article/21|publisher=National Cinema Center of Armenia|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611145221/http://www.ncca.am/producing/view/article/21|archivedate=11 June 2014 }}</ref> In one of his last interviews, Sahakyants stated: "If today I'm shooting a film about how we are going to return Western Armenia, then I'm convinced that it will definitely take place."<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Аплодисменты Роберту Саакянцу|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/10/29/aplodismenty-robertu-saakyancu/|newspaper=[[Yerkramas]]|date=29 October 2011|language=ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611143031/http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/10/29/aplodismenty-robertu-saakyancu/|archivedate=11 June 2014}}</ref> - -== Reaction == - -===In Turkey=== -[[File:Coat of arms of Armenia.svg|thumb|230px|Some Turkish sources have speculated that the [[Coat of arms of Armenia]], which features [[Mount Ararat]], currently located in Turkey, is part of the Armenian claims.<ref name="turkishpress"/><ref name="Hürriyet 2000"/><ref name="Bal"/> ]] -{{see also|Sèvres Syndrome}} - -In December 1991, Turkey became one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relations between Turkey and Armenia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Armenia–Turkey relations]] deteriorated during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh war]], during which Turkey aligned itself with Azerbaijan. Turkey shares the Turkic heritage with Azerbaijan and the two countries are generally seen as allies in the region. The expression "one nation, two states" has been often used to describe the [[Azerbaijan–Turkey relations|relations of these countries]].{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=391}} - -In Turkey, "many believe that Armenia's territorial claims are the main reason why the Armenian administration and lobbyists are pushing for global recognition" of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name="turkishpress">{{cite news|last=Sirmen|first=Ali|title=A Careful Policy Is Necessity|url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=167062|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=Turkish Press|date=16 March 2007|quote=Armenia's policy of seeking Greater Armenia is still being pushed. Under this policy, firstly the so-called genocide will be recognized and compensation and territorial claims against Turkey will follow.}}</ref><ref name="Hürriyet 2000"/> The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism credits the idea of "Great Armenia" to Armenian President [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dream Of A Greater Armenia|url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,32317/the-dream-of-a-greater-armenia.html|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> According to Prof. İdris Bal "Turkey considers Armenian policy (and the activities of its powerful diaspora groups) since 1989 to be against its national security interests and territorial integrity. Armenia's failure to recognize the Kars Agreement, along with the frequent public references to eastern Turkey as 'Western Armenia,' provides a serious irritant to Turkey. The Turkish Mt. Ararat is pictured in the official Armenian state emblem, which Turkey interprets as a sign that the 'greater Armenia' vision is still very much alive."<ref name="Bal">{{cite book|last=Bal|first=İdris|title=Turkish foreign policy in post cold war era|year=2004|publisher=BrownWalker Press|location=Boca Raton, Fl.|isbn=978-1-58112-423-1|page=272}}</ref> - -According to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'' some "foreign policy experts draw attention to the fact that Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey, citing certain phrases in the [[Armenian Constitution]] and Declaration of Independence."<ref name="Hürriyet 2000">{{cite news|title=Experts suggest Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=experts-suggest-armenia-has-territorial-claims-over-turkey-2000-12-06|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=26 June 2000}}</ref> The [[Armenia Declaration of Independence]] was passed on 23 August 1990 officially declaring "the beginning of the process of establishing of independent statehood positioning the question of the creation of a democratic society." It was signed by [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]], the President of the Supreme Council, who became the first President of Armenia in 1991.<ref name="1990 Declaration of Independence"/> Article 11 of the declaration read: -:::"The Republic of Armenia stands in support of the task of achieving international recognition of the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey and Western Armenia."<ref name="1990 Declaration of Independence">{{cite web|title=Armenian Declaration of Independence|url=http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2602&lang=eng|publisher=National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> - -Turkish historian and political scientist Umut Uzer characterized Armenian territorials claims to eastern Turkey as "a racist and irredentist demand with regard to a territory which has never in history had an Armenian majority population. And these demands are buttressed with genocide claims which in fact deny the very existence of Turkey in its current borders."<ref>{{cite news|last=Uzer|first=Umut|title=The fallacies of the Armenian nationalist narrative|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-fallacies-of-the-Armenian-nationalist-narrative-399368|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> - -===In Azerbaijan=== -{{see also|Anti-Armenianism in Azerbaijan}} -Azerbaijani President [[Heydar Aliyev]] in 1998 stated in his "[[:wikisource:Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people|Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people]]" that the "artificial territorial division in essence created the preconditions for implementing the policy of expelling Azerbaijanis from their lands and annihilating them. The concept of 'greater Armenia' began to be propagated."<ref>{{cite web|title=Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani|url=http://www.human.gov.az/?sehife=etrafli&sid=MTMyMjMzMTA4MTMyNjE1Mw==&dil=en|publisher=Azerbaijani State Commission on Prisoners of War, Hostages and Missing Persons|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150329/http://www.human.gov.az/?sehife=etrafli&sid=MTMyMjMzMTA4MTMyNjE1Mw==&dil=en|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=26 March 1998}}</ref> - -In 2012, President of Azerbaijan and son of Heydar Aliyev, [[Ilham Aliyev]], who has made several statements toward Armenia and Armenians in past such as "our main enemies are Armenians of the world",<ref>{{cite web|title=Closing Speech by Ilham Aliyev at the conference on the results of the third year into the "State Program on the socioeconomic development of districts for 2009–2013"|url=http://en.president.az/articles/4423|publisher=[[President of Azerbaijan|Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150354/http://en.president.az/articles/4423|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=28 February 2012}}</ref> stated that "Over the past two centuries, Armenian bigots, in an effort to materialize their 'Great Armenia' obsession at the expense of historically Azerbaijani lands, have repeatedly committed crimes against humanity such as terrorism, mass extermination, deportation and ethnic cleansing of our people."<ref>{{cite web|title=Address to the people of Azerbaijan on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Khojaly genocide|url=http://en.president.az/articles/4372|publisher=Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150441/http://en.president.az/articles/4372|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=23 February 2012}}</ref> - -==See also== -{{Col-begin}} -{{Col-3}} -*[[Armenian nationalism]] -*[[Foreign relations of Armenia]] -*[[Armenian national liberation movement]] -*[[Armenian Question]] -{{Col-3}} -;Other irrendentist concepts -*[[Pan-Turkism]] -*[[Whole Azerbaijan]] -*''[[Megali Idea]]'' -*[[Greater Israel]] -{{Col-3}} - -{{Col-end}} - -==References== -;Notes -{{notelist}} - -;Citations -{{reflist|30em|refs= - -<ref name="Zakarian">{{cite news|last1=Zakarian|first1=Armen|title=Dashnaktsutyun Demands Autonomy For Javakheti Armenians|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1573045.html|work=azatutyun.am|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=6 February 2004}}</ref> - -}} - -===Bibliography=== -{{Div col|cols=3}} -*{{cite book|title=The frontier between Armenia and Turkey as decided by President Woodrow Wilson, November 22, 1920|year=1920|publisher=Armenian National Committee|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028610677}} -*{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919. 1|year=1971|publisher=University of California Publishing|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-01805-1|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|title=Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History|year=1993|publisher=Indiana university press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Chorbajian|first=Levon|title=The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh|year=1994|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85649-288-1|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Verluise|first=Pierre|title=Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake|year=1995|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8|authorlink=:fr:Pierre Verluise|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-30610-5|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|authorlink=Robert H. Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-33228-4|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-98887-9|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Ambrosio|first=Thomas|title=Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-97260-8|authorlink=Thomas Ambrosio|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|title=Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia|year=2002|publisher=Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61|location=Uppsala|isbn=91-506-1600-5|url=http://www.nukri.org/modules/CmodsDownload/upload/Politics/Domestic_policy/0419dissertation.pdf|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|title=[[Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War]]|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=David L.|title=Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation|year=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84545-007-6|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerald J.|title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=978-1-4128-0648-0|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Papian|first=Ara|authorlink=Ara Papian|script-title=hy:Հայոց պահանջատիրության իրավական հիմունքները|trans_title=Legal Bases for Armenian Claims|year=2009|publisher=Modus Vivendi|location=Yerevan|language=hy|url=http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/EastArm.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419123829/http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/EastArm.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-04-19|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Harutyunyan|first=Arus|title=Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization|year=2009|publisher=Western Michigan University|location=Kalamazoo, Michigan|isbn=978-1-109-12012-7|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Leoussi|first=Athena S.|title=The call of the homeland: diaspora nationalisms, past and present|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-18210-3 |first2=Allon |last2=Gal |first3=Anthony D. |last3=Smith |ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Hille|first=Charlotte Mathilde Louise|title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-17901-1|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Alex|title=The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mlUS7rlhcC|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-203-84700-8|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian|ref=harv}} -*{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|year=2011|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7656-3004-9|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} -{{Div col end}} - -{{Armenian nationalism|state=expanded}} -{{Irredentism|state=expanded}} +{{Stupid}} +{{Stupidism}} +===Only yours F*ckin` Dreams === {{Pan-nationalist concepts}} '
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[ 0 => '{{good article}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}', 2 => '[[File:United Armenia.png|thumb|300px|right|The modern concept of United Armenia as claimed by the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].<ref name="crisisgroup"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/><br />Orange: areas overwhelmingly populated by Armenians (Republic of Armenia: 98%;<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census Results|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|website=armstat.am|publisher=National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|page=144}}</ref> Nagorno-Karabakh: 99%;<ref name="stat-nkr"/> Javakheti: 95%)<ref name="geostat"/><br />Yellow: Historically Armenian areas with presently no or insignificant Armenian population (Western Armenia and Nakhichevan)]]', 3 => '[[File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Mount Ararat]], today located in Turkey, as seen from Armenia's capital [[Yerevan]]. It symbolizes Western Armenia in Armenian public mind.{{efn|"The lands of Western Armenia which Mt. Ararat represent..."<ref name="Shirinian">{{cite book|first=Lorne|last=Shirinian|year=1992|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=978-0773496132|p=78}}</ref> "mount Ararat is the symbol of banal irredentism for the territories of Western Armenia"<ref>{{cite web|last=Adriaans|first=Rik|title=Sonorous Borders: National Cosmology & the Mediation of Collective Memory in Armenian Ethnopop Music |url=http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=224083 |publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]] |format=M.Sc. Thesis |year=2011 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121009/http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=224083 |archivedate=5 March 2016 |p=48}}</ref>"...Ararat, which is in the territory of modern Turkey but symbolizes the dream of all Armenians around the globe about the lands lost to the west of this biblical mountain." <ref>{{cite news|last=Khojoyan|first=Sara|title=Beyond and Inside: Turk look on Ararat with Armenian perception|url=http://www.armenianow.com/features/8966/beyond_and_inside_turk_look_on_ara|work=[[ArmeniaNow]]|date=1 August 2008}}</ref>}}]]', 4 => false, 5 => ''''United Armenia''' ([[Classical Armenian orthography|classical]] {{lang-hy|Միացեալ Հայաստան}}, [[Armenian orthography reform|reformed]]: Միացյալ Հայաստան, [[Romanization of Armenian|translit.]] ''Miatsyal Hayastan''), also known as ''Greater Armenia'' or ''Great Armenia'', is an [[Armenian nationalist|Armenian ethno-nationalist]] [[Irredentism|irredentist]] concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the [[Armenian Highland]]—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by [[Armenians]]. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun) and [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]], the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] and others.', 6 => false, 7 => 'The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to [[Western Armenia]] (eastern [[Turkey]]), [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|Nagorno-Karabakh]] (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]] of [[Azerbaijan]] and the [[Javakheti]] (Javakhk) region of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="crisisgroup"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/> Nagorno-Karabakh and Javakhk are overwhelmingly inhabited by Armenians. Western Armenia and Nakhichevan had significant Armenian populations in the early 20th century, but no longer do. The Armenian population of eastern Turkey was almost completely exterminated during the [[Armenian Genocide|genocide of 1915]], when the millennia-long Armenian presence in the area largely ended and [[Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey|Armenian cultural heritage]] was mainly destroyed by the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3|page=22|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Adam|title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25981-6|page=114}}</ref> In 1919 the ARF-dominated government of the [[First Republic of Armenia]] declared the formal unification of Armenian lands. The ARF bases its claims to Turkey on the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which was effectively negated by subsequent historical events. The territorial claims to Turkey are often seen as the ultimate goal of the [[recognition of the Armenian Genocide]] and the hypothetical [[Armenian Genocide reparations|reparations of the genocide]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Theriault|first=Henry|title=The Global Reparations Movement and Meaningful Resolution of the Armenian Genocide|work=[[The Armenian Weekly]]|date=6 May 2010|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/05/06/reparations-2/| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510063921/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/05/06/reparations-2/|archivedate= 10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stepanyan|first=S.