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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{About|the North American turtle|the summer camp|The Painted Turtle}}
{{short description|Species of reptile}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Painted turtle
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|15|0}}<small>[[Neogene]]–[[Holocene|recent]]</small>{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=184–185}}
| image = Painted Turtle (14541060047).jpg
| image_caption = Western painted turtle
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163467/97410447|title=''Chrysemys picta''|access-date=2013-10-19}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Chrysemys
| parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1844
| species = picta
| authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1783)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
| subdivision = ''C. p. bellii''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}<br />''C. p. dorsalis''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}{{#tag:ref|In December 2010 the [[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] provisionally elevated ''Chrysemys picta dorsalis'' to the species ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' but kept the [[Binomial nomenclature|classification]] as a subspecies as valid.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}|group="nb"}}<br />''C. p. marginata''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}<br />''C. p. picta''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
| range_map = Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg
| range_map_caption = Yellow: Eastern (''C. p. picta'')<br />
Orange: Midland (''C. p. marginata'')<br />
Blue: Southern (''C. p. dorsalis'')<br />
Red: Western (''C. p. bellii'')| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title=Species synonymy{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=6}} }}
* ''Testudo picta''<br /><small>[[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1783</small>
* ''Chrysemys cinerea''<br /><small>[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1789</small>
* ''Emys bellii''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831</small>
* ''Emys oregoniensis''<br /><small>[[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1837</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1856</small>
* ''Chrysemys marginata''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>
* ''Chrysemys dorsalis''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>
* ''Chrysemys nuttalli''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>
* ''Chrysemys pulchra''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1873</small>
* ''Chrysemys trealeasei''<br /><small>Hurter, 1911</small>
{{hidden end}}{{hidden begin|title=Subspecies synonymy{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=6}}<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" />}}
; ''[[Chrysemys picta picta]]''
* ''Testudo picta'' <small>Schneider, 1783</small>
* ''Testudo cinerea'' <small>Bonnaterre, 1789</small>
* ''Emys cinerea'' <small>Schweigger, 1812</small>
* ''Emys picta'' <small>Schweigger, 1812</small>
* ''Clemmys picta'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small>
* ''Terrapene picta'' <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta'' <small>Gray, 1856</small>
* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>
* ''Clemmys cinerea'' <small>Strauch, 1890</small>
* ''Chrysemys [cinerea] cinerea'' <small>Siebenrock, 1909</small>
* ''Chrysemis picta'' <small>Kallert, 1927</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta picta'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
* ''Chrysema picta'' <small>Chan & Cohen, 1964</small>
* ''Pseudemys picta'' <small>Arnold, 2002</small>
; ''[[Chrysemys picta bellii]]''
* ''Emys bellii'' <small>Gray, 1831</small>
* ''Clemmys'' (''Clemmys'') ''bellii'' <small>Fitzinger, 1835</small>
* ''Emys oregoniensis'' <small>Harlan, 1837</small>
* ''Chrysemys bellii'' <small>Gray, 1844</small>
* ''Emys originensis'' <small>Gray, 1844</small> (''[[ex errore]]'')
* ''Emys oregonensis'' <small>LeConte, 1854</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Emys origonensis'' <small>Gray, 1856</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Chrysemys nuttalii'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
* ''Chrysemys oregonensis'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
* ''Clemmys oregoniensis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>
* ''Chrysemys nuttallii'' <small>Gray, 1863</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Chrysemys orbigniensis'' <small>Gray, 1863</small>
* ''Chrysemys pulchra'' <small>Gray, 1873</small>
* ''Emys belli'' <small>Günther, 1874</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' var. ''bellii'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>
* ''Chrysemys belli'' <small>Ditmars, 1907</small>
* ''Chrysemys treleasei'' <small>Hurter, 1911</small>
* ''Chrysemys marginata bellii'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>
* ''Chrysemys bellii bellii'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta belli'' <small>Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934</small>
* ''Chrysemys belli belli'' <small>Pickwell, 1948</small>
* ''Chrysemys nuttalli'' <small>Schmidt, 1953</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Chrysemys picta bollii'' <small>Kuhn, 1964</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Chrysemys trealeasei'' <small>Ernst, 1971</small> (''ex errore'')
* ''Chrysemys trealeasi'' <small>Smith & Smith, 1980</small> (''ex errore'')
; ''[[Chrysemys picta dorsalis]]''
* ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
* ''Clemmys picta'' var. ''dorsalis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>
* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' var. ''dorsalis'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>
* ''Chrysemys marginata dorsalis'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>
* ''Chrysemys bellii dorsalis'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta dorsalis'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
; ''[[Chrysemys picta marginata]]''
* ''Chrysemys marginata'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
* ''Clemmys marginata'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>
* ''Chrysemys marginata marginata'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>
* ''Chrysemys bellii marginata'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>
* ''Chrysemys picta marginata'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
{{hidden end}}
| synonyms_ref=<ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |date=2007 |author=Fritz, Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=177–179 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |issn=1864-5755 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
The '''painted turtle''' (''Chrysemys picta'') is the most widespread native [[turtle]] of North America. It lives in slow-moving fresh waters, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The turtle is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] of the [[genus]] '''''Chrysemys''''', which is part of the pond turtle family [[Emydidae]]. Fossils show that the painted turtle existed 15 million years ago. Four regionally based [[subspecies]] (the eastern, midland, southern, and western) evolved during the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]].
The adult painted turtle female is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long; the male is smaller. The turtle's top shell is dark and smooth, without a ridge. Its skin is olive to black with red, orange, or yellow stripes on its extremities. The subspecies can be distinguished by their shells: the eastern has straight-aligned top shell segments; the midland has a large gray mark on the bottom shell; the southern has a red line on the top shell; the western has a red pattern on the bottom shell.
