Jump to content

Examine individual changes

This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.

Variables generated for this change

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
1
Name of the user account (user_name)
'Twassman is a serbian'
Age of the user account (user_age)
64
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*', 1 => 'user' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmywatchlist', 6 => 'editmywatchlist', 7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 8 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 9 => 'editmyoptions', 10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 11 => 'centralauth-merge', 12 => 'abusefilter-view', 13 => 'abusefilter-log', 14 => 'vipsscaler-test', 15 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage', 16 => 'reupload-own', 17 => 'move-rootuserpages', 18 => 'createpage', 19 => 'minoredit', 20 => 'editmyusercss', 21 => 'editmyuserjson', 22 => 'editmyuserjs', 23 => 'purge', 24 => 'sendemail', 25 => 'applychangetags', 26 => 'spamblacklistlog', 27 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants' ]
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
false
Page ID (page_id)
8925043
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Ani'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Ani'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'ClueBot NG', 1 => 'Twassman is a serbian', 2 => 'MarshallBagramyan', 3 => '2601:CC:4081:1C30:B5A8:74D6:BD94:1344', 4 => 'Se.777333', 5 => 'LouisAragon', 6 => 'Metuboy', 7 => 'Akyasu', 8 => 'ScottyFresch', 9 => 'A bit iffy' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
582839191
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
'Undid revision 1010355424 by [[Special:Contributions/ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]])'
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Other uses}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}} {{short description|Medieval Armenian city}} {{Infobox ancient site | name = Ani | native_name = | alternate_name = | image = Ani seen from Armenia.jpg | alt = | caption = The ruins of Ani as seen from the Armenian side. The [[Cathedral of Ani|cathedral]] with its missing dome is seen on the left, the half-collapsed Church of the Holy Redeemer on the right. When it was discovered September 17th by archaeologist Reago Mantheago. | map_alt = | map_size = 285 | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|40|30|27|N|43|34|22|E|display=inline,title}} | location = Ocaklı (nearest settlement),{{sfn|Watenpaugh|2014|p=531|ps=: "The nearest inhabited village is Ocaklı, a farming village with little infrastructure."}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Büyük Katedral (Fethiye Cami) – Kars|url=http://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/mus/gezilecekyer/buyuk-katedral-fethye-cam|website=kulturportali.gov.tr|language=tr|quote=Adres: Ocaklı Köyü, Ani Antik Kenti}}</ref> [[Kars Province]], [[Turkey]] | region = [[Armenian Highlands]] | type = Settlement | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = 5th century (first mentioned) | abandoned = 17th century | epochs = [[Middle Ages]] | cultures = [[Armenian culture|Armenian]] (predominantly) | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | notes = | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Archaeological Site of Ani | designation1_date = 2016 <small>(40th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1518 1518] | designation1_criteria = ii, iii, iv | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = [[Turkey]] | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] }} [[File:Bagratuni flag.svg|thumb|300px|The standard of Ani<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hasratyan|first=Murad|author-link1=Murad Hasratyan|title=Անիի ճարտարապետությունը [Architecture of Ani]|journal=[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]]|date=2011|issue=3|page=8|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5698/|quote=Դարպասի վերևի պատին Անի քաղաքի զինանշանն է՝ հովազի բարձրաքանդակով:}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Անի|url=http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=2&hId=931|website=encyclopedia.am|publisher=[[Armenian Encyclopedia]]|language=hy|quote=Անիի զինանշանը` վազող հովազը}}</ref>]] '''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἄνιον}}, ''Ánion'';<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> {{lang-tr|Ani}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164926/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|archive-date=July 12, 2016 |quote=The Turkish government’s practice of calling the town “Anı,” rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...}}</ref> is a ruined medieval Armenian<ref name="EI2">{{EI2|last1=Barthold|first1=W.|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|title=Ānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ani-SIM_0670?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Ani|volume=1}}</ref> city now situated in [[Turkey]]'s province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], next to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Armenia]]. Between 961 and 1045, it was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Bagratid Armenia]]n kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey. Called the "City of 1001 Churches" so far 50 churches, 33 cave-churches and 20 chapels have been found .<ref name=eb11/><ref name=hako /><ref>Not to confuse with the [[Binbirkilise]]/'1001 churches' near [[Karaman]] in modern Turkey'</ref> Ani stood on various trade routes and its many [[Church architecture|religious buildings]], palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world housing the oldest form of Gothic architecture(Ani cathedral).<ref name=virt /><ref name=eco /> At its height, Ani was one of the world's largest cities,<ref>[[Joel Mokyr]]. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. — Oxford University Press, 2003. — P. 157 "''The struggle against Persian, Byzantine, and Arab political and economic domination, however, led to the restoration of the Armenian Kingdom (885–1045). Crafts and agricultural prospered. Its capital, Ani, famous for Armenian classical architecture, became one of the biggest cities in the world.''"</ref> with a possible population of circa 100,000.<ref name=ghaf>{{cite book|author-link=Karo Ghafadaryan|last=Ghafadaryan|first=Karo|contribution=Ani|title=[[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]] Volume I|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|year=1974|pages=407–412|language=hy}}</ref> Renowned for its splendor, Ani was sacked by the Mongols in 1236. Ani never recovered from a devastating 1319 earthquake, and was gradually abandoned until it was largely forgotten by the 17th century.<ref>Mutafian, Claude. "Ani after Ani: Eleventh to Seventeenth Centuries", in ''Armenian Kars and Ani'', ed. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]], Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 163–64.</ref>{{sfn|Panossian|2006|p=60}} Ani is a widely recognized cultural, religious, and national heritage symbol for Armenians.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vanadzin|first=Katie|title=Recent Publication Highlights Complexities of Uncovering the History of the Medieval City of Ani|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/01/29/ani/|work=[[Armenian Weekly]]|date=January 29, 2015|quote=As Watenpaugh explains, “Ani is so symbolic, so central for Armenians, as a religious site, as a cultural site, as a national heritage symbol, a symbol of nationhood.”}}</ref> According to [[Razmik Panossian]], Ani is one of the most visible and ‘tangible’ symbols of past Armenian greatness and hence a source of pride.{{sfn|Panossian|2006|p=60}} In 2016, it was added in the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|UNESCO World Heritage List]].<ref>[https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/photo-ancient-city-of-ani-dazzles-visitors-156128#photo-2 Ancient city of Ani dazzles visitors]</ref> [[File:Ani .jpg|thumb]] ==Toponym== The city took its name from the Armenian fortress-city and pagan center of [[Kemah, Erzincan|Ani-Kamakh]] located in the region of Daranaghi in [[Upper Armenia]].<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also previously known as ''khnamk'' ([[wikt:Խնամք|Խնամք]]), although historians are uncertain as to why it was called so.<ref name=ghaf /> [[Heinrich Hübschmann]], a German [[philologist]] and linguist who studied the Armenian language, suggested that the word may have come from the Armenian word ''khnamel'' ([[wikt:խնամել]]), an [[infinitive]] which means "to take care of".<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also the diminutive of the ancient goddess [[Anahit]], who was seen as the mother protector of Armenia.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} According to the second edition of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'': "A suggestion has been made that the town may owe its name to a temple of the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] goddess [[Anahita|Anāhita]] (the Greek Anaďtis)".<ref name="EI2"/> ==Location== The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the [[Akhurian River]] and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley.<ref name=eb9/> The Akhurian is a branch of the [[Araks River]]<ref name=eb9/> and forms part of the currently closed border between Turkey and Armenia. The site is at an elevation of around {{convert|1340|m|sp=us}}.<ref name=eb11/> The site is located about 400 metres from the Turkey-Armenia border. Across the border is the [[Armenia]]<nowiki/>n village of Kharkov, part of [[Shirak Province]]. ==History== {{Quote box | title = Historical affiliations | quote = [[Kamsarakan dynasty]] 5th century AD {{flagicon image|Bagratuni flag.svg}} [[Bagratid Armenia]] 961-1045<br> {{flag|Byzantine Empire}} 1045-1064<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Sultanate of Rum.svg}} [[Seljuk Empire]] 1064-1072<br> [[Shaddadids]] 1072-1199<br> {{flagicon|Georgia|1008}} [[Kingdom of Georgia]] 1124-1236<br> [[Zakarid Armenia]] 1201-1360<br> [[Kara Koyunlu]] 1360-1380s<br> {{flagicon image|Timurid.svg}} [[Timurid Empire]] 1380s-1430s<br> [[Aq Qoyunlu]] 1430s-1500s<br> {{flagicon|Iran|1576}} [[Safavid Dynasty]] 1500s-1579<br> {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1579-1878<br> {{flag|Russian Empire}} 1878-1918<br> [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic|Transcaucasian DFR]] 1918<br> {{flagicon|Armenia|1918}} [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] 1918-1920<br> {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Ankara Government]] 1920-1923 {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Republic of Turkey]] 1923-present | align = left | width = 23em | fontsize = 90% | bgcolor = #B0C4DE }} ===Early history=== Armenian chroniclers such as [[Yeghishe]] and [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] first mentioned Ani in the 5th century.<ref name=ghaf /> They described it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian [[Kamsarakan dynasty]]. It was discovered September 17 1955 by archaeologist Mark Gioloany. ===Bagratuni capital=== [[File:Bagratuni Armenia 1000-en.svg|thumb|right|275px|The Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, {{circa|1000}}]] By the early 9th century, the former territories of the Kamsarakans in [[Arsharunik]] and [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last = Whittow|first = Mark|title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1996|location = Berkeley|pages =213–214|isbn =978-0-520-20497-3 }}</ref> Their leader, [[Ashot Msaker|Ashot ''Msaker'']] (Ashot the Meateater) (806–827) was given the title of ''ishkhan'' (prince) of Armenia by the [[Caliphate]] in 804.<ref>[[Nina Garsoïan|Garsoian, Nina]]. "The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (649–684)" in ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century'', ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997, p. 146. {{ISBN|978-0-312-10169-5}}</ref> The Bagratunis had their first capital at [[Bagaran (ancient city)|Bagaran]], some 40&nbsp;km south of Ani, before moving it to [[Shirakavan, Armenia|Shirakavan]], some 25&nbsp;km northeast of Ani, and then transferring it to [[Kars]] in the year 929. In 961, king [[Ashot III]] (953–77) transferred the capital from Kars to Ani.<ref name=eb11/> Ani expanded rapidly during the reign of King [[Smbat II]] (977–89). In 992 the [[List of Catholicoi of Armenia|Armenian Catholicosate]] moved its seat to Ani. In the 10th century the population was perhaps 50,000–100,000.<ref>Redgate, Anne Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, p. 210.</ref> By the start of the eleventh century the population of Ani was well over 100,000,{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} and its renown was such that it was known as the "city of forty gates" and the "city of a thousand and one churches." Ani also became the site of the royal mausoleum of Bagratuni kings.<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen, "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)", ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]'' 35 (2013): 147–155.</ref> Ani attained the peak of its power during the long reign of King [[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]] (989–1020). After his death his two sons quarreled over the succession. The eldest son, [[Hovhannes-Smbat]] (1020–41), gained control of Ani while his younger brother, Ashot IV (1020–40), controlled other parts of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni kingdom]]. Hovhannes-Smbat, fearing that the [[Byzantine Empire]] would attack his now-weakened kingdom, made the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] his heir.<ref>Whittow. ''Making of Byzantium'', p. 383.</ref> When Hovhannes-Smbat died in 1041, Emperor [[Michael IV the Paphlagonian]], claimed sovereignty over Ani. The new king of Ani, [[Gagik II]] (1042–45), opposed this and several Byzantine armies sent to capture Ani were repulsed. However, in 1046 Ani surrendered to the Byzantines,<ref name=eb11/> after Gagik was invited to Constantinople and detained there, and at the instigation of pro-Byzantine elements among its population. A Byzantine governor was installed in the city.