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'{{short description|Military branch of the Republic of Texas specialized in naval warfare (1839–1846)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox military unit | unit_name = Texas Navy<br /><small>Navy of the Republic of Texas<br />Second Texas Navy</small> | image = Texas Navy Sword Guard.svg | image_size = 200px | alt = | caption = Texas Navy Seal | dates = 23 March 1839 – 19 February 1846 | country = {{flag|Republic of Texas|size=23px}} | allegiance = [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]] | type = [[Navy]] | role = [[Naval warfare]], [[military logistics|logistics]] | size = 4 [[schooners]], 3 [[brigs]], 1 [[steamship]], 1 [[sloop-of-war]] | command_structure = [[Texas Military Department]] *[[Texas Military Forces]] | nickname = | motto = | colors = Red, white, and blue<br />{{color box|#bf0a30}}&nbsp;{{color box|#FFFFFF}}&nbsp;{{color box|#002868}} | colors_label = Colors | march = | mascot = | equipment = *[[Texan brig Potomac|Potomac]] *[[Texan schooner Zavala|Zavala]] *[[Texan schooner San Jacinto|San Jacinto]] *[[Texan schooner San Antonio|San Antonio]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|San Bernard]] *[[Texan brig Wharton|Wharton]] *[[Texan sloop-of-war Austin|Austin]] *[[Texan brig Archer|Archer]] *[[Texan schooner Louisville|Louisville]] | equipment_label = Vessels | battles = Yucatan campaign *[[Naval Battle of Campeche|Battle of Campeche]] | decorations = | battle_honours = | battle_honours_label = | disbanded = | website = | notable_commanders = *[[Edwin Ward Moore]] *[[Charles Edward Hawkins]] *[[Texan schooner Zavala|A.C. Hinton]] *[[Texan schooner Zavala|J. T. K. Lothrop]] *[[Texan schooner San Jacinto|W. R. Postell]] *[[Texan schooner San Jacinto|J. O’Shaunessy]] *[[Texan schooner San Antonio|Alexander Moore]] *[[Texan schooner San Antonio|William Seeger]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|W. S. Williamson]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|T. A. Taylor]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|D. H. Crisp]] *[[Texan brig Wharton|George Wheelright]] *[[Texan brig Archer|J. Clark]] }} The '''Texas Navy''', officially the '''Navy of the Republic of Texas''', also known as the '''Second Texas Navy''', was the [[naval warfare]] branch of the [[Texas Military Forces]] during the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjt02|title=TEXAS NAVY|last=Daniel|first=James M.|date=June 15, 2010|website=TSHA}}</ref> It descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was established in November 1835 to fight for independence from [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjt02|title=Texas Navy|last=Daniel|first=James M.|date=15 June 2010|website=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> The Texas Navy, [[Army of the Republic of Texas|Texas Army]], and [[Texas Militia]] were officially established on September 5, 1836 in Article II of the [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tarltonapps.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1836/a2|title=Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)|website=University of Texas, Tarlton Law Library}}</ref> The Texas Navy and Texas Army were merged with the [[United States Armed Forces]] on February 19, 1846 after the Republic of Texas became the [[Texas annexation|28th state]] of the [[United States]]. == Background == {{Main|Texian Navy}} The Texas Navy descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was established by the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation of the Republic of Texas]] on 25 November 1835 to aid the fight for independence from the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]]. It consisted of four schooners: [[Texan schooner Liberty|''Liberty'']], [[Texan schooner Independence|''Independence'']], [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']], and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']]. ''Liberty'' was sold in June 1836. ''Independence'' was captured during the [[action of April 17, 1837|Battle of the Brazos River]] in April 1837. ''Invincible'' and ''Brutus'' were [[Ship grounding|run aground]] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]] in August 1837. == History == [[File:Naval ensign of Texas.svg|thumb|The first ensign of the Republic of Texas adopted via executive order issued by President David G. Burnet on 9 April 1836|alt=]] In October 1836, the [[Congress of the Republic of Texas]] passed an appropriation bill for $135,000 to expand the then [[Texian Navy]] with four additional ships. The bill was signed by President [[Sam Houston]], but no action was taken. Following the losses of [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']] and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]], another bill was passed on 4 November 1837 of $280,000 for six ships. [[Samuel May Williams|Samuel M. Williams]] was appointed commissioner of their development and awarded the contract to Frederick Dawson of Baltimore in November 1838. Williams also acquired the [[Packet boat|steam packet]] ''Charleston'' that November. It was renamed ''Zavala'' in honor of [[Lorenzo de Zavala]], [[Fitting out|fitted-out]], and [[Ship commissioning|recommissioned]] on 23 March 1839, officially establishing the Texas Navy. The Texas Navy was [[Commanding officer|commanded]] by [[Edwin Ward Moore|Commodore Edwin Moore]], a lieutenant from the United States Navy. For three years the Texas Navy raided the Mexican coast and kept the Mexican fleet focused on defending its own coastline. === Battle of Campeche === {{Main|Naval Battle of Campeche}} In the [[Naval Battle of Campeche]] on 16 May 1843 the Texas Navy sloop-of-war [[Texan sloop-of-war Austin|''Austin'']] and brig [[Texan brig Wharton|''Wharton'']], supported by ships from the rebellious Mexican State of [[Yucatán]] (then the [[Republic of Yucatán]]), engaged Mexican naval vessels, including the steamships ''[[ARM Montezuma|Montezuma]]'' and ''[[ARM Guadaloupe|Guadalupe]]''. This battle is believed to be unique, marking the only occasion in which a sailing warship engaged and fought a steam-powered warship to a draw.<ref>http://www.texasnavy.com/History/Articles/Commodore_Moore_and_the_Battle_of_Campeche.pdf</ref> The battle, which raged over several days, was a tactical draw, but a strategic victory for the Texan Navy, which forced the Mexicans to lift their blockade of Campeche and assured security in the meantime for the rebels in Yucatán. Other ships of the Texas Navy at the time included the [[brig]]s [[Texan brig Potomac|''Potomac'']] and [[Texan brig Archer|''Archer'']], the [[schooner]]s [[Texan schooner San Jacinto|''San Jacinto'']], [[Texan schooner San Antonio|''San Antonio'']] and the [[Texan schooner San Bernard|''San Bernard'']], and the [[Texan schooner Zavala|''Zavala'']], the first steamship-of-war in North America.