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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{short description|Membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening}}
{{about|the vaginal membrane|the village|Heyman, Iran|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Hymen
| Latin = hymen vaginae
| Image =
| Caption = Close-up photograph of an adult's hymen
| Width =
| Image2 = Gray1229.png
| Caption2 = External genital organs of female. The [[labia minora]] have been drawn apart.
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
}}
The '''hymen''' is a thin piece of [[mucosal tissue]] that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or [[external genitalia]], and is similar in structure to the vagina.<ref name=emans /><ref name="Perlman">{{Cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=Sally E.|last2=Nakajyma | first2=Steven T.| last3=Hertweck| first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology|year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 }}</ref>
In children, a common appearance of the hymen is [[crescent]]-shaped, although many shapes are possible. During [[puberty]], [[estrogen]] causes the hymen to change in appearance and become very elastic.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Normal variations of the post-pubertal hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid; or it may instead be completely absent.<ref name="emans" />
The hymen can rip or tear during first [[sexual intercourse|penetrative intercourse]], which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding after first intercourse are.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo">{{cite web|url=https://sexinfoonline.com/the-hymen/|title=The Hymen|publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|access-date=2020-09-19|quote=While some females bleed the first time they have penetrative intercourse, not every female does. This depends on many factors, such as how much hymenal tissue a female has, whether her hymen has already been stretched or torn, or how thick and elastic it is.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Deborah J|last2=Stark|first2=Margaret|date=1998-08-08|title=The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=317|issue=7155|pages=414|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1113684|pmid=9694770|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7155.414}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro|date=1999-02-27|title=Appearance of the hymen in adolescents is not well documented|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=318|issue=7183|pages=605|quote=We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.|pmc=1115047|pmid=10037658|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7183.605}}</ref> The state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of [[virginity]],<ref name="Perlman"/><ref name="Knight"/> although it continues to be considered so in certain cultures, and [[virginity testing]] may be done. Minor injuries to the hymen may heal<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=Abdelmonem|last2=Al-Rukban|first2=Mohammed|date=2012-01-01|title=Hymen: Facts and conceptions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260578888|journal=TheHealth|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|issn=2219-8083|quote=Possible explanations for the lack of genital trauma include... acute injuries occur but heal completely.}}</ref> without visible signs of previous injury. A torn hymen may be surgically restored in a procedure called [[hymenorrhaphy]].
==Development and histology==
The [[development of the reproductive system|genital tract develops]] during [[embryogenesis]], from the third week of [[gestation]] to the [[second trimester]], and the hymen is formed following the [[vagina]]. At week seven, the [[urorectal septum]] forms and separates the [[rectum]] from the [[urogenital sinus]]. At week nine, the [[Müllerian duct]]s move downwards to reach the urogenital sinus, forming the uterovaginal canal and inserting into the urogenital sinus. At week twelve, the Müllerian ducts fuse to create a primitive uterovaginal canal called unaleria. At month five, the vaginal canalization is complete and the fetal hymen is formed from the proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs (where Müllerian ducts meet the urogenital sinus), and normally becomes perforate before or shortly after birth.<ref name="healey">{{cite book |last=Healey |first=Andrew |editor-last1=Mann |editor-first1=Gurdeep S. |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Joanne C. |editor-last3=Garden |editor-first3=Anne S. |title=Imaging of Gynecological Disorders in Infants and Children |publisher=Springer |date=2012 |pages=21–30 |chapter=Embryology of the female reproductive tract |isbn=978-3-540-85602-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85602-3|series=Medical Radiology }}</ref>
The hymen has dense innervation. In newborn babies, still under the influence of the mother's [[hormones]], the hymen is thick, pale pink, and redundant (folds in on itself and may protrude). For the first two to four years of life, the infant produces hormones that continue this effect.<ref name="McCann">McCann, J; Rosas, A. and Boos, S. (2003) "Child and adolescent sexual assaults (childhood sexual abuse)" in Payne-James, Jason; Busuttil, Anthony and Smock, William (eds). Forensic Medicine: Clinical and Pathological Aspects, Greenwich Medical Media: London, a)p.453, b)p.455 c)p.460.</ref> Their hymenal opening tends to be annular (circumferential).<ref name=heger>{{Cite book | last1=Heger | first1=Astrid | author-link = Astrid Heppenstall Heger | last2=Emans | first2=S. Jean | last3=Muram | first3=David |title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas |edition=Second |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=116 |isbn=978-0-19-507425-3 }}</ref>
Past [[neonatal]] stage, the diameter of the hymenal opening (measured within the '''hymenal ring''') widens by approximately 1 mm for each year of age.<ref name="WebMD" /> During [[puberty]], [[estrogen]] causes the hymen to become very elastic and [[wikt:fimbriate|fimbriate]]d.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lahoti|first1=Sheela L.|last2=McClain|first2=Natalie|last3=Girardet|first3=Rebecca|last4=McNeese|first4=Margaret|last5=Cheung|first5=Kim|date=2001-03-01|title=Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p883.html|journal=American Family Physician|language=en|volume=63|issue=5|pages=883–92|pmid=11261865|issn=0002-838X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Medical/texts/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Sexually%20Abused%20Child%202nd%20ed%20-%20A.%20Heger%2C%20et%20al.%2C%20%28Oxford%2C%202000%29%20WW.pdf|title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195074253|editor-last=Heger|editor-first=Astrid H.|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=122|language=en|editor-last2=Emans|editor-first2=S. Jean}}</ref><gallery>
File:Yorefzvagnl.png|A post-pubertal hymen. Appearance is highly variable.
File:Carunculae myrtiformes.png|Arrows point to carunculae myrtiformes ("remnants") of the hymen in a post-pubertal individual.