<ref name=ghaf /> ===Cultural and economic center=== [[File:AniMap.gif|thumb|320px|Plan of the city]] Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Arabs]], as well as smaller nations in southern Russia and Central Asia.<ref name=ghaf /> ===Gradual decline and abandonment=== In 1064, a large [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] army under [[Alp Arslan]] attacked Ani; after a siege of 25 days, they captured the city and slaughtered its population.<ref name=eb9/> An account of the sack and massacres in Ani is given by the Turkish historian [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]], who quotes an eyewitness saying: {{quotation|Putting the Persian sword to work, they spared no one... One could see there the grief and calamity of every age of human kind. For children were ravished from the embraces of their mothers and mercilessly hurled against rocks, while the mothers drenched them with tears and blood... The city became filled from one end to the other with bodies of the slain and [the bodies of the slain] became a road. [...] The army entered the city, massacred its inhabitants, pillaged and burned it, leaving it in ruins and taking prisoner all those who remained alive...The dead bodies were so many that they blocked the streets; one could not go anywhere without stepping over them. And the number of prisoners was not less than 50,000 souls. I was determined to enter city and see the destruction with my own eyes. I tried to find a street in which I would not have to walk over the corpses; but that was impossible.<ref>Quoted in {{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|author-link=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|publisher=Viking|location=New York|year = 1991|pages= 342–343|isbn = 978-0-394-53779-5}}</ref>}} In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the [[Shaddadids]], a Muslim [[Kurds|Kurdish]] dynasty.<ref name=eb9/> The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city's overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, however, the population would appeal to the [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Christian]] [[Kingdom of Georgia]] for help. The Georgians captured Ani five times between 1124 and 1209:<ref name=eb11/> in 1124, 1161, 1174, 1199, and 1209.<ref>Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia), Artanuji pub. Tbilisi 2014</ref> The first three times, it was recaptured by the Shaddadids. In the year 1199, Georgia's [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]] captured Ani and in 1201 gave the governorship of the city to the generals [[Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli|Zakare]] and [[Ivane I Mkhargrdzeli|Ivane]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Lordkipanidze|first = Mariam|title = Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries|publisher = Genatleba|year = 1987|location = Tbilisi|page = 150}}</ref> Zakare was succeeded by his son [[Shanshe Mkhargrdzeli|Shanshe]] (Shahnshah). Zakare's new dynasty — the [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Zakarids]] — considered themselves to be the successors to the Bagratids. Prosperity quickly returned to Ani; its defences were strengthened and many new churches were constructed. The [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unsuccessfully besieged Ani in 1226, but in 1236 they captured and sacked the city, massacring large numbers of its population. Under the Mongols the Zakarids continued to rule Ani, as the vassals of the Georgian monarch.<ref>Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey, 1. T. A. Sinclair</ref> By the 14th century, the city was ruled by a succession of local Turkish dynasties, including the Jalayrids and the [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1319.<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> [[Timur|Tamerlane]] captured Ani in the 1380s. On his death the Kara Koyunlu regained control but transferred their capital to Yerevan. In 1441 the Armenian Catholicosate did the same. The Persian [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] then ruled Ani until it became part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1579. A small town remained within its walls at least until the middle of the seventeenth century, but the site was entirely abandoned by 1735 when the last monks left the monastery in the Virgin's Fortress or Kizkale. ===Modern times=== {{quote box|width=25%|align=right|quote="Of true Armenian architecture the finest and most characteristic specimens are to be found in the ruined city of Ani..."|source=&nbsp;—[[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|James Bryce]], 1876<ref>{{cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|author-link=James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|title=Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876|date=1878|edition=3rd|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/stream/transcaucasiaara00bryciala#page/300/mode/1up 301]}}</ref>}} [[File:Marr archeological dig of Ani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In 1905–06, archaeological excavations of the church of Saint Gregory of King Gagik were undertaken, headed by Nikolai Marr.]] In the first half of the 19th century, European travelers discovered Ani for the outside world, publishing their descriptions in academic journals and travel accounts. The private buildings were little more than heaps of stones but grand public buildings and the city's double wall were preserved and reckoned to present "many points of great architectural beauty".<ref name=eb9/> [[Ohannes Kurkdjian]] produced [[stereoscopic]] image of Ani in the 2nd half of the 19th century. In 1878, the Ottoman Empire's Kars region—including Ani—was incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]]'s [[Transcaucasia]]n region.<ref name=eb11/> In 1892 the first archaeological excavations were conducted at Ani, sponsored by the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] and supervised by the Georgian archaeologist and orientalist [[Nicholas Marr]] (1864–1934). Marr's excavations at Ani resumed in 1904 and continued yearly until 1917. Large sectors of the city were professionally excavated, numerous buildings were uncovered and measured, the finds were studied and published in academic journals, guidebooks for the monuments and the museum were written, and the whole site was surveyed for the first time.<ref>Kalantar, Ashkharbek, ''The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia,'' Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 – Philologie – CDPOP 2, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999; {{ISBN|978-2-940032-11-2}}</ref> Emergency repairs were also undertaken on those buildings that were most at risk of collapse. A museum was established to house the tens of thousands of items found during the excavations. This museum was housed in two buildings: the Minuchihr mosque, and a purpose-built stone building.<ref name="marr">{{cite book|last =Marr|first =Nicolas|title =Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher =Anagramme Editions|year =2001|isbn =978-2-914571-00-5}}</ref> Armenians from neighboring villages and towns also began to visit the city on a regular basis,<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen. "[http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/11/29/the-god-borne-days-of-ani/ The God-Borne Days of Ani: A Revealing Look at the Former Medieval Armenian Capital of Armenia at the Turn of the 20th Century]." ''[[Armenian Weekly]]''. November 29, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.</ref> and there was even talk by Marr's team of building a school for educating the local Armenian children, building parks, and planting trees to beautify the site.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan|first=Tadevos|last=Hakobyan|year=1982|title=Anii patmutyun, 1045 t. minchev ankumn u amayatsume [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Abandonment], vol. 2|location=Yerevan|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|pages=368–386|language=hy}}</ref> In 1918, during the latter stages of [[World War I]], the armies of the Ottoman Empire were fighting their way across the territory of the newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing [[Kars]] in April 1918. At Ani, attempts were made to evacuate the artifacts contained in the museum as Turkish soldiers were approaching the site. About 6000 of the most portable items were removed by archaeologist [[Ashkharbek Kalantar]], a participant of Marr's excavation campaigns. At the behest of [[Joseph Orbeli]], the saved items were consolidated into a museum collection; they are currently part of the collection of Yerevan's State Museum of Armenian History.<ref name="Kalantar">{{cite book|last =Kalantar|first =Ashkharbek|title =Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|publisher =Recherches et Publications|year =1994|isbn =978-2-940032-01-3}}</ref> Everything that was left behind was later looted or destroyed.<ref>Marr, Nikolai Y. "Ani, La Ville Arménniene en Ruines", ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]''. vol. 1 (original series), 1921.</ref> Turkey's surrender at the end of World War I led to the restoration of Ani to Armenian control, but a resumed offensive against the Armenian Republic in 1920 resulted in Turkey's recapture of Ani. In 1921 the signing of the [[Treaty of Kars]] formalized the incorporation of the territory containing Ani into the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref>{{in lang|hy}} Zohrabyan, Edik A. (1979). ''Սովետական Ռուսաստանը և հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունները, 1920–1922 թթ.'' [Soviet Russia and Armenian-Turkish Relations, 1920–1922]. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 277–80.</ref> In May 1921, the government minister [[Rıza Nur]] ordered the commander of the Eastern Front, [[Kazım Karabekir]], for the monuments of Ani to "be wiped off the face of the earth."<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dadrian|first = Vahakn N.|author-link = Vahakn Dadrian|title = The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume = 1|issue = 2|page = 192|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1986|doi = 10.1093/hgs/1.2.169|pmid = 11617154}}</ref> Karabekir records in his memoirs that he has vigorously rejected this command and it has never been carried out.<ref>{{cite book|last =Karabekir|first =Kazım|title =İstiklal Harbimiz [Our War of Independence]|location=Istanbul|publisher= Türkiye Yayınevi|year =1960|pages =960–970|language=tr}}</ref> Some destruction did take place, including most of Marr's excavations and building repairs.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The City of Ani: Recent History|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|access-date =January 26, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070126112900/http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|archive-date =January 26, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> In October of the same year, [[Treaty of Kars|a separate treaty]] was signed between Turkey and the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]], confirming the border between Turkey and the soviet republic of Armenia as it is today. The Russian negotiator Ganeckij of this treaty tried to include Ani into the soviet republic of Armenia, but Karabekir did not agree.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Das Gebiet von Kars und Ardahan|last=Kobro|first=Georg|publisher=Niemanis Verlag|year=1991|isbn=3910100007|location=Munich|pages=209}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]], Ani lied on the Turkish-[[USSR|Soviet]] border, a segment of the [[Iron Curtain]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ani viewpoint & Iron Curtain |url=http://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/armenia/15-countries/individual-chapters/269-ani-viewpoint-a-iron-curtain-armenia |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> In the 1950s Ani was part of the [[Soviet territorial claims against Turkey|USSR's territorial claims on Turkey]]. In 1968 there were negotiations between the Soviet Union and Turkey, in which Ani will be transferred to [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Armenia]] in exchange for two [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] villages being transferred to Turkey, however nothing resulted from the talks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caucasus: Ancient City of Ani Is So Close, Yet So Far |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1089169.html |website=Radio Free Europe |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> ==Current state== Today, according to [[Lonely Planet]] and [[Frommer's]] travel guides to Turkey: <blockquote> Official permission to visit Ani is no longer needed. Just go to Ani and buy a ticket. If you don't have your own car, haggle with a taxi or minibus driver in Kars for the round-trip to Ani, perhaps sharing the cost with other travelers. If you have trouble, the Tourist Office may help. Plan to spend at least a half-day at Ani. It's not a bad idea to bring a picnic lunch and a water bottle.<ref>{{cite web|last =Brosnahan|first =Tom|title =Ancient Armenian City of Ani|publisher =Turkey Travel Planner|url =http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html|access-date =January 22, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101181138/http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html| archive-date= January 1, 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> </blockquote> During the [[Cold War]], and until 2004, a permit from the Turkish Ministry of Culture was required. At one point in the 1980s, photography was banned, as the site lay on the then Turkish-Soviet border.