<ref name="ships">{{cite web|url=https://texasnavy.org/Resources/Documents/Historical/Ships/Ships_of_the_First%20_and_2nd_Texas_Navy.pdf|title=Texas Navy Association – Historical – Ships|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> === Disbandment === When Texas joined the [[United States]] in 1846, the Texas Navy was merged into the [[United States Navy]]. == Texas Marines == {{Main|Texas Marines}} The Texas Marines, officially the Marine Corps of the Republic of Texas, were the [[Marines|naval infantry]] of the Texas Navy tasked with enforcing discipline aboard ships, providing security at [[Naval base|shore stations]], [[Sharpshooter|sharpshooting]], and [[naval boarding]]. It was officially established on 14 January 1836 and modeled after the [[United States Marine Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjr02|title=REPUBLIC OF TEXAS MARINE CORPS|last=Sullivan|first=David M.|website=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> == Land grant dispute == === Background === Land promised in advance of military service is called a [[Land grant|bounty]],<ref name="Miller">Miller, Thomas Lloyd. 1972. The Public Lands of Texas: 1519–1970. Texas A&M University Press.</ref> which is a military tradition dating back beyond the Roman Empire, and was a well-established tradition in American military history prior to hostilities in Texas during the revolution. The founders of the Republic of Texas attempted to bolster recruitment into the armed forces through the generous inducement of land for military service. The policy in Texas was inconsistent, as not all Texas veterans were treated equally. Veterans of the Texas Navy, due to political rivalries, were excluded from taking part in the land-granting policies, or "unnecessary extravagance", as it was explained by President Sam Houston at the time of his veto.<ref>Harkins, James. 2011. The Denial of a Sailors Bounty. ''Saving Texas History Newsletter''. Pp. 4–5. Archives and Records, Texas General Land Office</ref> Texas passed its first bounty act on 24 November 1835, when the general council created a [[regular army]] and promised those who served in it for two years {{convert|640|acre|km2}} of land.<ref>Gammels Laws, I, 925. The amount of land given in bounty land grants changed over the years; however, it was eventually settled that 320 acres would be given for every three months of military service, up to 1280 acres, or the equivalent of one year in service.</ref> After the revolution, the Texas government distributed the public lands, especially to veterans. In all, {{convert|9874262|acre|km2}} was granted to veterans of the Texas army, or to Confederate soldiers in Texas.<ref name="Miller" />{{rp|54}} Not one of those nearly {{convert|10|e6acre|km2}} was granted for naval service, despite the importance of naval actions in the Gulf during the revolution. "The fact remains that Texas could not have won her independence and maintained it as she did, without the navy," said Texas Navy historian Alex Dienst.<ref name="Dienst">Dienst, Alex. 2007. The Texas Navy. Fireship Press.</ref> It has been said that if the United States was Texas's biological parent, then shipping lanes from New Orleans were the umbilical cord that kept the rebellion alive during its embryonic months.<ref name="Jordan">Jordan, Jonathan W. 2006. Lone Star Navy: Texas, The Fight for the Gulf of Mexico, and the Shaping of the American West. Potomac Books, Inc. Washington DC.</ref> Historians point out that the Texas Navy was of vital importance to the war effort with approximately three-fourths of all troops, supplies and cash originating from the ports of New Orleans.<ref name="Dienst" /> It was seen as nearly impossible for commerce to go through any other channels into Texas other than by ship due to the impractical nature of crossing Louisiana swamplands, and the "Big Thicket" of East Texas. Navy vessels protected against marauding Mexican warships looking to cut the cord that flowed to Texas through [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], keeping the fledgling war effort, and eventually the Republic, alive.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Additionally, military leaders knew the importance of the Texas coast to winning a revolution, or quashing a rebellion. In fact, Mexican General Vicente Filisola remarked, "...the posts of Texas are not sustainable, whilst a maritime force does not co-operate with the operations of the land service."<ref name="Jordan" /> On the other side, Commander James Fannin, in an August 1835 letter, wrote that provisions were scarce for the Mexican army on dry land. He requested naval assistance to the army, asking: "Where is your navy?" He pointed out that if Texas ships could block access to ports, "they [the Mexicans] are ruined."{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} === Dispute === Despite the importance of the Texas Navy to the Texas Revolution, politics got in the way of rewarding Navy veterans with bounty land grants when President Sam Houston, against legislative support, denied land grants to navy veterans in 1842.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The battle for bounty lands was a political struggle that culminated six years after the revolution, but had roots that stretched back to 1835. Naval policy was another in a long line of differing views between Sam Houston and Mirabeau Lamar. Lamar preferred an aggressive naval policy that encouraged raids around the Gulf of Mexico to intimidate the enemy. Houston, on the other hand, preferred a more acquiescent naval policy that encouraged ships to stay close to shore, protecting ports for industry and commerce.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} These disagreements led to inconsistent policies during the Republic era, as Lamar and Houston traded the presidency back and forth. Robert Potter, a Senator, and the one-time Secretary of the Navy, and Senator James Webb proposed a resolution that would allow bounty land to be granted to navy veterans on 4 November 1841. It was noted on 18 November 1841 edition of the ''San Augustine Red-Lander'' that this "Resolution will meet with much opposition in both Houses, and a warm discussion is expected." After the resolution was passed, it was presented to President Sam Houston, who vetoed the bill on 6 January 1842.<ref>Smither, Harriet (Editor). Journals of the Sixth Congress of the Republic of Texas, 1841–1842, Volume 1. 3 November 1841. Page 6.