The turtle eats aquatic vegetation, [[algae]], and small water creatures including insects, [[crustaceans]], and fish. Although they are frequently consumed as eggs or hatchlings by rodents, canines, and snakes, the adult turtles' hard shells protect them from most predators. Reliant on warmth from its surroundings, the painted turtle is active only during the day when it basks for hours on logs or rocks. During winter, the turtle [[hibernation|hibernates]], usually in the mud at the bottom of water bodies. The turtles mate in spring and autumn. Females dig nests on land and lay eggs between late spring and mid-summer. Hatched turtles grow until [[sexual maturity]]: 2–9 years for males, 6–16 for females.
In the traditional tales of [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian tribes]], the colorful turtle played the part of a trickster. In modern times, four U.S. states have named the painted turtle their [[List of U.S. state reptiles|official reptile]]. While [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]] and [[Roadkill|road killings]] have reduced the turtle's population, its ability to live in human-disturbed settings has helped it remain the most abundant turtle in North America. Adults in the wild can live for more than 55 years.
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
==Description==
[[File:US BLM painted turtle picta pic2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painted turtle is swimming, apparently in an aquarium, and we see it front on at large scale, with its left webbed foot raised.|Painted turtle's yellow face-stripes, philtrum (nasal groove), and foot webbing]]
The painted turtle's shell is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long, oval, smooth with little grooves where the large scale-like plates overlap, and flat-bottomed.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref group="nb">All turtle lengths in this article refer to the top shell (carapace) length, not the extended head to tail length.</ref><ref name="uga.edu">{{cite web | url = http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/turtles/chrpic.htm | title = Painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') | access-date = 2010-09-18 | publisher = Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Herpetology Program}}</ref>{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}} The color of the top shell ([[carapace]]) <!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong -->varies from olive to black. Darker specimens are more common where the bottom of the water body is darker. The bottom shell ([[plastron]])<!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong --> is yellow, sometimes red, sometimes with dark markings in the center. Similar to the top shell, the turtle's skin is olive to black, but with red and yellow stripes on its neck, legs, and tail.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}}<ref>{{cite journal | title = The painted turtle, ''Chrysemys picta'' | journal = Tortuga Gazette | date = October 1992 | first = Mary | last = Cohen | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 1–3| url = http://www.tortoise.org/archives/chrysemy.html | access-date = 2011-01-05}}</ref> As with other pond turtles, such as the [[bog turtle]], the painted turtle's feet are webbed to aid swimming.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=263}}<ref name="SD Zoo">{{cite web|title=Reptiles: Turtle & tortoise|url=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html|publisher=Animal Bytes|access-date=2011-01-02|quote=Turtle— Spends most of its life in the water. Turtles tend to have webbed feet for swimming.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206125855/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html|archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref><ref name="BLM">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle |url=http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html |publisher=US Bureau of Land Management |access-date=2011-01-02 |quote=They have webbed toes for swimming ...|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624225235/http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html |archive-date=June 24, 2012 }}</ref>
The head of the turtle is distinctive. The face has only yellow stripes, with a large yellow spot and streak behind each eye, and on the chin two wide yellow stripes that meet at the tip of the jaw.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" />{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}} The turtle's upper jaw is shaped into an inverted "V" ([[philtrum]]),<!-- intentional construction to share the word, but explain it in article, to convey info while still being accessible, see WP: Technical Articles. --> with a downward-facing, tooth-like projection on each side.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=277}}
The hatchling has a proportionally larger head, eyes, and tail, and a more circular shell than the adult.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=291}}{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1972|p=143}} The adult female is generally longer than the male, {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} versus {{convert|7|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=197}} For a given length, the female has a higher (more rounded, less flat) top shell.<ref name=Jolliceur>{{cite journal|last=Jolliceur|first=Pierre|author2=Mosimann, James E.|title=Size and shape variation in the painted turtle. A principal component analysis|journal=Growth|date=1960|volume=24|pages=339–354|url=http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/Morphometrics/Readings/JolicoeurMosimann1960.pdf|pmid=13790416|access-date=2011-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060534/http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/Morphometrics/Readings/JolicoeurMosimann1960.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The female weighs around {{convert|500|g|oz|abbr=on}} on average, against the males' average adult weight of roughly {{convert|300|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 |title = The Science Behind Algonquin's Animals - Research Projects - Painted Turtle}}</ref> The female's greater body volume supports her egg-production.<ref name=Rowe>{{cite journal|last=Rowe|first=John W.|title=Growth rate, body size, sexual dimorphism and morphometric variation in four populations of painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') from Nebraska|journal=American Midland Naturalist|date=1997-07-01|volume=138|issue=1|pages=174–188|jstor=2426664|doi=10.2307/2426664}}</ref> The male has longer foreclaws and a longer, thicker tail, with the anus ([[cloaca]]) located further out on the tail.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref name="uga.edu" />{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}<ref name="Senneke sex">{{cite web | url = http://www.chelonia.org/sexing/sexing_Chrysemys_picta.htm | title = Differentiating male and female '''Chrysemys picta''' (painted turtle) | access-date = 2011-02-07 | last = Senneke | first = Darrell | date = 2003 | publisher = World Chelonian Trust}}</ref>
===Subspecies===
Although the subspecies of painted turtle [[Intergradation|intergrade]] (blend together)<!-- intentional construction to share the word, but explain it in article, to convey info while still being accessible, see WP: Technical Articles. --> at range boundaries<ref name="AL intergrade">{{cite web|last=Lee-Sasser|first=Marisa|title=Painted turtle in Alabama|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-08-12|date=December 2007|quote=Intergrades exhibit a mix of characteristics where their ranges overlap.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830161113/http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm|archive-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> they are distinct within the hearts of their ranges.<ref name="Senneke2003" />
*The male '''eastern painted turtle''' (''C. p. picta'') is {{convert|13|-|17|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long, while the female is {{convert|14|-|17|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}. The upper shell is olive green to black and may possess a pale stripe down the middle and red markings on the periphery. The segments ([[scute]]s)<!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong --> of the top shell have pale leading edges and occur in straight rows across the back, unlike all other North American turtles, including the other three subspecies of painted turtle, which have alternating segments.<ref name="Senneke2003" /> The bottom shell is plain yellow or lightly spotted. Sometimes as few as one dark grey spot near the lower center of the shell.<ref name="Nova Scotia Museum">{{cite web | url = http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp | title = Eastern painted turtle ''Chrysemys picta picta'' (Schneider) | access-date = 2010-09-29 | date = 2007 | publisher = Nova Scotia Museum | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101229091522/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp | archive-date = 2010-12-29 }}</ref>