</gallery>The hymen can stretch or tear as a result of various behaviors, by the use of [[tampon]]s<ref name="ucsb sexinfo"/> or [[menstrual cup]]s, [[pelvic examination]]s with a [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]], regular physical activity, sexual intercourse,<ref name="emans" /> insertion of multiple fingers or items into the vagina, and activities such as gymnastics (doing 'the splits'), or horseback riding. Remnants of the hymen are called [[carunculae myrtiformes]].<ref name="Knight">{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Bernard|title=Simpson's Forensic Medicine|edition=11th|year=1997|publisher=Arnold|location=London|page=114|isbn=978-0-7131-4452-9}}</ref>
A glass or plastic rod of 6 mm diameter having a globe on one end with varying diameter from 10 to 25 mm, called a Glaister Keen rod, is used for close examination of the hymen or the degree of its rupture. In forensic medicine, it is recommended by health authorities that a physician who must swab near this area of a [[prepubescent]] girl avoid the hymen and swab the outer [[vulval vestibule]] instead.<ref name=McCann/> In cases of suspected [[rape]] or [[child sexual abuse]], a detailed examination of the hymen may be performed, but the condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive.<ref name="Perlman"/>
==Anatomic variations==
[[File:Hymen en.svg|thumb|Various types of hymen (the dark areas represent the vaginal opening)]]
Normal variations of the hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid; or it may also be completely absent.<ref name=emans>{{Cite book|url=https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Medical/texts/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Sexually%20Abused%20Child%202nd%20ed%20-%20A.%20Heger%2C%20et%20al.%2C%20%28Oxford%2C%202000%29%20WW.pdf|title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195074253|editor-last=Heger|editor-first=Astrid H.|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=61–65|language=en|editor-last2=Emans|editor-first2=S. Jean}}</ref><ref name="McCann"/> An [[imperforate hymen]] occurs in 1-2 out of 1,000 infants.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Z-lD9cXBEC&q=vaginal+labial+fusion&pg=PA139|title=Blueprints Obstetrics and Gynecology|last1=Callahan|first1=Tamara L.|last2=Caughey|first2=Aaron B.|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781782494|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lardenoije|first1=Céline|last2=Aardenburg|first2=Robert|last3=Mertens|first3=Helen|date=2009-05-26|title=Imperforate hymen: a cause of abdominal pain in female adolescents|journal=BMJ Case Reports|volume=2009|pages=bcr0820080722|doi=10.1136/bcr.08.2008.0722|issn=1757-790X|pmc=3029536|pmid=21686660}}</ref> The only variation that may require medical intervention is the imperforate hymen, which either completely prevents the passage of menstrual fluid or slows it significantly. In either case, surgical intervention may be needed to allow menstrual fluid to pass or intercourse to take place at all.
Prepubescent girls' hymenal openings come in many shapes, depending on hormonal and activity level, the most common being crescentic (posterior rim): no tissue at the 12 [[Clock position|o'clock position]]; crescent-shaped band of tissue from 1–2 to 10–11 o'clock, at its widest around 6 o'clock. From puberty onwards, depending on [[estrogen]] and activity levels, the hymenal tissue may be thicker, and the opening is often fimbriated or erratically shaped.<ref name=heger/> In younger children, a torn hymen will typically heal very quickly. In adolescents, the hymenal opening can naturally extend and variation in shape and appearance increases.<ref name=emans/>
Variations of the female reproductive tract can result from [[Müllerian agenesis|agenesis]] or hypoplasia, canalization defects, lateral fusion and failure of resorption, resulting in various complications.<ref name="WebMD">{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269050-overview |title=Imperforate Hymen |access-date=2009-02-02 |quote=Different normal variants in hymenal configuration are described, varying from the common annular, to crescentic, to navicular ("boatlike" with an anteriorly displaced hymenal orifice). Hymenal variations are rarely clinically significant before menarche. In the case of a navicular configuration, urinary complaints (e.g., dribbling, retention, urinary tract infections) may result. Sometimes, a cribriform (fenestrated), septate, or navicular configuration to the hymen can be associated with retention of vaginal secretions and prolongation of the common condition of a mixed bacterial vulvovaginitis. |website=[[WebMD]] }}</ref>
* [[Imperforate hymen|Imperforate]]:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics |year=2003 |quote=Occasionally, the hymen is harder than normal or it is complete and sealed without there being ... This condition is called imperforate hymen and, at times ... | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaklGZAID08C&q=hymen&pg=PA1115 |isbn=978-1-58330-592-8 |author1= Steinberg, Avraham |author2= Rosner, Fred }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=DeCherney |first=Alan H. |author2=Pernoll, Martin L. |author3=Nathan, Lauren |title=Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment |year=2002 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional| page=602 |quote=Imperforate hymen represents a persistent portion of the urogenital membrane ... It is one of the most common obstructive lesions of the female genital tract. ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xD0inFiEIAC |isbn=978-0-8385-1401-6 }}</ref> hymenal opening nonexistent; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape.
* Cribriform, or microperforate: sometimes confused for imperforate, the hymenal opening appears to be nonexistent, but has, under close examination, small perforations.
* Septate: the hymenal opening has one or more bands of tissue extending across the opening.
== Trauma ==
Historically, it was believed that first sexual intercourse was necessarily traumatic to the hymen and always resulted in the hymen being "broken" or torn, causing bleeding. However, research on women in Western populations has found that bleeding during first consensual intercourse does not always happen or is less common than not bleeding.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tijdschriftvoorseksuologie.nl/media/k2/attachments/loeberZtvsZ32-3.pdf|title=Over het zwaard en de schede; bloedverlies en pijn bij de eerste coïtus Een onderzoek bij vrouwen uit diverse culturen|last=Loeber|first=Olga|date=2008|work=Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie|access-date=2018-09-07|volume=32|pages=129–137|language=nl-nl}}</ref> In one cross-cultural study, slightly more than half of all women self-reported bleeding during first intercourse, with significantly different levels of pain and bleeding reported depending on their region of origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amy|first=Jean-Jacques|date=January 2008|title=Certificates of virginity and reconstruction of the hymen|journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=111–113|doi=10.1080/13625180802106045|pmid=18465471|s2cid=37484764|issn=1362-5187}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Not all women experience pain, and one study found a correlation between the experience of strong emotions - such as excitement, nervousness, or fear - with experiencing pain during first intercourse.<ref name="Pain">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/BF01542003|title = The experience of pain during women's first sexual intercourse: Cultural mythology about female sexual initiation|year = 1985|last1 = Weis|first1 = David L.|journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume = 14|issue = 5|pages = 421–438|pmid = 4062539|s2cid = 6427129}}</ref>