</ref> In Houston's veto message, the President paid tribute to the "exalted Gallantry and distinguished bravery" of the men who went to sea on behalf of the Republic, but he would "not sanction injudicious and unnecessary extravagance" on their behalf. Houston went on to say, "Generally, the seaman has no interest (except a transitory one) on shore." He explained that a people who made their living at sea would pay no attention to improving land granted to them. He believed that to give a land grant to a navy veteran would not benefit the country to any degree, explaining that, "The harpies that are generally found in sea-ports, and to whom seamen usually become indebted, are those only who would profit by the bounty and munificence of the Government." Houston further explained that it was traditional that the sailor receives his pay, and also receives prize money for capturing enemy vessels. "The sailor has his bounty and prize money as incentives to enlistment and continuance in the service; none expect more," he said. "If moreover, a fleet be in the vicinity of a land army, its co-operation is always supposed, and it accordingly participates in the spoils of victory. If, on the other hand, the victory be achieved by the fleet, the reverse is the case; the Naval corps alone enjoy the entire reward of success." Houston also claimed that "the sailors who would have claims are either dead or scattered to the winds of heaven." However, army veterans and their heirs were eligible to receive bounty land whether they lived or died. Houston continued, "If bounty land were granted, the few who survived would deem it valueless, because not one of them would be willing to penetrate the wilderness in quest of a place to locate it, some hundreds of miles beyond the frontiers; and rather than make the attempt, they would be willing to sell it for a trifle." Infuriated by the complete disdain that the "Navy hating" President of the Republic had shown, Robert Potter re-introduced a joint resolution on 25 January 1842 that would hopefully pass over the President's veto, authorizing the Secretary of War and Navy to issue certificates of bounty land to the officers, seamen, and marines of the Navy.<ref>Smither, Harriet (Editor). Journals of the Sixth Congress of the Republic of Texas, 1841–1842, Volume 1. 7 January 1842. Page 210.</ref> Despite Potter's reputation as a good steward of public land and his continual support of the navy, his arguments fell upon deaf ears as he continued to push the issue, to no success.<ref>Fischer, Ernest C. 2006. Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy. Pelican Publishing.</ref> The issue was tabled as President Houston ran out the clock on the bounty land for navy veterans' bill, and the issue would never be broached again. == Insignia == {{Image gallery|Texas Navy Captain or Commander Collar Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Captain or Commander Collar Insignia|Texas Navy Captain Cuff & Pocket Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Captain Cuff & Pocket Insignia|Texas Navy Chief Engineer Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Chief Engineer Insignia|Texas Navy Lieutenant Collar Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Lieutenant Collar Insignia|Texas Navy Lieutenant Cuff Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Lieutenant Cuff Insignia|Texas Navy Purser Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Purser Insignia|Texas Navy Surgeon Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Surgeon Insignia|Texas Navy Midshipman Collar Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Midshipman Collar Insignia|Texas Navy Passed Midshipman Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Passed Midshipman Insignia|Texas Navy Gunner Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Gunner Insignia|Texas Navy Boatswain Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Boatswain Insignia|Texas Navy Carpenter Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Carpenter Insignia|Texas Navy Sail Maker Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Sail Maker Insignia|title=|mode=|width=100|height=100}} == Other naval forces == === Texas Marine Department === {{Main|Texas Marine Department}} The Texas Marine Department was a branch of the [[Confederate States War Department]] that operated in Galveston during the [[American Civil War]]. It was not a component of the [[Texas Military Forces]], nor did it operate under the [[Texas Military Department]] chain of command. It is similar to the [[United States Army]] [[Department of Texas]] === First Naval Battalion === In the aftermath of [[World War II]], which saw 24 Nazi [[U-boat]]s attack 70 ships in the [[American Theater (World War II)#U.S. Gulf of Mexico|Battle of the Gulf of Mexico]], sinking 56 of them, the [[Adjutant General of Texas]] Major General Kearie Lee Berry reestablished Texas naval forces to "provide well-trained coastal and inland patrols." The initiative was authorized by the Commander-in-Chief of [[Texas Military Forces]], Governor [[Beauford H. Jester]], and the First Naval Battalion of the [[Texas State Guard]] was officially established on 31 October 1948. Its first and ultimately only vessel was the ''Sumoria,'' a 60-foot diesel-powered yacht commanded by Sterling Hogan''.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/41422042|title=Texas Navy Sails Again Sunday After 103 Years|date=31 October 1948|work=Valley Morning Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tmd.texas.gov/the-long-proud-history-of-the-texas-state-guard|title=The long, proud history of the Texas State Guard|last=Gately|first=John|website=Texas Military Department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/blog/teslaproject/wreck-sites/world-war-ii/|title=Shipwrecks in the Gulf, World War II|website=Florida Public Archaeology Network}}</ref> === Third Texas Navy === In the midst of the final battle of the Texas [[Tidelands|tideland dispute]] with the United States, "the most serious conflict of the century between the states and the federal government", the Commander-in-Chief of [[Texas Military Forces]], Governor [[Price Daniel]], reestablished the Texas Navy in 1958 as an additional effort of inciting public sentiment for Texas naval interests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mgt02|title=TIDELANDS CONTROVERSY|last=Daniel|first=Price|website=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texasnavy.org/resources/Documents/Historical/General/Timeline_History_of_the_Texas_Navy.pdf|title=Timeline History of the Texas Navy|website=Texas Navy Association}}</ref> He declared the "memory and heritage of the Texas Navy can be preserved best by Texas citizens who are willing to continue by every lawful means the defense of the rights and boundaries of the State." It is often referred to as the ''Third Texas Navy'' and was theoretically akin to the [[United States Merchant Marine]]s. However, it did not fall under the [[Texas Military Department]] chain of command, nor have an operational charter. It primarily served as a social and ceremonial club to commemorate the history of the [[Texian Navy]] and Second Texas Navy. It was headquartered at [[Houston Yacht Club]] and held annual [[Admiral]] [[Ball (dance party)|Balls]] where the governor would [[Military parade#Forming the parade for the march past/pass in review|review]] the fleet at the [[San Jacinto Monument]]. The fleet primarily consisted of civilian vessels from its members with the [[USS Texas (BB-35)|USS Texas]] serving as flagship. Officers were selected on their merits and commissioned by the Governor as Admirals in the Texas Navy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.texasnavy.com/History/General/A_Brief_Overview_of_the_Texas_Navy.pdf|title=Texas Navy Association – Historical – General