|year=2012|language=hy|location=Yerevan|publisher=[[Armenian Academy of Sciences]]|journal=[[Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri]]|title=Հայոց ցեղասպանության ճանաչումից ու դատապարտումից մինչև Հայկական հարցի արդարացի լուծում [From the Recognition and Condemnation of the Armenian Genocide to the Just Resolution of the Armenian Question]|url=http://lraber.asj-oa.am/5595/|issue=1|p=34|issn= 0320-8117|quote=Արդի ժամանակներում Հայկական հարցը իր էությամբ նպատակամղված է Թուրքիայի կողմից արևմտահայության բնօրրան, ցեղասպանության և տեղահանության ենթարկված Արևմտյան Հայաստանը` հայրենիքը կորցրած հայերի ժառանգներին և Հայաստանի Հանրապետությանը վերադարձնելուն:}}</ref>', 8 => false, 9 => 'The most recent Armenian irredentist movement, the [[Karabakh movement]] that began in 1988, sought to unify Nagorno-Karabakh with then-Soviet Armenia. As a result of the subsequent [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|war]] with Azerbaijan, the Armenian forces have established effective control over most of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding districts, thus succeeding in ''[[de facto]]'' unification of Armenia and Karabakh.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=146|ps=: "...&nbsp;Armenia's successful irrendentist project in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan."}}<ref name="Hughes 2002 211">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=James|title=Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict|year=2002|publisher=Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8210-5|page=211|quote=Indeed, Nagorno-Karabakh is de facto part of Armenia.}}</ref> Some Armenian nationalists consider Nagorno-Karabakh "the first stage of a United Armenia."<ref>{{cite news|title=ARS Marks Centennial With Pilgrimage to Der Zor, Armenia and Karabakh|url=http://asbarez.com/90971/ars-marks-centennial-with-pilgrimage-to-der-zor-armenia-and-karabakh/|work=[[Asbarez]]|date=30 December 2010|quote=...Artsakh, the guiding light of Armenian victories and the first stage of a United Armenia}}</ref>', 10 => false, 11 => '==History of the claims==', 12 => '[[File:Ethnic map of Asia Minor and Caucasus in 1914.jpg|thumb|275px|A German ethnographic map of [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Caucasus]] in 1914. Armenians are labeled in blue.]]', 13 => false, 14 => '===Origins===', 15 => '{{further|Armenian national liberation movement}}', 16 => 'The term "United Armenia" was created during the [[Armenian national awakening]] in the second half of the 19th century.', 17 => 'During this period, the Armenian-populated areas were divided between the [[Russian Empire]] ([[Eastern Armenia]]) and the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Western Armenia]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaligian|first=Dikran Mesrob|title=Armenian Organization and Ideology under Ottoman Rule: 1908–1914|publisher=Transaction|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-1-4128-4834-3|page=1}}</ref> One of the earliest uses of the phrase "United Armenia" is by the English [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]] in an 1899 edition of ''Free Russia'' monthly. It quotes a confidential report of [[Grigory Golitsin]] (the Russian governor of the Caucasus) sent to tsar [[Nicholas II]] "containing suggestions for a future policy." Golitsin is convinced that there exists a nationalist movement which "aims at the restoration of the independent Armenia of the past." Golitsin writes that "their ideal is one great and united Armenia."<ref>''Free Russia'', the Organ of the English [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]], Volumes 6-10, 1895–1899, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_t85AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA55&dq=%22United+Armenia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kv79Ua2WAZHe4APtkYCoCg&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22United%20Armenia%22&f=false 55]</ref>', 18 => false, 19 => 'The idea of an independent and united Armenia was the main goal of the [[Armenian national liberation movement]] during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishkanian|first=Armine|title=Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-92922-3|page=5}}</ref> By the 1890s, a low-intensity armed conflict developed between the three major Armenian parties—the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (Dashnak), [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hnchak]] and [[Armenakan Party|Armenakan]]— and the Ottoman government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzig|first=Edmund|title=The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity|year=2005|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-00493-7|page=79|author2=Kurkchiyan, Marina }}</ref> Calls from the great powers for reforms in the Armenian provinces and Armenian aspirations of independence resulted in the [[Hamidian massacres]] between 1894 and 1896, during which up to 300,000 Armenian civilians were slaughtered by the order of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]], after whom the massacres were named.<ref>{{cite book|last=Totten|first=Samuel|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-89043-1|pages=56–57|authorlink=Samuel Totten}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Freedman|first=Jeri|title=The Armenian genocide|year=2009|publisher=Rosen Pub. Group|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4042-1825-3|page=12}}</ref> After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]], some Armenians felt that the situation would improve; however, a year later the [[Adana massacre]] took place and Turkish-Armenian relations deteriorated further.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|title=Fires of hatred : ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-00994-3|page=83|authorlink=Norman Naimark}}</ref> After the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912–1913, the Ottoman government was pushed to accept the [[Armenian reform package|reforms]] in the Armenian provinces in early 1914.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0-691-15333-9|page=129|authorlink=Taner Akçam}}</ref>', 20 => false, 21 => '[[File:Armenian Genocide Map-en.svg|275px|thumb|The Armenians living in their ancestral lands were exterminated during the Armenian Genocide in 1915]]', 22 => false, 23 => '=== World War I and the Armenian Genocide ===', 24 => 'The Armenians of eastern Ottoman Empire were exterminated by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years. An estimated 1.5 million Armenians were killed,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php|publisher=[[Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute]]|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|accessdate=5 August 2013|authorlink=John Kifner}}</ref> while the survivors found refuge in other countries. These events, which are known as the [[Armenian Genocide]], are officially denied by the Turkish state, which falsely claims the killings were a result of a "civil war."<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide|year=2005|publisher=University of Utah Press|location=Salt Lake City|isbn=978-0-87480-849-0|page=115}}</ref> The Ottoman government successfully ended the over two thousand year Armenian presence in [[Western Armenia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2129-7|page=174|author1=Marie-Aude Baronian |author2=Stephan Besser |author3=Yolande Jansen }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shirinian|first=Lorne|title=The Republic of Armenia and the rethinking of the North-American Diaspora in literature|year=1992|publisher=E. Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-9613-2|page=ix}}</ref>', 25 => false, 26 => 'By 1916, most of [[Western Armenia]] was occupied by the Russian Empire as part of the [[Caucasian Campaign]] of World War I. In parts of the occupied areas, especially around [[Van, Turkey|Van]], an Armenian autonomy was briefly set up. The Russian army left the region due to the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Revolution of 1917]]. The Ottoman Empire quickly regained the territories from the small number of irregular Armenian units. In the Caucasus, the [[Special Transcaucasian Committee]] was set up after the [[February Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|page=237}}</ref>', 27 => false, 28 => 'The Bolsheviks took power in Russia through the [[October Revolution]] and soon signed the [[Armistice of Erzincan]] to stop the combat in Turkish Armenia. Russian forces abandoned their positions and left the area under weak Armenian control. The Bolsheviks set up the [[Transcaucasian Commissariat]] in the Caucasus. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed on 3 March 1918 and the Ottoman army started to regain the lost territories, taking over [[Kars]] by 25 April.<ref>{{cite book|last=McMeekin|first=Sean|title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: the Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for world power|year=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-05853-8|page=331}}</ref> Russia signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] with the Ottoman Empire and by April 1918 the [[Transcaucasian Federation]] proclaimed its independence from Russia. This fragile federation of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan collapsed when the Turks invaded the Caucasus region. The Armenian units defeated the Turks at the [[Battle of Sardarabad]], just 40 kilometers away from Armenia's future capital [[Yerevan]], preventing the complete destruction of the Armenian nation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Balakian|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2003|page=321|isbn=0-06-055870-9}}</ref>', 29 => false, 30 => '[[File:Armenia in Paris Peace Conference 1919.jpg|300px|thumb|A map presented by the Armenian National Delegation (representing [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenians]]){{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=227}} to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]].<ref>{{cite book|title=America as Mandatary for Armenia|url=https://archive.org/details/americaasmandata00amer|year=1919|publisher=[[Armenian National Committee of America|American Committee for the Independence of Armenia]]|location=New York|page=2}}</ref>]]', 31 => false, 32 => 'A 1918 book by American scholars [[Lothrop Stoddard]] and [[Glenn Frank]], titled ''Stakes of the War'' listed 8 solutions to the Armenian Question as proposed by different parties. The second proposal, titled "United Armenia", is described as follows:<ref>https://archive.org/stream/stakeswarsummar00frangoog#page/n310/mode/2up</ref>', 33 => '{{quotation|A union of territories of Turkish, Russian, and Persian Armenia would result in enough area to constitute an independent state, but in no considerable section of this area would the Armenians form a clear majority of the population. To be sure, the Armenians would be the most intelligent and progressive element; but their numbers and their vitality has been greatly reduced by the long series of persecutions and massacres, and there has been such extensive destruction of property in these territories, that their potential force has been reduced as to form a serious bar to their gaining the ascendancy over the more numerous racial elements in the territory.}}', 34 => false, 35 => '=== First Republic of Armenia: 1918–20 ===', 36 => '{{see also|First Republic of Armenia}}', 37 => '[[File:Alexander Khatisian.png|thumb|175px|Armenia's Prime Minister [[Alexander Khatisian]] declared the formal unification of the Armenian lands in 1919.]]', 38 => false, 39 => 'The [[Armenian National Council (1917—1918)|Armenian National Council]] declared the independence of the Armenian provinces on 28 May 1918.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919|year=1971|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-01805-1|page=33|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> It was recognized by the Ottoman Empire by the [[Treaty of Batum]] on 4 June 1918.<ref>{{cite book|last=Derogy|first=Jacques|title=Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations|year=1990|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3316-5|page=45}}</ref> After its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire and the Allies signed the [[Armistice of Mudros]] by which the Turkish troops left the Caucasus and by 1919 the Republic of Armenia established control over the former [[Kars Oblast]], the city of [[Iğdır]] and its surrounding territory, including [[Mount Ararat]].{{sfn|Hille|2010|p=84}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|title=Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History|year=1993|publisher=Indiana university press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=128|authorlink=Ronald Suny}}</ref>', 40 => false, 41 => 'On 28 May 1919, on the first anniversary of the Republic of Armenia, the government of the newly founded country symbolically declared the union of Eastern and Western Armenia, the latter of which was still under the full control of the Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian people from ancient to modern times|year=2004|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9|page=323}}</ref> [[Alexander Khatisian]], the Armenian Prime Minister, read the declaration:<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatisian|first=Alexander|title=Հայաստանի Հանրապետության ծագումն ու զարգացումը [The Creation and Development of the Republic of Armenia]|year=1930|location=Athens|pages=129–130|authorlink=Alexander Khatisian}}</ref>{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|pp=461-462}}', 42 => '{{cquote|To restore the integrity of Armenia and to secure the complete freedom and prosperity of its people, the Government of Armenia, abiding by the solid will and desire of the entire Armenian people, declares that from this day forward the separated parts of Armenia are everlastingly combined as an independent political entity.', 43 => false, 44 => 'Now in promulgating this act of unification and independence of the ancestral Armenian lands located in Transcaucasia and the Ottoman Empire, the Government of Armenia declares that the political system of United Armenia is a democratic republic and that it has become the Government of the United Republic of Armenia.', 45 => false, 46 => 'Thus, the people of Armenia are henceforth the supreme lord and master of their consolidated fatherland, and the Parliament and Government of Armenia stand as the supreme legislative and executive authority conjoining the free people of United Armenia.}}', 47 => false, 48 => '====Treaty of Sèvres ====', 49 => '[[File:Boundary between Turkey and Armenia as determined by Woodrow Wilson 1920.jpg|thumb|225px|The Armenian-Turkish border by the Treaty of Sèvres]] ', 50 => 'Almost two years after the [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] was established, on 23 April 1920, the United States officially recognized it. Its frontiers were to be determined later. On 26 April 1920, the Supreme Council of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in Paris (British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], French Prime Minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] and Italian Prime Minister [[Francesco Saverio Nitti]]) requested that the United States accept the mandate over Armenia and to make an Arbitral Decision to determine the boundaries of Armenia with Turkey.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=152}} President [[Woodrow Wilson]] agreed to act as arbitrator and draw a mutually acceptable border between the two nations. In July 1920, the [[US State Department]] founded the Committee upon the Arbitration of the Boundary between Turkey and Armenia, headed by William Westermann. The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was signed on 10 August 1920. On 28 September 1920, the Committee submitted a report that defined the border between Armenia and Turkey. It guaranteed access to the Mediterranean sea for Armenia via [[Trabzon|Trebizond]] and proclaimed Turkey's border regions demilitarization frontier line.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=153}}', 51 => false, 52 => 'A territory of 40,000 square miles or 103,599 square kilometers, formerly part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], was given to Armenia. Based on the calculations the committee made, the ethnic structure of the 3,570,000 population would have been: 49% Muslims (Turks, Kurds, Tartar Azerbaijanis, and others), 40% Armenians, 5% Lazes, 4% Greeks, and 1% others. It was expected that in the case Armenian refugees' return, they would make up to 50% of the population.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=154}} Two months after the committee submitted the report to the State Department, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] received it on 12 November 1920. Ten days later, Wilson signed the report entitled "Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier."{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=155}} The report was sent to the US ambassador in Paris [[Hugh Campbell Wallace]] on 24 November 1920.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=158}} On 6 December 1920, Wallace delivered the documents to the secretary-general of the peace conference for submission to the Allied Supreme Council.{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=158}}', 53 => false, 54 => '==== Fall of the First Republic ====', 55 => 'In late September 1920, a [[Turkish–Armenian War|war]] erupted between Armenia and the [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]]-led Turkish nationalists ([[Government of the Grand National Assembly]]) led by [[Kâzım Karabekir]] took place. Turks [[Battle of Kars (1920)|captured Kars]] on 30 October 1920.{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=142}} With the Turkish army in [[Alexandropol]], the Bolsheviks invaded the country from the north east, and on 29 November 1920, they proclaimed Armenia a Soviet state. On 2 December 1920, Armenia became a Soviet state according to a joint proclamation of Armenia's Defence Minister [[Drastamat Kanayan|Dro]] and Soviet representative [[Boris Legran]] in [[Yerevan]]. Armenia was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Alexandropol]] with the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] on the night of 2–3 December 1920.