In several studies of adolescent female rape victims, where patients were examined at a hospital following sexual assault, half or fewer of virgin victims had any injury to the hymen.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=White, C., & McLean, I.|date=2006-05-01|title=Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups|journal=Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=172–180|doi=10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.02.006|pmid=16564196|issn=1353-1131|quote=Hymen injury was noted in 40 (50.6%) participants of the virgin group, but only 11 (12.4%) of the non-virgin group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Girardin|first2=Barbara|last3=Faugno|first3=Diana|date=May 2000|title=Signs of genital trauma in adolescent rape victims examined acutely|url=https://www.jpagonline.org/article/S1083-3188(00)00015-2/abstract|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=88|doi=10.1016/S1083-3188(00)00015-2|pmid=10869972|issn=1083-3188}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2001-11-01|title=Adolescent Sexual Assault: Documentation of Acute Injuries Using Photo-colposcopy|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=175–180|doi=10.1016/S1083-3188(01)00126-7|issn=1083-3188|quote=The incidence of hymenal tears in self-described virgins was higher than in nonvirgins (19% vs. 3%, P .008);|last1=Adams|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Girardin|first2=Barbara|last3=Faugno|first3=Diana|pmid=11748013}}</ref> Tears of the hymen occurred in less than a quarter of cases.<ref name=":7" /> However, virgins were significantly more likely to have injuries to the hymen than non-virgins.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
In a study of adolescents who had previously had consensual sex, approximately half showed evidence of trauma to the hymen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Botash|first2=Ann S.|last3=Kellogg|first3=Nancy|date=March 2004|title=Differences in hymenal morphology between adolescent girls with and without a history of consensual sexual intercourse|journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|volume=158|issue=3|pages=280–285|doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.3.280|issn=1072-4710|pmid=14993089|quote=Subjects who admitted having past intercourse still had non disrupted, intact hymens in 52% of cases.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-hymens-they-are-not-alone|title=New York Times Is Wrong about Hymens--But They Are Not Alone|website=Psychology Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Trauma to the hymen may also occur in adult non-virgins following consensual sex, although it is rare.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Slaughter|first1=Laura|last2=Brown|first2=Carl R.V.|last3=Crowley|first3=Sharon|last4=Peck|first4=Roxy|date=March 1997|title=Patterns of genital injury in female sexual assault victims|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=176|issue=3|pages=609–616|doi=10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70556-8|pmid=9077615|issn=0002-9378}}</ref> Trauma to the hymen may heal without any visible sign of injury.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name="emans" /> An observational study of adolescent sexual assault victims found that majority of wounds to the hymen healed without any visible sign of injury having occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reading|first=Richard|date=2007-12-12|title=Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study|journal=Child: Care, Health and Development|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=137–138|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00818_7.x|issn=0305-1862|quote=Of the girls who sustained ‘superficial’, ‘intermediate,’ or ‘deep’ lacerations, 15 of 18 prepubertal girls had smooth and continuous appearing hymenal rims, whereas 24 of 41 adolescents' hymens had a normal, ‘scalloped’ appearance and 30 of 34 had no disruption of continuity on healing. The final ‘width’ of a hymenal rim was dependent on the initial depth of the laceration. No scar tissue formation was observed in either group of girls.}}</ref>
Trauma to the hymen is hypothesized to occur as a result of various other behaviors, such as [[tampon]] or [[menstrual cup]] use, [[pelvic examination]]s with a [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]], masturbation, gymnastics, or horseback riding, although the true prevalence of trauma as a result of these activities is unclear.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1998-06-08|title=Can tampon use cause hymen changes in girls who have not had sexual intercourse? A review of the literature|journal=Forensic Science International|language=en|volume=94|issue=1–2|pages=147–153|doi=10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00053-X|issn=0379-0738|last1=Goodyear-Smith|first1=Felicity A.|last2=Laidlaw|first2=Tannis M.|pmid=9670493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1994-07-01|title=Hymenal findings in adolescent women: Impact of tampon use and consensual sexual activity|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|language=en|volume=125|issue=1|pages=153–160|doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70144-X|issn=0022-3476|quote=Contrary to the popular belief that transections of the hymen are associated with gymnastics, horseback riding, and other vigorous sports, we found no relation between sports or gymnastics and hymenal changes. There was also no relation to prior gynecologic examination.|last1=Emans|first1=S.Jean|last2=Woods|first2=Elizabeth R.|last3=Allred|first3=Elizabeth N.|last4=Grace|first4=Estherann|pmid=8021768}}</ref>
==Cultural significance==
{{main|Virginity test}}
The hymen is often attributed important cultural significance in certain communities because of its association with a woman's [[virginity]]. In those cultures, an intact hymen is highly valued at marriage in the belief that this is a proof of virginity.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/04/30/us-muslimwomen-europe-virginity-idUSL2532025120070430?pageNumber=2&sp=true |title=Muslim women in France regain virginity in clinics |work=Reuters |quote='Many of my patients are caught between two worlds,' said Abecassis. They have had sex already but are expected to be virgins at marriage according to a custom that he called 'cultural and traditional, with enormous family pressure'. | date=April 30, 2007}}</ref><ref name=europe/> Some women undergo [[hymenorrhaphy]] to restore their hymen for this reason.<ref name="europe">{{Cite news|last=Sciolino|first1=Elaine|last2=Mekhennet|first2=Souad|date=June 11, 2008|title=In Europe, Debate Over Islam and Virginity|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/europe/11virgin.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=hymen&st=nyt&oref=slogin|url-status=live|access-date=2008-06-13|quote='In my culture, not to be a virgin is to be dirt,' said the student, perched on a hospital bed as she awaited surgery on Thursday. 'Right now, virginity is more important to me than life.'}}</ref>
In October 2018, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights]], [[UN Women]] and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) stated that virginity testing must end as "it is a painful, humiliating and traumatic practice, constituting [[violence against women]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/17-10-2018-united-nations-agencies-call-for-ban-on-virginity-testing|title=United Nations agencies call for ban on virginity testing|date=17 October 2018|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref>
==Womb fury==