*The '''midland painted turtle''' (''C. p. marginata'') is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.<ref name="Natural Resources Canada">{{cite web|url=http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata |title=Midland painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta marginata'') |access-date=2010-09-29 |date=2007-09-24 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421150700/http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata |archive-date=April 21, 2009 }}</ref> The centrally located midland is the hardest to distinguish from the other three subspecies.<ref name="Senneke2003" /> Its bottom shell has a characteristic symmetrical dark shadow in the center which varies in size and prominence.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}}
*The '''southern painted turtle''' (''C. p. dorsalis''), the smallest subspecies, is {{convert|10|-|14|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=226}} Its top stripe is a prominent red,<ref name="Senneke2003">{{cite web | url = http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffpaintedturtles.htm | title = Differentiating painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'' ssp) | access-date = 2010-12-09 | last = Senneke | first = Darrell | date = 2003 | publisher = World Chelonian Trust}}</ref> and its bottom shell is tan and spotless or nearly so.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=186}}
*The largest subspecies is the '''western painted turtle''' (''C. p. bellii''), which grows up to {{convert|26.6|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=221}}<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/record-setting-painted-western-turtle-found-in-regina-1.3102274 Record-setting Painted Western Turtle found in Regina], CBC News</ref> Its top shell has a mesh-like pattern of light lines,{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} and the top stripe present in other subspecies is missing or faint. Its bottom shell has a large colored splotch that spreads to the edges (further than the midland) and often has red hues.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Eastern painted turtle<br />''C. p. picta''
! scope="col" | Midland painted turtle<br />''C. p. marginata''
! scope="col" | Southern painted turtle<br />''C. p. dorsalis''
! scope="col" | Western painted turtle<br />''C. p. bellii''
|-
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Painted-Turtle-1 Young.jpg|200px|border|Full overhead shot of an eastern painted turtle]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Chrysemys picta marginata (27730831161) (mirrored).jpg|200px|border|Midland painted turtle standing on tarmac, with neck extended]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:A3 Southern painted turtle.jpg|200px|border|Southern painted turtle facing left, top-side view, stripe prominent, on pebbles]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:A4 Western painted turtle.jpg|200px|border|Western painted turtle standing in grass, with neck extended]]
|-
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B1 Eastern painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|Handled turtle, exposing the orange-yellow undershell (plastron)]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B2 Midland painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned turtle on rocks: the under shell is faint tan with faint black shaded patterns on it.|Under shell (plastron) of a midland painted turtle]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B3 Southern painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned southern painted turtle facing right. Shell is yellow-tan without spots. Legs are splayed. On a white plastic background.|Under shell (plastron) of a southern painted turtle]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B4 Western painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned turtle on grass: coloring is bright red with black and white Rorshach-like patterns.|Under shell (plastron) of a western painted turtle]]
|}
===Similar species===
The painted turtle has a very similar appearance to the [[red-eared slider]] (the most common pet turtle) and the two are often confused. The painted turtle can be distinguished because it is flatter than the slider. Also, the slider has a prominent red marking on the side of its head (the "ear") and a spotted bottom shell, both features missing in the painted turtle.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/painted_turtle_vs_red-eared_slider.html|title= Painted Turtle vs Red-eared Slider}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Painted turtle
! scope="col" | Red-eared slider
|-
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta).jpg|320px]]
| style="border: 0;" | [[File:RedEaredSlider05.jpg|300px]]
|}
==Ecology==
===Diet===
The painted turtle hunts along water bottoms. It quickly juts its head into and out of vegetation to stir potential victims out into the open water, where they are pursued.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}} The turtle holds large prey in its mouth and tears the prey apart with its forefeet. It also consumes plants and skims the surface of the water with its mouth open to catch small particles of food.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}
Although all subspecies of painted turtle eat both [[omnivore|plants and animals]], their specific diets vary.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=218}}
*The '''eastern painted turtle's''' diet is the least studied. It prefers to eat in the water, but has been observed eating on land. The fish it consumes are typically [[Scavenger|dead]] or injured.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=218}}
*The '''midland painted turtle''' eats mostly aquatic insects and both [[Vascular plant|vascular]] and [[non-vascular plant]]s.{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=232–233}}
*The '''southern painted turtle's''' diet changes with age. Juveniles' diet consists of 13% vegetation, while the adults eat 88% vegetation. This perhaps shows that the turtle prefers small larvae and other prey, but can only obtain significant amounts while young.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}} The reversal of feeding habits with age has also been seen in the [[false map turtle]], which inhabits some of the same range. The most common plants eaten by adult southern painted turtles are [[Lemnoideae|duckweed]] and algae, and the most common prey items are [[dragonfly|dragonfly larvae]] and [[crayfish]].{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=227–228}}
*The '''western painted turtle's''' consumption of plants and animals changes seasonally. In early summer, 60% of its diet comprises insects. In late summer, 55% includes plants.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=223}} Of note, the western painted turtle aids in the [[Seed dispersal|dispersal]] of [[Nymphaea odorata|white water-lily]] seeds. The turtle consumes the hard-coated seeds, which remain viable after passing through the turtle, and disperses them through its feces.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=223}}
{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:760px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Common foods of the painted turtle'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:210px;" | [[File:Procambarus clarkii9284477アメリカザリガニ.jpg|210px]]<br/>Crayfish
| style="width:225px;" | [[File:Dragonfly larva on lake bottom in Algonquin Provincial Park cropped and reversed.JPG|225px]]<br/>Dragonfly larva
| style="width:133px;" | [[File:Nymphaea odorata Bot. Mag. 40. 1652. 1814.jpg|133px]]<br/>American water lily
| style="width:140px;" | [[File:Curve of duckweed covered water edged with several bald cypress trees.JPG|140px]]<br/>Duckweed (water surface)
|}
===Predators===
Painted turtles are most vulnerable to predators when young.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} Nests are frequently ransacked and the eggs eaten by [[Plains garter snake|garter snakes]], crows, chipmunks, [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel|thirteen-lined ground]] and [[Eastern gray squirrel|gray squirrels]], skunks, [[groundhog]]s, raccoons, badgers, [[Gray fox|gray]] and [[red fox]], and humans.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} The small and sometimes bite-size, numerous hatchlings fall prey to [[Nepomorpha|water bugs]], bass, catfish, bullfrogs, [[snapping turtle]]s, three types of snakes ([[Agkistrodon|copperheads]], [[Coluber|racers]] and [[Nerodia|water snakes]]), herons, [[Oryzomys|rice rats]], weasels, [[muskrats]], minks, and raccoons. As adults, the turtles' armored shells protect them from many potential predators, but they still occasionally fall prey to alligators, [[osprey]]s, crows, [[red-shouldered hawk]]s, bald eagles, and especially raccoons.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}