Information|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>[[File:Ceremonial flag of the Texas Navy Association.svg|thumb|The ceremonial flag of the Texas Navy Association]] ==== Texas Navy Association ==== Although the Tideland dispute was settled on 1 June 1960, the Third Texas Navy continued to function as a social club. In 1970, its headquarters were relocated to Galveston by Governor [[Preston Smith (governor)|Preston Smith]]. In October 1972, it was re-designated the Texas Navy Association and chartered as a nonprofit organization by Secretary of State [[Bob Bullock]]. In 1973, the [[Sixty-third Texas Legislature]] passed S.B. 94, which established the "Texas Navy Association as the official governing body of Texas Navy operations". As of 2019, the Texas Navy Association is still in operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texasnavy.org/Resources/Documents/A_Brief_History_of_the_TNA.pdf|title=A Brief History of the Organization of the Texas Navy Association|website=Texas Navy Association}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Maritime Regiment === {{Main|Texas State Guard}} The Maritime Regiment of the [[Texas State Guard]], also known as the Texas Maritime Regiment and TMAR, was established by the Commander-in-Chief of [[Texas Military Forces]], Governor [[Rick Perry]], in 2006. It was the [[naval militia]] force of Texas tasked with providing sea, [[Littoral zone|littoral]], and riverine operational support for homeland defense, including [[Defense Support of Civil authorities|civil contingency]], [[Homeland security|security]], [[Search and rescue|rescue]], and [[disaster]] operations in conjunction with the [[United States Coast Guard]], [[Texas Parks and Wildlife Department]], [[Texas A&M Forest Service|Texas Forest Service]], and the [[Lower Colorado River Authority]]. It operated and maintained a fleet of [[Brown-water navy|brown-water]] watercraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.txsg.state.tx.us/Data/Sites/1/txsgdocs/factsheeets/txsg_fs_06-11.pdf|title=Fact Sheet, Texas Maritime Regiment|website=Texas Military Department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tmd.texas.gov/state-guard|title=Texas State Guard Components|publisher=Texas Military Department}}</ref> It was replaced by the Special Troops Battalions in the January 1, 2020 reorganization by Commanding General Major General Robert Bodisch, which maintains the same mission-set. ==See also== * [[Awards and decorations of the Texas Military]] * [[List of conflicts involving the Texas Military]] * [[Texas Military Department]] * [[Texas Military Forces]] == Citations == {{Reflist}} == General bibliography== * {{cite book | last = Jordan | first = Jonathan | title = Lone Star Navy: Texas, the Fight for the Gulf of Mexico, and the Shaping of the American West | publisher = Potomac Books |location = Washington, DC | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-57488-512-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Meed | first = Douglas | title = The Fighting Texas Navy, 1832–1843 | publisher = Republic of Texas Press | location=Plano, TX | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-55622-885-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Wells | first = Tom | title = Commodore Moore and the Texas Navy | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-292-71118-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/commodoremooret00tomh_0 }} * {{cite journal | title = Flags and Seals of Texas | journal = South Texas Law Review | date = February 1992 | first = Charles A. | last = Spain, Jr. | volume = 33 | issue = 1 |pages = 215–259 | url = http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/txspain1.pdf}} * {{cite book |last=Dienst |first=Alex |title=The Texas Navy |ref=Dienst |publisher=Fireship Press |year=2007 |pages=208 |isbn=1-934757-04-7 }} Originally published by Dienst in 1909 as ''The Navy of the Republic of Texas''. * Fischer, Earnest G (1900), ''Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy'', Pelican Publishing Company Incorporated, pp.&nbsp;320, {{ISBN|0882890808}} * Hill, Jim Dan (1987), ''The Texas Navy: in forgotten battles and shirtsleeve diplomacy'', State House Press, pp.&nbsp;224, {{ISBN|0938349171}} * Stone, Barry (2011), ''True Crime and Punishment, Mutinies: Shocking Real-life Stories of Subversion at Sea'', Pier 9, Murdoch Books, pp.&nbsp;151–152, {{ISBN|1741966345|}} * Sullivan, Roy F. (2010), ''The Texas Navies'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN, pp.&nbsp;176, {{ISBN|1449052584}} ==External links== *[http://www.texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/republic/uniforms.htm Texas Navy, Marines, and Coast Guards - Uniforms of the Republic of Texas] (Texas Military Forces Museum.org) *[https://texasnavy.org/ Texas Navy Association] {{Texas Navy}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Texas Navy}} [[Category:Texas Navy| ]] [[Category:Texas Revolution]] [[Category:People of the Republic of Texas]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1836]] [[Category:1846 disestablishments]] [[Category:1836 establishments in the Republic of Texas]] [[Category:Disbanded navies]] [[Category:Texas Military Department]] [[Category:Texas Military Forces]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{short description|Military branch of the Republic of Texas specialized in naval warfare (1839–1846)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox military unit | unit_name = Texas Navy<br /><small>Navy of the Republic of Texas<br />Second Texas Navy</small> | image = Texas Navy Sword Guard.svg | image_size = 200px | alt = | caption = Texas Navy Seal | dates = 23 March 1839 – 19 February 1846 | country = {{flag|Republic of Texas|size=23px}} | allegiance = [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]] | type = [[Navy]] | role = [[Naval warfare]], [[military logistics|logistics]] | size = 4 [[schooners]], 3 [[brigs]], 1 [[steamship]], 1 [[sloop-of-war]] | command_structure = [[Texas Military Department]] *[[Texas Military Forces]] | nickname = | motto = | colors = Red, white, and blue<br />{{color box|#bf0a30}}&nbsp;{{color box|#FFFFFF}}&nbsp;{{color box|#002868}} | colors_label = Colors | march = | mascot = | equipment = *[[Texan brig Potomac|Potomac]] *[[Texan schooner Zavala|Zavala]] *[[Texan schooner San Jacinto|San Jacinto]] *[[Texan schooner San Antonio|San Antonio]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|San Bernard]] *[[Texan brig Wharton|Wharton]] *[[Texan sloop-of-war Austin|Austin]] *[[Texan brig Archer|Archer]] *[[Texan schooner Louisville|Louisville]] | equipment_label = Vessels | battles = Yucatan campaign *[[Naval Battle of Campeche|Battle of Campeche]] | decorations = | battle_honours = | battle_honours_label = | disbanded = | website = | notable_commanders = *[[Edwin Ward Moore]] *[[Charles Edward Hawkins]] *[[Texan schooner Zavala|A.C. Hinton]] *[[Texan schooner Zavala|J. T. K. Lothrop]] *[[Texan schooner San Jacinto|W. R. Postell]] *[[Texan schooner San Jacinto|J. O’Shaunessy]] *[[Texan schooner San Antonio|Alexander Moore]] *[[Texan schooner San Antonio|William Seeger]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|W. S. Williamson]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|T. A. Taylor]] *[[Texan schooner San Bernard|D. H. Crisp]] *[[Texan brig Wharton|George Wheelright]] *[[Texan brig Archer|J. Clark]] }} The '''Texas Navy''', officially the '''Navy of the Republic of Texas''', also known as the '''Second Texas Navy''', was the [[naval warfare]] branch of the [[Texas Military Forces]] during the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjt02|title=TEXAS NAVY|last=Daniel|first=James M.