In the 16th and 17th centuries, medical researchers mistakenly saw the presence or absence of the hymen as founding evidence of physical diseases such as "womb-fury", i.e., [[female hysteria|(female) hysteria]]. If not cured, womb-fury would, according to doctors practicing at the time, result in death.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Berrios | first1 = GE | last2 = Rivière | first2 = L | year = 2006 | title = Madness from the womb | journal = History of Psychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 66 Pt 2 | pages = 223–35 | doi=10.1177/0957154x06065699| pmid = 17146991 | s2cid = 148179899 }}</ref><ref>The linkage between the hymen and social elements of control has been taken up in Marie Loughlin's book [https://archive.org/details/hymeneuticsinter00loug/page/43 <!-- quote="womb fury" hymen. --> Hymeneutics: Interpreting Virginity on the Early Modern Stage] published in 1997</ref>
<!--==Modern perspective==In late 2005, Monica Christiansson, former maternity ward nurse and Carola Eriksson, a PhD student at [[Umeå University]] announced that according to studies of medical literature and practical experience, the hymen should be considered a social and cultural myth, based on deeply rooted stereotypes of women's roles in sexual relations with men. Christiansson and Eriksson support their claims by pointing out that there are no accurate medical descriptions of what a hymen actually consists of. Statistics presented by the two state that fewer than 30% of women who have gone through puberty and have consensual intercourse bleed the first time. Christiansson has expressed an opinion that the use of the term "hymen" should be discontinued and that it should be considered an integral part of the vaginal opening.<ref>[http://na.se/artikel.asp?intId=929711 Nerikes Allehanda's article on Christiansson's and Eriksson's research] {{sv icon}}</ref>-->
==Other animals==
{{Disputed section|Other Animals Dispute|date=November 2019}}
Due to similar reproductive system development, many mammals have hymens, including chimpanzees, elephants, manatees, whales, horses and llamas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blank |first=Hanne|author-link=Hanne Blank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shq1AAAAIAAJ&q=toothed+whales | title=Virgin: The Untouched History |year=2007|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |page=23 |isbn=978-1-59691-010-2 |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blackledge |first=Catherine |title=The Story of V |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |quote=Hymens, or vaginal closure membranes or vaginal constrictions, as they are often referred to, are found in a number of mammals, including llamas, ... | url=https://archive.org/details/storyofv00cath |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8135-3455-8 }}</ref>
==See also==
<!-- THIS SECTION IS ONLY FOR LINKS TO OTHER WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES -->
*[[Artificial hymen]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
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*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/magical_cups_bloody_brides_virginity_in_context Magical Cups and Bloody Brides]—the historical context of [[virginity]]
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/20_questions_about_virginity_scarleteen_interviews_hanne_blank 20 Questions About Virginity]—Interview with Hanne Blank, author of ''Virgin: The Untouched History''. Discusses relationship between hymen and concept of virginity.
*[http://www.htdiary.com/how-to-put-a-tampon-in-painlessly/ Putting tampon in painlessly] Radiology (US - ultrasound) of Hydrocolpos
*[http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p883.html Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse] at the American Family Physician
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/body/my_corona_the_anatomy_formerly_known_as_the_hymen_the_myths_that_surround_it My Corona: The Anatomy Formerly Known as the Hymen & the Myths That Surround It] Scarleteen, Sex education for the real world
*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-the-hymen-they-are-not-alone The Hymen Myth]
*[http://www.rfsu.se/en/Engelska/About-rfsu/Resources/Publications/Vagnial-Corona/ Vaginal Corona]
{{Female reproductive system}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hymen| ]]
[[Category:Sexual abstinence]]
[[Category:Vagina]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{short description|Membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening}}
{{about|the vaginal membrane|the village|Heyman, Iran|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Hymen
| Latin = hymen vaginae
| Image =
| Caption = Close-up photograph of an adult's hymen
| Width =
| Image2 = Gray1229.png
| Caption2 = External genital organs of female. The [[labia minora]] have been drawn apart.
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
}}cbvdvhvhvhhedbc,nsjdchsieygfyqahfhbhkbhfufg that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or [[external genitalia]], and is similar in structure to the vagina.<ref name=emans /><ref name="Perlman">{{Cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=Sally E.|last2=Nakajyma | first2=Steven T.| last3=Hertweck| first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology|year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 }}</ref>
In children, a common appearance of the hymen is [[crescent]]-shaped, although many shapes are possible. During [[puberty]], [[estrogen]] causes the hymen to change in appearance and become very elastic.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Normal variations of the post-pubertal hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid; or it may instead be completely absent.<ref name="emans" />
The hymen can rip or tear during first [[sexual intercourse|penetrative intercourse]], which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding after first intercourse are.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo">{{cite web|url=htther=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|access-date=2020-09-19|quote=While some females bleed the first time they have penetrative intercourse, not every female does. This depends on many factors, such as how much hymenal tissue a female has, whether her hymen has already been stretched or torn, or how thick and elastic it is.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Deborah J|last2=Stark|first2=Margaret|date=1998-08-08|title=The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=317|issue=7155|pages=414|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1113684|pmid=9694770|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7155.414}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro|date=1999-02-27|title=Appearance of the hymen in adolescents is not well documented|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=318|issue=7183|pages=605|quote=We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.|pmc=1115047|pmid=10037658|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7183.605}}</ref> The state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of [[virginity]],<ref name="Perlman"/><ref name="Knight"/> although it continues to be considered so in certain cultures, and [[virginity testing]] may be done. Minor injuries to the hymen may heal<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=Abdelmonem|last2=Al-Rukban|first2=Mohammed|date=2012-01-01|title=Hymen: Facts and conceptions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260578888|journal=TheHealth|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|issn=2219-8083|quote=Possible explanations for the lack of genital trauma include... acute injuries occur but heal completely.}}</ref> without visible signs of previous injury. A torn hymen may be surgically restored in a procedure called [[hymenorrhaphy]].