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE PERMIT FOR VISITING ANI, and the process to obtain it |url=http://virtualani.org/ephemera/permit.htm |website=VirtualAni.org |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> From the Armenian side of the border, in [[Shirak Province]], an observation post has been set up near the village of [[Haykadzor]], complete with an information panel, but the view is very poor. The outpost of Kharkov offers an excellent view, but access is restricted by [[Armenian Border Guard|border troops]] and Russian military personnel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ani viewpoint & Iron Curtain |url=http://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/armenia/15-countries/individual-chapters/269-ani-viewpoint-a-iron-curtain-armenia#b |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> Permission to visit is granted at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Yerevan for free and takes one week. According to ''[[The Economist]]'', Armenians have "accused the Turks of neglecting the place in a spirit of chauvinism. The Turks retort that Ani's remains have been shaken by blasts from a quarry on the Armenian side of the border."<ref name="eco"/> Another commentator said: Ani is now a ghost city, uninhabited for over three centuries and marooned inside a Turkish military zone on Turkey's decaying closed border with the modern [[Republic of Armenia]]. Ani's recent history has been one of continuous and always increasing destruction. Neglect, earthquakes, [[cultural cleansing]], vandalism, quarrying, amateurish [[Building restoration|restorations]] and [[excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] – all these and more have taken a heavy toll on Ani's monuments.<ref name="virt"/> In the estimation of the [[Landmarks Foundation]] (a non-profit organization established for the protection of sacred sites) this ancient city "needs to be protected regardless of whose [[jurisdiction]] it falls under. Earthquakes in 1319, 1832, and [[1988 Armenian earthquake|1988]], Army Target practice and general neglect all have had devastating effects on the architecture of the city. The city of Ani is a sacred place which needs ongoing protection.<ref name="land" />" Turkey's authorities now say they will do their best to conserve and develop the site and the culture ministry has listed Ani among the sites it is keenest to conserve. In the words of Mehmet Ufuk Erden, the local governor: "By restoring Ani, we'll make a contribution to humanity...We will start with one church and one mosque, and over time we will include every single monument."<ref name="eco"/> In an October 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Ani as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and looting as primary causes.<ref name="global_heritage_fund">{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge |title=Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge |access-date=June 3, 2011 |date=October 2010 |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422203730/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |archive-date=April 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="national_geographic_12_ancient_landmarks_on_verge_of_vanishing">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/#/world-heritage-fun-sites-threatened-ani-turkey_27808_600x450.jpg|title=Pictures: 12 Ancient Landmarks on Verge of Vanishing|access-date=June 3, 2011|author=John Roach|date=October 23, 2010|publisher=National Geographic| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073055/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/| archive-date= June 15, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> The [[World Monuments Fund]] (WMF) placed Ani on its 1996, 1998, and 2000 Watch Lists of 100 Most Endangered Sites. In May 2011, WMF announced it was beginning conservation work on the cathedral and Church of the Holy Redeemer in partnership with the Turkish Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/Ani-press-release.pdf|title=Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and World Monuments Fund Collaborate on Historic Conservation Project in Eastern Turkey|access-date=November 17, 2011|date=May 2011|publisher=World Monuments Fund}}</ref> In March 2015, it was reported that Turkey will nominate Ani to be listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Work ongoing to put Ani on UNESCO heritage list|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/work-ongoing-to-put-ani-on-unesco-heritage-list-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=79072&NewsCatID=375|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The archaeological site of Ani was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] on July 15, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/five_sites_inscribed_on_unescos_world_heritage_list/#.V4vUsLh97IU|website=UNESCOPRESS|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> According to art historian Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh the addition "would secure significant benefits in protection, research expertise, and funding."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ani Included on UNESCO World Heritage List|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2016/07/15/ani-unesco/|work=[[Armenian Weekly]]|date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> ==Monuments at Ani== All the structures at Ani are constructed using the local volcanic basalt, a sort of tufa stone. It is easily carved and comes in a variety of vibrant colors, from creamy yellow, to rose-red, to jet black. The most important surviving monuments are as follows. [[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Cathedral of Ani]] ===The Cathedral=== {{main|Cathedral of Ani}} Also known as Surp Asdvadzadzin (the Church of the Holy Mother of God), its construction was started in the year 989, under [[King Smbat II]]. Work was halted after his death, and was only finished in 1001 (or in 1010 under another reading of its building inscription). The design of the cathedral was the work of [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]], the most celebrated architect of medieval Armenia. The cathedral is a domed basilica (the dome collapsed in 1319). The interior contains several progressive features (such as the use of pointed arches and clustered piers) that give to it the appearance of [[Gothic architecture]] (a style which the Ani cathedral predates by several centuries).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The cathedral of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120194628/http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===Surp Stephanos Church=== There is no inscription giving the date of its construction, but an edict in Georgian is dated 1218. The church was referred to as "Georgian". During this period "Georgian" did not simply mean an ethnic Georgian, it had a denominational meaning and would have designated all those in Ani who professed the Chalcedonian faith, mostly [[Armenians|Armenian]]s. Although the Georgian Church controlled this church, its congregation would have mostly been Armenians.<ref>{{cite web |last =Sim|first =Steven|title =THE GEORGIAN CHURCH|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/georgianchurch/index.htm|access-date =February 15, 2012}}</ref> ===The church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents=== This church, finished in 1215, is the best-preserved monument at Ani. It was built during the rule of the [[Zakarids]] and was commissioned by the wealthy Armenian merchant [[Tigran Honents]].<ref name=nicholas>{{cite book|last1=Coureas|first1=Nicholas|last2=Edbury|first2=Peter|last3=Walsh|first3=Michael J.K.|title=Medieval and Renaissance Famagusta : Studies in Architecture, Art and History|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham|isbn=978-1409435570|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NnDOZeKR80C}}</ref> Its plan is of a type called a ''domed hall''. In front of its entrance are the ruins of a narthex and a small chapel that are from a slightly later period. The exterior of the church is spectacularly decorated. Ornate stone carvings of real and imaginary animals fill the spandrels between blind arcade that runs around all four sides of the church. The interior contains an important and unique series of frescoes cycles that depict two main themes. In the eastern third of the church is depicted the Life of [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator]], in the middle third of the church is depicted the Life of Christ. Such extensive fresco cycles are rare features in Armenian architecture – it is believed that these ones were executed by Georgian artists, and the cycle also includes scenes from the life of St. Nino, who converted the Georgians to Christianity. In the narthex and its chapel survive fragmentary frescoes that are more Byzantine in style.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honents|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070522062042/http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|archive-date =May 22, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The church of the Holy Redeemer=== [[File:20110419 Church of Redeemer Collage Ani Turkey.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Church of the Redeemer (Surb Prkich).]] This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the [[True Cross]]. The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of the Redeemer|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120195202/http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents=== This small building probably dates from the late 10th century. It was built as a private chapel for the Pahlavuni family. Their mausoleum, built in 1040 and now reduced to its foundations, was constructed against the northern side of the church. The church has a centralised plan, with a dome over a drum, and the interior has six exedera.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of the Abughamir family|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070524192936/http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|archive-date =May 24, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===King Gagik's church of St Gregory=== Also known as the Gagikashen, this church was constructed between the years 1001 and 1005 and intended to be a recreation of the celebrated cathedral of [[Zvartnots Cathedral|Zvartnots]] at [[Vagharshapat, Armenia|Vagharshapat]]. [[Nikolai Marr]] uncovered the foundations of this remarkable building in 1905 and 1906. Before that, all that was visible on the site was a huge earthen mound. The designer of the church was the architect [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]]. The church is known to have collapsed a relatively short time after its construction and houses were later constructed on top of its ruins. Trdat's design closely follows that of Zvartnotz in its size and in its plan (a quatrefoil core surrounded by a circular ambulatory).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =King Gagik's church of St. Gregory|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213331/http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|archive-date =September 26, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The Church of the Holy Apostles=== The date of its construction is not known, but the earliest dated inscription on its walls is from 1031. It was founded by the Pahlavuni family and was used by the archbishops of Ani (many of whom belonged to that dynasty). It has a plan of a type called an ''inscribed quatrefoil with corner chambers''. Only fragments remain of the church, but a narthex with spectacular stonework, built against the south side of the church, is still partially intact. It dates from the early 13th century. A number of other halls, chapels, and shrines once surrounded this church: Nicholas Marr excavated their foundations in 1909, but they are now mostly destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =Church of the Holy Apostles|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070216195144/http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|archive-date =February 16, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> [[File:Ani.mosque.jpg|160px|thumb|right|[[Manuchihr ibn Shavur|Manuchihr]] Mosque west view]] ===The mosque of Manuchihr=== The mosque is named after its presumed founder, [[Manuchihr ibn Shavur|Manuchihr]], the first member of the [[Shaddadid]] dynasty that ruled Ani after 1072. The oldest surviving part of the mosque is its still intact minaret. It has the Arabic word ''Bismillah'' ("In the name of God") in [[Kufic]] lettering high on its northern face. The prayer hall, half of which survives, dates from a later period (the 12th or 13th century). In 1906 the mosque was partially repaired in order for it to house a public museum containing objects found during Nicholas Marr's excavations. Restoration of the mosque started in June 2020. <ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The mosque of Minuchihr|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120195237/http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The citadel=== At the southern end of Ani is a flat-topped hill once known as ''Midjnaberd'' (the Inner Fortress). It has its own defensive walls that date back to the period when the [[Kamsarakan]] dynasty ruled Ani (7th century AD). Nicholas Marr excavated the citadel hill in 1908 and 1909. He uncovered the extensive ruins of the palace of the Bagratid kings of Ani that occupied the highest part of the hill. Also inside the citadel are the visible ruins of three churches and several unidentified buildings. One of the churches, the "church of the palace" is the oldest surviving church in Ani, dating from the 6th or 7th century. Marr undertook emergency repairs to this church, but most of it has now collapsed – probably during an earthquake in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The citadel of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185815/http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|archive-date =June 3, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The city walls=== [[File:Ani townwall.jpg|thumb|275px|right|The walls of Ani showing a defensive tower.]] A line of walls that encircled the entire city defended Ani. The most powerful defences were along the northern side of the city, the only part of the site not protected by rivers or ravines. Here the city was protected by a double line of walls, the much taller inner wall studded by numerous large and closely spaced semicircular towers. Contemporary chroniclers wrote that King Smbat (977–989) built these walls. Later rulers strengthened Smbat's walls by making them substantially higher and thicker, and by adding more towers. Armenian inscriptions from the 12th and 13th century show that private individuals paid for some of these newer towers. The northern walls had three gateways, known as the Lion Gate, the Kars Gate, and the Dvin Gate (also known as the Chequer-Board Gate because of a panel of red and black stone squares over its entrance).