Painted turtles defend themselves by kicking, scratching, biting, or urinating.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} In contrast to land tortoises, painted turtles can right themselves if they are flipped upside down.<ref name="Missoulian">{{cite news|last=Chaney|first=Rob|title=Painted native: Turtles indigenous to western Montana have vivid designs, secrets|url=http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/recreation/article_2e84c830-84a3-11df-a614-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2010-12-08|newspaper=Missoulian|date=2010-07-01}}</ref>
{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:700px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Important predators of the painted turtle'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:223px;" | Of eggs:<br/>[[File:Adult fox.JPG|150px]]<br/>Red fox
| style="width:250px;" |<br/>[[File:Plains gartersnake.jpg|180px]]<br/>Plains garter snake
| style="width:260px;" |<br/>[[File:AMERICAN CROW (7143675301).jpg|150px]]<br/>Crows
| style="width:210px;" | Of hatchlings:<br/>[[File:Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina).jpg|140px]]<br/>Common snapping turtle
| style="width:240px;" |<br/>[[File:Water Scorpion - Nepa cinerea - Queens Wood - Hunsdon - UK - Flickr - Bennyboymothman.jpg|150px]]<br/>Water scorpion
| style="width:230px;" | Of adults:<br/>[[File:Raccoon, female after washing up mirror image.jpg|150px]]<br/>Raccoon
|}
==Life cycle==
===Mating===
[[File:Chrysemys picta dorsalis (aka).jpg|thumb|right|Male southern painted turtle shows his long front claws]]
[[File:Painted turtle.jpg|thumb|Female painted turtle]]
The painted turtles mate in spring and fall in waters of {{convert|10|-|25|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}} Males start [[Spermatogenesis|producing sperm]] in early spring, when they can bask to an internal temperature of {{convert|17|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=289}}{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=287}} Females begin their reproductive cycles <!-- Please do not wikilink to menstrual cycle as that is a mammalian process. Most of the sex articles in wiki are human or perhaps mammal descriptive. As of DEC2010, there was no suitable wikilink, so the simple term reproductive cycle was used. A red link is probably not a good idea either as people keep wanting to link to the inappropriate mammalian sex articles. Probably better to leave as is, is understandable, or just write an article on the sexual cycles of reptiles if you so choose. -->in mid-summer, and [[Ovulation#Ovulation in animals|ovulate]] the following spring.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />
[[Courtship display|Courtship]] begins when a male follows a female until he meets her face-to-face.<ref name="sbaa.ca">{{cite web | url = http://www.sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 | title = Painted turtle research in Algonquin provincial park | access-date = 2010-09-17 | date = 2005 | publisher = The Friends of Algonquin Park| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165743/http://sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 | archive-date = 2007-10-11 }}</ref> He then strokes her face and neck with his elongated front claws, a gesture returned by a receptive female. The pair repeat the process several times, with the male retreating from and then returning to the female until she swims to the bottom, where they [[copulation (zoology)|copulate]].<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /><ref name="sbaa.ca" /> As the male is smaller than the female, he is not dominant.<ref name="sbaa.ca" /> Although not directly observed, evidence indicates that the male will inflict injury on the female in attempts of coercion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moldowan |first1=P.D. |last2=Brooks |first2=R.J. |last3=Litzgus |first3=J.D. |date=2020 |title=Demographics of injuries indicate sexual coercion in a population of Painted Turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2019-0238 }}</ref> The female stores [[sperm]], to be used for up to three [[clutch (eggs)|clutches]], in her [[Oviduct#Amniotes|oviducts]]; the sperm may remain viable for up to three years.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=200}} A single clutch [[Superfecundation#Heteropaternal superfecundation|may have multiple fathers]].{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=200}}
===Egg-laying===
[[Nesting instinct|Nesting]] is done, by the females only, between late May and mid-July.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> The nests are vase-shaped and are usually dug in sandy soil, often at sites with southern exposures.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Nests are often within {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on|-1}} of water, but may be as far away as {{convert|600|m|yd|abbr=on|-1}}, with older females tending to nest further inland. Nest sizes vary depending on female sizes and locations but are about {{convert|5|-|11|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} deep.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Females may return to the same sites several consecutive years, but if several females make their nests close together, the eggs become more vulnerable to predators.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}
[[File:Painted turtle egglaying.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A female digging a nest with her hind legs.|Female digging a nest]]
The female's optimal body temperature while digging her nest is {{convert|29|-|30|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} If the weather is unsuitable, for instance a too hot night in the Southeast, she delays the process until later at night.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Painted turtles in Virginia have been observed waiting three weeks to nest because of a hot drought.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=290}}
While preparing to dig her nest, the female sometimes exhibits a mysterious preliminary behavior. She presses her throat against the ground of different potential sites, perhaps sensing moisture, warmth, texture, or smell, although her exact motivation is unknown. She may further temporize by excavating several false nests{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} as the [[wood turtle]]s also do.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=259}}
The female relies on her hind feet for digging. She may accumulate so much sand and mud on her feet that her mobility is reduced, making her vulnerable to predators. To lighten her labors, she lubricates the area with her bladder water.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Once the nest is complete, the female deposits into the hole. The freshly laid eggs are white, elliptical, porous, and flexible.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=203}} From start to finish, the female's work may take four hours. Sometimes she remains on land overnight afterwards, before returning to her home water.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}
Females can lay five clutches per year, but two is a normal average after including the 30–50% of a population's females that do not produce any clutches in a given year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} In some northern populations, no females lay more than one clutch per year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Bigger females tend to lay bigger eggs and more eggs per clutch.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=202}} Clutch sizes of the subspecies vary, although the differences may reflect different environments, rather than different genetics. The two more northerly subspecies, western and midland, are larger and have more eggs per clutch—11.9 and 7.6, respectively—than the two more southerly subspecies, southern (4.2) and eastern (4.9). Within subspecies, also, the more northerly females lay larger clutches.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}
===Growth===
[[File:Flickr - Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife - western painted turtle hatchlings vandebergh odfw.jpg|thumb|alt=Several baby painted turtles on moss on a light table.|Hatchlings]]
[[File:Painted turtle hatchling with egg tooth.jpg|thumb|A painted turtle hatching with an egg tooth.]]