==Development and histology==
The [[development of the reproductive system|genital tract develops]] during [[embryogenesis]], from the third week of [[gestation]] to the [[second trimester]], and the hymen is formed following the [[vagina]]. At week seven, the [[urorectal septum]] forms and separates the [[rectum]] from the [[urogenital sinus]]. At week nine, the [[Müllerian duct]]s move downwards to reach the urogenital sinus, forming the uterovaginal canal and inserting into the urogenital sinus. At week twelve, the Müllerian ducts fuse to create a primitive uterovaginal canal called unaleria. At month five, the vaginal canalization is complete and the fetal hymen is formed from the proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs (where Müllerian ducts meet the urogenital sinus), and normally becomes perforate before or shortly after birth.<ref name="healey">{{cite book |last=Healey |first=Andrew |editor-last1=Mann |editor-first1=Gurdeep S. |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Joanne C. |editor-last3=Garden |editor-first3=Anne S. |title=Imaging of Gynecological Disorders in Infants and Children |publisher=Springer |date=2012 |pages=21–30 |chapter=Embryology of the female reproductive tract |isbn=978-3-540-85602-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-85602-3|series=Medical Radiology }}</ref>
The hymen has dense innervation. In newborn babies, still under the influence of the mother's [[hormones]], the hymen is thick, pale pink, and redundant (folds in on itself and may protrude). For the first two to four years of life, the infant produces hormones that continue this effect.<ref name="McCann">McCann, J; Rosas, A. and Boos, S. (2003) "Child and adolescent sexual assaults (childhood sexual abuse)" in Payne-James, Jason; Busuttil, Anthony and Smock, William (eds). Forensic Medicine: Clinical and Pathological Aspects, Greenwich Medical Media: London, a)p.453, b)p.455 c)p.460.</ref> Their hymenal opening tends to be annular (circumferential).<ref name=heger>{{Cite book | last1=Heger | first1=Astrid | author-link = Astrid Heppenstall Heger | last2=Emans | first2=S. Jean | last3=Muram | first3=David |title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas |edition=Second |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=116 |isbn=978-0-19-507425-3 }}</ref>
Past [[neonatal]] stage, the diameter of the hymenal opening (measured within the '''hymenal ring''') widens by approximately 1 mm for each year of age.<ref name="WebMD" /> During [[puberty]], [[estrogen]] causes the hymen to become very elastic and [[wikt:fimbriate|fimbriate]]d.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lahoti|first1=Sheela L.|last2=McClain|first2=Natalie|last3=Girardet|first3=Rebecca|last4=McNeese|first4=Margaret|last5=Cheung|first5=Kim|date=2001-03-01|title=Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p883.html|journal=American Family Physician|language=en|volume=63|issue=5|pages=883–92|pmid=11261865|issn=0002-838X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Medical/texts/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Sexually%20Abused%20Child%202nd%20ed%20-%20A.%20Heger%2C%20et%20al.%2C%20%28Oxford%2C%202000%29%20WW.pdf|title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195074253|editor-last=Heger|editor-first=Astrid H.|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=122|language=en|editor-last2=Emans|editor-first2=S. Jean}}</ref><gallery>
File:Yorefzvagnl.png|A post-pubertal hymen. Appearance is highly variable.
File:Carunculae myrtiformes.png|Arrows point to carunculae myrtiformes ("remnants") of the hymen in a post-pubertal individual.
</gallery>The hymen can stretch or tear as a result of various behaviors, by the use of [[tampon]]s<ref name="ucsb sexinfo"/> or [[menstrual cup]]s, [[pelvic examination]]s with a [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]], regular physical activity, sexual intercourse,<ref name="emans" /> insertion of multiple fingers or items into the vagina, and activities such as gymnastics (doing 'the splits'), or horseback riding. Remnants of the hymen are called [[carunculae myrtiformes]].<ref name="Knight">{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Bernard|title=Simpson's Forensic Medicine|edition=11th|year=1997|publisher=Arnold|location=London|page=114|isbn=978-0-7131-4452-9}}</ref>
A glass or plastic rod of 6 mm diameter having a globe on one end with varying diameter from 10 to 25 mm, called a Glaister Keen rod, is used for close examination of the hymen or the degree of its rupture. In forensic medicine, it is recommended by health authorities that a physician who must swab near this area of a [[prepubescent]] girl avoid the hymen and swab the outer [[vulval vestibule]] instead.<ref name=McCann/> In cases of suspected [[rape]] or [[child sexual abuse]], a detailed examination of the hymen may be performed, but the condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive.<ref name="Perlman"/>
==Anatomic variations==
[[File:Hymen en.svg|thumb|Various types of hymen (the dark areas represent the vaginal opening)]]
Normal variations of the hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid; or it may also be completely absent.<ref name=emans>{{Cite book|url=https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Medical/texts/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Sexually%20Abused%20Child%202nd%20ed%20-%20A.%20Heger%2C%20et%20al.%2C%20%28Oxford%2C%202000%29%20WW.pdf|title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195074253|editor-last=Heger|editor-first=Astrid H.|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=61–65|language=en|editor-last2=Emans|editor-first2=S. Jean}}</ref><ref name="McCann"/> An [[imperforate hymen]] occurs in 1-2 out of 1,000 infants.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Z-lD9cXBEC&q=vaginal+labial+fusion&pg=PA139|title=Blueprints Obstetrics and Gynecology|last1=Callahan|first1=Tamara L.|last2=Caughey|first2=Aaron B.|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781782494|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lardenoije|first1=Céline|last2=Aardenburg|first2=Robert|last3=Mertens|first3=Helen|date=2009-05-26|title=Imperforate hymen: a cause of abdominal pain in female adolescents|journal=BMJ Case Reports|volume=2009|pages=bcr0820080722|doi=10.1136/bcr.08.2008.0722|issn=1757-790X|pmc=3029536|pmid=21686660}}</ref> The only variation that may require medical intervention is the imperforate hymen, which either completely prevents the passage of menstrual fluid or slows it significantly. In either case, surgical intervention may be needed to allow menstrual fluid to pass or intercourse to take place at all.
Prepubescent girls' hymenal openings come in many shapes, depending on hormonal and activity level, the most common being crescentic (posterior rim): no tissue at the 12 [[Clock position|o'clock position]]; crescent-shaped band of tissue from 1–2 to 10–11 o'clock, at its widest around 6 o'clock. From puberty onwards, depending on [[estrogen]] and activity levels, the hymenal tissue may be thicker, and the opening is often fimbriated or erratically shaped.<ref name=heger/> In younger children, a torn hymen will typically heal very quickly. In adolescents, the hymenal opening can naturally extend and variation in shape and appearance increases.<ref name=emans/>
Variations of the female reproductive tract can result from [[Müllerian agenesis|agenesis]] or hypoplasia, canalization defects, lateral fusion and failure of resorption, resulting in various complications.<ref name="WebMD">{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269050-overview |title=Imperforate Hymen |access-date=2009-02-02 |quote=Different normal variants in hymenal configuration are described, varying from the common annular, to crescentic, to navicular ("boatlike" with an anteriorly displaced hymenal orifice). Hymenal variations are rarely clinically significant before menarche. In the case of a navicular configuration, urinary complaints (e.g., dribbling, retention, urinary tract infections) may result. Sometimes, a cribriform (fenestrated), septate, or navicular configuration to the hymen can be associated with retention of vaginal secretions and prolongation of the common condition of a mixed bacterial vulvovaginitis. |website=[[WebMD]] }}</ref>
* [[Imperforate hymen|Imperforate]]:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics |year=2003 |quote=Occasionally, the hymen is harder than normal or it is complete and sealed without there being ... This condition is called imperforate hymen and, at times ... | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaklGZAID08C&q=hymen&pg=PA1115 |isbn=978-1-58330-592-8 |author1= Steinberg, Avraham |author2= Rosner, Fred }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=DeCherney |first=Alan H. |author2=Pernoll, Martin L. |author3=Nathan, Lauren |title=Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment |year=2002 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional| page=602 |quote=Imperforate hymen represents a persistent portion of the urogenital membrane ... It is one of the most common obstructive lesions of the female genital tract. ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xD0inFiEIAC |isbn=978-0-8385-1401-6 }}</ref> hymenal opening nonexistent; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape.