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The city walls of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070717150708/http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|archive-date =July 17, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===Other monuments=== There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by [[Chalcedonian]] Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc. ===Cave Village=== Directly outside of Ani, there was a settlement-zone carved into the cliffs. It may have served as "urban sprawl" when Ani grew too large for its city walls. Today, goats and sheep take advantage of the caves' cool interiors. One highlight of this part of Ani is a cave church with frescos on its surviving walls and ceiling. ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> File:City of Ani 014.jpg|City of Ani File:Walls of Ani.jpg|Walls of Ani File:Ani 2.jpg|Northern entrance of Ani File:Ani, Stadtmauer (39505607725).jpg|Ani, Stadtmauer File:20110419 bridge Akhurian River East view Ani Turkey.jpg| Ruins of the bridge from the west, with the Akhurian File:20110419 Monastery of Hripsimian Virgins Ani Turkey.jpg|Chapel in the Monastery of the Hripsimian Virgins File:36000 Ocaklı-Kars Merkez-Kars, Turkey - panoramio.jpg|Walls of Ani File:36000 Ocaklı-Kars Merkez-Kars, Turkey - panoramio (5).jpg|Walls of Ani. File:Double-Walls-Northside-Ani-Armenia-1885.png|1885 engraving showing the walls of Ani. File:Ani saint gregory church.jpg|Church of [[St. Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] of the Abughamrents; in the background is the citadel. File:The Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents (4218326274).jpg|The Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents </gallery> ===Panorama=== {{wide image|20110419 Ani North Walls Turkey Panorama.jpg|1800px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of north walls of Ani, April 2011.}} ==In culture== [[Ani (given name)|Ani]] is one of the most popular female given names in Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which are most common Armenian names?|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|access-date=August 10, 2013|newspaper=News.am|date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> Songs and poems have been written about Ani and its past glory. "Tesnem Anin u nor mernem" (Տեսնեմ Անին ու նոր մեռնեմ, Let me see Ani before I die) is a famous poem by [[Hovhannes Shiraz]]. It was turned into a song by Turkish-Armenian composer [[:tr:Cenk Taşkan|Cenk Taşkan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |title=Forums / Հայկական Երգերի Շտեմարան / Հայաստան – Կրթական Տեխնոլոգիաների Ազգային Կենտրոն |publisher=Ktak.am |access-date=2013-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195359/http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |title='Ani', A Poem By Hovhannes Shiraz |publisher=Yerevan2012.org |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2013-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165521/http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |archive-date=June 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ara Gevorgyan]]'s 1999 album of folk instrumental songs is titled ''Ani''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|publisher=Ara Gevorgyan Website|access-date=August 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124143256/http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|archive-date=January 24, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Turkish niche perfume brand Nishane and perfumer Cecile Zarokian have created an extrait de parfum named Ani dedicated to the city in 2019, which has gathered positive reviews in the fragrance community. The artwork accompanying the perfume features one of the Ani churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Ani security fence]] * [[List of kings of Ani]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey]] {{World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} {{Former settlements in Turkey}} {{Authority control}} ==References== ;Notes {{notelist}} ;Citations {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=eco>{{cite news|title =Ani, a Disputed City Haunted by History|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date =June 15, 2006|url =http://www.economist.com/node/7066270}}</ref> <ref name=eb9>{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anni |volume=2 |page=72 }}</ref> <ref name=eb11>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Ani |volume=2 |page=47 }}</ref> <ref name=gars>{{citation|first1=Nina G.|last1=Garsoïan|first2=Alice|last2=Taylor|contribution=Ani|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}}</ref> <ref name=hako>{{in lang|hy}} [[Tadevos Hakobyan|Hakobyan, Tadevos]]. (1980). ''Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ.'' [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045], vol. 1. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 214–217.</ref> <ref name=land>{{cite web|title=SACRED SITE |work=Ani, Turkey |publisher=[[Landmarks Foundation]] |url=http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml |access-date=January 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526001133/http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml |archive-date=May 26, 2008 }}</ref> <!-- unused <ref name=nplg>{{cite web|title=ანისი [anisi]|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=14&t=11786|publisher=[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]|access-date=November 4, 2013|language=ka}}</ref>--> <ref name=virt>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =VirtualANI – Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org|access-date =January 22, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120194819/http://www.virtualani.org/|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> }} ==Bibliography== ;General *{{cite book|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|year=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231139267|author-link=Razmik Panossian|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm}} ;Specific *{{cite journal|last=Watenpaugh|first=Heghnar Zeitlian|title=Preserving the Medieval City of Ani: Cultural Heritage between Contest and Reconciliation|journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]]|date=2014|volume=73|issue=4|pages=528–555|doi=10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.528|url=http://jsah.ucpress.edu/content/73/4/528.abstract|jstor=10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.528}} ==Further reading== * ''A l'est d'Ani. forteresses et églises inédites du nord de l'Arménie'' (in French), by I. Augé, A. T. Baladian and Ph. Dangles, foreword by J.-P. Mahé, Paris, AIBL, 2020, 364 p., 270 images (online presentation on the ''Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' [https://www.aibl.fr/publications/collections/memoires-de-l-academie-des/article/tome-57-a-l-est-d-ani website]). *{{citation |last=Brosset |first=Marie-Félicité |title=Les Ruines d'Ani, Capital de l'Arménie sous les Rois Bagratides, aux X<sup>e</sup> et XI<sup>e</sup> S, Histoire et Description, '' I<sup>re</sup> Partie:'' Description, avec un Atlas de 24 Planches Lithographiées ''and II<sup>e</sup> Partie:'' Histoire, avec un Atlas de 21 Planches Lithographiées |location=St Petersburg |date=1860–1861 |publisher=Imperial Science Academy |language=fr}}. * {{cite book|first=S. Peter|last=Cowe|author-link=S. Peter Cowe|year=2001|title=Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital|publisher=Peeters|location=Sterling, Virginia}} * {{citation |last=Hakobyan |first=Tadevos |author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan |script-title=hy:''Anii patmutyun, hnaguyn zhamanaknerits minchev 1045 t.'' |trans-title=The History of Ani, from Ancient Times until 1045 |publisher=Yerevan State University Press |year=1980–1982 |language=hy}} * {{citation |last=Hakobyan |first=Tadevos |author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan |script-title=hy:''Anii patmutyun, 1045 t. minchev ankumn u amayatsume'' |trans-title=The History of Ani, from 1045 until its Collapse and Desolation |publisher=Yerevan State University Press |year=1980–1982 |language=hy}} * {{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Kevorkian|year=2001|title=Ani – Capitale de l'Arménie en l'An Mil|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=H.F.B.|last=Lynch | year=1901|title=Armenia, Travels and Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniatravelsst02lync|publisher=Longmans|location=London|isbn=1-4021-8950-8}} * {{cite book|first=Nicolas Yacovlevich|last=Marr|author-link=Nicholas Marr|year=2001|title=Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher=Anagramme Editions|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=Vladimir|last=Minorsky|author-link=Vladimir Minorsky|year=1953|title=Studies in Caucasian History|isbn=0-521-05735-3}} * {{cite book|first=Cuneo|last=Paolo|year=1984|title=Documents of Armenian Architecture'', Vol.&nbsp;12:'' Ani}} * {{cite book|first=Ashkharbek|last=Kalantar|author-link=Ashkharbek Kalantar|year=1994|title=Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages}} * {{cite book|first=Thomas Allen|last=Sinclair|year=1987|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archeological Survey, Volume 1|publisher=Pindar Press|location=London}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Ani}} {{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Ani}} * [http://www.360tr.net/kars/ani-armenian-cathedral/ 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral * [http://www.360tr.com/ani-armenian-cathedral-virtual-tour_f34c0986c5_en.html 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral * [http://www.virtualani.org/citymap.htm Virtual Ani] – has clickable maps, extensive history and photos * [http://turkishtravelblog.com/ruins-ani-city-1001-churches/ Photos of Ani] * [http://www.wmf.org/project/ani-cathedral World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Ani Cathedral conservation project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024951/http://www.wmf.org/project/church-holy-savior World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Church of the Holy Savior/Redeemer conservation project] * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/ani 400+ pictures of Ani] *{{cite news|title=The Ancient Ghost City of Ani|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-ancient-ghost-city-of-ani/100668/|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=January 24, 2014}} – a gallery of 27 photos of Ani *{{cite news|title=The empire the world forgot|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160309-the-empire-the-world-forgot|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=March 15, 2016}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtuxI3RjJVo Detailed video recording from the site] July 2019 {{Historic capitals of Armenia}} {{Ancient settlements in Turkey}} {{World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} [[Category:Ani| ]] [[Category:Bagratid Armenia]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia]] [[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]] [[Category:Ruined churches in Turkey]] [[Category:Former capitals of Armenia]] [[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kars Province]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Other uses}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}} {{short description|Medieval Armenian city}} {{Infobox ancient site | name = Ani | native_name = | alternate_name = | image = Ani seen from Armenia.jpg | alt = | caption = The ruins of Ani as seen from the Armenian side. The [[Cathedral of Ani|cathedral]] with its missing dome is seen on the left, the half-collapsed Church of the Holy Redeemer on the right. When it was discovered September 17th by archaeologist Reago Mantheago. | map_alt = | map_size = 285 | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|40|30|27|N|43|34|22|E|display=inline,title}} | location = Ocaklı (nearest settlement),{{sfn|Watenpaugh|2014|p=531|ps=: "The nearest inhabited village is Ocaklı, a farming village with little infrastructure."}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Büyük Katedral (Fethiye Cami) – Kars|url=http://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/mus/gezilecekyer/buyuk-katedral-fethye-cam|website=kulturportali.gov.tr|language=tr|quote=Adres: Ocaklı Köyü, Ani Antik Kenti}}</ref> [[Kars Province]], [[Turkey]] | region = [[Armenian Highlands]] | type = Settlement | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = 5th century (first mentioned) | abandoned = 17th century | epochs = [[Middle Ages]] | cultures = [[Armenian culture|Armenian]] (predominantly) | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | notes = | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Archaeological Site of Ani | designation1_date = 2016 <small>(40th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1518 1518] | designation1_criteria = ii, iii, iv | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = [[Turkey]] | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] }} [[File:Bagratuni flag.svg|thumb|300px|The standard of Ani<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hasratyan|first=Murad|author-link1=Murad Hasratyan|title=Անիի ճարտարապետությունը [Architecture of Ani]|journal=[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]]|date=2011|issue=3|page=8|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5698/|quote=Դարպասի վերևի պատին Անի քաղաքի զինանշանն է՝ հովազի բարձրաքանդակով:}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Անի|url=http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=2&hId=931|website=encyclopedia.am|publisher=[[Armenian Encyclopedia]]|language=hy|quote=Անիի զինանշանը` վազող հովազը}}</ref>]] '''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἄνιον}}, ''Ánion'';<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> {{lang-tr|Ani}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164926/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|archive-date=July 12, 2016 |quote=The Turkish government’s practice of calling the town “Anı,” rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...