|date=June 15, 2010|website=TSHA}}</ref> It descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was established in November 1835 to fight for independence from [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjt02|title=Texas Navy|last=Daniel|first=James M.|date=15 June 2010|website=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> The Texas Navy, [[Army of the Republic of Texas|Texas Army]], and [[Texas Militia]] were officially established on September 5, 1836 in Article II of the [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tarltonapps.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1836/a2|title=Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)|website=University of Texas, Tarlton Law Library}}</ref> The Texas Navy and Texas Army were merged with the [[United States Armed Forces]] on February 19, 1846 after the Republic of Texas became the [[Texas annexation|28th state]] of the [[United States]]. == Background == {{Main|Texian Navy}} The Texas Navy descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ya yeet. When shall this be fixed? Sorry btw lolrby the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation of the Republic of Texas]] on 25 November 1835 to aid the fight for independence from the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]]. It consisted of four schooners: [[Texan schooner Liberty|''Liberty'']], [[Texan schooner Independence|''Independence'']], [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']], and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']]. ''Liberty'' was sold in June 1836. ''Independence'' was captured during the [[action of April 17, 1837|Battle of the Brazos River]] in April 1837. ''Invincible'' and ''Brutus'' were [[Ship grounding|run aground]] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]] in August 1837. == History == [[File:Naval ensign of Texas.svg|thumb|The first ensign of the Republic of Texas adopted via executive order issued by President David G. Burnet on 9 April 1836|alt=]] In October 1836, the [[Congress of the Republic of Texas]] passed an appropriation bill for $135,000 to expand the then [[Texian Navy]] with four additional ships. The bill was signed by President [[Sam Houston]], but no action was taken. Following the losses of [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']] and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]], another bill was passed on 4 November 1837 of $280,000 for six ships. [[Samuel May Williams|Samuel M. Williams]] was appointed commissioner of their development and awarded the contract to Frederick Dawson of Baltimore in November 1838. Williams also acquired the [[Packet boat|steam packet]] ''Charleston'' that November. It was renamed ''Zavala'' in honor of [[Lorenzo de Zavala]], [[Fitting out|fitted-out]], and [[Ship commissioning|recommissioned]] on 23 March 1839, officially establishing the Texas Navy. The Texas Navy was [[Commanding officer|commanded]] by [[Edwin Ward Moore|Commodore Edwin Moore]], a lieutenant from the United States Navy. For three years the Texas Navy raided the Mexican coast and kept the Mexican fleet focused on defending its own coastline. === Battle of Campeche === {{Main|Naval Battle of Campeche}} In the [[Naval Battle of Campeche]] on 16 May 1843 the Texas Navy sloop-of-war [[Texan sloop-of-war Austin|''Austin'']] and brig [[Texan brig Wharton|''Wharton'']], supported by ships from the rebellious Mexican State of [[Yucatán]] (then the [[Republic of Yucatán]]), engaged Mexican naval vessels, including the steamships ''[[ARM Montezuma|Montezuma]]'' and ''[[ARM Guadaloupe|Guadalupe]]''. This battle is believed to be unique, marking the only occasion in which a sailing warship engaged and fought a steam-powered warship to a draw.<ref>http://www.texasnavy.com/History/Articles/Commodore_Moore_and_the_Battle_of_Campeche.pdf</ref> The battle, which raged over several days, was a tactical draw, but a strategic victory for the Texan Navy, which forced the Mexicans to lift their blockade of Campeche and assured security in the meantime for the rebels in Yucatán. Other ships of the Texas Navy at the time included the [[brig]]s [[Texan brig Potomac|''Potomac'']] and [[Texan brig Archer|''Archer'']], the [[schooner]]s [[Texan schooner San Jacinto|''San Jacinto'']], [[Texan schooner San Antonio|''San Antonio'']] and the [[Texan schooner San Bernard|''San Bernard'']], and the [[Texan schooner Zavala|''Zavala'']], the first steamship-of-war in North America.<ref name="ships">{{cite web|url=https://texasnavy.org/Resources/Documents/Historical/Ships/Ships_of_the_First%20_and_2nd_Texas_Navy.pdf|title=Texas Navy Association – Historical – Ships|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> === Disbandment === When Texas joined the [[United States]] in 1846, the Texas Navy was merged into the [[United States Navy]]. == Texas Marines == {{Main|Texas Marines}} The Texas Marines, officially the Marine Corps of the Republic of Texas, were the [[Marines|naval infantry]] of the Texas Navy tasked with enforcing discipline aboard ships, providing security at [[Naval base|shore stations]], [[Sharpshooter|sharpshooting]], and [[naval boarding]]. It was officially established on 14 January 1836 and modeled after the [[United States Marine Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qjr02|title=REPUBLIC OF TEXAS MARINE CORPS|last=Sullivan|first=David M.|website=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> == Land grant dispute == === Background === Land promised in advance of military service is called a [[Land grant|bounty]],<ref name="Miller">Miller, Thomas Lloyd. 1972. The Public Lands of Texas: 1519–1970. Texas A&M University Press.</ref> which is a military tradition dating back beyond the Roman Empire, and was a well-established tradition in American military history prior to hostilities in Texas during the revolution. The founders of the Republic of Texas attempted to bolster recruitment into the armed forces through the generous inducement of land for military service. The policy in Texas was inconsistent, as not all Texas veterans were treated equally. Veterans of the Texas Navy, due to political rivalries, were excluded from taking part in the land-granting policies, or "unnecessary extravagance", as it was explained by President Sam Houston at the time of his veto.<ref>Harkins, James. 