* Cribriform, or microperforate: sometimes confused for imperforate, the hymenal opening appears to be nonexistent, but has, under close examination, small perforations.
* Septate: the hymenal opening has one or more bands of tissue extending across the opening.
== Trauma ==
Historically, it was believed that first sexual intercourse was necessarily traumatic to the hymen and always resulted in the hymen being "broken" or torn, causing bleeding. However, research on women in Western populations has found that bleeding during first consensual intercourse does not always happen or is less common than not bleeding.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tijdschriftvoorseksuologie.nl/media/k2/attachments/loeberZtvsZ32-3.pdf|title=Over het zwaard en de schede; bloedverlies en pijn bij de eerste coïtus Een onderzoek bij vrouwen uit diverse culturen|last=Loeber|first=Olga|date=2008|work=Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie|access-date=2018-09-07|volume=32|pages=129–137|language=nl-nl}}</ref> In one cross-cultural study, slightly more than half of all women self-reported bleeding during first intercourse, with significantly different levels of pain and bleeding reported depending on their region of origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amy|first=Jean-Jacques|date=January 2008|title=Certificates of virginity and reconstruction of the hymen|journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=111–113|doi=10.1080/13625180802106045|pmid=18465471|s2cid=37484764|issn=1362-5187}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Not all women experience pain, and one study found a correlation between the experience of strong emotions - such as excitement, nervousness, or fear - with experiencing pain during first intercourse.<ref name="Pain">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/BF01542003|title = The experience of pain during women's first sexual intercourse: Cultural mythology about female sexual initiation|year = 1985|last1 = Weis|first1 = David L.|journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume = 14|issue = 5|pages = 421–438|pmid = 4062539|s2cid = 6427129}}</ref>
In several studies of adolescent female rape victims, where patients were examined at a hospital following sexual assault, half or fewer of virgin victims had any injury to the hymen.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=White, C., & McLean, I.|date=2006-05-01|title=Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups|journal=Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=172–180|doi=10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.02.006|pmid=16564196|issn=1353-1131|quote=Hymen injury was noted in 40 (50.6%) participants of the virgin group, but only 11 (12.4%) of the non-virgin group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Girardin|first2=Barbara|last3=Faugno|first3=Diana|date=May 2000|title=Signs of genital trauma in adolescent rape victims examined acutely|url=https://www.jpagonline.org/article/S1083-3188(00)00015-2/abstract|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=88|doi=10.1016/S1083-3188(00)00015-2|pmid=10869972|issn=1083-3188}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2001-11-01|title=Adolescent Sexual Assault: Documentation of Acute Injuries Using Photo-colposcopy|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=175–180|doi=10.1016/S1083-3188(01)00126-7|issn=1083-3188|quote=The incidence of hymenal tears in self-described virgins was higher than in nonvirgins (19% vs. 3%, P .008);|last1=Adams|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Girardin|first2=Barbara|last3=Faugno|first3=Diana|pmid=11748013}}</ref> Tears of the hymen occurred in less than a quarter of cases.<ref name=":7" /> However, virgins were significantly more likely to have injuries to the hymen than non-virgins.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
In a study of adolescents who had previously had consensual sex, approximately half showed evidence of trauma to the hymen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Joyce A.|last2=Botash|first2=Ann S.|last3=Kellogg|first3=Nancy|date=March 2004|title=Differences in hymenal morphology between adolescent girls with and without a history of consensual sexual intercourse|journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine|volume=158|issue=3|pages=280–285|doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.3.280|issn=1072-4710|pmid=14993089|quote=Subjects who admitted having past intercourse still had non disrupted, intact hymens in 52% of cases.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-hymens-they-are-not-alone|title=New York Times Is Wrong about Hymens--But They Are Not Alone|website=Psychology Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Trauma to the hymen may also occur in adult non-virgins following consensual sex, although it is rare.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Slaughter|first1=Laura|last2=Brown|first2=Carl R.V.|last3=Crowley|first3=Sharon|last4=Peck|first4=Roxy|date=March 1997|title=Patterns of genital injury in female sexual assault victims|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=176|issue=3|pages=609–616|doi=10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70556-8|pmid=9077615|issn=0002-9378}}</ref> Trauma to the hymen may heal without any visible sign of injury.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name="emans" /> An observational study of adolescent sexual assault victims found that majority of wounds to the hymen healed without any visible sign of injury having occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reading|first=Richard|date=2007-12-12|title=Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study|journal=Child: Care, Health and Development|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=137–138|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00818_7.x|issn=0305-1862|quote=Of the girls who sustained ‘superficial’, ‘intermediate,’ or ‘deep’ lacerations, 15 of 18 prepubertal girls had smooth and continuous appearing hymenal rims, whereas 24 of 41 adolescents' hymens had a normal, ‘scalloped’ appearance and 30 of 34 had no disruption of continuity on healing. The final ‘width’ of a hymenal rim was dependent on the initial depth of the laceration. No scar tissue formation was observed in either group of girls.}}</ref>
Trauma to the hymen is hypothesized to occur as a result of various other behaviors, such as [[tampon]] or [[menstrual cup]] use, [[pelvic examination]]s with a [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]], masturbation, gymnastics, or horseback riding, although the true prevalence of trauma as a result of these activities is unclear.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1998-06-08|title=Can tampon use cause hymen changes in girls who have not had sexual intercourse? A review of the literature|journal=Forensic Science International|language=en|volume=94|issue=1–2|pages=147–153|doi=10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00053-X|issn=0379-0738|last1=Goodyear-Smith|first1=Felicity A.|last2=Laidlaw|first2=Tannis M.|pmid=9670493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1994-07-01|title=Hymenal findings in adolescent women: Impact of tampon use and consensual sexual activity|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|language=en|volume=125|issue=1|pages=153–160|doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70144-X|issn=0022-3476|quote=Contrary to the popular belief that transections of the hymen are associated with gymnastics, horseback riding, and other vigorous sports, we found no relation between sports or gymnastics and hymenal changes. There was also no relation to prior gynecologic examination.|last1=Emans|first1=S.Jean|last2=Woods|first2=Elizabeth R.|last3=Allred|first3=Elizabeth N.|last4=Grace|first4=Estherann|pmid=8021768}}</ref>
==Cultural significance==
{{main|Virginity test}}
The hymen is often attributed important cultural significance in certain communities because of its association with a woman's [[virginity]]. In those cultures, an intact hymen is highly valued at marriage in the belief that this is a proof of virginity.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/04/30/us-muslimwomen-europe-virginity-idUSL2532025120070430?pageNumber=2&sp=true |title=Muslim women in France regain virginity in clinics |work=Reuters |quote='Many of my patients are caught between two worlds,' said Abecassis. They have had sex already but are expected to be virgins at marriage according to a custom that he called 'cultural and traditional, with enormous family pressure'. | date=April 30, 2007}}</ref><ref name=europe/> Some women undergo [[hymenorrhaphy]] to restore their hymen for this reason.<ref name="europe">{{Cite news|last=Sciolino|first1=Elaine|last2=Mekhennet|first2=Souad|date=June 11, 2008|title=In Europe, Debate Over Islam and Virginity|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/europe/11virgin.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=hymen&st=nyt&oref=slogin|url-status=live|access-date=2008-06-13|quote='In my culture, not to be a virgin is to be dirt,' said the student, perched on a hospital bed as she awaited surgery on Thursday. 'Right now, virginity is more important to me than life.'}}</ref>