Incubation lasts 72–80 days in the wild<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> and for a similar period in artificial conditions.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=290}} In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the [[egg tooth]].<ref name="BC" /> Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey{{sfn|Packard et al.|2002|p=300}} typically arrange themselves symmetrically{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=206}} in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />
The hatchling's ability to survive winter in the nest has allowed the painted turtle to extend its range farther north than any other American turtle. The painted turtle is genetically adapted to survive extended periods of subfreezing temperatures with blood that can remain [[supercooling|supercooled]] and skin that resists penetration from ice crystals in the surrounding ground.{{sfn|Packard et al.|2002|p=300}} The hardest freezes nevertheless kill many hatchlings.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />
Immediately after hatching, turtles are dependent on egg yolk material for sustenance.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=206}} About a week to a week and a half after emerging from their eggs (or the following spring if emergence is delayed), hatchlings begin feeding to support growth. The young turtles grow rapidly at first, sometimes doubling their size in the first year. Growth slows sharply at [[sexual maturity]] and may stop completely.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=292}} Likely owing to differences of habitat and food by water body, growth rates often differ from population to population in the same area. Among the subspecies, the western painted turtles are the quickest growers.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=207}}
Females grow faster than males overall, and must be larger to mature sexually.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=292}} In most populations males reach sexual maturity at 2–4 years old, and females at 6–10.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=287}} Size and age at maturity increase with latitude;{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=197}} at the northern edge of their range, males reach sexual maturity at 7–9 years of age and females at 11–16.<ref name="sbaa.ca" />
{{Clear}}
==Behavior==
===Daily routine and basking===
[[File:Painted Turtle on a log.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painted turtle standing on a floating log|Basking for warmth]]
A [[Ectotherm|cold-blooded]] reptile, the painted turtle regulates its temperature through its environment, notably by basking. All ages bask for warmth, often alongside other species of turtle. Sometimes more than 50 individuals are seen on one log together.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=283}} Turtles bask on a variety of objects, often logs, but have even been seen basking on top of [[common loon]]s that were covering eggs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=13}}
The turtle [[diurnality|starts its day at sunrise]], emerging from the water to bask for several hours. Warmed for activity, it returns to the water to forage.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=282}} After becoming chilled, the turtle re-emerges for one to two more cycles of basking and feeding.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|pp=282–283}} At night, the turtle drops to the bottom of its water body or perches on an underwater object and sleeps.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=282}}
To be active, the turtle must maintain an internal body temperature between {{convert|17|-|23|C|F|abbr=on|0}}. When fighting infection, it manipulates its temperature up to 5 °C (8 °F)<!-- differential degrees, not absolute, thus skipped conv template --> higher than normal.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=283}}
===Seasonal routine and hibernation===
<!-- [[File:Muskrat lodge.jpg|thumb|right|alt=mound of sticks in the water about 10 feet from shore|Muskrat burrow—possible painted turtle hibernation spot]] not enough room-->
In the spring, when the water reaches {{convert|15|-|18|C|F|abbr=on|0}}, the turtle begins actively foraging. However, if the water temperature exceeds {{nowrap|{{convert|30|C|F|abbr=on|0}}}}, the turtle will not feed. In fall, the turtle stops foraging when temperatures drop below the spring set-point.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}
During the winter, the turtle hibernates. In the north, the inactive season may be as long as from October to March, while the southernmost populations may not hibernate at all.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} While hibernating, the body temperature of the painted turtle averages {{nowrap|{{convert|6|C|F|abbr=on|0}}}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=284}} Periods of warm weather bring the turtle out of hibernation, and even in the north, individuals have been seen basking in February.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=281}}
The painted turtle hibernates by burying itself, either on the bottom of a body of water, near water in the shore-bank or the burrow of a [[muskrat]], or in woods or pastures. When hibernating underwater, the turtle prefers shallow depths, no more than {{nowrap|{{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}}}. Within the mud, it may dig down an additional {{nowrap|{{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=284}} In this state, the turtle does not breathe, although if surroundings allow, it may get some oxygen through its skin.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=D. C. |author2=Rauer, E. M. |author3=Feldman, R. A. |author4= Reese, S. A. |title=Avenues of extrapulmonary oxygen uptake in western painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta belli'') at 10 °C |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A |date=August 2004 |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |pmid=15528171 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.005 }}</ref> The species is one of the best-studied [[vertebrate]]s able to survive long periods [[Hypoxia (medical)|without oxygen]]. Adaptations of its blood chemistry, brain, heart, and particularly its shell allow the turtle to survive extreme [[lactic acid]] buildup while oxygen-deprived.<ref name="Jackson 2002">{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Donald C.|date=2002|title=Hibernating without oxygen: physiological adaptations of the painted turtle|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=543|issue=3|pages=731–737|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024729|pmc=2290531|pmid=12231634}}<!--|access-date=2010-12-13 --></ref>
{{Clear}}
===Movement===
[[File:Painted turtle California.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Painted turtle with green slime on its shell, on pebbles, with a couple of leaves on its back. Sun shining.|Moving on land]]
Searching for water, food, or mates, the painted turtles travel up to several kilometers at a time.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} During summer, in response to heat and water-clogging vegetation, the turtles may vacate shallow marshes for more permanent waters.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Short overland migrations may involve hundreds of turtles together.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} If heat and drought are prolonged, the turtles will [[Estivation|bury themselves]] and, in extreme cases, die.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}}