2011. The Denial of a Sailors Bounty. ''Saving Texas History Newsletter''. Pp. 4–5. Archives and Records, Texas General Land Office</ref> Texas passed its first bounty act on 24 November 1835, when the general council created a [[regular army]] and promised those who served in it for two years {{convert|640|acre|km2}} of land.<ref>Gammels Laws, I, 925. The amount of land given in bounty land grants changed over the years; however, it was eventually settled that 320 acres would be given for every three months of military service, up to 1280 acres, or the equivalent of one year in service.</ref> After the revolution, the Texas government distributed the public lands, especially to veterans. In all, {{convert|9874262|acre|km2}} was granted to veterans of the Texas army, or to Confederate soldiers in Texas.<ref name="Miller" />{{rp|54}} Not one of those nearly {{convert|10|e6acre|km2}} was granted for naval service, despite the importance of naval actions in the Gulf during the revolution. "The fact remains that Texas could not have won her independence and maintained it as she did, without the navy," said Texas Navy historian Alex Dienst.<ref name="Dienst">Dienst, Alex. 2007. The Texas Navy. Fireship Press.</ref> It has been said that if the United States was Texas's biological parent, then shipping lanes from New Orleans were the umbilical cord that kept the rebellion alive during its embryonic months.<ref name="Jordan">Jordan, Jonathan W. 2006. Lone Star Navy: Texas, The Fight for the Gulf of Mexico, and the Shaping of the American West. Potomac Books, Inc. Washington DC.</ref> Historians point out that the Texas Navy was of vital importance to the war effort with approximately three-fourths of all troops, supplies and cash originating from the ports of New Orleans.<ref name="Dienst" /> It was seen as nearly impossible for commerce to go through any other channels into Texas other than by ship due to the impractical nature of crossing Louisiana swamplands, and the "Big Thicket" of East Texas. Navy vessels protected against marauding Mexican warships looking to cut the cord that flowed to Texas through [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], keeping the fledgling war effort, and eventually the Republic, alive.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Additionally, military leaders knew the importance of the Texas coast to winning a revolution, or quashing a rebellion. In fact, Mexican General Vicente Filisola remarked, "...the posts of Texas are not sustainable, whilst a maritime force does not co-operate with the operations of the land service."<ref name="Jordan" /> On the other side, Commander James Fannin, in an August 1835 letter, wrote that provisions were scarce for the Mexican army on dry land. He requested naval assistance to the army, asking: "Where is your navy?" He pointed out that if Texas ships could block access to ports, "they [the Mexicans] are ruined."{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} === Dispute === Despite the importance of the Texas Navy to the Texas Revolution, politics got in the way of rewarding Navy veterans with bounty land grants when President Sam Houston, against legislative support, denied land grants to navy veterans in 1842.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The battle for bounty lands was a political struggle that culminated six years after the revolution, but had roots that stretched back to 1835. Naval policy was another in a long line of differing views between Sam Houston and Mirabeau Lamar. Lamar preferred an aggressive naval policy that encouraged raids around the Gulf of Mexico to intimidate the enemy. Houston, on the other hand, preferred a more acquiescent naval policy that encouraged ships to stay close to shore, protecting ports for industry and commerce.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} These disagreements led to inconsistent policies during the Republic era, as Lamar and Houston traded the presidency back and forth. Robert Potter, a Senator, and the one-time Secretary of the Navy, and Senator James Webb proposed a resolution that would allow bounty land to be granted to navy veterans on 4 November 1841. It was noted on 18 November 1841 edition of the ''San Augustine Red-Lander'' that this "Resolution will meet with much opposition in both Houses, and a warm discussion is expected." After the resolution was passed, it was presented to President Sam Houston, who vetoed the bill on 6 January 1842.<ref>Smither, Harriet (Editor). Journals of the Sixth Congress of the Republic of Texas, 1841–1842, Volume 1. 3 November 1841. Page 6.</ref> In Houston's veto message, the President paid tribute to the "exalted Gallantry and distinguished bravery" of the men who went to sea on behalf of the Republic, but he would "not sanction injudicious and unnecessary extravagance" on their behalf. Houston went on to say, "Generally, the seaman has no interest (except a transitory one) on shore." He explained that a people who made their living at sea would pay no attention to improving land granted to them. He believed that to give a land grant to a navy veteran would not benefit the country to any degree, explaining that, "The harpies that are generally found in sea-ports, and to whom seamen usually become indebted, are those only who would profit by the bounty and munificence of the Government." Houston further explained that it was traditional that the sailor receives his pay, and also receives prize money for capturing enemy vessels. "The sailor has his bounty and prize money as incentives to enlistment and continuance in the service; none expect more," he said. "If moreover, a fleet be in the vicinity of a land army, its co-operation is always supposed, and it accordingly participates in the spoils of victory. If, on the other hand, the victory be achieved by the fleet, the reverse is the case; the Naval corps alone enjoy the entire reward of success." Houston also claimed that "the sailors who would have claims are either dead or scattered to the winds of heaven." However, army veterans and their heirs were eligible to receive bounty land whether they lived or died. Houston continued, "If bounty land were granted, the few who survived would deem it valueless, because not one of them would be willing to penetrate the wilderness in quest of a place to locate it, some hundreds of miles beyond the frontiers; and rather than make the attempt, they would be willing to sell it for a trifle." Infuriated by the complete disdain that the "Navy hating" President of the Republic had shown, Robert Potter re-introduced a joint resolution on 25 January 1842 that would hopefully pass over the President's veto, authorizing the Secretary of War and Navy to issue certificates of bounty land to the officers, seamen, and marines of the Navy.<ref>Smither, Harriet (Editor). Journals of the Sixth Congress of the Republic of Texas, 1841–1842, Volume 1. 7 January 1842. Page 210.</ref> Despite Potter's reputation as a good steward of public land and his continual support of the navy, his arguments fell upon deaf ears as he continued to push the issue, to no success.<ref>Fischer, Ernest C. 2006. Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy. Pelican Publishing.</ref> The issue was tabled as President Houston ran out the clock on the bounty land for navy veterans' bill, and the issue would never be broached again. == Insignia == {{Image gallery|Texas Navy Captain or Commander Collar Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Captain or Commander Collar Insignia|Texas Navy Captain Cuff & Pocket Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Captain Cuff & Pocket Insignia|Texas Navy Chief Engineer Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Chief Engineer Insignia|Texas Navy Lieutenant Collar Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Lieutenant Collar Insignia|Texas Navy Lieutenant Cuff Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Lieutenant Cuff Insignia|Texas Navy Purser Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Purser Insignia|Texas Navy Surgeon Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Surgeon Insignia|Texas Navy Midshipman Collar Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Midshipman Collar Insignia|Texas Navy Passed Midshipman Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Passed Midshipman Insignia|Texas Navy Gunner Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Gunner Insignia|Texas Navy Boatswain Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Boatswain Insignia|Texas Navy Carpenter Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Carpenter Insignia|Texas Navy Sail Maker Insignia.svg|Texas Navy Sail Maker Insignia|title=|mode=|width=100|height=100}} == Other naval forces == === Texas Marine Department === {{Main|Texas Marine Department}} The Texas Marine Department was a branch of the [[Confederate States War Department]] that operated in Galveston during the [[American Civil War]]. It was not a component of the [[Texas Military Forces]], nor did it operate under the [[Texas Military Department]] chain of command. It is similar to the [[United States Army]] [[Department of Texas]] === First Naval Battalion === In the aftermath of [[World War II]], which saw 24 Nazi [[U-boat]]s attack 70 ships in the [[American Theater (World War II)#U.S. Gulf of Mexico|Battle of the Gulf of Mexico]], sinking 56 of them, the [[Adjutant General of Texas]] Major General Kearie Lee Berry reestablished Texas naval forces to "provide well-trained coastal and inland patrols." The initiative was authorized by the Commander-in-Chief of [[Texas Military Forces]], Governor [[Beauford H. Jester]], and the First Naval Battalion of the [[Texas State Guard]] was officially established on 31 October 1948. Its first and ultimately only vessel was the ''Sumoria,'' a 60-foot diesel-powered yacht commanded by Sterling Hogan''.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/41422042|title=Texas Navy Sails Again Sunday After 103 Years|date=31 October 1948|work=Valley Morning Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tmd.texas.gov/the-long-proud-history-of-the-texas-state-guard|title=The long, proud history of the Texas State Guard|last=Gately|first=John|website=Texas Military Department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/blog/teslaproject/wreck-sites/world-war-ii/|title=Shipwrecks in the Gulf, World War II|website=Florida Public Archaeology Network}}</ref> === Third Texas Navy === In the midst of the final battle of the Texas [[Tidelands|tideland dispute]] with the United States, "the most serious conflict of the century between the states and the federal government", the Commander-in-Chief of [[Texas Military Forces]], Governor [[Price Daniel]], reestablished the Texas Navy in 1958 as an additional effort of inciting public sentiment for Texas naval interests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mgt02|title=TIDELANDS CONTROVERSY|last=Daniel|first=Price|website=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texasnavy.org/resources/Documents/Historical/General/Timeline_History_of_the_Texas_Navy.pdf|title=Timeline History of the Texas Navy|website=Texas Navy Association}}</ref> He declared the "memory and heritage of the Texas Navy can be preserved best by Texas citizens who are willing to continue by every lawful means the defense of the rights and boundaries of the State." It is often referred to as the ''Third Texas Navy'' and was theoretically akin to the [[United States Merchant Marine]]s. However, it did not fall under the [[Texas Military Department]] chain of command, nor have an operational charter. It primarily served as a social and ceremonial club to commemorate the history of the [[Texian Navy]] and Second Texas Navy. It was headquartered at [[Houston Yacht Club]] and held annual [[Admiral]] [[Ball (dance party)|Balls]] where the governor would [[Military parade#Forming the parade for the march past/pass in review|review]] the fleet at the [[San Jacinto Monument]]. The fleet primarily consisted of civilian vessels from its members with the [[USS Texas (BB-35)|USS Texas]] serving as flagship. Officers were selected on their merits and commissioned by the Governor as Admirals in the Texas Navy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.texasnavy.com/History/General/A_Brief_Overview_of_the_Texas_Navy.pdf|title=Texas Navy Association – Historical – General Information|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>[[File:Ceremonial flag of the Texas Navy Association.svg|thumb|The ceremonial flag of the Texas Navy Association]] ==== Texas Navy Association ==== Although the Tideland dispute was settled on 1 June 1960, the Third Texas Navy continued to function as a social club. In 1970, its headquarters were relocated to Galveston by Governor [[Preston Smith (governor)|Preston Smith]]. In October 1972, it was re-designated the Texas Navy Association and chartered as a nonprofit organization by Secretary of State [[Bob Bullock]]. In 1973, the [[Sixty-third Texas Legislature]] passed S.B. 94, which established the "Texas Navy Association as the official governing body of Texas Navy operations". As of 2019, the Texas Navy Association is still in operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texasnavy.org/Resources/Documents/A_Brief_History_of_the_TNA.pdf|title=A Brief History of the Organization of the Texas Navy Association|website=Texas Navy Association}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Maritime Regiment === {{Main|Texas State Guard}} The Maritime Regiment of the [[Texas State Guard]], also known as the Texas Maritime Regiment and TMAR, was established by the Commander-in-Chief of [[Texas Military Forces]], Governor [[Rick Perry]], in 2006. It was the [[naval militia]] force of Texas tasked with providing sea, [[Littoral zone|littoral]], and riverine operational support for homeland defense, including [[Defense Support of Civil authorities|civil contingency]], [[Homeland security|security]], [[Search and rescue|rescue]], and [[disaster]] operations in conjunction with the [[United States Coast Guard]], [[Texas Parks and Wildlife Department]], [[Texas A&M Forest Service|Texas Forest Service]], and the [[Lower Colorado River Authority]]. It