In October 2018, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights]], [[UN Women]] and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) stated that virginity testing must end as "it is a painful, humiliating and traumatic practice, constituting [[violence against women]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/17-10-2018-united-nations-agencies-call-for-ban-on-virginity-testing|title=United Nations agencies call for ban on virginity testing|date=17 October 2018|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref>
==Womb fury==
In the 16th and 17th centuries, medical researchers mistakenly saw the presence or absence of the hymen as founding evidence of physical diseases such as "womb-fury", i.e., [[female hysteria|(female) hysteria]]. If not cured, womb-fury would, according to doctors practicing at the time, result in death.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Berrios | first1 = GE | last2 = Rivière | first2 = L | year = 2006 | title = Madness from the womb | journal = History of Psychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 66 Pt 2 | pages = 223–35 | doi=10.1177/0957154x06065699| pmid = 17146991 | s2cid = 148179899 }}</ref><ref>The linkage between the hymen and social elements of control has been taken up in Marie Loughlin's book [https://archive.org/details/hymeneuticsinter00loug/page/43 <!-- quote="womb fury" hymen. --> Hymeneutics: Interpreting Virginity on the Early Modern Stage] published in 1997</ref>
<!--==Modern perspective==In late 2005, Monica Christiansson, former maternity ward nurse and Carola Eriksson, a PhD student at [[Umeå University]] announced that according to studies of medical literature and practical experience, the hymen should be considered a social and cultural myth, based on deeply rooted stereotypes of women's roles in sexual relations with men. Christiansson and Eriksson support their claims by pointing out that there are no accurate medical descriptions of what a hymen actually consists of. Statistics presented by the two state that fewer than 30% of women who have gone through puberty and have consensual intercourse bleed the first time. Christiansson has expressed an opinion that the use of the term "hymen" should be discontinued and that it should be considered an integral part of the vaginal opening.<ref>[http://na.se/artikel.asp?intId=929711 Nerikes Allehanda's article on Christiansson's and Eriksson's research] {{sv icon}}</ref>-->
==Other animals==
{{Disputed section|Other Animals Dispute|date=November 2019}}
Due to similar reproductive system development, many mammals have hymens, including chimpanzees, elephants, manatees, whales, horses and llamas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blank |first=Hanne|author-link=Hanne Blank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shq1AAAAIAAJ&q=toothed+whales | title=Virgin: The Untouched History |year=2007|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |page=23 |isbn=978-1-59691-010-2 |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blackledge |first=Catherine |title=The Story of V |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |quote=Hymens, or vaginal closure membranes or vaginal constrictions, as they are often referred to, are found in a number of mammals, including llamas, ... | url=https://archive.org/details/storyofv00cath |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8135-3455-8 }}</ref>
==See also==
<!-- THIS SECTION IS ONLY FOR LINKS TO OTHER WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES -->
*[[Artificial hymen]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
<!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================-->
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/magical_cups_bloody_brides_virginity_in_context Magical Cups and Bloody Brides]—the historical context of [[virginity]]
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/20_questions_about_virginity_scarleteen_interviews_hanne_blank 20 Questions About Virginity]—Interview with Hanne Blank, author of ''Virgin: The Untouched History''. Discusses relationship between hymen and concept of virginity.
*[http://www.htdiary.com/how-to-put-a-tampon-in-painlessly/ Putting tampon in painlessly] Radiology (US - ultrasound) of Hydrocolpos
*[http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p883.html Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse] at the American Family Physician
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/body/my_corona_the_anatomy_formerly_known_as_the_hymen_the_myths_that_surround_it My Corona: The Anatomy Formerly Known as the Hymen & the Myths That Surround It] Scarleteen, Sex education for the real world
*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-the-hymen-they-are-not-alone The Hymen Myth]
*[http://www.rfsu.se/en/Engelska/About-rfsu/Resources/Publications/Vagnial-Corona/ Vaginal Corona]
{{Female reproductive system}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hymen| ]]
[[Category:Sexual abstinence]]
[[Category:Vagina]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
-}}
-The '''hymen''' is a thin piece of [[mucosal tissue]] that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or [[external genitalia]], and is similar in structure to the vagina.<ref name=emans /><ref name="Perlman">{{Cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=Sally E.|last2=Nakajyma | first2=Steven T.| last3=Hertweck| first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology|year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 }}</ref>
+}}cbvdvhvhvhhedbc,nsjdchsieygfyqahfhbhkbhfufg that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or [[external genitalia]], and is similar in structure to the vagina.<ref name=emans /><ref name="Perlman">{{Cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=Sally E.|last2=Nakajyma | first2=Steven T.| last3=Hertweck| first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology|year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 }}</ref>
In children, a common appearance of the hymen is [[crescent]]-shaped, although many shapes are possible. During [[puberty]], [[estrogen]] causes the hymen to change in appearance and become very elastic.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Normal variations of the post-pubertal hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid; or it may instead be completely absent.<ref name="emans" />
-The hymen can rip or tear during first [[sexual intercourse|penetrative intercourse]], which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding after first intercourse are.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo">{{cite web|url=https://sexinfoonline.com/the-hymen/|title=The Hymen|publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|access-date=2020-09-19|quote=While some females bleed the first time they have penetrative intercourse, not every female does. This depends on many factors, such as how much hymenal tissue a female has, whether her hymen has already been stretched or torn, or how thick and elastic it is.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Deborah J|last2=Stark|first2=Margaret|date=1998-08-08|title=The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=317|issue=7155|pages=414|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1113684|pmid=9694770|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7155.414}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro|date=1999-02-27|title=Appearance of the hymen in adolescents is not well documented|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=318|issue=7183|pages=605|quote=We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.|pmc=1115047|pmid=10037658|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7183.605}}</ref> The state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of [[virginity]],<ref name="Perlman"/><ref name="Knight"/> although it continues to be considered so in certain cultures, and [[virginity testing]] may be done. Minor injuries to the hymen may heal<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=Abdelmonem|last2=Al-Rukban|first2=Mohammed|date=2012-01-01|title=Hymen: Facts and conceptions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260578888|journal=TheHealth|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|issn=2219-8083|quote=Possible explanations for the lack of genital trauma include... acute injuries occur but heal completely.}}</ref> without visible signs of previous injury. A torn hymen may be surgically restored in a procedure called [[hymenorrhaphy]].