Foraging turtles frequently cross lakes or travel linearly down creeks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacCulloch, R.D. and D.M. Secoy|title=Movement in a river population of ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' in southern Saskatchewan|journal=Journal of Herpetology |date=1983|volume=17|issue=3|pages=283–285|doi=10.2307/1563834|jstor=1563834}}</ref> Daily crossings of large ponds have been observed.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}} [[Tracking animal migration|Tag and release]] studies show that sex also drives turtle movement. Males travel the most, up to {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, between captures; females the second most, up to {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, between captures; and juveniles the least, less than {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, between captures.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Males move the most and are most likely to change wetlands because they seek mates.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}}
The painted turtles, through visual recognition, have [[Homing (biology)|homing]] capabilities.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Many individuals can return to their collection points after being released elsewhere, trips that may require them to traverse land. One experiment placed 98 turtles varying several-kilometer distances from their home wetland; 41 returned. When living in a single large body of water, the painted turtles can home from up to {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} away. Females may use homing to help locate suitable nesting sites.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}}
{{Clear}}
==Distribution==
===Range===
The most widespread North American turtle,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=5}} the painted turtle is the only turtle whose native range extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific.{{#tag:ref|The range description and map primarily rely on Conant and Collins (1998) and Ernst and Lovich have a similar range map.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} Additional citations and notes cover details of range boundaries especially in the West.|group="nb"}} It is native to eight of Canada's ten provinces, forty-five of the fifty United States, and one of Mexico's thirty-one states. On the East Coast, it lives from the [[Maritimes|Canadian Maritimes]] to the U.S. state of Georgia. On the West Coast, it lives in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon and offshore on southeast [[Vancouver Island]].{{#tag:ref|Vancouver Island painted turtle populations may have resulted from escaped pets.<ref name="BC"/>|group="nb"}} The northernmost American turtle,<ref name="BC">{{cite web|last=Blood |first=Donald A. |title=Painted turtle |url=http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf |publisher=Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, British Columbia |author2=Macartney, Malcolm |format=brochure |date=March 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107080323/http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf |archive-date=January 7, 2010 }}</ref> its range includes much of southern Canada. To the south, its range reaches the U.S. Gulf Coast in Louisiana and Alabama. In the southwestern United States there are only dispersed populations. It is found in one river in extreme northern Mexico. It is absent in a part of southwestern Virginia and the adjacent states as well as in north-central Alabama.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant>{{cite book|last=Conant|first=Roger|title=Field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America|date=1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harc|location=New York|isbn=978-0-395-90452-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0/page/185 185–186]|author2=Collins, Joseph T.|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0/page/185}}</ref><ref name="VAFG range">{{cite web|url=https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/eastern-painted-turtle/|title=Eastern painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta picta'')|publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2017-10-06|date=2004-03-12}}</ref>
[[File:Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg|center|thumb|alt=Map of North America showing the subspecies' specific ranges in different colors|800px|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-3}}
'''Native range of the painted turtle (''C. picta'')'''<br/>
Dark grey for national borders<br/>
White for state and province borders<br/>
Dark blue for rivers, only showing those in article<br/>
{{col-2-of-3}}
{{legend|#f8ee77|border=1px solid #f8ee77|Eastern (''C. p. picta'')}}
{{legend|#f79c6d|border=1px solid #f79c6d|Midland (''C. p. marginata'')}}
{{legend|#92cdf6|border=1px solid #92cdf6|Southern (''C. p. dorsalis'')}}
{{legend|#e57e79|border=1px solid #e57e79|Western (''C. p. bellii'')}}
{{col-3-of-3}}
Intergrade mixtures (large areas only)<br/>
{{legend|#fbcd41|border=1px solid #fbcd41|Mix of eastern and midland}}
{{legend|#d3e179|border=1px solid #d3e179|Mix of eastern and southern}}
{{legend|#e9573b|border=1px solid #e9573b|Mix of midland and western}}
{{col-end}}]]
The borders between the four subspecies are not sharp, because the subspecies interbreed. Many studies have been performed in the border regions to assess the intermediate turtles, usually by comparing the anatomical features of hybrids that result from intergradation of the classical subspecies.{{#tag:ref|See the following sources.<ref name="AL intergrade" /><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|doi=10.1656/1092-6194(2002)009[0363:PTCPOV]2.0.CO;2|last=Wright|first=Katherine M.|author2=Andrews, James S.|title=Painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') of Vermont: An examination of phenotypic variation and intergradation|journal=Northeastern Naturalist|date=2002|volume=9|issue=4|pages=363–380|publisher=Humboldt Field Research Institute|issn=1092-6194}}</ref><ref name="Weller">{{cite journal|last=Weller|first=Wayne F.|author2=Hecnar, Stephen J. |author3=Hecnar, Darlene R. |author4=Casper, Gary S. |author5= Dawson, F. Neil |title=Quantitative assessment of intergradation between two subspecies of painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' and ''C. p. marginata'', in the Algoma district of west central Ontario, Canada|journal=Herpetological Conservation and Biology|date=2010|volume=5|issue=2|pages=166–173|url=http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_5/Issue_2/Weller_etal_2010.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=20}}<ref name=Ultsch>{{cite journal|author=Ultsch, Gordon R.|author2=Ward, G. Milton|author3=LeBerte, Chere' M.|author4=Kuhajda, Bernard R.|author5=Stewart, E. Ray |title=Intergradation and origins of subspecies of the turtle ''Chrysemys picta'': morphological comparisons|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=2001|volume=79|issue=3|pages=485–498|doi=10.1139/z01-001}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Despite the imprecision, the subspecies are assigned nominal ranges.