}}</ref> is a ruined medieval Armenian<ref name="EI2">{{EI2|last1=Barthold|first1=W.|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|title=Ānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ani-SIM_0670?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Ani|volume=1}}</ref> city now situated in [[Turkey]]'s province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], next to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Armenia]]. Serbians love it here! Between 961 and 1045, it was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Bagratid Armenia]]n kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey. Called the "City of 1001 Churches" so far 50 churches, 33 cave-churches and 20 chapels have been found .<ref name=eb11/><ref name=hako /><ref>Not to confuse with the [[Binbirkilise]]/'1001 churches' near [[Karaman]] in modern Turkey'</ref> Ani stood on various trade routes and its many [[Church architecture|religious buildings]], palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world housing the oldest form of Gothic architecture(Ani cathedral).<ref name=virt /><ref name=eco /> At its height, Ani was one of the world's largest cities,<ref>[[Joel Mokyr]]. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. — Oxford University Press, 2003. — P. 157 "''The struggle against Persian, Byzantine, and Arab political and economic domination, however, led to the restoration of the Armenian Kingdom (885–1045). Crafts and agricultural prospered. Its capital, Ani, famous for Armenian classical architecture, became one of the biggest cities in the world.''"</ref> with a possible population of circa 100,000.<ref name=ghaf>{{cite book|author-link=Karo Ghafadaryan|last=Ghafadaryan|first=Karo|contribution=Ani|title=[[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]] Volume I|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|year=1974|pages=407–412|language=hy}}</ref> Renowned for its splendor, Ani was sacked by the Mongols in 1236. Ani never recovered from a devastating 1319 earthquake, and was gradually abandoned until it was largely forgotten by the 17th century.<ref>Mutafian, Claude. "Ani after Ani: Eleventh to Seventeenth Centuries", in ''Armenian Kars and Ani'', ed. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]], Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 163–64.</ref>{{sfn|Panossian|2006|p=60}} Ani is a widely recognized cultural, religious, and national heritage symbol for Armenians.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vanadzin|first=Katie|title=Recent Publication Highlights Complexities of Uncovering the History of the Medieval City of Ani|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/01/29/ani/|work=[[Armenian Weekly]]|date=January 29, 2015|quote=As Watenpaugh explains, “Ani is so symbolic, so central for Armenians, as a religious site, as a cultural site, as a national heritage symbol, a symbol of nationhood.”}}</ref> According to [[Razmik Panossian]], Ani is one of the most visible and ‘tangible’ symbols of past Armenian greatness and hence a source of pride.{{sfn|Panossian|2006|p=60}} In 2016, it was added in the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|UNESCO World Heritage List]].<ref>[https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/photo-ancient-city-of-ani-dazzles-visitors-156128#photo-2 Ancient city of Ani dazzles visitors]</ref> [[File:Ani .jpg|thumb]] ==Toponym== The city took its name from the Armenian fortress-city and pagan center of [[Kemah, Erzincan|Ani-Kamakh]] located in the region of Daranaghi in [[Upper Armenia]].<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also previously known as ''khnamk'' ([[wikt:Խնամք|Խնամք]]), although historians are uncertain as to why it was called so.<ref name=ghaf /> [[Heinrich Hübschmann]], a German [[philologist]] and linguist who studied the Armenian language, suggested that the word may have come from the Armenian word ''khnamel'' ([[wikt:խնամել]]), an [[infinitive]] which means "to take care of".<ref name=ghaf /> Ani was also the diminutive of the ancient goddess [[Anahit]], who was seen as the mother protector of Armenia.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} According to the second edition of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'': "A suggestion has been made that the town may owe its name to a temple of the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] goddess [[Anahita|Anāhita]] (the Greek Anaďtis)".<ref name="EI2"/> ==Location== The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the [[Akhurian River]] and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley.<ref name=eb9/> The Akhurian is a branch of the [[Araks River]]<ref name=eb9/> and forms part of the currently closed border between Turkey and Armenia. The site is at an elevation of around {{convert|1340|m|sp=us}}.<ref name=eb11/> The site is located about 400 metres from the Turkey-Armenia border. Across the border is the [[Armenia]]<nowiki/>n village of Kharkov, part of [[Shirak Province]]. ==History== {{Quote box | title = Historical affiliations | quote = [[Kamsarakan dynasty]] 5th century AD {{flagicon image|Bagratuni flag.svg}} [[Bagratid Armenia]] 961-1045<br> {{flag|Byzantine Empire}} 1045-1064<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Sultanate of Rum.svg}} [[Seljuk Empire]] 1064-1072<br> [[Shaddadids]] 1072-1199<br> {{flagicon|Georgia|1008}} [[Kingdom of Georgia]] 1124-1236<br> [[Zakarid Armenia]] 1201-1360<br> [[Kara Koyunlu]] 1360-1380s<br> {{flagicon image|Timurid.svg}} [[Timurid Empire]] 1380s-1430s<br> [[Aq Qoyunlu]] 1430s-1500s<br> {{flagicon|Iran|1576}} [[Safavid Dynasty]] 1500s-1579<br> {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1579-1878<br> {{flag|Russian Empire}} 1878-1918<br> [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic|Transcaucasian DFR]] 1918<br> {{flagicon|Armenia|1918}} [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] 1918-1920<br> {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Ankara Government]] 1920-1923 {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Republic of Turkey]] 1923-present | align = left | width = 23em | fontsize = 90% | bgcolor = #B0C4DE }} ===Early history=== Armenian chroniclers such as [[Yeghishe]] and [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] first mentioned Ani in the 5th century.<ref name=ghaf /> They described it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian [[Kamsarakan dynasty]]. It was discovered September 17 1955 by archaeologist Mark Gioloany. ===Bagratuni capital=== [[File:Bagratuni Armenia 1000-en.svg|thumb|right|275px|The Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, {{circa|1000}}]] By the early 9th century, the former territories of the Kamsarakans in [[Arsharunik]] and [[Shirak Province|Shirak]] (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratuni]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last = Whittow|first = Mark|title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|publisher = University of California Press|year = 1996|location = Berkeley|pages =213–214|isbn =978-0-520-20497-3 }}</ref> Their leader, [[Ashot Msaker|Ashot ''Msaker'']] (Ashot the Meateater) (806–827) was given the title of ''ishkhan'' (prince) of Armenia by the [[Caliphate]] in 804.<ref>[[Nina Garsoïan|Garsoian, Nina]]. "The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (649–684)" in ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century'', ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997, p. 146. {{ISBN|978-0-312-10169-5}}</ref> The Bagratunis had their first capital at [[Bagaran (ancient city)|Bagaran]], some 40&nbsp;km south of Ani, before moving it to [[Shirakavan, Armenia|Shirakavan]], some 25&nbsp;km northeast of Ani, and then transferring it to [[Kars]] in the year 929. In 961, king [[Ashot III]] (953–77) transferred the capital from Kars to Ani.<ref name=eb11/> Ani expanded rapidly during the reign of King [[Smbat II]] (977–89). In 992 the [[List of Catholicoi of Armenia|Armenian Catholicosate]] moved its seat to Ani. In the 10th century the population was perhaps 50,000–100,000.<ref>Redgate, Anne Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998, p. 210.</ref> By the start of the eleventh century the population of Ani was well over 100,000,{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} and its renown was such that it was known as the "city of forty gates" and the "city of a thousand and one churches." Ani also became the site of the royal mausoleum of Bagratuni kings.<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen, "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)", ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]'' 35 (2013): 147–155.</ref> Ani attained the peak of its power during the long reign of King [[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]] (989–1020). After his death his two sons quarreled over the succession. The eldest son, [[Hovhannes-Smbat]] (1020–41), gained control of Ani while his younger brother, Ashot IV (1020–40), controlled other parts of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni kingdom]]. Hovhannes-Smbat, fearing that the [[Byzantine Empire]] would attack his now-weakened kingdom, made the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] his heir.<ref>Whittow. ''Making of Byzantium'', p. 383.</ref> When Hovhannes-Smbat died in 1041, Emperor [[Michael IV the Paphlagonian]], claimed sovereignty over Ani. The new king of Ani, [[Gagik II]] (1042–45), opposed this and several Byzantine armies sent to capture Ani were repulsed. However, in 1046 Ani surrendered to the Byzantines,<ref name=eb11/> after Gagik was invited to Constantinople and detained there, and at the instigation of pro-Byzantine elements among its population. A Byzantine governor was installed in the city.<ref name=ghaf /> ===Cultural and economic center=== [[File:AniMap.gif|thumb|320px|Plan of the city]] Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Arabs]], as well as smaller nations in southern Russia and Central Asia.<ref name=ghaf /> ===Gradual decline and abandonment=== In 1064, a large [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] army under [[Alp Arslan]] attacked Ani; after a siege of 25 days, they captured the city and slaughtered its population.<ref name=eb9/> An account of the sack and massacres in Ani is given by the Turkish historian [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]], who quotes an eyewitness saying: {{quotation|Putting the Persian sword to work, they spared no one... One could see there the grief and calamity of every age of human kind. For children were ravished from the embraces of their mothers and mercilessly hurled against rocks, while the mothers drenched them with tears and blood... The city became filled from one end to the other with bodies of the slain and [the bodies of the slain] became a road. [...] The army entered the city, massacred its inhabitants, pillaged and burned it, leaving it in ruins and taking prisoner all those who remained alive...The dead bodies were so many that they blocked the streets; one could not go anywhere without stepping over them. And the number of prisoners was not less than 50,000 souls. I was determined to enter city and see the destruction with my own eyes. I tried to find a street in which I would not have to walk over the corpses; but that was impossible.<ref>Quoted in {{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|author-link=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Apogee|publisher=Viking|location=New York|year = 1991|pages= 342–343|isbn = 978-0-394-53779-5}}</ref>}} In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the [[Shaddadids]], a Muslim [[Kurds|Kurdish]] dynasty.<ref name=eb9/> The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city's overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, however, the population would appeal to the [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Christian]] [[Kingdom of Georgia]] for help. The Georgians captured Ani five times between 1124 and 1209:<ref name=eb11/> in 1124, 1161, 1174, 1199, and 1209.<ref>Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia), Artanuji pub. Tbilisi 2014</ref> The first three times, it was recaptured by the Shaddadids. In the year 1199, Georgia's [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]] captured Ani and in 1201 gave the governorship of the city to the generals [[Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli|Zakare]] and [[Ivane I Mkhargrdzeli|Ivane]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Lordkipanidze|first = Mariam|title = Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries|publisher = Genatleba|year = 1987|location = Tbilisi|page = 150}}</ref> Zakare was succeeded by his son [[Shanshe Mkhargrdzeli|Shanshe]] (Shahnshah). Zakare's new dynasty — the [[Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli|Zakarids]] — considered themselves to be the successors to the Bagratids. Prosperity quickly returned to Ani; its defences were strengthened and many new churches were constructed. The [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unsuccessfully besieged Ani in 1226, but in 1236 they captured and sacked the city, massacring large numbers of its population. Under the Mongols the Zakarids continued to rule Ani, as the vassals of the Georgian monarch.<ref>Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey, 1. T. A. Sinclair</ref> By the 14th century, the city was ruled by a succession of local Turkish dynasties, including the Jalayrids and the [[Kara Koyunlu]] (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1319.