+The hymen can rip or tear during first [[sexual intercourse|penetrative intercourse]], which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding after first intercourse are.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo">{{cite web|url=htther=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|access-date=2020-09-19|quote=While some females bleed the first time they have penetrative intercourse, not every female does. This depends on many factors, such as how much hymenal tissue a female has, whether her hymen has already been stretched or torn, or how thick and elastic it is.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Deborah J|last2=Stark|first2=Margaret|date=1998-08-08|title=The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=317|issue=7155|pages=414|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1113684|pmid=9694770|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7155.414}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro|date=1999-02-27|title=Appearance of the hymen in adolescents is not well documented|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=318|issue=7183|pages=605|quote=We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.|pmc=1115047|pmid=10037658|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7183.605}}</ref> The state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of [[virginity]],<ref name="Perlman"/><ref name="Knight"/> although it continues to be considered so in certain cultures, and [[virginity testing]] may be done. Minor injuries to the hymen may heal<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=Abdelmonem|last2=Al-Rukban|first2=Mohammed|date=2012-01-01|title=Hymen: Facts and conceptions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260578888|journal=TheHealth|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|issn=2219-8083|quote=Possible explanations for the lack of genital trauma include... acute injuries occur but heal completely.}}</ref> without visible signs of previous injury. A torn hymen may be surgically restored in a procedure called [[hymenorrhaphy]].
==Development and histology==
' |
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0 => '}}cbvdvhvhvhhedbc,nsjdchsieygfyqahfhbhkbhfufg that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or [[external genitalia]], and is similar in structure to the vagina.<ref name=emans /><ref name="Perlman">{{Cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=Sally E.|last2=Nakajyma | first2=Steven T.| last3=Hertweck| first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology|year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 }}</ref>',
1 => 'The hymen can rip or tear during first [[sexual intercourse|penetrative intercourse]], which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding after first intercourse are.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo">{{cite web|url=htther=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|access-date=2020-09-19|quote=While some females bleed the first time they have penetrative intercourse, not every female does. This depends on many factors, such as how much hymenal tissue a female has, whether her hymen has already been stretched or torn, or how thick and elastic it is.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Deborah J|last2=Stark|first2=Margaret|date=1998-08-08|title=The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=317|issue=7155|pages=414|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1113684|pmid=9694770|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7155.414}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro|date=1999-02-27|title=Appearance of the hymen in adolescents is not well documented|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=318|issue=7183|pages=605|quote=We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.|pmc=1115047|pmid=10037658|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7183.605}}</ref> The state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of [[virginity]],<ref name="Perlman"/><ref name="Knight"/> although it continues to be considered so in certain cultures, and [[virginity testing]] may be done. Minor injuries to the hymen may heal<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=Abdelmonem|last2=Al-Rukban|first2=Mohammed|date=2012-01-01|title=Hymen: Facts and conceptions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260578888|journal=TheHealth|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|issn=2219-8083|quote=Possible explanations for the lack of genital trauma include... acute injuries occur but heal completely.}}</ref> without visible signs of previous injury. A torn hymen may be surgically restored in a procedure called [[hymenorrhaphy]].'
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1 => 'The '''hymen''' is a thin piece of [[mucosal tissue]] that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or [[external genitalia]], and is similar in structure to the vagina.<ref name=emans /><ref name="Perlman">{{Cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=Sally E.|last2=Nakajyma | first2=Steven T.| last3=Hertweck| first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology|year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 }}</ref>',
2 => 'The hymen can rip or tear during first [[sexual intercourse|penetrative intercourse]], which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding after first intercourse are.<ref name="ucsb sexinfo">{{cite web|url=https://sexinfoonline.com/the-hymen/|title=The Hymen|publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]|access-date=2020-09-19|quote=While some females bleed the first time they have penetrative intercourse, not every female does. This depends on many factors, such as how much hymenal tissue a female has, whether her hymen has already been stretched or torn, or how thick and elastic it is.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Deborah J|last2=Stark|first2=Margaret|date=1998-08-08|title=The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=317|issue=7155|pages=414|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1113684|pmid=9694770|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7155.414}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Emma Curtis, Camille San Lazaro|date=1999-02-27|title=Appearance of the hymen in adolescents is not well documented|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=318|issue=7183|pages=605|quote=We agree with Rogers and Stark that so called rupture and bleeding of the hymen is not to be routinely expected after first sexual intercourse.|pmc=1115047|pmid=10037658|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7183.605}}</ref> The state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of [[virginity]],<ref name="Perlman"/><ref name="Knight"/> although it continues to be considered so in certain cultures, and [[virginity testing]] may be done. Minor injuries to the hymen may heal<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hegazy|first1=Abdelmonem|last2=Al-Rukban|first2=Mohammed|date=2012-01-01|title=Hymen: Facts and conceptions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260578888|journal=TheHealth|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|issn=2219-8083|quote=Possible explanations for the lack of genital trauma include... acute injuries occur but heal completely.}}</ref> without visible signs of previous injury. A torn hymen may be surgically restored in a procedure called [[hymenorrhaphy]].'
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1613026243 |