====Eastern painted turtle====
[[File:Turtle from Pomp's Pond in Andover.jpg|thumb|alt=An eastern painted turtle held|Eastern painted turtle in Massachusetts]]
The eastern painted turtle ranges from southeastern Canada to Georgia with a western boundary at approximately the Appalachians. At its northern extremes, the turtle tends to be restricted to the warmer areas closer to the Atlantic Ocean. It is uncommon in far north New Hampshire and in Maine is common only in a strip about 50 miles from the coast.<ref name="NHFG range">{{cite web|title=Eastern painted turtle|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/profiles/painted-turtle.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref><ref name=Hunter>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Malcolm L.|title=Maine amphibians and reptiles|date=1999|publisher=University of Maine Press|isbn=978-0-89101-096-8|author2=Calhoun, Aram J. K. |author3=McCollough, Mark }} as cited by {{cite web|title=Amphibians and reptiles|url=http://www.dlwa.org/docs/reptiles_and_amphibians.pdf|publisher=Damariscotta Lake Watershed Association|access-date=2011-02-10}}</ref> In Canada, it lives in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia but not in Quebec or Prince Edward Island. To the south it is not found in the coastal lowlands of southern North Carolina, South Carolina, or Georgia, or in southern Georgia in general or at all in Florida. {{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/>{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=215}}<ref name="AL FG"/>
The eastern subspecies's range extends slightly into east central Alabama, where it [[Intergradation|intergrades]] with the southern subspecies.<ref name=Conant/> In the northeast, there is extensive mixing with the midland subspecies, and some writers have called these turtles a "hybrid swarm".<ref name="Bleakney 1958" /><ref name=Pugh>{{cite journal|last=Pugh|first=F. Harvey|author2=Pugh, Margaret B.|title=The systematic status of painted turtles (''Chrysemys'') in the northeastern United States |journal=Copeia|date=1968-07-31|volume=1968|issue=1|pages=612–618|jstor=1442033|doi=10.2307/1442033}}</ref><ref name=DeGraaf>{{cite book|last=DeGraaf|first=Richard M.|title=New England wildlife: habitat, natural history, and distribution|date=2000|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|isbn=978-0-87451-957-0|author2=Yamasaki, Mariko|page=[https://archive.org/details/newenglandwildli00degr/page/52 52]|quote=In New England there are no midland populations per se. Individuals are part of an intergrade swarm.|url=https://archive.org/details/newenglandwildli00degr/page/52}}</ref> In the southeast, the border between the eastern and midland is more sharp as mountain chains separate the subspecies to different drainage basins.<ref name=Conant/><ref name="Green and Pauley">{{cite book|last=Green|first=N. Baynard|title=Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia|date=1987|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-5802-4|author2=Pauley, Thomas K.}} as cited in [[#CITEREFMann2007|Mann]] p 18.</ref>
====Midland painted turtle====
The midland painted turtle lives from southern Ontario and Quebec, through the eastern U.S. Midwest states, to Kentucky, Tennessee and northwestern Alabama, where it intergrades with the southern painted turtle.<ref name="Ernst 1970">{{cite journal|last=Ernst|first=Carl H.|title=The status of the painted turtle, ''Chrysemys picta'', in Tennessee and Kentucky|journal=Journal of Herpetology|date=1970-05-29|volume=4|issue=1|pages=39–45|jstor=1562701|doi=10.2307/1562701}}</ref> It also is found eastward through West Virginia, western Maryland and Pennsylvania. The midland painted turtle appears to be moving east, especially in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Sheils">{{cite web|last=Shiels|first=Andrew L|title=A picta worth a thousand words: Portrait of a painted turtle|url=http://www.fishandboat.com/Resource/AmphibiansandReptiles/Documents/pictathousand.pdf|work=Pennsylvania Angler and Boater catalog|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boating Commission|pages=28–30|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> To the northeast it is found in western New York and much of Vermont, and it intergrades extensively with the eastern subspecies.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=186}}<ref name=Conant/>
====Southern painted turtle====
The southern painted turtle ranges from extreme southern Illinois and Missouri, roughly along the Mississippi River Valley, to the south. In Arkansas, it branches out to the west towards Texas, where it is found in the far northeast part of that state ([[Caddo Lake]] region)<ref name="Dixon">{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=James Ray|title=Amphibians and reptiles of Texas|date=2000|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-920-5|page=196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcnJoQMD4C&q="painted+turtle"&pg=PA196|access-date=2011-01-14}}</ref> as well as extreme southeastern Oklahoma ([[McCurtain County]]).<ref name="OK">{{cite web|title=Species of turtles in OK|url=http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/fishregs/turtlebullfrogreg.htm|publisher=Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation|access-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184242/http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/fishregs/turtlebullfrogreg.htm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2011-05-25}}</ref> It is found in much of Louisiana, where it reaches the Gulf of Mexico (in fresh water). Eastward it is found in western Tennessee, northern Mississippi and much of Alabama, including the Gulf Coast city of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile.]]{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name="AL FG"/> An isolated population in central Texas has been reported but is now believed to be non-native.<ref name=McAllister>{{cite journal|last=McAllister|first=Chris T.|author2=Forstner, Michael R.J. |author3=Fuller, Jonathan P. |title=Second report of the southern painted turtle, ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' (testudines: emydidae), from Texas, with comments on its genetic relationship to other populations|journal=The Texas Journal of Science|date=2007-05-01|volume=59|issue=2}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
====Western painted turtle====
[[File:Western painted turtle.jpg|thumb|Western painted turtle (watercolor by G. Aeschimann)]]
The western painted turtle's northern range includes southern parts of western Canada from Ontario through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. In Ontario, the western subspecies is found north of Minnesota and directly north of Lake Superior, but there is a {{convert|130|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} gap to the east of Lake Superior (in the area of harshest winter climate) where no painted turtles of any subspecies occur. Thus Ontario's western subspecies does not intergrade with the midland painted turtle of southeastern Ontario.<ref name=Weller/> In Manitoba, the turtle is numerous and ranges north to [[Lake Manitoba]] and the lower part of [[Lake Winnipeg]]. The turtle is also common in south Saskatchewan,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacCulloch, R.D. and D.M. Secoy|title=Demography, growth and food of western painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' (Gray) from southern Saskatchewan|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=1983|volume=61|issue=7|pages=1499–1509|doi=10.1139/z83-202}}</ref> but in Alberta, there may only be 100 individuals, all found very near the U.S. border, mostly in the southeast.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|pp=6–8}}