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle - Partition and Sovietization|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-08804-7|pages=394–396|authorlink=Richard Hovannisian}}</ref>{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=143}}{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=132}} The Treaty of Sèvres and Wilson's award remained "dead letters."<ref name="Sicker">{{cite book|last=Sicker|first=Martin|title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire|year=2001|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96891-5|page=225}}</ref>', 56 => false, 57 => 'Just after the Soviet invasion of Armenia in November 1920, the Soviet Azerbaijani leader [[Nariman Narimanov]] declared that "the old borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared null and void. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia."{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=133}} Despite these assurances, both Nakhichevan and Karabakh were kept under Azerbaijani control for another eight months.{{sfn|Chorbajian|1994|p=135}} On 16 March 1921, Soviet Russia and the Government of the Grand National Assembly signed the [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]]. By this treaty, Kars and Ardahan were ceded to Turkey, and [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]] was put under "protectorate" of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Hille|2010|pp=157-158}} The [[Treaty of Kars]] was signed between the Grand National Assembly Government on one side and Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR and Azerbaijan SSR on the other, reaffirming the Treaty of Moscow.{{sfn|Hille|2010|p=159}}', 58 => false, 59 => '===Post-World War II: 1945–53 ===', 60 => '[[File:Armenian and Georgian claims to Turkish Territory, map done by British Foreign Office, May, 1946..jpg|thumb|225px|Armenian and Georgian claims to Turkish Territory, [[British Foreign Office]], May 1946]]', 61 => '[[File:USSR territorial claims to Turkey 1945-1953.png|thumb]]', 62 => 'After the end of [[World War II]] in Europe, the Soviet Union made territorial claims to Turkey. [[Joseph Stalin]] pushed Turkey to cede [[Kars]] and [[Ardahan]], thus returning the pre-[[World War I]] boundary between the Russian and Ottoman empires. Besides these provinces, the Soviet Union also claimed the Straits (see [[Turkish Straits crisis]]). "Stalin, perhaps, expected that the Turks, shocked by the Red Army's triumph, would give up, and Washington and London accept it as a ''[[fait accompli]]''," writes Jamil Hasanli.<ref name="Hasanli">{{cite book|last=Hasanli|first=Jamil|title=Stalin and the Turkish Crisis of the Cold War, 1945–1953|year=2011|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-7391-6807-3|page=124}}</ref> Athena Leoussi added, "While Stalin's motives can be debated, for Armenians at home and abroad the re-emergence of the Armenian Question revived hopes for territorial unification".{{sfn|Leoussi|Gal|Smith|2010|p=123}} On 7 June 1945 Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the USSR demanded a revision of its border with Turkey.{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}}', 63 => false, 64 => 'To repopulate the claimed areas with Armenians, the Soviet government organized a repatriation of Armenians living abroad, mostly survivors of the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|title=An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-27497-8|page=49}}</ref>{{sfn|Leoussi|Gal|Smith|2010|p=123}} Between 1946 and 1948, 90,000 to 100,000 Armenians from Lebanon, Syria, Greece, Iran, Romania, France, and elsewhere moved to Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history|year=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|page=225}}</ref>{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}}', 65 => false, 66 => 'An [[Office of Strategic Services]] (predecessor of the CIA) document dated 31 July 1944 reported that the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] changed its extreme anti-Soviet sentiment due to the rise of the Soviet power at the end of the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sassounian|first=Harut|title=1943 US Intelligence Report: All Armenians Demand Return of Lands from Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2013/07/30/1943-us-intelligence-report-all-armenians-demand-return-of-lands-from-turkey/|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Armenian Weekly]]|date=30 July 2013|authorlink=Harut Sassounian}}</ref> In a memorandum sent to the [[Moscow Conference (1945)|Moscow Conference]], Head of the Armenian Church [[George VI of Armenia|Gevorg VI]] expressed hope that "justice will finally be rendered" to the Armenians by the "liberation of Turkish Armenia and its annexation to Soviet Armenia."{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|pp=24-25}} Armenia's Communist leader [[Grigory Arutyunov|Grigor Harutunian]] defended the claims, describing Kars and Ardahan "of vital importance for the Armenian people as a whole." The Soviet Armenian élite suggested that the Armenians have earned the right to Kars and Ardahan by their contribution in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet struggle against fascism]].{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=225}} Armenian diaspora organizations also supported the idea.{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}}', 67 => false, 68 => 'As the relations between the West and the Soviet Union deteriorated with the US and the UK backing Turkey,<ref>{{cite book|last=Mandel|first=Maud S.|title=In the Aftermath of Genocide: Armenians and Jews in Twentieth-Century France|year=2003|publisher=Duke Univ. Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-3121-6|page=194}}</ref>{{sfn|Suny|1993|p=225}} Soviet claims were out of the agenda by 1947. However, it was not until 1953, after Stalin's death, that they officially abandoned their claims,<ref name="Hasanli"/> thus ending the dispute.<ref>{{cite book|title=USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law Volume 3|year=2010|publisher=International Strategic Research Organization (USAK)|location=Ankara|isbn=978-605-4030-26-2|page=250}}</ref>', 69 => false, 70 => '===Late Cold War: 1965–87===', 71 => 'A wave of Armenian nationalism started in the mid-1960s in the [[Soviet Union]] after [[Nikita Khrushchev]] came to power and granted relative freedom to the Soviet people during the [[De-Stalinization]] era. On 24 April 1965, the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, a [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations|mass demonstration]] took place in [[Yerevan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishkanian|first=Armine|title=Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-92922-3|page=7}}</ref> Thousands of Armenians poured into the streets of Yerevan to commemorate the victims of the genocide; however, their goal was not to "challenge the authority of the Soviet government", but "draw the government's attention" to the genocide and persuade the "Soviet government to assist them in reclaiming their lost lands."<ref name="Central Asia and the Caucasus">{{cite book|last=Atabaki|first=Touraj|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-49582-7|pages=135–137|author2=Mehendale, Sanjyot }}</ref> The Kremlin, taking into account the demands of the demonstrators, commissioned a memorial for the genocide. The memorial, which was built on [[Tsitsernakaberd]] hill, was completed in 1967.<ref name="Central Asia and the Caucasus"/>', 72 => false, 73 => '[[File:ASALA logo.svg|thumb|215px|left|The logo of [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] was the outline map of the claimed United Armenia.]]', 74 => false, 75 => 'The 1960s and 1970s saw a rise in underground political and armed struggle against the Soviet Union and the Turkish state in and outside of Armenia. In 1966, an underground nationalist party called the [[National United Party (Armenia)|National United Party]] was founded by Haykaz Khachatryan in Yerevan. It secretly operated in Soviet Armenia from 1966 to the late 1980s and, after the imprisonment of its founding members in 1968, it was led by [[Paruyr Hayrikyan]]. It advocated for the creation of United Armenia through self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Ariel|title=Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis|year=1998|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-96481-8|page=107}}</ref> Most of its members were arrested and the party was banned. Though the NUP was blamed for the [[1977 Moscow bombings]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, REV. Ed.|year=1989|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-0891-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA190&dq=1977+moscow+%22National+United+Party+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D8LQUdjcBaHl4APw9YGYBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1977%20moscow%20%22National%20United%20Party%20%22&f=false 190]}}</ref> historian [[Jay Bergman (historian)|Jay Bergman]] states, "Who actually caused the explosion has never been determined conclusively."<ref>Meeting the demands of reason; by prof. Jay Bergman, Cornell University Press, {{ISBN|0-8014-4731-3}}, 2009, p. 256</ref>', 76 => false, 77 => 'According to [[Gerard Libaridian]], "by the 1970s, the [[Armenian Genocide recognition|recognition of the [Armenian] genocide]] became a very important objective of the Armenian cause and diaspora political parties linked the recognition of the genocide and the dream of a greater Armenia because Turkey's recognition of the genocide would constitute the legal basis for the Armenian claims on Western Armenia."<ref>{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerard J.|title=The challenge of statehood: Armenian political thinking since independence|year=1999|publisher=Blue Crane Books|location=Watertown, Mass.|isbn=978-1-886434-10-3|page=128|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian}}</ref> From the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, several Armenian militant (often considered terrorist) groups operated in the Middle East and Western Europe. Most notably the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA) carried out armed attacks on Turkish diplomatic missions around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jessup|first=John E.|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution: 1945–1996|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-28112-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA39&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRITUfmtKebe0QGKroCgAg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 39]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gerringer|first=Arthur E.|title=Terrorism: from one millennium to the next|year=2002|publisher=San Jose, Calif.|isbn=978-0-595-24286-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X51zPY3_H6IC&pg=PA239&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 239]}}</ref> Two ARF-affiliated groups—the [[Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide]] (JCAG) and the [[Armenian Revolutionary Army]] (ARA)—also carried out similar attacks, mainly in Western Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CB4Bh0-zrgoC&pg=PA173&dq=jcag+ara+arf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=olDQUfjZM6fO0QG88IC4Bw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=jcag%20ara%20arf&f=false 173]|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> [[David C. Rapoport]] argues that these organizations were inspired by [[Kourken Yanigian]], a 77-year-old Armenian genocide survivor, who assassinated two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973 as an act of revenge against Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rapoport|first=David C.|title=Inside Terrorist Organizations|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8179-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FnvCEOZLf8YC&pg=PA229&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 229]}}</ref>', 78 => false, 79 => 'The ASALA was the largest of the three and was mostly composed of Lebanese Armenian young adults, who claimed revenge for the [[Armenian Genocide]], which the Turkish state denies. The concept of United Armenia was one of the ultimate goals of ASALA.{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=66}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkey: A Country Study|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4191-9126-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzYk_gzpJ0C&pg=PA368&dq=ASALA+1975&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zhITUc-cJ-_q0QGg6IGQAQ&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=ASALA%201975&f=false 368]|author=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref> On 18 June 1987, the [[European Parliament]], with the initiative of the Greek MPs, formally recognized the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Parliament Resolution|url=http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.152/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html|publisher=[[Armenian National Institute]]|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=18 June 1987}}</ref> [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] and [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] claim that Armenian Genocide became internationalized as a result of the activities of the Armenian militant groups in the Western European countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=From The Holy Mountain|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=Ne Delhi|isbn=978-0-14-303108-6|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|title=Turkey Today: A European Country?|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-84331-173-7|page=170}}</ref>', 80 => false, 81 => '===Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 1988–94 ===', 82 => '{{double image|right|Levon Ter-Petrosyan cropped.jpg|172|Վազգեն Սարգսյան.jpg|150|[[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]] ''(left)'' was the popular leader of the Karabakh movement and independent Armenia's first president. [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] ''(right)'' was the main commander of the Armenian forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh war.}}', 83 => '{{main|Karabakh movement|Nagorno-Karabakh War}}', 84 => false, 85 => 'In February 1988 a [[Karabakh movement|popular nationalist movement]] emerged in Soviet Armenia and the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO), a small Armenian-populated enclave under the jurisdiction of Soviet Azerbaijan since 1923.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ambrosio|first=Thomas|title=Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-275-97260-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0hLzXEO-fAQC&pg=PA147&dq=%22supported+Azerbaijan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Y8jRUf7cNbij4AOsq4GgCA&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22supported%20Azerbaijan%22&f=false 148]}}</ref> The movement demanded the unification of the two entities, reviving the idea of a united Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Høiris|first1=Ole|last2=Yürükel|first2=Sefa Martin|title=Contrasts and Solutions in the Caucasus|date=1998|publisher=Aarhus University Press|isbn=9788772887081|page=233|quote=Since 1988, Nagorno-Karabakh (called 'Artsakh' by the Armenians), became the symbolic centre of the imagined, lost and regained Erkir. The old romantic idea of both an independent and united Armenia revived with Nagorno-Karabakh.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elbakyan|first1=Edgar|title=A New Legal Approach Towards the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Peaceful Resolution|journal=International Journal of Social Sciences|date=2014|volume=3|issue=5|page=47|url=http://www.iises.net.cms.intercore.cz/download/Soubory/IJOSS/V3N5-special/pp40-59_ijossV3N5.pdf|quote=The Armenians of Karabakh had determined their will towards political reunification with Armenia. That was a result of the same identity they shared with other Armenians as well as a political aspiration for “United Armenia”, i.e. all Armenian lands under the same title.}}</ref>', 86 => false, 87 => 'On 20 February 1988, the Nagorno-Karabakh Supreme Council (the regional legislature) issued a request to transfer the region from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=147}}{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=10}} The Moscow government declined the claims, while hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated in [[Yerevan]] in support of the idea.{{sfn|Verluise|1995|p=86}} Few days later, on 26 February, an [[Sumgait pogrom|anti-Armenian ''pogrom'']] broke out in the Azerbaijani seaside industrial city Sumgait, forcing thousands of Armenians to leave Azerbaijan ''en masse''.{{sfn|Verluise|1995|p=87}}', 88 => false, 89 => 'On 15 June 1988, the Supreme Council of Soviet Armenia voted to accept Nagorno-Karabakh into Armenia.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=289}} On 17 June 1988, the Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet refused to transfer the area to Armenia, saying that it was part of Azerbaijan.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=289}} The leading members of the [[Karabakh Committee]], a group of intellectuals leading the demonstrations, were arrested in December 1988, but were freed in May 1989.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=147}} On 1 December 1989, the Soviet Armenian Supreme Council and NKAO Supreme Council declared the unification of the two entities (օրենք «Հայկական ԽՍՀ-ի և Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի վերամիավորման մասին»).