<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> [[Timur|Tamerlane]] captured Ani in the 1380s. On his death the Kara Koyunlu regained control but transferred their capital to Yerevan. In 1441 the Armenian Catholicosate did the same. The Persian [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] then ruled Ani until it became part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1579. A small town remained within its walls at least until the middle of the seventeenth century, but the site was entirely abandoned by 1735 when the last monks left the monastery in the Virgin's Fortress or Kizkale. ===Modern times=== {{quote box|width=25%|align=right|quote="Of true Armenian architecture the finest and most characteristic specimens are to be found in the ruined city of Ani..."|source=&nbsp;—[[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|James Bryce]], 1876<ref>{{cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|author-link=James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|title=Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876|date=1878|edition=3rd|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/stream/transcaucasiaara00bryciala#page/300/mode/1up 301]}}</ref>}} [[File:Marr archeological dig of Ani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In 1905–06, archaeological excavations of the church of Saint Gregory of King Gagik were undertaken, headed by Nikolai Marr.]] In the first half of the 19th century, European travelers discovered Ani for the outside world, publishing their descriptions in academic journals and travel accounts. The private buildings were little more than heaps of stones but grand public buildings and the city's double wall were preserved and reckoned to present "many points of great architectural beauty".<ref name=eb9/> [[Ohannes Kurkdjian]] produced [[stereoscopic]] image of Ani in the 2nd half of the 19th century. In 1878, the Ottoman Empire's Kars region—including Ani—was incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]]'s [[Transcaucasia]]n region.<ref name=eb11/> In 1892 the first archaeological excavations were conducted at Ani, sponsored by the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] and supervised by the Georgian archaeologist and orientalist [[Nicholas Marr]] (1864–1934). Marr's excavations at Ani resumed in 1904 and continued yearly until 1917. Large sectors of the city were professionally excavated, numerous buildings were uncovered and measured, the finds were studied and published in academic journals, guidebooks for the monuments and the museum were written, and the whole site was surveyed for the first time.<ref>Kalantar, Ashkharbek, ''The Mediaeval Inscriptions of Vanstan, Armenia,'' Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 2 – Philologie – CDPOP 2, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel, Paris, 1999; {{ISBN|978-2-940032-11-2}}</ref> Emergency repairs were also undertaken on those buildings that were most at risk of collapse. A museum was established to house the tens of thousands of items found during the excavations. This museum was housed in two buildings: the Minuchihr mosque, and a purpose-built stone building.<ref name="marr">{{cite book|last =Marr|first =Nicolas|title =Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher =Anagramme Editions|year =2001|isbn =978-2-914571-00-5}}</ref> Armenians from neighboring villages and towns also began to visit the city on a regular basis,<ref>Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen. "[http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/11/29/the-god-borne-days-of-ani/ The God-Borne Days of Ani: A Revealing Look at the Former Medieval Armenian Capital of Armenia at the Turn of the 20th Century]." ''[[Armenian Weekly]]''. November 29, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.</ref> and there was even talk by Marr's team of building a school for educating the local Armenian children, building parks, and planting trees to beautify the site.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan|first=Tadevos|last=Hakobyan|year=1982|title=Anii patmutyun, 1045 t. minchev ankumn u amayatsume [The History of Ani, from 1045 Until its Collapse and Abandonment], vol. 2|location=Yerevan|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|pages=368–386|language=hy}}</ref> In 1918, during the latter stages of [[World War I]], the armies of the Ottoman Empire were fighting their way across the territory of the newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing [[Kars]] in April 1918. At Ani, attempts were made to evacuate the artifacts contained in the museum as Turkish soldiers were approaching the site. About 6000 of the most portable items were removed by archaeologist [[Ashkharbek Kalantar]], a participant of Marr's excavation campaigns. At the behest of [[Joseph Orbeli]], the saved items were consolidated into a museum collection; they are currently part of the collection of Yerevan's State Museum of Armenian History.<ref name="Kalantar">{{cite book|last =Kalantar|first =Ashkharbek|title =Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages|publisher =Recherches et Publications|year =1994|isbn =978-2-940032-01-3}}</ref> Everything that was left behind was later looted or destroyed.<ref>Marr, Nikolai Y. "Ani, La Ville Arménniene en Ruines", ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]''. vol. 1 (original series), 1921.</ref> Turkey's surrender at the end of World War I led to the restoration of Ani to Armenian control, but a resumed offensive against the Armenian Republic in 1920 resulted in Turkey's recapture of Ani. In 1921 the signing of the [[Treaty of Kars]] formalized the incorporation of the territory containing Ani into the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref>{{in lang|hy}} Zohrabyan, Edik A. (1979). ''Սովետական Ռուսաստանը և հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունները, 1920–1922 թթ.'' [Soviet Russia and Armenian-Turkish Relations, 1920–1922]. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 277–80.</ref> In May 1921, the government minister [[Rıza Nur]] ordered the commander of the Eastern Front, [[Kazım Karabekir]], for the monuments of Ani to "be wiped off the face of the earth."<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dadrian|first = Vahakn N.|author-link = Vahakn Dadrian|title = The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume = 1|issue = 2|page = 192|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1986|doi = 10.1093/hgs/1.2.169|pmid = 11617154}}</ref> Karabekir records in his memoirs that he has vigorously rejected this command and it has never been carried out.<ref>{{cite book|last =Karabekir|first =Kazım|title =İstiklal Harbimiz [Our War of Independence]|location=Istanbul|publisher= Türkiye Yayınevi|year =1960|pages =960–970|language=tr}}</ref> Some destruction did take place, including most of Marr's excavations and building repairs.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The City of Ani: Recent History|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|access-date =January 26, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070126112900/http://www.virtualani.org/history/part3.htm|archive-date =January 26, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> In October of the same year, [[Treaty of Kars|a separate treaty]] was signed between Turkey and the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]], confirming the border between Turkey and the soviet republic of Armenia as it is today. The Russian negotiator Ganeckij of this treaty tried to include Ani into the soviet republic of Armenia, but Karabekir did not agree.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Das Gebiet von Kars und Ardahan|last=Kobro|first=Georg|publisher=Niemanis Verlag|year=1991|isbn=3910100007|location=Munich|pages=209}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]], Ani lied on the Turkish-[[USSR|Soviet]] border, a segment of the [[Iron Curtain]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ani viewpoint & Iron Curtain |url=http://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/armenia/15-countries/individual-chapters/269-ani-viewpoint-a-iron-curtain-armenia |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> In the 1950s Ani was part of the [[Soviet territorial claims against Turkey|USSR's territorial claims on Turkey]]. In 1968 there were negotiations between the Soviet Union and Turkey, in which Ani will be transferred to [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Armenia]] in exchange for two [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] villages being transferred to Turkey, however nothing resulted from the talks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caucasus: Ancient City of Ani Is So Close, Yet So Far |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1089169.html |website=Radio Free Europe |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> ==Current state== Today, according to [[Lonely Planet]] and [[Frommer's]] travel guides to Turkey: <blockquote> Official permission to visit Ani is no longer needed. Just go to Ani and buy a ticket. If you don't have your own car, haggle with a taxi or minibus driver in Kars for the round-trip to Ani, perhaps sharing the cost with other travelers. If you have trouble, the Tourist Office may help. Plan to spend at least a half-day at Ani. It's not a bad idea to bring a picnic lunch and a water bottle.<ref>{{cite web|last =Brosnahan|first =Tom|title =Ancient Armenian City of Ani|publisher =Turkey Travel Planner|url =http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html|access-date =January 22, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101181138/http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/East/Kars/Ani.html| archive-date= January 1, 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> </blockquote> During the [[Cold War]], and until 2004, a permit from the Turkish Ministry of Culture was required. At one point in the 1980s, photography was banned, as the site lay on the then Turkish-Soviet border.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE PERMIT FOR VISITING ANI, and the process to obtain it |url=http://virtualani.org/ephemera/permit.htm |website=VirtualAni.org |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> From the Armenian side of the border, in [[Shirak Province]], an observation post has been set up near the village of [[Haykadzor]], complete with an information panel, but the view is very poor. The outpost of Kharkov offers an excellent view, but access is restricted by [[Armenian Border Guard|border troops]] and Russian military personnel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ani viewpoint & Iron Curtain |url=http://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/armenia/15-countries/individual-chapters/269-ani-viewpoint-a-iron-curtain-armenia#b |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> Permission to visit is granted at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Yerevan for free and takes one week. According to ''[[The Economist]]'', Armenians have "accused the Turks of neglecting the place in a spirit of chauvinism. The Turks retort that Ani's remains have been shaken by blasts from a quarry on the Armenian side of the border."<ref name="eco"/> Another commentator said: Ani is now a ghost city, uninhabited for over three centuries and marooned inside a Turkish military zone on Turkey's decaying closed border with the modern [[Republic of Armenia]]. Ani's recent history has been one of continuous and always increasing destruction. Neglect, earthquakes, [[cultural cleansing]], vandalism, quarrying, amateurish [[Building restoration|restorations]] and [[excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] – all these and more have taken a heavy toll on Ani's monuments.<ref name="virt"/> In the estimation of the [[Landmarks Foundation]] (a non-profit organization established for the protection of sacred sites) this ancient city "needs to be protected regardless of whose [[jurisdiction]] it falls under. Earthquakes in 1319, 1832, and [[1988 Armenian earthquake|1988]], Army Target practice and general neglect all have had devastating effects on the architecture of the city. The city of Ani is a sacred place which needs ongoing protection.<ref name="land" />" Turkey's authorities now say they will do their best to conserve and develop the site and the culture ministry has listed Ani among the sites it is keenest to conserve. In the words of Mehmet Ufuk Erden, the local governor: "By restoring Ani, we'll make a contribution to humanity...We will start with one church and one mosque, and over time we will include every single monument."<ref name="eco"/> In an October 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Ani as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and looting as primary causes.<ref name="global_heritage_fund">{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge |title=Global Heritage in the Peril: Sites on the Verge |access-date=June 3, 2011 |date=October 2010 |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422203730/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |archive-date=April 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="national_geographic_12_ancient_landmarks_on_verge_of_vanishing">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/#/world-heritage-fun-sites-threatened-ani-turkey_27808_600x450.jpg|title=Pictures: 12 Ancient Landmarks on Verge of Vanishing|access-date=June 3, 2011|author=John Roach|date=October 23, 2010|publisher=National Geographic| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073055/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/| archive-date= June 15, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> The [[World Monuments Fund]] (WMF) placed Ani on its 1996, 1998, and 2000 Watch Lists of 100 Most Endangered Sites. In May 2011, WMF announced it was beginning conservation work on the cathedral and Church of the Holy Redeemer in partnership with the Turkish Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/Ani-press-release.pdf|title=Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and World Monuments Fund Collaborate on Historic Conservation Project in Eastern Turkey|access-date=November 17, 2011|date=May 2011|publisher=World Monuments Fund}}</ref> In March 2015, it was reported that Turkey will nominate Ani to be listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Work ongoing to put Ani on UNESCO heritage list|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/work-ongoing-to-put-ani-on-unesco-heritage-list-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=79072&NewsCatID=375|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The archaeological site of Ani was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] on July 15, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Five sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/five_sites_inscribed_on_unescos_world_heritage_list/#.V4vUsLh97IU|website=UNESCOPRESS|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> According to art historian Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh the addition "would secure significant benefits in protection, research expertise, and funding."