operated and maintained a fleet of [[Brown-water navy|brown-water]] watercraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.txsg.state.tx.us/Data/Sites/1/txsgdocs/factsheeets/txsg_fs_06-11.pdf|title=Fact Sheet, Texas Maritime Regiment|website=Texas Military Department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tmd.texas.gov/state-guard|title=Texas State Guard Components|publisher=Texas Military Department}}</ref> It was replaced by the Special Troops Battalions in the January 1, 2020 reorganization by Commanding General Major General Robert Bodisch, which maintains the same mission-set. ==See also== * [[Awards and decorations of the Texas Military]] * [[List of conflicts involving the Texas Military]] * [[Texas Military Department]] * [[Texas Military Forces]] == Citations == {{Reflist}} == General bibliography== * {{cite book | last = Jordan | first = Jonathan | title = Lone Star Navy: Texas, the Fight for the Gulf of Mexico, and the Shaping of the American West | publisher = Potomac Books |location = Washington, DC | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-57488-512-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Meed | first = Douglas | title = The Fighting Texas Navy, 1832–1843 | publisher = Republic of Texas Press | location=Plano, TX | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-55622-885-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Wells | first = Tom | title = Commodore Moore and the Texas Navy | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-292-71118-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/commodoremooret00tomh_0 }} * {{cite journal | title = Flags and Seals of Texas | journal = South Texas Law Review | date = February 1992 | first = Charles A. | last = Spain, Jr. | volume = 33 | issue = 1 |pages = 215–259 | url = http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/txspain1.pdf}} * {{cite book |last=Dienst |first=Alex |title=The Texas Navy |ref=Dienst |publisher=Fireship Press |year=2007 |pages=208 |isbn=1-934757-04-7 }} Originally published by Dienst in 1909 as ''The Navy of the Republic of Texas''. * Fischer, Earnest G (1900), ''Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy'', Pelican Publishing Company Incorporated, pp.&nbsp;320, {{ISBN|0882890808}} * Hill, Jim Dan (1987), ''The Texas Navy: in forgotten battles and shirtsleeve diplomacy'', State House Press, pp.&nbsp;224, {{ISBN|0938349171}} * Stone, Barry (2011), ''True Crime and Punishment, Mutinies: Shocking Real-life Stories of Subversion at Sea'', Pier 9, Murdoch Books, pp.&nbsp;151–152, {{ISBN|1741966345|}} * Sullivan, Roy F. (2010), ''The Texas Navies'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN, pp.&nbsp;176, {{ISBN|1449052584}} ==External links== *[http://www.texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/republic/uniforms.htm Texas Navy, Marines, and Coast Guards - Uniforms of the Republic of Texas] (Texas Military Forces Museum.org) *[https://texasnavy.org/ Texas Navy Association] {{Texas Navy}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Texas Navy}} [[Category:Texas Navy| ]] [[Category:Texas Revolution]] [[Category:People of the Republic of Texas]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1836]] [[Category:1846 disestablishments]] [[Category:1836 establishments in the Republic of Texas]] [[Category:Disbanded navies]] [[Category:Texas Military Department]] [[Category:Texas Military Forces]]'
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'@@ -56,5 +56,5 @@ == Background == {{Main|Texian Navy}} -The Texas Navy descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was established by the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation of the Republic of Texas]] on 25 November 1835 to aid the fight for independence from the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]]. It consisted of four schooners: [[Texan schooner Liberty|''Liberty'']], [[Texan schooner Independence|''Independence'']], [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']], and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']]. ''Liberty'' was sold in June 1836. ''Independence'' was captured during the [[action of April 17, 1837|Battle of the Brazos River]] in April 1837. ''Invincible'' and ''Brutus'' were [[Ship grounding|run aground]] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]] in August 1837. +The Texas Navy descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ya yeet. When shall this be fixed? Sorry btw lolrby the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation of the Republic of Texas]] on 25 November 1835 to aid the fight for independence from the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]]. It consisted of four schooners: [[Texan schooner Liberty|''Liberty'']], [[Texan schooner Independence|''Independence'']], [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']], and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']]. ''Liberty'' was sold in June 1836. ''Independence'' was captured during the [[action of April 17, 1837|Battle of the Brazos River]] in April 1837. ''Invincible'' and ''Brutus'' were [[Ship grounding|run aground]] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]] in August 1837. == History == '
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[ 0 => 'The Texas Navy descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ya yeet. When shall this be fixed? Sorry btw lolrby the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation of the Republic of Texas]] on 25 November 1835 to aid the fight for independence from the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]]. It consisted of four schooners: [[Texan schooner Liberty|''Liberty'']], [[Texan schooner Independence|''Independence'']], [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']], and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']]. ''Liberty'' was sold in June 1836. ''Independence'' was captured during the [[action of April 17, 1837|Battle of the Brazos River]] in April 1837. ''Invincible'' and ''Brutus'' were [[Ship grounding|run aground]] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]] in August 1837.' ]
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[ 0 => 'The Texas Navy descended from the [[Texian Navy]], which was established by the [[Consultation (Texas)|Consultation of the Republic of Texas]] on 25 November 1835 to aid the fight for independence from the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] in the [[Texas Revolution]]. It consisted of four schooners: [[Texan schooner Liberty|''Liberty'']], [[Texan schooner Independence|''Independence'']], [[Texan schooner Invincible|''Invincible'']], and [[Texan schooner Brutus|''Brutus'']]. ''Liberty'' was sold in June 1836. ''Independence'' was captured during the [[action of April 17, 1837|Battle of the Brazos River]] in April 1837. ''Invincible'' and ''Brutus'' were [[Ship grounding|run aground]] at the [[Texan schooner Invincible#New captain and final battle|Battle of Galveston Harbor]] in August 1837.' ]
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