{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=290}} In January 1990, another ''pogrom'' took place against Armenians, this time [[Pogrom of Armenians in Baku|in Baku]]. In the meantime, most Azerbaijanis of Armenia and Armenians of Azerbaijan left their homes and moved to their respective countries.', 90 => false, 91 => 'Pro-independence members were elected in the majority to the Armenian parliament in the [[Armenian parliamentary election, 1990|1990 election]].{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=111}} On 23 August 1990, the Armenian parliament passed a resolution on sovereignty.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=111}} The tensions grew even larger after the Soviet and Azeri forces deported thousands of Armenian from Shahumyan during [[Operation Ring]] in April and May 1991. After the unsuccessful [[August Putsch]], more Soviet republics declared independence. On 2 September 1991, the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] proclaimed independence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Christoph|title=The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus|year=2007|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-9709-9|page=168|authorlink=:de:Christoph Zürcher}}</ref> On 21 September 1991, the [[Armenian independence referendum, 1991|Armenian independence referendum]] was held with the overwhelming majority voting for the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union. On 26 November 1991, the Azerbaijani parliament abolished the autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=162}} On 10 December 1991, an [[Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum, 1991|independence referendum]] was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, boycotted by the Azeri minority, and gained a vote of 99% in favor of independence.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=162}}', 92 => false, 93 => 'The conflict escalated into a full-scale war with the [[Capture of Shusha|captured Shusha]] by Armenian forces on 9 May 1992. By 1993, the Armenian forces took control over not only the originally disputed Nagorno-Karabakh, but also several districts surrounding the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Caucasus City Falls to Armenian Forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/world/caucasus-city-falls-to-armenian-forces.html|accessdate=10 April 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 August 1993}}</ref> A ceasefire agreement was eventually signed on 5 May 1994 in [[Bishkek Protocol|Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan. According to [[Thomas de Waal]], three factors contributed to the victory of the Armenian side: "Azerbaijan's political and military chaos, greater Russian support for the Armenians, and the Armenians' superior fighting skills."{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=206}} Since the 1994 ceasefire, the Armenian [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] has ''de facto'' control of the territories taken over in the war.{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}}', 94 => false, 95 => '==Current claimants==', 96 => false, 97 => '===Armenian Revolutionary Federation===', 98 => 'Since its foundation in 1890, the [[left-wing nationalist]] [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (also known as Dashnaktsutyun or Dashnak/Tashnag) has been known as the main advocate for United Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pantelic|first=Nina|title=The Effects of Nationalism on Territorial Integrity Among Armenians and Serbs|url=http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3946&context=etd|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|accessdate=26 January 2013|date=28 September 2007|page=25}}</ref> Having affiliated organizations throughout the [[Armenian diaspora|Armenian communities abroad]], the ARF is regarded as one of the most influential Armenian institutions in the world, especially in the diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Karen|title=Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World|year=2003|publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9|author2=Levinson, David |page=402}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Roberta|title=The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced|year=1998|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-1498-9|page=275|author2=Deng, Francis Mading }}</ref> According to researcher Arus Harutyunyan, the party has "made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include" Western Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nakhichevan and Javakhk.<ref name="FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989"/> In the 1998 party program, it states that the ARF's first goal is "The creation of a Free, Independent and United Armenia. United Armenia should include inside its borders the Armenian lands [given to Armenia] by the Sevres Treaty, as well as Artsakh, Javakhk and Nakhichevan provinces."<ref name="1998 ARF program"/> "Free, Independent and United Armenia" is the party's main slogan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Verluise|first=Pierre|title=Armenia in crisis: the 1988 earthquake|year=1995|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chrysanthopoulos|first=Leonidas T.|title=Caucasus chronicles|year=2002|publisher=[[Gomidas Institute]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-884630-05-7|page=72}}</ref> and was adopted as its "supreme objective" in the 10th Party Congress in Paris (1924–25).<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Razmik Panossian|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|year=2006|publisher=Hurst & Co.|location=London|isbn=978-0-231-51133-9|page=253}}</ref> [[Hrant Markarian]], ARF Bureau Chairman, stated at the 2004 party congress:<ref name="Zakarian"/>', 99 => '{{quote frame|We are against any relations between Armenia and Turkey that would mean acceptance of any preconditions by us, that would require us to give up our rights or any part of them. We will keep up pressure on Turkey until we achieve full victory, until international recognition of the fact of genocide, until the creation of a United Armenia.}}', 100 => '<!--', 101 => ';2015 report', 102 => false, 103 => 'http://www.armeniangenocidereparations.info/?page_id=229', 104 => 'The Armenian Genocide Reparations Study Group, founded in 2007 and funded by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, presented their final report titled "Resolution with Justice: Reparations for the Armenian Genocide" in March 2015. The group consisted of [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], Henry C. Theriault, Jermaine McCalpin, and [[Ara Papian]].', 105 => false, 106 => 'The group suggested that the "Wilsonian Arbitral Award of territory to the Armenian Republic was binding at the time, regardless of the fact that the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified. It follows that Turkey’s current occupation of “Wilsonian Armenia” constitutes a breach of an', 107 => 'international obligation and is legally actionable...', 108 => false, 109 => 'The group "recognizes that reparations claims and initiatives are typically met with skepticism by those outside the victim group, including individuals who are sympathetic to the suffering of the victim group. [...] There are those who would object to this report not on the grounds that its analysis is wrong or inadequate, but that the quest for reparations for the Armenian Genocide, especially a return of land, is very unlikely to succeed."', 110 => '-->', 111 => '===Heritage Party===', 112 => 'Although the [[Party platform|platform]] of the [[national liberal]] [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]] party makes no explicit reference to territorial claims, its leader and some its members have expressed their support for them. Heritage supports the formal recognition of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] by Armenia and has introduced bills for the recognition of the NKR to the [[National Assembly of Armenia|Armenian National Assembly]] in 2007, 2010, and 2012. Although all three attempts were voted down by the ruling [[Republican Party of Armenia|Republican Party]].<ref>', 113 => '*2007: {{cite news|title=Armenian Bill To Recognize Nagorno-Karabakh Criticized|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078400.html|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=28 August 2007|agency=RFE/RL}}', 114 => '*2010: {{cite news|title=Armenian Ruling Party Against Karabakh Recognition Bill|url=http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/2186305.html|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=10 October 2010|agency=RFE/RL}}', 115 => '*2012: {{cite news|title=Karabakh recognition bill put into circulation at Armenian parliament|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/121534/|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=4 September 2012|agency=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]]}}</ref> Its leader, [[Raffi Hovannisian]] (post-Soviet Armenia's first foreign minister), has hinted at Western Armenia, Javakhk and Nakhichevan with "vague formulations."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abrahamyan|first1=Aram|title=Raffi Hovhannisyan’s Foreign Policy Agenda|url=http://en.aravot.am/2013/03/04/152740/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144007/http://en.aravot.am/2013/03/04/152740/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=13 April 2014|work=[[Aravot]]|date=4 March 2013|quote=Mr. Hovhannisyan also hints at Nakhijevan, Western Armenia, and Javakhk with vague formulations...}}</ref> For instance, during a 2013 speech about his future plans Hovannisian stated that "only with [the existence of a] [[Legitimacy (political)|government belonging to the people]] will we have awareness of our [[national interest]]—with Artsakh, Javakhk, Western Armenia—and future for our children."<ref>{{cite news|last=Musayelyan|first=Lusine|title=Րաֆֆի Հովհաննիսյան. "Մեր պայքարը շարունակվում է" [Raffii Hovannisian. "Our struggle continues"]|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25000776.html|date=29 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030510/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25000776.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|agency=RFE/RL|quote=Միայն ժողովրդին պատկանող հայրենիքով կունենանք ազգային շահի գիտակցություն՝ Արցախ, Ջավախք, Արեւմտյան Հայաստան եւ մեր երեխայի ապագա:}}</ref> In 2011, a leading party member, [[Zaruhi Postanjyan]], stated in an [[open letter]] to presidents of Armenia and NKR that by organizing a [[repatriation]] of diaspora Armenians to Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, "we will [create a] base for the liberation of our entire homeland."<ref>{{cite news|last=Postanjyan|first=Zaruhi|title=Փոստանջյանը պահանջում է հանդիսություններ [Postanjyan demands celebrations]|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/politics/2011/11/21/zara|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614035154/http://www.a1plus.am/52130.html|archivedate=14 June 2014|agency=[[A1plus]]|quote=...մեր սերնդին ընձեռվել է հնարավորություն` կազմակերպել հայրենաշեն ազգահավաք հայկական երկու պետություններում, որոնք կազմում են 42000 քառակուսի կիլոմետր, ինչն էլ իր հերթին հիմք է ծառայում ազատագրելու նաև մեր ամբողջական հայրենիքը...}}</ref>', 116 => false, 117 => 'In an April 2015 conference on the [[100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide centenary]] Postanjyan stated that Armenia should "restore its territorial integrity" by claiming the "territory of its historic homeland." When asked about how realistic Armenian claims to its historic lands are, Heritage leader Hovannisian responded: "Today's romantic will become tomorrow's realist."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lazaryan|first=Tatevik|title="Ժառանգությունը" քննարկում է "Ծովից ծով Հայաստանը" վերականգնելու օրինագիծը|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/26935407.html|work=azatutyun.am|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=2 April 2015|language=hy}}</ref> In an opinion piece published in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' on April 11, 2015 Hovannisian wrote that Turkey occupies Western Armenia and called for "the creation of an Armenian national hearth in historic Western Armenia." He added, "negotiations between the republics of Turkey and Armenia triggering the first-ever sovereign reciprocal demarcation of the official frontier, including but not limited to provisions for an Armenian easement to the Black Sea."<ref>{{cite news|last=Hovannisian|first=Raffi K.|authorlink1=Raffi Hovannisian|title=Remembering the Armenian genocide|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Remembering-the-Armenian-genocide-396789|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=11 April 2015}}</ref>', 118 => false, 119 => '==Territories claimed==', 120 => 'The modern use of United Armenia by the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (ARF) encompasses the following areas:<ref name="1998 ARF program">{{cite web|title=Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության (1998) [Armenian Revolutionary Federation Program (1998)]|url=http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website|accessdate=30 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150044/http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602|archivedate=11 June 2014|date=14 February 1998|language=hy|quote=ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է. Ա. Ազատ, Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում: Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը, ինչպես նաեւ` Արցախի, Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը: <br />The goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation are: A. The creation of a Free, Independent and United Armenia. United Armenia should include inside its borders the Armenian lands [given to Armenia] by the Sevres Treaty, as well as Artsakh, Javakhk and Nakhichevan provinces.}}</ref><ref name="crisisgroup">{{cite web|title=Armenia: Internal Instability Ahead |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |accessdate=11 June 2014 |location=Yerevan/Brussels |page=8 |date=18 October 2004 |quote=The Dashnaktsutiun Party, which has a major following within the diaspora, states as its goals: "The creation of a Free, Independent, and United Armenia. The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sevres as well as the regions of Artzakh [the Armenian name for Nagorno-Karabakh], Javakhk, and Nakhichevan". |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234002/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=89|ps=: "The ARF strives for the solution of the Armenian Cause and formation of the entire motherland with all Armenians. The party made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include Western Armenian territories (Eastern Turkey), Mountainous Karabagh and Nakhijevan (in Azerbaijan), and the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of the southern Georgia, bordering Armenia."}}', 121 => '{| class="wikitable" ', 122 => '! Area !! Part of !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Population !! Armenians !! % Armenian !!class="unsortable" | Source', 123 => '|- ', 124 => '| [[#Nagorno-Karabakh_.28Artsakh.29|Nagorno-Karabakh]]', 125 => '| {{flagicon|Nagorno Karabakh}} [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] (''[[de facto]]'') <br />{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]] ({{Tooltip|''de jure''|Internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan}})', 126 => '| align="center"| 11,458', 127 => '| align="center"| 137,737', 128 => '| align="center"| 137,380', 129 => '| align="center"| 99.7', 130 => '| align="center"| 2005 census<ref name="stat-nkr">{{cite web|title=De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity |url=http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |accessdate=11 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003111153/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/5-1.pdf |archivedate=3 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>The ''de facto'' controlled area by the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]]: {{cite web|title=De Jure Population by Administrative Territorial Distribution and Density |url=http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-4.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |accessdate=12 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306035735/http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-4.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2009 }}</ref>', 131 => '|-', 132 => '| [[#Javakhk_.28Javakheti.29|Javakhk]]', 133 => '| {{flag|Georgia}} ([[Akhalkalaki]] and [[Ninotsminda]] districts)', 134 => '| align="center"| 2,588', 135 => '| align="center"| 95,280', 136 => '| align="center"| 90,373', 137 => '| align="center"| 94.8', 138 => '| align="center"| 2002 census<ref name="geostat">{{cite web|title=Ethnic Groups by Major Administrative-territorial Units|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|accessdate=11 November 2012}}</ref>', 139 => '|-', 140 => '| [[#Nakhichevan|Nakhichevan]]', 141 => '| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} ([[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]])', 142 => '| align="center"| 5,363', 143 => '| align="center"| 398,323', 144 => '| align="center"| 6', 145 => '| align="center"| ~0', 146 => '| align="center"| 2009 census<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions of Azerbaijan, Nakchivan economic district, Ethnic Structure [Azərbaycanın regionları, Naxçıvan iqtisadi rayonu, Milli tərkib]|url=http://www.azstat.org/region/az/001.shtml|publisher=State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=28 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132849/http://www.azstat.org/region/az/001.shtml|archivedate=13 February 2012 }}</ref>', 147 => '|-', 148 => '| [[#Western_Armenia_.28eastern_Turkey.29|Western Armenia]]', 149 => '| {{flag|Turkey}}', 150 => '| align="center"| 132,967', 151 => '| align="center"| 6,461,400', 152 => '| colspan="2" align="center"|<small>N/A</small>', 153 => '| align="center"| 2009 estimate{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=37}}', 154 => '|-', 155 => '|}', 156 => false, 157 => '===Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) ===', 158 => '[[File:AZ-qa-location-en.svg|300px|thumb|The territory controlled by the Armenian forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic shown in brown]]', 159 => false, 160 => 'In the aftermath of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]], the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], supported by the Republic of Armenia, took control over the territory of some 11,500&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Overview|url=http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/overview.shtml|publisher=Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in Washington, DC|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> including several districts outside of the originally claimed borders of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Azerbaijani SSR]], creating a "buffer zone".