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ani Included on UNESCO World Heritage List|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2016/07/15/ani-unesco/|work=[[Armenian Weekly]]|date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> ==Monuments at Ani== All the structures at Ani are constructed using the local volcanic basalt, a sort of tufa stone. It is easily carved and comes in a variety of vibrant colors, from creamy yellow, to rose-red, to jet black. The most important surviving monuments are as follows. [[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Cathedral of Ani]] ===The Cathedral=== {{main|Cathedral of Ani}} Also known as Surp Asdvadzadzin (the Church of the Holy Mother of God), its construction was started in the year 989, under [[King Smbat II]]. Work was halted after his death, and was only finished in 1001 (or in 1010 under another reading of its building inscription). The design of the cathedral was the work of [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]], the most celebrated architect of medieval Armenia. The cathedral is a domed basilica (the dome collapsed in 1319). The interior contains several progressive features (such as the use of pointed arches and clustered piers) that give to it the appearance of [[Gothic architecture]] (a style which the Ani cathedral predates by several centuries).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The cathedral of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120194628/http://www.virtualani.org/cathedral/index.htm|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===Surp Stephanos Church=== There is no inscription giving the date of its construction, but an edict in Georgian is dated 1218. The church was referred to as "Georgian". During this period "Georgian" did not simply mean an ethnic Georgian, it had a denominational meaning and would have designated all those in Ani who professed the Chalcedonian faith, mostly [[Armenians|Armenian]]s. Although the Georgian Church controlled this church, its congregation would have mostly been Armenians.<ref>{{cite web |last =Sim|first =Steven|title =THE GEORGIAN CHURCH|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/georgianchurch/index.htm|access-date =February 15, 2012}}</ref> ===The church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents=== This church, finished in 1215, is the best-preserved monument at Ani. It was built during the rule of the [[Zakarids]] and was commissioned by the wealthy Armenian merchant [[Tigran Honents]].<ref name=nicholas>{{cite book|last1=Coureas|first1=Nicholas|last2=Edbury|first2=Peter|last3=Walsh|first3=Michael J.K.|title=Medieval and Renaissance Famagusta : Studies in Architecture, Art and History|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham|isbn=978-1409435570|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NnDOZeKR80C}}</ref> Its plan is of a type called a ''domed hall''. In front of its entrance are the ruins of a narthex and a small chapel that are from a slightly later period. The exterior of the church is spectacularly decorated. Ornate stone carvings of real and imaginary animals fill the spandrels between blind arcade that runs around all four sides of the church. The interior contains an important and unique series of frescoes cycles that depict two main themes. In the eastern third of the church is depicted the Life of [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator]], in the middle third of the church is depicted the Life of Christ. Such extensive fresco cycles are rare features in Armenian architecture – it is believed that these ones were executed by Georgian artists, and the cycle also includes scenes from the life of St. Nino, who converted the Georgians to Christianity. In the narthex and its chapel survive fragmentary frescoes that are more Byzantine in style.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honents|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070522062042/http://www.virtualani.org/tigranhonents/index.htm|archive-date =May 22, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The church of the Holy Redeemer=== [[File:20110419 Church of Redeemer Collage Ani Turkey.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Church of the Redeemer (Surb Prkich).]] This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the [[True Cross]]. The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of the Redeemer|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120195202/http://www.virtualani.org/redeemer/index.htm|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents=== This small building probably dates from the late 10th century. It was built as a private chapel for the Pahlavuni family. Their mausoleum, built in 1040 and now reduced to its foundations, was constructed against the northern side of the church. The church has a centralised plan, with a dome over a drum, and the interior has six exedera.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The church of St. Gregory of the Abughamir family|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070524192936/http://www.virtualani.org/abughamrents/index.htm|archive-date =May 24, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===King Gagik's church of St Gregory=== Also known as the Gagikashen, this church was constructed between the years 1001 and 1005 and intended to be a recreation of the celebrated cathedral of [[Zvartnots Cathedral|Zvartnots]] at [[Vagharshapat, Armenia|Vagharshapat]]. [[Nikolai Marr]] uncovered the foundations of this remarkable building in 1905 and 1906. Before that, all that was visible on the site was a huge earthen mound. The designer of the church was the architect [[Trdat the architect|Trdat]]. The church is known to have collapsed a relatively short time after its construction and houses were later constructed on top of its ruins. Trdat's design closely follows that of Zvartnotz in its size and in its plan (a quatrefoil core surrounded by a circular ambulatory).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =King Gagik's church of St. Gregory|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213331/http://www.virtualani.org/gagikashen/index.htm|archive-date =September 26, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The Church of the Holy Apostles=== The date of its construction is not known, but the earliest dated inscription on its walls is from 1031. It was founded by the Pahlavuni family and was used by the archbishops of Ani (many of whom belonged to that dynasty). It has a plan of a type called an ''inscribed quatrefoil with corner chambers''. Only fragments remain of the church, but a narthex with spectacular stonework, built against the south side of the church, is still partially intact. It dates from the early 13th century. A number of other halls, chapels, and shrines once surrounded this church: Nicholas Marr excavated their foundations in 1909, but they are now mostly destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =Church of the Holy Apostles|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070216195144/http://www.virtualani.org/apostleschurch/index.htm|archive-date =February 16, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> [[File:Ani.mosque.jpg|160px|thumb|right|[[Manuchihr ibn Shavur|Manuchihr]] Mosque west view]] ===The mosque of Manuchihr=== The mosque is named after its presumed founder, [[Manuchihr ibn Shavur|Manuchihr]], the first member of the [[Shaddadid]] dynasty that ruled Ani after 1072. The oldest surviving part of the mosque is its still intact minaret. It has the Arabic word ''Bismillah'' ("In the name of God") in [[Kufic]] lettering high on its northern face. The prayer hall, half of which survives, dates from a later period (the 12th or 13th century). In 1906 the mosque was partially repaired in order for it to house a public museum containing objects found during Nicholas Marr's excavations. Restoration of the mosque started in June 2020. <ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The mosque of Minuchihr|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120195237/http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The citadel=== At the southern end of Ani is a flat-topped hill once known as ''Midjnaberd'' (the Inner Fortress). It has its own defensive walls that date back to the period when the [[Kamsarakan]] dynasty ruled Ani (7th century AD). Nicholas Marr excavated the citadel hill in 1908 and 1909. He uncovered the extensive ruins of the palace of the Bagratid kings of Ani that occupied the highest part of the hill. Also inside the citadel are the visible ruins of three churches and several unidentified buildings. One of the churches, the "church of the palace" is the oldest surviving church in Ani, dating from the 6th or 7th century. Marr undertook emergency repairs to this church, but most of it has now collapsed – probably during an earthquake in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The citadel of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185815/http://www.virtualani.org/citadel/index.htm|archive-date =June 3, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===The city walls=== [[File:Ani townwall.jpg|thumb|275px|right|The walls of Ani showing a defensive tower.]] A line of walls that encircled the entire city defended Ani. The most powerful defences were along the northern side of the city, the only part of the site not protected by rivers or ravines. Here the city was protected by a double line of walls, the much taller inner wall studded by numerous large and closely spaced semicircular towers. Contemporary chroniclers wrote that King Smbat (977–989) built these walls. Later rulers strengthened Smbat's walls by making them substantially higher and thicker, and by adding more towers. Armenian inscriptions from the 12th and 13th century show that private individuals paid for some of these newer towers. The northern walls had three gateways, known as the Lion Gate, the Kars Gate, and the Dvin Gate (also known as the Chequer-Board Gate because of a panel of red and black stone squares over its entrance).<ref>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =The city walls of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|access-date =January 23, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070717150708/http://www.virtualani.org/walls/index.htm|archive-date =July 17, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> ===Other monuments=== There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by [[Chalcedonian]] Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc. ===Cave Village=== Directly outside of Ani, there was a settlement-zone carved into the cliffs. It may have served as "urban sprawl" when Ani grew too large for its city walls. Today, goats and sheep take advantage of the caves' cool interiors. One highlight of this part of Ani is a cave church with frescos on its surviving walls and ceiling. ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> File:City of Ani 014.jpg|City of Ani File:Walls of Ani.jpg|Walls of Ani File:Ani 2.jpg|Northern entrance of Ani File:Ani, Stadtmauer (39505607725).jpg|Ani, Stadtmauer File:20110419 bridge Akhurian River East view Ani Turkey.jpg| Ruins of the bridge from the west, with the Akhurian File:20110419 Monastery of Hripsimian Virgins Ani Turkey.jpg|Chapel in the Monastery of the Hripsimian Virgins File:36000 Ocaklı-Kars Merkez-Kars, Turkey - panoramio.jpg|Walls of Ani File:36000 Ocaklı-Kars Merkez-Kars, Turkey - panoramio (5).jpg|Walls of Ani. File:Double-Walls-Northside-Ani-Armenia-1885.png|1885 engraving showing the walls of Ani. File:Ani saint gregory church.jpg|Church of [[St. Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] of the Abughamrents; in the background is the citadel. File:The Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents (4218326274).jpg|The Church of Saint Gregory of Tigran Honents </gallery> ===Panorama=== {{wide image|20110419 Ani North Walls Turkey Panorama.jpg|1800px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of north walls of Ani, April 2011.}} ==In culture== [[Ani (given name)|Ani]] is one of the most popular female given names in Armenia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which are most common Armenian names?|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|access-date=August 10, 2013|newspaper=News.am|date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> Songs and poems have been written about Ani and its past glory. "Tesnem Anin u nor mernem" (Տեսնեմ Անին ու նոր մեռնեմ, Let me see Ani before I die) is a famous poem by [[Hovhannes Shiraz]]. It was turned into a song by Turkish-Armenian composer [[:tr:Cenk Taşkan|Cenk Taşkan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |title=Forums / Հայկական Երգերի Շտեմարան / Հայաստան – Կրթական Տեխնոլոգիաների Ազգային Կենտրոն |publisher=Ktak.am |access-date=2013-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195359/http://www.ktak.am/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?216.20 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |title='Ani', A Poem By Hovhannes Shiraz |publisher=Yerevan2012.org |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2013-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165521/http://www.yerevan2012.