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagorno-Karabakh profile|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} [[Kalbajar District|Kelbajar]] and [[Lachin District|Lachin]] districts guarantee solid land corridor between Armenia proper and Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eichensehr|first=Kristen|title=Stopping wars and making peace : studies in international intervention|year=2009|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-17855-7|page=44|author2=Reisman, W. Michael }}</ref>{{sfn|Ambrosio|2001|p=149}} Between 500,000 and 600,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from the area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hampton|first=Janie|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2013|publisher=Routledge,|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-54706-5|page=140}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kambeck|first=Michael|title=Europe's Next Avoidable War: Nagorno-Karabakh|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-230-30066-8|page=150|author2=Ghazaryan, Sargis }}</ref> In the meantime, almost all Armenians from Azerbaijan (between 300,000 and 400,000)<ref>{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|page=242}}</ref>{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=6}} and Azerbaijanis from Armenia (over 150,000) were forced to move to their respective countries as remaining in their homes became nearly impossible since tensions between the two groups have grown worse since the start of the conflict in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|title=Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh|year=1994|location=Helsinki|isbn=1-56432-142-8|page=1|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/AZER%20Conflict%20in%20N-K%20Dec94.pdf|author=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey|year=2002|publisher=Earthscan|location=London|isbn=978-1-85383-952-8|page=140|author=Global IDP Survey, Flyktningeråd (Norway)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jentleson|first=Bruce W.|title=Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Postdcold War World|year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-8559-2|page=68}}</ref>', 161 => false, 162 => 'The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (also known as Artsakh among Armenians) remains internationally unrecognized. Today, the Republic of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic are ''de facto'' functioning as one entity,<ref name="Hughes 2002 211"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mulcaire|first1=Jack|title=Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/face-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585|work=[[The National Interest]]|date=9 April 2015|quote=The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia expects Russian support in Karabakh war|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=armenia-expects-russian-support-in-karabakh-war-2011-05-20|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=20 May 2011|quote=While internationally recognized as Azerbaijani territory, the enclave has declared itself an independent republic but is administered as a de facto part of Armenia.}}</ref><ref>Central Asia and The Caucasus, Information and Analytical Center, 2009, Issues 55-60, Page 74, "Nagorno-Karabakh became de facto part of Armenia (its quasi-statehood can dupe no one) as a result of aggression."</ref><ref>[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für auswärtige Politik]], Internationale Politik, Volume 8, 2007 "...&nbsp;and Nagorno-Karabakh, the disputed territory that is now de facto part of Armenia&nbsp;..."</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=135|ps=: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia. Officially, Karabakh and Armenia remain separate political entities, but for most practical matters the two entities are unified."}}<ref>{{cite news|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: Crimea’s doppelganger|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/thomas-de-waal/nagorno-karabakh-crimea-doppelganger-azerbaijan-armenia|agency=[[openDemocracy]]|date=13 June 2016|quote=Following the Armenian victory in that conflict, confirmed by the 1994 ceasefire, Armenia has since carried out a de facto annexation of Karabakh.}}</ref> although the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic territory is internationally recognized as ''de jure'' part of [[Azerbaijan]]. Nagorno-Karabakh is more [[Monoethnicity|monoethnic]] than the Republic of Armenia, with 99.7% of its population being Armenian. The Azerbaijani minority was forced to leave during the war. The areas outside the original NKAO borders taken over by the Armenian forces during the war are mostly uninhabited or very sparsely inhabited, with the city of [[Lachin]] being exception. Between 2000 and 2011, 25,000 to 30,000 people settled in NKR.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:Արցախի ազատագրված տարածքներում մինչև 2011-ը վերաբնակեցվել է 20-30 հազար մարդ|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/arm/news/122038/|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]]|date=7 September 2012|language=hy}}</ref>', 163 => false, 164 => 'Since the end of the conflict, Armenia and Azerbaijan are negotiating through the [[OSCE Minsk Group]]. Presidents and Foreign Affairs Ministers of the two countries have been meeting each other alongside the Russian, French and American co-chairmen trying to find a solution for the "[[frozen conflict]]" as described by experts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barry|first=Ellen|title='Frozen Conflict' Between Azerbaijan and Armenia Begins to Boil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/world/asia/01azerbaijan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=25 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=31 May 2011|authorlink=Ellen Barry (journalist)}}</ref> Armenia and Azerbaijan regularly exchange fires in [[Armenian–Azerbaijani border conflict|clashes throughout their border]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatal Armenian-Azeri border clash|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7278483.stm|accessdate=14 July 2013|date=5 March 2008|agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=8 Killed in Renewed Fighting on Armenia-Azerbaijan Border|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/europe/armenia-azerbaijan-border-fighting-leaves-soldiers-dead.html?_r=0|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=5 June 2012}}</ref>', 165 => false, 166 => '===Javakhk (Javakheti) ===', 167 => '[[File:Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda districts.png|thumb|310px|Javakhk (Javakheti) shown in red on the map of Georgia with [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] provincial borders outlined.<br>[[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]], both areas are not under the control of the central government of Georgia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Georgia Country Specific Information|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1122.html|publisher=[[Bureau of Consular Affairs]], U.S. Department of State|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> shown in light grey.]]', 168 => '{{see also|Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti}}', 169 => false, 170 => 'The region of Javakheti (as known to Georgians)/Javakhk (as known to Armenians) comprises the districts of [[Akhalkalaki District|Akhalkalaki]] and [[Ninotsminda District|Ninotsminda]], both part of [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] province of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=European Yearbook of Minority Issues, Volume 3|year=2005|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-14280-0|page=310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH0qS_tQS0C|author=[[European Centre for Minority Issues]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nodia|first=Ghia|title=The Political Landscape of Georgia: Political Parties: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects|year=2006|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|location=Delft|isbn=978-90-5972-113-5|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBMrVV4C1e0C|author2=Scholtbach, Álvaro Pinto }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ishkhanyan|first=Vahan|title=Javakhk: The "Third" Armenia|url=http://agbu.org/news-item/javakhk-the-third-armenia/|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=1 November 2004|agency=[[Armenian General Benevolent Union]]}}</ref> It is overwhelmingly Armenian-populated (around 95%).{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} The area is geographically isolated from the rest of Georgia and remains economically and socially isolated from Georgia.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=199}} According to [[Svante Cornell]], Javakhk enjoys "wide cultural autonomy" and "certain Georgian analysts observe that the region is in practice as much 'Armenia' as 'Georgia'. It is distinctively easier to get around using Armenian than Georgian in this region; indeed, foreign visitors claim that at first they had difficulties determining which country they are in."{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} Generally, Javakheti Armenians live in "reasonable inter-ethnic harmony" within Georgia, although there is a "fairly strong fear for the future, a sense of insecurity."{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=167}} Javakheti, along with [[Lori Province|Lori]] and [[Borchali]], was disputed by Armenia and Georgia from 1918 to 1920. A [[Georgian–Armenian War|brief armed conflict]] took place between the two nations in December 1918, mostly over Lori.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=198}}', 171 => false, 172 => '[[United Javakhk Democratic Alliance]], a local civil organization, is the main organization advocating for an Armenian autonomy in the region.{{sfn|Harutyunyan|2009|p=204}} It was founded in 1988, during the disintegration of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=164}} It campaigns for a referendum in Javakheti on autonomy.<ref name="Peimani">{{cite book|last=Peimani|first=Hooman|title=Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-054-4|pages=270–271}}</ref>{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}} It is believed that the organization has close links with the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}}<ref name="Peimani"/> Although the ARF claims Javakhk as part of United Armenia, the ARF World Congresses "have agreed with the demands raised by the Armenians of Javakhk that a Javakhk with a high degree of self-government within a federal Georgia would be able to sustain itself and would become a strong link in Georgian-Armenian relations."<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy & Strategy|url=http://www.arfd.info/arf-d-foreign-policy-strategy/|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation - Dashnaktsutyun|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> ARF Bureau Chairman [[Hrant Markarian]] declared in the 2004 party congress: "We want a strong, stable and autonomous Javakheti that is part of Georgia and enjoys state care."<ref name="Zakarian"/> The leader of the United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Vahagn Chakhalian, was arrested in 2008 and freed in 2013. A 2014 article suggested that the alliance has little influence today.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rimple|first1=Paul|last2=Mielnikiewicz|first2=Justyna|title=Post-Crimea, Phantom of Armenian Separatism Haunts Georgia|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68253|work=eurasianet.org|publisher=[[Open Society Institute]]|date=9 April 2014}}</ref>', 173 => false, 174 => 'During [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]'s presidency (1991), Javakheti remained ''de facto'' semi-independent and only in November 1991 was the Tbilisi-appointed governor able to take power.{{efn|"The area remained effectively outside the control of Tbilisi for virtually the entire tenure of Gamsakhurdia."{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=164}} }} The issue of Javakheti was in the 1990s "clearly been perceived as the most dangerous potential ethnic conflict in Georgia", however, no actual armed conflict ever occurred.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=196}} Taking into account the importance of the bilateral relations, the governments of Armenia and Georgia have pursued a careful and calming policy to avoid tension.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=107|ps=: "The Georgian government has been very careful not to provoke the Javakhetia Armenians; meanwhile, the Armenian government, mindful of the importance of its relations with Georgia, has been careful to defuse potential problems in the region, intervening once to talk Javakhk out of plans to hold a referendum on autonomy or secession."}} The Armenian government has not made territorial claims to Georgia, nor has called for an autonomy in Javakheti.{{sfn|Cornell|2002|p=172|ps=: "Armenian Diaspora groups in Russia and the United States have recently began raising the question of Javakheti's status, although no overt support for the demands to grant it autonomy have been voiced by the Armenian government."}} [[Armenia–Georgia relations]] have traditionally been friendly,<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia interested in stability in Georgia and wants to strengthen friendly relations with it|url=http://arka.am/en/news/politics/armenia_interested_in_stability_in_georgia_and_wants_to_strengthen_friendly_relations_with_it/|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=ARKA|date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Ivanishvili: 'There are No Problems in Ties with Armenia'|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25650|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=17 January 2013|agency=[[Civil Georgia]]}}</ref> however, from time to time tensions arise between the two countries. In recent years, the status of Armenian churches in Georgia<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian, Georgian Churches Fail To Settle Disputes|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia_georgian_churches_fail_to_settle_disputes/24238571.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=17 June 2011|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Abrahamyan|first=Gayane|title=Armenia: Property Disputes Fueling Church Tension between Yerevan and Tbilisi|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64025|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=Eurasianet.org|date=10 August 2011}}</ref> and the status of the Armenian language in Georgian public schools had been a matter of dispute.<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Armenian language obtain regional status?|url=http://www.georgiatimes.info/en/analysis/88092.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|newspaper=Georgia Times|date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia's Armenians demand official status for Armenian language in 2 districts with Armenian population|url=http://en.rian.ru/onlinenews/20050403/39697223.html|accessdate=30 June 2013|date=3 April 2005|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> [[Svante Cornell]] argues that "Armenia seems to have had a calming influence on Javakhk" as it is highly dependent on Georgia for imports.{{sfn|Cornell|2001|p=168}} This viewpoint is shared by Georgian analysts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnovi|first=Andro|title=Detailed Review on Samtskhe-Javakheti|url=https://archive.org/details/JavakhetiStudy|publisher=Institute for Strategy and Development|accessdate=3 July 2013|location=Tbilisi|year=2009}}</ref>', 175 => false, 176 => 'Armenian nationalist activist [[Alexander Yenikomshian]] has suggested that there are three long-term solutions to the Javakhk issue: 1) the region remains part of a Georgia, where the rights of the Armenian population are protected 2) "Artsakhization", i.e. ''de facto'' unification with the Republic of Armenia 3) "Nakhichevanization", i.e. Javakhk loses its Armenian population.