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164%3Aani-a-poem-by-hovhannes-shiraz&catid=45%3Anew-books&Itemid=151&lang=en |archive-date=June 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ara Gevorgyan]]'s 1999 album of folk instrumental songs is titled ''Ani''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|publisher=Ara Gevorgyan Website|access-date=August 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124143256/http://www.aragevorgyan.net/album_ani.php|archive-date=January 24, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Turkish niche perfume brand Nishane and perfumer Cecile Zarokian have created an extrait de parfum named Ani dedicated to the city in 2019, which has gathered positive reviews in the fragrance community. The artwork accompanying the perfume features one of the Ani churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ani|url=http://news.am/eng/news/118484.html|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Ani security fence]] * [[List of kings of Ani]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey]] {{World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} {{Former settlements in Turkey}} {{Authority control}} ==References== ;Notes {{notelist}} ;Citations {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=eco>{{cite news|title =Ani, a Disputed City Haunted by History|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date =June 15, 2006|url =http://www.economist.com/node/7066270}}</ref> <ref name=eb9>{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anni |volume=2 |page=72 }}</ref> <ref name=eb11>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Ani |volume=2 |page=47 }}</ref> <ref name=gars>{{citation|first1=Nina G.|last1=Garsoïan|first2=Alice|last2=Taylor|contribution=Ani|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=9780195046526}}</ref> <ref name=hako>{{in lang|hy}} [[Tadevos Hakobyan|Hakobyan, Tadevos]]. (1980). ''Անիի Պատմություն, Հնագույն Ժամանակներից մինչև 1045 թ.'' [The History of Ani, from Ancient Times Until 1045], vol. 1. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, pp. 214–217.</ref> <ref name=land>{{cite web|title=SACRED SITE |work=Ani, Turkey |publisher=[[Landmarks Foundation]] |url=http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml |access-date=January 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526001133/http://www.landmarksfoundation.org/projects_ani.shtml |archive-date=May 26, 2008 }}</ref> <!-- unused <ref name=nplg>{{cite web|title=ანისი [anisi]|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=14&t=11786|publisher=[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]|access-date=November 4, 2013|language=ka}}</ref>--> <ref name=virt>{{cite web|last =Sim|first =Steven|title =VirtualANI – Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani|publisher =VirtualANI|url =http://www.virtualani.org|access-date =January 22, 2007|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070120194819/http://www.virtualani.org/|archive-date =January 20, 2007|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref> }} ==Bibliography== ;General *{{cite book|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|year=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231139267|author-link=Razmik Panossian|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm}} ;Specific *{{cite journal|last=Watenpaugh|first=Heghnar Zeitlian|title=Preserving the Medieval City of Ani: Cultural Heritage between Contest and Reconciliation|journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]]|date=2014|volume=73|issue=4|pages=528–555|doi=10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.528|url=http://jsah.ucpress.edu/content/73/4/528.abstract|jstor=10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.528}} ==Further reading== * ''A l'est d'Ani. forteresses et églises inédites du nord de l'Arménie'' (in French), by I. Augé, A. T. Baladian and Ph. Dangles, foreword by J.-P. Mahé, Paris, AIBL, 2020, 364 p., 270 images (online presentation on the ''Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' [https://www.aibl.fr/publications/collections/memoires-de-l-academie-des/article/tome-57-a-l-est-d-ani website]). *{{citation |last=Brosset |first=Marie-Félicité |title=Les Ruines d'Ani, Capital de l'Arménie sous les Rois Bagratides, aux X<sup>e</sup> et XI<sup>e</sup> S, Histoire et Description, '' I<sup>re</sup> Partie:'' Description, avec un Atlas de 24 Planches Lithographiées ''and II<sup>e</sup> Partie:'' Histoire, avec un Atlas de 21 Planches Lithographiées |location=St Petersburg |date=1860–1861 |publisher=Imperial Science Academy |language=fr}}. * {{cite book|first=S. Peter|last=Cowe|author-link=S. Peter Cowe|year=2001|title=Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital|publisher=Peeters|location=Sterling, Virginia}} * {{citation |last=Hakobyan |first=Tadevos |author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan |script-title=hy:''Anii patmutyun, hnaguyn zhamanaknerits minchev 1045 t.'' |trans-title=The History of Ani, from Ancient Times until 1045 |publisher=Yerevan State University Press |year=1980–1982 |language=hy}} * {{citation |last=Hakobyan |first=Tadevos |author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan |script-title=hy:''Anii patmutyun, 1045 t. minchev ankumn u amayatsume'' |trans-title=The History of Ani, from 1045 until its Collapse and Desolation |publisher=Yerevan State University Press |year=1980–1982 |language=hy}} * {{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Kevorkian|year=2001|title=Ani – Capitale de l'Arménie en l'An Mil|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=H.F.B.|last=Lynch | year=1901|title=Armenia, Travels and Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniatravelsst02lync|publisher=Longmans|location=London|isbn=1-4021-8950-8}} * {{cite book|first=Nicolas Yacovlevich|last=Marr|author-link=Nicholas Marr|year=2001|title=Ani – Rêve d'Arménie|publisher=Anagramme Editions|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=Vladimir|last=Minorsky|author-link=Vladimir Minorsky|year=1953|title=Studies in Caucasian History|isbn=0-521-05735-3}} * {{cite book|first=Cuneo|last=Paolo|year=1984|title=Documents of Armenian Architecture'', Vol.&nbsp;12:'' Ani}} * {{cite book|first=Ashkharbek|last=Kalantar|author-link=Ashkharbek Kalantar|year=1994|title=Armenia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages}} * {{cite book|first=Thomas Allen|last=Sinclair|year=1987|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archeological Survey, Volume 1|publisher=Pindar Press|location=London}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Ani}} {{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Ani}} * [http://www.360tr.net/kars/ani-armenian-cathedral/ 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral * [http://www.360tr.com/ani-armenian-cathedral-virtual-tour_f34c0986c5_en.html 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral] – 360 Degree Virtual Tour Ani Armenian Cathedral * [http://www.virtualani.org/citymap.htm Virtual Ani] – has clickable maps, extensive history and photos * [http://turkishtravelblog.com/ruins-ani-city-1001-churches/ Photos of Ani] * [http://www.wmf.org/project/ani-cathedral World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Ani Cathedral conservation project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024951/http://www.wmf.org/project/church-holy-savior World Monuments Fund/Turkish Ministry of Culture Church of the Holy Savior/Redeemer conservation project] * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/ani 400+ pictures of Ani] *{{cite news|title=The Ancient Ghost City of Ani|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-ancient-ghost-city-of-ani/100668/|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=January 24, 2014}} – a gallery of 27 photos of Ani *{{cite news|title=The empire the world forgot|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160309-the-empire-the-world-forgot|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=March 15, 2016}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtuxI3RjJVo Detailed video recording from the site] July 2019 {{Historic capitals of Armenia}} {{Ancient settlements in Turkey}} {{World Heritage Sites in Turkey}} [[Category:Ani| ]] [[Category:Bagratid Armenia]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia]] [[Category:Former populated places in Turkey]] [[Category:Ruined churches in Turkey]] [[Category:Former capitals of Armenia]] [[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kars Province]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -51,5 +51,5 @@ [[File:Bagratuni flag.svg|thumb|300px|The standard of Ani<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hasratyan|first=Murad|author-link1=Murad Hasratyan|title=Անիի ճարտարապետությունը [Architecture of Ani]|journal=[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]]|date=2011|issue=3|page=8|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5698/|quote=Դարպասի վերևի պատին Անի քաղաքի զինանշանն է՝ հովազի բարձրաքանդակով:}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=hy:Անի|url=http://www.encyclopedia.am/pages.php?bId=2&hId=931|website=encyclopedia.am|publisher=[[Armenian Encyclopedia]]|language=hy|quote=Անիի զինանշանը` վազող հովազը}}</ref>]] -'''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἄνιον}}, ''Ánion'';<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> {{lang-tr|Ani}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164926/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|archive-date=July 12, 2016 |quote=The Turkish government’s practice of calling the town “Anı,” rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...}}</ref> is a ruined medieval Armenian<ref name="EI2">{{EI2|last1=Barthold|first1=W.|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|title=Ānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ani-SIM_0670?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Ani|volume=1}}</ref> city now situated in [[Turkey]]'s province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], next to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Armenia]]. +'''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἄνιον}}, ''Ánion'';<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> {{lang-tr|Ani}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164926/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|archive-date=July 12, 2016 |quote=The Turkish government’s practice of calling the town “Anı,” rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...}}</ref> is a ruined medieval Armenian<ref name="EI2">{{EI2|last1=Barthold|first1=W.|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|title=Ānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ani-SIM_0670?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Ani|volume=1}}</ref> city now situated in [[Turkey]]'s province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], next to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Armenia]]. Serbians love it here! Between 961 and 1045, it was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Bagratid Armenia]]n kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey. Called the "City of 1001 Churches" so far 50 churches, 33 cave-churches and 20 chapels have been found .<ref name=eb11/><ref name=hako /><ref>Not to confuse with the [[Binbirkilise]]/'1001 churches' near [[Karaman]] in modern Turkey'</ref> Ani stood on various trade routes and its many [[Church architecture|religious buildings]], palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world housing the oldest form of Gothic architecture(Ani cathedral).<ref name=virt /><ref name=eco /> At its height, Ani was one of the world's largest cities,<ref>[[Joel Mokyr]]. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. — Oxford University Press, 2003. — P. 157 "''The struggle against Persian, Byzantine, and Arab political and economic domination, however, led to the restoration of the Armenian Kingdom (885–1045). Crafts and agricultural prospered. Its capital, Ani, famous for Armenian classical architecture, became one of the biggest cities in the world.''"</ref> with a possible population of circa 100,000.<ref name=ghaf>{{cite book|author-link=Karo Ghafadaryan|last=Ghafadaryan|first=Karo|contribution=Ani|title=[[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]] Volume I|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|year=1974|pages=407–412|language=hy}}</ref> '
New page size (new_size)
55494
Old page size (old_size)
55471
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
23
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => ''''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἄνιον}}, ''Ánion'';<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> {{lang-tr|Ani}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164926/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|archive-date=July 12, 2016 |quote=The Turkish government’s practice of calling the town “Anı,” rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...}}</ref> is a ruined medieval Armenian<ref name="EI2">{{EI2|last1=Barthold|first1=W.|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|title=Ānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ani-SIM_0670?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Ani|volume=1}}</ref> city now situated in [[Turkey]]'s province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], next to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Armenia]]. Serbians love it here!' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => ''''Ani''' ({{lang-hy|Անի}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἄνιον}}, ''Ánion'';<ref name=gars /> {{lang-la|Abnicum}};<ref name=eb9/><ref name=eb11/> {{lang-tr|Ani}})<ref>{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712164926/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/building-a-dialogue-atop-old-ruins-of-ani-11425264|archive-date=July 12, 2016 |quote=The Turkish government’s practice of calling the town “Anı,” rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...}}</ref> is a ruined medieval Armenian<ref name="EI2">{{EI2|last1=Barthold|first1=W.|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|title=Ānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ani-SIM_0670?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Ani|volume=1}}</ref> city now situated in [[Turkey]]'s province of [[Kars Province|Kars]], next to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with [[Armenia]].' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1614909435