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ի՞նչ է Ջավախքի նշանակությունը հայ ժողովրդի ու Հայաստանի համար|url=http://www.7or.am/am/news/view/1210/|work=7or.am|date=25 December 2010|language=hy}}</ref>', 177 => false, 178 => '=== Western Armenia (eastern Turkey) ===', 179 => '{| style="float: right;" ', 180 => '! The Turkish area claimed by the ARF (based on the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], 1920)<ref name="crisisgroup"/>', 181 => '|-', 182 => '|{{Image label begin|image=Armenians claims to Turkey according to the Treaty of Sevres, 1920.png|width=550|float=right}} ', 183 => '{{Image label small|x=0.172|y=0.120|scale=550|text=[[Istanbul]]}}', 184 => '{{Image label small|x=0.342|y=0.188|scale=550|text=[[Ankara]]}}', 185 => '{{Image label small|x=0.672|y=0.216|scale=550|text=[[Erzincan Province|Erzincan]]}}', 186 => '{{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.16|scale=550|text=[[Gümüşhane Province|Gümüşhane]]}}', 187 => '{{Image label small|x=0.698|y=0.132|scale=550|text=[[Trabzon Province|Trabzon]]}}', 188 => '{{Image label small|x=0.63|y=0.14|scale=550|text=[[Giresun Province|Giresun]]}}', 189 => '{{Image label small|x=0.756|y=0.116|scale=550|text=[[Rize Province|Rize]]}}', 190 => '{{Image label small|x=0.73|y=0.178|scale=550|text=[[Bayburt Province|Bayburt]]}}', 191 => '{{Image label small|x=0.79|y=0.196|scale=550|text=[[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]]}}', 192 => '{{Image label small|x=0.806|y=0.104|scale=550|text=[[Artvin Province|Artvin]]}}', 193 => '{{Image label small|x=0.862|y=0.114|scale=550|text=[[Ardahan Province|Ardahan]]}}', 194 => '{{Image label small|x=0.874|y=0.156|scale=550|text=[[Kars Province|Kars]]}}', 195 => '{{Image label small|x=0.884|y=0.206|scale=550|text=[[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]]}}', 196 => '{{Image label small|x=0.926|y=0.186|scale=550|text=[[Iğdır Province|Iğdır]]}}', 197 => '{{Image label small|x=0.694|y=0.248|scale=550|text=[[Tunceli Province|Tunceli]]}}', 198 => '{{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.282|scale=550|text=[[Elâzığ Province|Elâzığ]]}}', 199 => '{{Image label small|x=0.72|y=0.324|scale=550|text=[[Diyarbakır Province|Diyarbakır]]}}', 200 => '{{Image label small|x=0.778|y=0.298|scale=550|text=[[Batman Province|Batman]]}}', 201 => '{{Image label small|x=0.842|y=0.328|scale=550|text=[[Siirt Province|Siirt]]}}', 202 => '{{Image label small|x=0.864|y=0.354|scale=550|text=[[Şırnak Province|Şırnak]]}}', 203 => '{{Image label small|x=0.848|y=0.294|scale=550|text=[[Bitlis Province|Bitlis]]}}', 204 => '{{Image label small|x=0.764|y=0.254|scale=550|text=[[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]]}}', 205 => '{{Image label small|x=0.822|y=0.256|scale=550|text=[[Muş Province|Muş]]}}', 206 => '{{Image label small|x=0.928|y=0.284|scale=550|text=[[Van Province|Van]]}}', 207 => '{{Image label small|x=0.948|y=0.348|scale=550|text=[[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]]}}', 208 => '{{Image label end}}', 209 => '|}', 210 => false, 211 => '[[Western Armenia]] refers to an undefined area, now in eastern Turkey, that had significant Armenian population prior to the [[Armenian Genocide]] of 1915.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallimann|first=Isidor Wallimann,|title=Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8156-2828-6|page=216|author2=Dobkowski, Michael N. |quote=The absence of Armenian life in Western Armenia (now Eastern Turkey), the success of the genocide&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khanam|first=R.|title=Encyclopedic Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia|year=2005|publisher=Global Vision|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8220-062-3|page=53}}</ref> As a result of the genocide, officially no Armenians live in the area today.<ref>[[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]], ''Near East/South Asia Report'', Issue 84004, p. 16 "These organizations demand the secession of former Armenian territories in eastern Turkey. Since officially no Armenians live on those lands today&nbsp;..."</ref> However, at least two groups of Armenian origin reside in the area. [[Hemshin peoples]], a islamisized group with Armenian ethnic origin,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vaux|first=Bert|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|citeseerx=10.1.1.18.1893|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|authorlink=Bert Vaux}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pelkmans|first=Mathijs|title=Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, And Modernity in the Republic of Georgia|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|isbn=978-0-8014-7330-2|page=34}}</ref> live in the [[Black Sea]] coast, particularity in the [[Rize Province|Rize]] province.<ref>Peter Alford Andrews, ''Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey''. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989, pp.&nbsp;476–477, 483-485, 491</ref> Another group, [[Crypto-Armenians]] or "secret" Armenians, live throughout Turkey, especially the eastern parts of the country. It is impossible to determine how many there are due to this(the fact they keep their identity hidden). estimates range from millions to the low 100,000s depending on the criteria used to determine it. since the Armenian Genocide, the area has been mostly inhabited by [[Kurds]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Masih|first=Joseph R.|title=Armenia: At the Crossroads|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-90-5702-344-6|page=xxvi|author2=Krikorian, Robert O. }}</ref> with smaller numbers of [[Azerbaijanis]] (near the Turkish-Armenian border)<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=Brenda|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|year=2002|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-262-26468-6|page=221}}</ref> and [[Georgians]] and [[Laz people]] in the northeastern provinces of Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|title=Turkey: A Country Study|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=Whitefish, Mont|isbn=978-1-4191-9126-8|page=142|author=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Jamie|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2009|publisher=Infobashe Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=141}}</ref>', 212 => false, 213 => 'Generally, the Armenian nationalist groups claim the area east of the boundary drawn by US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] for the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920. The [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] and groups supporting the concept of United Armenia claim that the Treaty of Sèvres, signed on 10 August 1920 between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies, including Armenia is the only legal document determining the border between Armenia and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Թուրքիան եւ ԱՄՆ-ը պետք է ընդունեն Սեւրի Դաշնագիրը [Turkey and the United States Should Recognize the Treaty of Sevres]|url=http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=2006|publisher=Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=22 November 2010|language=hy}}</ref><ref name="Sevres legal border">{{cite news|title=Armenia, Turkey Border was Determined by 1920 Sevres Treaty, Says Manoyan|url=http://asbarez.com/56398/armenia-turkey-border-was-determined-by-1920-sevres-treaty-says-manoyan/|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=19 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/><!-- "...the Dashnaktsutyun Party believe that Armenia has a sufficient legal basis for claims against Turkey."--> Armenia's Former Deputy Foreign Minister [[Ara Papian]] claims that "[[Wilsonian Armenia]]", the territory granted to the Republic of Armenia in 1920 by Wilson in the scope of the Treaty of Sèvres, is still ''[[de jure]]'' part of Armenia today.<ref>{{cite web|last=Papian|first=Ara|title=Sound the Alarms! This is Our FInal Sardarapat|url=http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/SardEng.pdf|accessdate=29 July 2013|authorlink=Ara Papian|location=Yerevan|year=2009}}</ref> According to him the [[Treaty of Kars]], which determined the current Turkish-Armenian border, has no legal value because it was signed between two internationally unrecognized subjects: [[Bolshevik Russia]] and [[Kemalist Turkey]].{{sfn|Papian|2009|p=150}} Papian has suggested that the Armenian government can file a suit at the [[International Court of Justice]] to dispute the border between Armenia and Turkey.<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/>', 214 => false, 215 => '22 November is celebrated by some Armenians as the anniversary of the Arbitral Award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Նոյեմբերի 22-ը Հայրենատիրության օր|url=http://www.a1plus.am/am/politics/2007/11/16/21337|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=16 November 2007|agency=[[A1plus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Կոչ են անում նոյեմբերի 22-ը հռչակել Հայրենատիրության օր|url=http://hetq.am/arm/print/7043/|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hetq]]|date=22 November 2011}}</ref> In 2010 and 2011, posters with maps of the Treaty of Sèvres were hung throughout [[Yerevan]].<!-- "nationalist groups that hanged Sèvres maps all around the streets of Yerevan on the 90th anniversary of the Treaty of Sèvres" --><ref>{{cite news|last=Öztarsu|first=Mehmet Fatih|title=Armenia ready, target 2015|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251131-armenia-ready-target-2015-by-mehmet-fatih-oztarsu*.html|accessdate=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=20 July 2011}}</ref>', 216 => false, 217 => '==== Official position of Armenia ====', 218 => 'Since [[Armenia]]'s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the Armenian government has not officially made any territorial claims to Turkey.{{sfn|Phillips|2005|p=68}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Terzi|first=Özlem|title=The influence of the European Union on Turkish foreign policy|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham, Surrey, England|isbn=978-0-7546-7842-7|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hayrumyan|first=Naira|title=Border matters: Possible emergence of independent Kurdistan in Mideast expected to have bearing on Armenia|url=http://www.armenianow.com/commentary/analysis/42503/armenia_middle_east_region_kurdish_issue_geopolitics|accessdate=21 January 2013|date=14 January 2013|agency=[[ArmeniaNow]]}}</ref> However, the Armenian government has avoided "an explicit and formal recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border."<ref name="RFE/RL">{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Emil|title=Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/24280096.html|accessdate=29 June 2013|date=28 July 2011|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> In 2001, Armenian president [[Robert Kocharyan]] stated that the "genocide recognition will not lead to legal consequences or territorial claims."{{sfn|Phillips|2005|p=36}}', 219 => false, 220 => 'In 2010, Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] addressed the Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's Arbitral Award:', 221 => '{{cquote|It was probably one of the most momentous events for our nation in the 20th century which was called up to reestablish historic justice and eliminate consequences of the Armenian Genocide perpetrated in the Ottoman Empire. The Arbitral Award defined and recognized internationally Armenia's borders within which the Armenian people, who had gone through hell of ''[[:wikt:Meds Yeghern|Mets Eghern]]'', were to build their statehood.<ref>{{cite news|title=Address of President Serzh Sargsyan to the Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of Woodrow Wilson's Arbitral Award|url=http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2010/11/23/news-1316/|accessdate=27 June 2013|date=23 November 2010|agency=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132437/http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2010/11/23/news-1316/|archivedate=13 April 2014 }}</ref>}}', 222 => false, 223 => 'On 23 July 2011, during a meeting of Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] with students in [[Tsaghkadzor]] resort city, a student asked Sargsyan if Armenia "will return <!--the--> Western Armenia" in the future.<ref name="RFE/RL"/> Sargsyan responded: ', 224 => '{{cquote|It depends on you and your generation. I believe, my generation has fulfilled the task in front of us; when it was necessary in the beginning of the 1990s to defend part of our fatherland—Karabakh—from the enemy, we did it. I am not telling this to embarrass anyone: my point is that each generation has its responsibilities and they have to be carried out, with honor. If you, boys and girls of your generation spare no effort, if those older and younger than you act the same way, we will have one of the best countries in the world. Trust me, in many cases the country's standing is not conditioned by its territory: the country should be modern, it should be secure and prosperous, and these are conditions which allow any nation to sit next to the respectable, powerful and reputed nations of the world. We simply must fulfill our duty, must be active, industrious, must be able to create bounty. And we can do that, we very easily can do that, and we have done it more than once in our history. I am certain about it, and I want you to be certain too. We are a nation that always rises from the ashes like phoenix—again and again.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Tsakhkadzor President Sargsyan met with the participants of the 5th Pan-Armenian Olympiad and with the students sponsored by the Luys Foundation|url=http://www.president.am/en/domestic-visits/item/2011/07/25/news-290/&|accessdate=29 June 2013|date=25 July 2011|agency=Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia}}</ref>}}', 225 => false, 226 => 'Sargsyan's statements "were considered by Turkish officials an encouragement for young students to fulfill the task of their generation and occupy eastern Turkey."<ref name="Zaman"/> During his visit to Baku a few days later, Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] denounced Sargsyan's statements and described them as "provocation" and claimed that Sargsyan this "told young Armenians to be ready for a future war with Turkey."<ref name="RFE/RL"/> Erdoğan demanded apology from Sargsyan calling his statements a "blunder".<ref>{{cite news|title=Erdogan Demands Apology From Armenia|url=http://www.mirrorspectator.com/2011/08/04/erdogan-demands-apology-from-armenia/|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[Armenian Mirror-Spectator]]|date=4 August 2011}}</ref> In response, Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister Shavarsh Kocharyan stated that Sargsyan's words were "interpreted out of context."<ref name="Zaman">{{cite news|title=Yerevan claims Sarksyan's words 'misinterpreted'|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251995-yerevan-claims-sarksyans-words-misinterpreted.html|accessdate=29 June 2013|newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=28 July 2011}}</ref>', 227 => false, 228 => 'On 5 July 2013,<ref name="Hovsepyan Land Claim">{{cite news|title=Turkey Angry at Yerevan Over 'Land Claim' Remarks|url=http://asbarez.com/111487/turkey-angry-at-yerevan-over-%E2%80%98land-claim%E2%80%99-remarks/|accessdate=15 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> during a forum of Armenian lawyers in Yerevan on the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide organized by the Ministry of Diaspora, Armenia's Prosecutor General [[Aghvan Hovsepyan]] made a "sensational statement".<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Prosecutor General: Armenia Should Have Its Territories Back|url=http://asbarez.com/111143/prosecutor-general-armenia-should-have-its-territories-back/|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=8 July 2013}}</ref> Hovsepyan particularly stated:', 229 => '{{cquote|Indeed, the Republic of Armenia should have its lost territories returned and the victims of the Armenian Genocide should receive material compensation. But all these claims must have perfect legal grounds. I strongly believe that the descendants of the genocide must receive material compensation, churches miraculously preserved in Turkey's territory and church lands must be returned to the Armenian Church, and the Republic of Armenia must get back its lost lands.<ref name="Hovsepyan Land Claim"/><!-- «Հայոց ցեղասպանության զոհերի ժառանգները պետք է նյութական փոխհատուցում ստանան, Հայ եկեղեցուն պետք է վերադարձվեն Թուրքիայի տարածքում հրաշքով կանգուն մնացած եկեղեցիները և եկեղեցապատկան հողերը, Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունը պետք է ստանա իր կորցրած տարածքները։ Բայց այդ բոլոր պահանջները պետք է ունենան անթերի իրավական հիմնավորումներ»,–հայտարարել է ՀՀ գլխավոր դատախազը։ -->}}', 230 => 'According to ''[[ArmeniaNow]]'' news agency "this was seen as the first territorial claim of Armenia to Turkey made on an official level. The prosecutor general is the carrier of the highest legal authority in the country, and his statement is equivalent to an official statement."<ref name="Aghvan Hovsepyan">{{cite news|last=Hayrumyan|first=Naira|title=Armenia and Year 2015: From Genocide recognition demand to demand for eliminating its consequences|url=http://armenianow.com/genocide/47534/armenia_turkey_genocide_recognition_aghvan_hovsepyan|accessdate=11 July 2013|date=11 July 2013|agency=[[ArmeniaNow]]}}</ref> In response, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 12 July 2013 denouncing Hovsepyan's statements. According to the Turkish side his statements reflect the "prevailing problematic mentality in Armenia as to the territorial integrity of its neighbor Turkey." The statement said that "one should be well aware that no one can presume to claim land from Turkey."<ref>{{cite web|title=QA-18, 12 July 2013, Statement of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey in Response to a Question Regarding the Declaration of the Prosecutor General of Armenia about the Border between Turkey and Armenia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/qa_18_-12-july-2013_-statement-of-the-spokesman-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-turkey-in-response-to-a-question-regarding-the-declaration-of-the-prosecutor-general-of-armenia-about-the-border-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref>', 231 => false, 232 => '===Nakhichevan===', 233 => '{{See also|Armenians in Nakhichevan}}', 234 => '[[File:Nakhichevan and Artsakh in Azerbaijan location map.png|thumb|285px|Nakhichevan shown in brown. The area ''de facto'' held by the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] shown in yellow.]]', 235 => 'Armenian tradition says that Nakhichevan (Նախիջևան ''Naxidjevan'' in Armenian and Naxçıvan in Azerbaijani) was founded by [[Noah]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coene|first=Frederik|title=The Caucasus: an introduction |year=2009|publisher=Routedge |isbn=978-0-415-48660-6|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FqFMmVbfRfEC&pg=PA35&dq=Nakhchivan+Noah&hl=en&ei=9J3KTczQOcy38gO9t8nKBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nakhchivan%20Noah&f=false|page=35}}</ref> Armenians have been living in Nakhichevan since ancient times. It was one of ''gavars'' of [[Vaspurakan]] province of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]. In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] established by [[Artaxias I]].<ref name="Monuments">Ayvazyan, Argam. ''The Historical Monuments Of Nakhichevan'', pp.&nbsp;10–12. {{ISBN|0-8143-1896-7}}</ref> Within the kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhichevan was part of the [[Ayrarat]], [[Vaspurakan]] and [[Syunik (historic province)|Syunik]] provinces.{{sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=100}}', 236 => false, 237 => 'By the 16th century, control of Nakhichevan passed to the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Persian Empire|Persia]]. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the earlier wars between Persia and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 14th to 18th centuries. In 1604–1605, [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas I]], concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas could potentially pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a [[scorched earth]] policy. He forced some 300,000 Armenians,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From The Eighteenth Century To Modern Times|year=2005|publisher=Wayne State Univ Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-3221-4|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmtPLvnrc38C|author1=Agop Jack Hacikyan |author2=Gabriel Basmajian |author3=Edward S. Franchuk |author4=Nourhan Ouzounian }}</ref> including the Armenian population of Nakhichevan to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of the [[Aras River]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gervers|first=Michael|title=Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries|year=1990|publisher=Pontifical Inst. of Mediaeval Studies|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-88844-809-5|page=230|author2=Bikhazi, Ramzi Jibran }}</ref> After the last [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1826-1828 Russo-Persian War]], Nakhichevan became part of Russia per the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] after Persia's forced ceding. [[Alexandr Griboyedov]], the Russian envoy to Persia, reported that 1,228 Armenian families from Persia migrated to Nakhichevan, while prior to their migration there were 2,024 Muslim and 404 Armenian families living in the province.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Письмо Паскевичу И. Ф., 1 октября 1828 - Грибоедов А.С.|url=http://www.griboedov.net/pisma/150.shtml|accessdate=30 July 2013|date=1 October 1828|language=ru}}</ref>', 238 => false, 239 => 'According to the 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]], the Nakhichevan ''uyezd'' of the [[Erivan Governorate]] had a population of 100,771, of which 34,672 were Armenian (34.4%), while Caucasian Tatars (Azerbaijanis) numbered 64,151 or 63.7% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-Russian census of 1897 Nakhichevan uyezd ethnic composition|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=575|publisher=Demoscope Weekly|accessdate=29 June 2013|language=ru}}</ref> The proportion of Armenian was around 40% prior to World War I.<ref name="Starr">{{cite book|last=Starr|first=S. Frederick|title=The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1398-1|pages=247–248|authorlink=S. Frederick Starr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Donald Earl|title=Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-92914-2|page=7|author2=Miller, Lorna Touryan }}</ref> Nakhichevan was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan from 1918 to 1920 during the countries' brief independence. The Armenian population of Nakhichevan largely fled the area during the Ottoman invasion in 1918.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=229}} By June 1919, after the British troops left the area, [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] succeeded in establishing control over Nakhichevan. Some of the Nakhichevan Armenians returned to their homes in summer 1919.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=247}} Again, more violence erupted in 1919 leaving some 10,000 Armenians dead and some 45 Armenian villages destroyed.{{sfn|Hewsen|2001|p=266}}', 240 => false, 241 => 'After the Soviet takeover of the Caucasus region in 1920 and 1921, the [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]], also known as the Treaty of Brotherhood, was signed between the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]] and Soviet Russia on 16 March 1921. According to this treaty Nakhichevan became "an autonomous territory under the auspices of Azerbaijan, under the condition that Azerbaijan will not relinquish the protectorate to any third party."<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Moscow: March 16, 1921|url=http://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Vertrag-von-Moskau-16.-M%C3%A4rz-1921.pdf|publisher=Deutsch-Armenische Gesellschaft (DAG)|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Kars]] was signed between the Grand National Assembly and Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR on 13 October 1921. The treaty reaffirmed that the "Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhichevan&nbsp;... constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan."<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Kars|url=http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/Articles/1921Treaty%20of%20Kars.pdf|publisher=Armenian News Network / Groong|accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref> By the mid-1920s, the number of Armenians in Nakhichevan dwindled significantly and according to the [[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet census]] the 11,276 Armenians made up only 10.7% of the [[Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomous republic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1926|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/naxichevan26.html|publisher=[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet Census]]|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> During the Soviet period, the Armenians of Nakhichevan felt "pressured to leave."<ref name="Starr"/> According to the Soviet census of 1979, only 3,406 Armenians resided in Nakhichevan or 1.4% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azerbaijan SSR|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnazerbaijan.html|publisher=1979 Soviet Census|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> The last few thousand Armenians left Nakhichevan in 1988 amid the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.{{sfn|Libaridian|2007|p=310}}', 242 => false, 243 => 'In August 1987, the [[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]] started a petition to transfer Nakhichevan and Nagorno-Karabakh under jurisdiction of Armenia.{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=48}} In the [[Karabakh movement|nationalist movement to unite Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia]], Armenians "used the example of the slow "de-Armenianization" of Nakhichevan in the course of the twentieth century as an example of what they feared would happen to them."{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=133}}<ref name="Starr"/><!--"Armenians have charged the authorities of Soviet Azerbaijan with intentionally neglecting Karabagh to draw away the youth and manipulating the economy to diminish the self-sufficiency of the region and make it entirely dependent on Baku and other Azerbaijani cities. Claimed discrimination and second-class citizenship."--> During the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]], clashes occurred between Armenian and Azeri forces in the Nakhichevan-Armenia border, however, the war did not spill over into Nakhichevan. Turkey, Azerbaijan's close ally, threatened to intervene if Armenia invaded Nakhichevan.{{sfn|de Waal|2003|p=203}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=Hugh|title=Turkey 'must show its teeth' to Armenia: Military help for Azerbaijan urged|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/turkey-must-show-its-teeth-to-armenia-military-help-for-azerbaijan-urged-1453934.html|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=7 April 1993}}</ref> Nakhichevan was in center of attention during the destruction of the [[Armenian cemetery in Julfa]] in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/azerbaijan-famous-medieval-cemetery-vanishes|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=27 April 2006|agency=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan|url=http://shr.aaas.org/geotech/azerbaijan/Azerbaijan_Report.pdf|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=5 December 2010|agency=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sarah Pickman|title=Tragedy on the Araxes|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]|date=30 June 2006}}</ref> According to the [[Research on Armenian Architecture]], most of the Armenian churches, monasteries and cemeteries were destroyed by Azerbaijan in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gevorgyan|first=Alisa|title=How the Armenian trace was erased from Nakhijevan|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2012/11/13/how-the-armenian-trace-was-erased-from-nakhijevan/|accessdate=28 July 2013|date=13 November 2012|agency=[[Public Radio of Armenia]]}}</ref>', 244 => false, 245 => 'The Armenian government has never made any claims to Nakhichevan, although there have been calls by nationalist circles (including [[Hayazn]],<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:"Հայազն" կուսակցությունը դատապարտում է ԼՂՀ ԱԳ նախարարի հայտարարությունները|url=http://www.aravot.am/2013/06/20/257003/|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[Aravot]]|date=20 June 2013|language=hy|quote=Հավանական պատերազմի դեպքում Ադրբեջանին բռնակցված մյուս շրջանների' մասնավորապես Գանձակի և Նախիջևանի ազատագրում և պաշտպանական հայեցակարգի համապատասխանեցում այդ նպատակներին:}}</ref> [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage]] youth wing<ref>{{cite news|title=Խոստանում են ազատագրել Նախիջեւանը [Promise to liberate Nakhichevan]|url=http://www.a1plus.am/34921.html|date=27 November 2009|agency=[[A1plus]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611145719/http://www.a1plus.am/34921.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|language=hy}}</ref> and prominent Nagorno-Karabakh War veteran [[Jirair Sefilian]])<ref>{{cite news|title=The next must be Nakhijevan|url=http://www.azg.am/wap/?nl=EN&id=2007092106&Base_PUB=0|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=Azg Daily|date=21 September 2007}} ([archived])</ref> to forcibly annex Nakhichevan in case Azerbaijan attacks Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hy:Պետք է վերցնել Նախիջևանը|url=http://www.lragir.am/index.php/arm/0/politics/view/36886|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=Lragir.am|date=15 July 2010|language=hy}}</ref> Rəfael Hüseynov, the Director of the [[Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature]], in his written question to the [[Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe]] in 2007 claimed that the "seizure Nakhichevan is one of the main military goals of Armenia."<ref>{{cite web|title=The serious threats arising from Armenia's invasive plans towards the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and the responsibility of the Council of Europe|url=http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11689&Language=EN|publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]]|accessdate=26 July 2013|date=27 June 2007}}</ref> Writing in the ''[[Harvard International Review]]'' in 2011 US-based Azerbaijani historian Alec Rasizade suggested that "Armenian ideologues have lately started to talk about the return of Nakhichevan."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rasizade|first=Alec|title=Azerbaijan’s Chances in the Karabakh Conflict|journal=[[Harvard International Review]]|date=18 January 2011|url=http://hir.harvard.edu/azerbaijans-chances-in-the-karabakh-conflict/}}</ref>', 246 => false, 247 => '== Public opinion ==', 248 => '[[File:Ararat is and remains Armenian.jpg|thumb|225x|[[Lebanese Armenians]] holding a poster during Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]]'s visit to Beirut in November 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian protest against Erdogan visit turns violent|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/Nov/26/Armenian-protest-against-Erdogan-visit-turns-violent.ashx#axzz2XWWLJBKD|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|date=26 November 2010}}</ref> The text reads "[[Mount Ararat|[Mount] Ararat]] is and remains Armenian".]]', 249 => '[[File:Armenia and Artsakh graffiti in Yerevan.jpg|thumb|left|225x|A graffiti in [[Yerevan]] of the map outline of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The text reads "Liberated, not occupied."]]', 250 => false, 251 => 'There are no public opinion data concerning the United Armenia concept, however, it is popular among Armenians according to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goksel|first=Nigar|title=The Turkey-Armenia border, mental maps and incoherent policies|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=the-turkey-armenia-border-mental-maps-and-incoherent-policies-2008-01-28|accessdate=26 June 2013|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=28 January 2008|quote=For borders with Turkey to open, Armenia must recognize the border with Turkey clearly, thus ending the popular (among Armenians) vision of “Greater Armenia.”}}</ref> Moshe Gammer of the [[Tel Aviv University]] and Emil Souleimanov of the [[Charles University in Prague]] both suggest that the concept is popular in the Armenian diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gammer|first=Moshe|title=The Caspian Region, Volume 2: The Caucasus, Volume 2|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-00512-5|page=32|quote=In the first place 'Greater Armenia' is a concept which is said to have adherents in mono-ethnic Armenians as well as among the Armenian diaspora the world over.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Souleimanov|first=Emil|title=Understanding Ethnopolitical Conflict: Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28024-4|chapter=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yfQzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT155&dq=armenian+genocide+recognition+territorial+claims&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fasKUqezIdOj4AOZwIGQDA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=armenian%20genocide%20recognition%20territorial%20claims&f=false Turkey's Relations with Armenia]|quote=...&nbsp;the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, one of the most influential political parties inside Armenia, still regards the "returning" of territory in eastern Anatolia as one of the priority goals of its activities; while the Armenian diaspora around the world is apt to strongly sympathize with this aspiration.}}</ref> [[Gerard Libaridian]] wrote in 2007:<ref>{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerald J.|title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-1-4128-0648-0|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian|p=42}}</ref>', 252 => '{{quote frame|While it is true that not all Armenians in the Diaspora share the vision of a united Armenia as a political program, territorial aspirations were sustained, nonetheless, by the deep sense of injustice that Armenians generally felt [by the Turkish denial of the genocide and lack of any kind of compensation for the genocide losses]}}', 253 => false, 254 => 'A 2014 survey in Armenia asked what kind of demands should Armenia make to Turkey. Some 80% agreed that Armenia should make territorial claims (30% said only territorial claims, while another 50% said territorial, moral, financial, and proprietary). Only 5.5% said no demands should be made.<ref name="barometer.am">{{cite web|title=Ի՞նչ ենք ուզում Թուրքիայից [What do we want from Turkey?]|url=http://www.barometer.am/news/real-politics/20141219/178/|website=barometer.am|language=hy|date=19 December 2014}}</ref> According to a 2012 survey, 36% of Armenians asked agree or somewhat agree that Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide will result in territorial compensation, while 45% believe it will not.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucasus Barometer 2012 Armenia: Armenia will receive territorial compensation, if Turkey recognizes the Genocide|url=http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2012am/ARMGEN73/|publisher=Caucasus Research Resource Centers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611014035/http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2012am/ARMGEN73/|archivedate=11 June 2014|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> The online publication Barometer.am wrote: "It appears that our pragmatic population believes that all possible demands should be forwarded to Turkey [...] but a relative majority consider the practival realization of territorial claims to Turkey is unrealistic."<ref name="barometer.am"/>', 255 => false, 256 => false, 257 => 'One researcher wrote in the ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'' magazine in 2016 that "[f]ew in Armenia support [the] pleas to use Karabakh as a springboard to recreate 'Greater Armenia.' But the idea that Karabakh must be held no matter the cost is widespread."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pheiffer|first1=Evan|title=A Place to Live For|journal=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|date=1 June 2016|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/06/nagorno-karabakh-armenia-azerbaijan-four-day-war/}}</ref> According to a 2013 Caucasus Barometer survey, when asked about having Nagorno-Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia, 77% of respondents "definitely favor" such a status, 13% would be "accepting under certain circumstances", and 7% oppose it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caucasus Barometer 2013 Armenia: Have Nagorno-Karabakh as a formal part of Armenia|url=http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_1/|publisher=Caucasus Research Resource Centers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611004658/http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_1/|archivedate=11 June 2014|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> When asked about Nagorno-Karabakh becoming an independent country, 56% would "definitely favor" such a status, 18% would be "accepting under certain circumstances", and 24% said they would "never accept" it.<ref>http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2013am/NK5AR_2/</ref>', 258 => false, 259 => '== In culture ==', 260 => '[[File:Armenia map in Road home cartoon.png|thumb|275px|The map of Armenia as seen in 2005 animated film ''Road home''.]]', 261 => false, 262 => 'The concept of creating a united state that would include all Armenian-populated areas has been the main theme of the [[Armenian revolutionary songs]]. [[Nersik Ispiryan]] and [[Harout Pamboukjian]] are among the most famous performers of such songs. One of the most widely known examples of these songs is "We must go" (Պիտի գնանք, Piti gnank) by ''[[Gusans|gusan]]'' Haykazun written in 1989:<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Պիտի գնանք|url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?206.50|publisher=National Center of Educational Technologies|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=hy}}</ref> ', 263 => '{| cellpadding=6', 264 => '|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"', 265 => '|', 266 => ':Ախ էն երկրի հողին մատաղ, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ,', 267 => ':Սիրով լինի, սրով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ,', 268 => ':Արարատի գլխին դրոշ պիտի՛ դնենք վաղ թե ուշ,', 269 => ':Հերթով լինի, երթով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ:', 270 => false, 271 => ':Թեկուզ անանց պարիսպներով մեզ բաժանեն մեր երկրից,', 272 => ':Հրով լինի, սրով լինի, պիտի՛ գնանք վաղ թե ուշ: ', 273 => '|', 274 => ':Oh, God bless that country, that we must go to sooner or later,', 275 => ':With love it will be or with sword, we must go sooner or later,', 276 => ':We must put a flag on [[Mount Ararat|Ararat]] sooner or later,', 277 => ':With line it will be or with march, we must go sooner or later.', 278 => false, 279 => ':Even if impassable fences separate us from our country, ', 280 => ':With fire it will be or sword, we must go sooner or later.', 281 => '|}', 282 => false, 283 => 'From 2005 to 2008, four short [[animated cartoon]]s were released by the [[Armenfilm|National Cinema Center of Armenia]] called ''Road home'' (Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն) produced by Armenian animator [[Robert Sahakyants]]. It tells a story of a group of school children from [[Erzurum|Karin]] (Erzurum) in 2050 taking a trip throughout the "liberated from enemy" territories: [[Tigranakert (Silvan)|Tigranakert]], [[Bitlis|Baghesh]] (Bitlis), [[Muş|Mush]] and [[Akdamar Island]]. The country they live in is called ''Hayk' '' (Հայք) after the [[Name of Armenia|historical name of Armenia]]. The series was aired by the [[Public Television of Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Ճանապարհ դեպի տուն|trans_title=Road Home|language=hy|url=http://www.ncca.am/producing/view/article/21|publisher=National Cinema Center of Armenia|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611145221/http://www.ncca.am/producing/view/article/21|archivedate=11 June 2014 }}</ref> In one of his last interviews, Sahakyants stated: "If today I'm shooting a film about how we are going to return Western Armenia, then I'm convinced that it will definitely take place."<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Аплодисменты Роберту Саакянцу|url=http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/10/29/aplodismenty-robertu-saakyancu/|newspaper=[[Yerkramas]]|date=29 October 2011|language=ru|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611143031/http://www.yerkramas.org/2011/10/29/aplodismenty-robertu-saakyancu/|archivedate=11 June 2014}}</ref>', 284 => false, 285 => '== Reaction ==', 286 => false, 287 => '===In Turkey===', 288 => '[[File:Coat of arms of Armenia.svg|thumb|230px|Some Turkish sources have speculated that the [[Coat of arms of Armenia]], which features [[Mount Ararat]], currently located in Turkey, is part of the Armenian claims.<ref name="turkishpress"/><ref name="Hürriyet 2000"/><ref name="Bal"/> ]]', 289 => '{{see also|Sèvres Syndrome}}', 290 => false, 291 => 'In December 1991, Turkey became one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relations between Turkey and Armenia|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Armenia–Turkey relations]] deteriorated during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh war]], during which Turkey aligned itself with Azerbaijan. Turkey shares the Turkic heritage with Azerbaijan and the two countries are generally seen as allies in the region. The expression "one nation, two states" has been often used to describe the [[Azerbaijan–Turkey relations|relations of these countries]].{{sfn|Cornell|2011|p=391}}', 292 => false, 293 => 'In Turkey, "many believe that Armenia's territorial claims are the main reason why the Armenian administration and lobbyists are pushing for global recognition" of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name="turkishpress">{{cite news|last=Sirmen|first=Ali|title=A Careful Policy Is Necessity|url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=167062|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=Turkish Press|date=16 March 2007|quote=Armenia's policy of seeking Greater Armenia is still being pushed. Under this policy, firstly the so-called genocide will be recognized and compensation and territorial claims against Turkey will follow.}}</ref><ref name="Hürriyet 2000"/> The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism credits the idea of "Great Armenia" to Armenian President [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dream Of A Greater Armenia|url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,32317/the-dream-of-a-greater-armenia.html|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> According to Prof. İdris Bal "Turkey considers Armenian policy (and the activities of its powerful diaspora groups) since 1989 to be against its national security interests and territorial integrity. Armenia's failure to recognize the Kars Agreement, along with the frequent public references to eastern Turkey as 'Western Armenia,' provides a serious irritant to Turkey. The Turkish Mt. Ararat is pictured in the official Armenian state emblem, which Turkey interprets as a sign that the 'greater Armenia' vision is still very much alive."<ref name="Bal">{{cite book|last=Bal|first=İdris|title=Turkish foreign policy in post cold war era|year=2004|publisher=BrownWalker Press|location=Boca Raton, Fl.|isbn=978-1-58112-423-1|page=272}}</ref>', 294 => false, 295 => 'According to ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'' some "foreign policy experts draw attention to the fact that Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey, citing certain phrases in the [[Armenian Constitution]] and Declaration of Independence."<ref name="Hürriyet 2000">{{cite news|title=Experts suggest Armenia has territorial claims over Turkey|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=experts-suggest-armenia-has-territorial-claims-over-turkey-2000-12-06|accessdate=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=26 June 2000}}</ref> The [[Armenia Declaration of Independence]] was passed on 23 August 1990 officially declaring "the beginning of the process of establishing of independent statehood positioning the question of the creation of a democratic society." It was signed by [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]], the President of the Supreme Council, who became the first President of Armenia in 1991.<ref name="1990 Declaration of Independence"/> Article 11 of the declaration read: ', 296 => ':::"The Republic of Armenia stands in support of the task of achieving international recognition of the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey and Western Armenia."<ref name="1990 Declaration of Independence">{{cite web|title=Armenian Declaration of Independence|url=http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2602&lang=eng|publisher=National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref>', 297 => false, 298 => 'Turkish historian and political scientist Umut Uzer characterized Armenian territorials claims to eastern Turkey as "a racist and irredentist demand with regard to a territory which has never in history had an Armenian majority population. And these demands are buttressed with genocide claims which in fact deny the very existence of Turkey in its current borders."<ref>{{cite news|last=Uzer|first=Umut|title=The fallacies of the Armenian nationalist narrative|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-fallacies-of-the-Armenian-nationalist-narrative-399368|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>', 299 => false, 300 => '===In Azerbaijan===', 301 => '{{see also|Anti-Armenianism in Azerbaijan}}', 302 => 'Azerbaijani President [[Heydar Aliyev]] in 1998 stated in his "[[:wikisource:Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people|Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people]]" that the "artificial territorial division in essence created the preconditions for implementing the policy of expelling Azerbaijanis from their lands and annihilating them. The concept of 'greater Armenia' began to be propagated."<ref>{{cite web|title=Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani|url=http://www.human.gov.az/?sehife=etrafli&sid=MTMyMjMzMTA4MTMyNjE1Mw==&dil=en|publisher=Azerbaijani State Commission on Prisoners of War, Hostages and Missing Persons|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150329/http://www.human.gov.az/?sehife=etrafli&sid=MTMyMjMzMTA4MTMyNjE1Mw==&dil=en|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=26 March 1998}}</ref>', 303 => false, 304 => 'In 2012, President of Azerbaijan and son of Heydar Aliyev, [[Ilham Aliyev]], who has made several statements toward Armenia and Armenians in past such as "our main enemies are Armenians of the world",<ref>{{cite web|title=Closing Speech by Ilham Aliyev at the conference on the results of the third year into the "State Program on the socioeconomic development of districts for 2009–2013"|url=http://en.president.az/articles/4423|publisher=[[President of Azerbaijan|Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150354/http://en.president.az/articles/4423|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=28 February 2012}}</ref> stated that "Over the past two centuries, Armenian bigots, in an effort to materialize their 'Great Armenia' obsession at the expense of historically Azerbaijani lands, have repeatedly committed crimes against humanity such as terrorism, mass extermination, deportation and ethnic cleansing of our people."<ref>{{cite web|title=Address to the people of Azerbaijan on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Khojaly genocide|url=http://en.president.az/articles/4372|publisher=Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150441/http://en.president.az/articles/4372|archivedate=11 June 2014 |date=23 February 2012}}</ref>', 305 => false, 306 => '==See also==', 307 => '{{Col-begin}}', 308 => '{{Col-3}}', 309 => '*[[Armenian nationalism]]', 310 => '*[[Foreign relations of Armenia]]', 311 => '*[[Armenian national liberation movement]]', 312 => '*[[Armenian Question]]', 313 => '{{Col-3}}', 314 => ';Other irrendentist concepts ', 315 => '*[[Pan-Turkism]]', 316 => '*[[Whole Azerbaijan]]', 317 => '*''[[Megali Idea]]''', 318 => '*[[Greater Israel]]', 319 => '{{Col-3}}', 320 => false, 321 => '{{Col-end}}', 322 => false, 323 => '==References==', 324 => ';Notes', 325 => '{{notelist}}', 326 => false, 327 => ';Citations', 328 => '{{reflist|30em|refs=', 329 => false, 330 => '<ref name="Zakarian">{{cite news|last1=Zakarian|first1=Armen|title=Dashnaktsutyun Demands Autonomy For Javakheti Armenians|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1573045.html|work=azatutyun.am|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=6 February 2004}}</ref>', 331 => false, 332 => '}}', 333 => false, 334 => '===Bibliography===', 335 => '{{Div col|cols=3}}', 336 => '*{{cite book|title=The frontier between Armenia and Turkey as decided by President Woodrow Wilson, November 22, 1920|year=1920|publisher=Armenian National Committee|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028610677}}', 337 => '*{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919. 1|year=1971|publisher=University of California Publishing|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-01805-1|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian|ref=harv}}', 338 => '*{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|title=Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History|year=1993|publisher=Indiana university press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20773-9|authorlink=Ronald Grigor Suny|ref=harv}}', 339 => '*{{cite book|last=Chorbajian|first=Levon|title=The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh|year=1994|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85649-288-1|ref=harv}}', 340 => '*{{cite book|last=Verluise|first=Pierre|title=Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake|year=1995|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8|authorlink=:fr:Pierre Verluise|ref=harv}}', 341 => '*{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-30610-5|ref=harv}}', 342 => '*{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|authorlink=Robert H. Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-33228-4|ref=harv}}', 343 => '*{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-98887-9|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} ', 344 => '*{{cite book|last=Ambrosio|first=Thomas|title=Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-97260-8|authorlink=Thomas Ambrosio|ref=harv}}', 345 => '*{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|title=Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia|year=2002|publisher=Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61|location=Uppsala|isbn=91-506-1600-5|url=http://www.nukri.org/modules/CmodsDownload/upload/Politics/Domestic_policy/0419dissertation.pdf|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}} ', 346 => '*{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|title=[[Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War]]|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|ref=harv}}', 347 => '*{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=David L.|title=Unsilencing the Past: Track Two Diplomacy and Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation|year=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84545-007-6|ref=harv}}', 348 => '*{{cite book|last=Libaridian|first=Gerald J.|title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=978-1-4128-0648-0|authorlink=Gerard Libaridian|ref=harv}}', 349 => '*{{cite book|last=Papian|first=Ara|authorlink=Ara Papian|script-title=hy:Հայոց պահանջատիրության իրավական հիմունքները|trans_title=Legal Bases for Armenian Claims|year=2009|publisher=Modus Vivendi|location=Yerevan|language=hy|url=http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/EastArm.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419123829/http://www.wilsonforarmenia.org/Articles/EastArm.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-04-19|ref=harv}}', 350 => '*{{cite book|last=Harutyunyan|first=Arus|title=Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization|year=2009|publisher=Western Michigan University|location=Kalamazoo, Michigan|isbn=978-1-109-12012-7|ref=harv}}', 351 => '*{{cite book|last=Leoussi|first=Athena S.|title=The call of the homeland: diaspora nationalisms, past and present|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-18210-3 |first2=Allon |last2=Gal |first3=Anthony D. |last3=Smith |ref=harv}}', 352 => '*{{cite book|last=Hille|first=Charlotte Mathilde Louise|title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-17901-1|ref=harv}}', 353 => '*{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Alex|title=The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mlUS7rlhcC|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-203-84700-8|ref=harv}}', 354 => '*{{cite book|last=Adalian|first=Rouben Paul|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|authorlink=Rouben Paul Adalian|ref=harv}}', 355 => '*{{cite book|last=Cornell|first=Svante|title=Azerbaijan Since Independence|year=2011|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7656-3004-9|authorlink=Svante Cornell|ref=harv}}', 356 => '{{Div col end}}', 357 => false, 358 => '{{Armenian nationalism|state=expanded}}', 359 => '{{Irredentism|state=expanded}}' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
0
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1510219748