[[File:Western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii), Oregon - 20060422.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=turtle on log looking up, we see it from the rear|Western painted turtle in Oregon]]
In British Columbia, populations exist in the interior in the vicinity of the Kootenai, Columbia, Okanagan, and Thompson river valleys. At the coast, turtles occur near the mouth of the Fraser and a bit further north, as well as the bottom of Vancouver Island, and some other nearby islands. Within British Columbia, the turtle's range is not continuous and can better be understood as northward extensions of the range from the United States. High mountains present barriers to east–west movement of the turtles within the province or from Alberta. Some literature has shown isolated populations much further north in British Columbia and Alberta, but these were probably pet-releases.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|pp=6–8}}
In the United States, the western subspecies forms a wide intergrade area with the midland subspecies covering much of Illinois as well as a strip of Wisconsin along [[Lake Michigan]] and part of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]] (UP). Further west, the rest of Illinois, Wisconsin and the UP are part of the range proper, as are all of Minnesota and Iowa, as well as all of Missouri except a narrow strip in the south. All of North Dakota is within range, all of South Dakota except a very small area in the west, and all of Nebraska. Almost all of Kansas is in range; the border of that state with Oklahoma is roughly the species range border, but the turtle is found in three counties of north central Oklahoma.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=OK/><ref name=Stebbins/>
To the northwest, almost all of Montana is in range. Only a narrow strip in the west, along most of the Idaho border (which is at the [[Continental Divide]]) lacks turtles.<ref name=MTFG>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle – ''Chrysemys picta''|url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_ARAAD01010.aspx|work=Montana field guides|publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> Wyoming is almost entirely out of range; only the lower elevation areas near the eastern and northern borders have painted turtles.<ref name=WYFG>{{cite web|title=Western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta belli'') |url=http://gf.state.wy.us/wildlife/CompConvStrategy/Species/Reptiles/PDFS/Western%20Painted%20Turtle.pdf |work=Wyoming conservation strategy |publisher=Wyoming Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-02-11 |pages=430–431 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106063053/http://gf.state.wy.us/wildlife/CompConvStrategy/Species/Reptiles/PDFS/Western%20Painted%20Turtle.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2004 }}</ref> In Idaho, the turtles are found throughout the far north (upper half of the [[Idaho Panhandle]]). Recently, separate Idaho populations have been observed in the southwest (near the [[Payette River|Payette]] and [[Boise River|Boise]] rivers) and the southeast (near [[St. Anthony, Idaho|St. Anthony]]).<ref name="BLM ID">{{cite web |url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/reptile/test/chpi/chpi.htm |title=''Chrysemys picta'' (Painted Turtle) |last=Cossel |first= John |date=1997 |website=Idaho Museum of Natural History |publisher=Idaho State University |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> In Washington state, turtles are common throughout the state within lower elevation river valleys.<ref name="WA herp atlas">{{cite web|last=Hallock|first=L. A.|title=Painted turtle|url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/herp_atlas/speciesmain.html|work=Washington herp atlas|publisher=Washington Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2017-10-06|author2=McAllister, K. R.|date=2005-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302032840/http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/herp_atlas/speciesmain.html|archive-date=2017-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Oregon, the turtle is native to the northern part of the state throughout the Columbia River Valley as well as the Willamette River Valley north of Salem.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|pp=26–31}}
To the southwest, the painted turtle's range is fragmented. In Colorado, while range is continuous in the eastern, prairie, half of the state, it is absent in most of the western, mountainous, part of the state. However, the turtle is confirmed present in the lower elevation southwest part of the state ([[Archuleta County, Colorado|Archuleta]] and [[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata]] counties), where a population ranges into northern New Mexico in the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]] basin.<ref name=CODW>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle|url=http://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Lists/Wildlife%20Species/DispForm.aspx?ID=189|work=Species profiles|publisher=Colorado Division of Wildlife|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> In New Mexico, the main distribution follows the [[Rio Grande]] and the [[Pecos River]], two waterways that run in a north–south direction through the state.<ref name="Degenhardt">{{cite book|last=Degenhardt|first=William G. |title=Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico|year=1996|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=0-8263-1695-6|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-Liq4O4udsC&q=painted+turtle&pg=PA100|author2=Painter, Charles W. |author3=Price, Andrew H. |access-date=2011-01-03|quote= ... extreme Northern Chihuahua, Mexico.}}</ref> Within the aforementioned rivers, it is also found in the northern part of [[Trans-Pecos|Far West Texas]].<ref name="Dixon" /> In Utah, the painted turtle lives in an area to the south ([[Kane County, Utah|Kane County]]) in streams draining into the Colorado River, although it is disputed if they are native.<ref name=Stebbins/><ref name=UDNR>{{cite web|last=Dotson|first=P.|title=Painted turtle|url=http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=chrypict|publisher=Utah Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref name="UTDNR GAP">{{cite web|title=Utah GAP analysis – painted turtle|url=http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Map.asp?Id=671|publisher=Utah Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> In Arizona, the painted turtle is native to an area in the east, [[Lyman Reservoir|Lyman Lake]].<ref name="Arizona2007">{{cite web | url = http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/documents/Chrypibe.d.pdf | title = Arizona game and fish department | date = 2007-02-22 | publisher = Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230030657/http://www.azgfd.gov/w%5Fc/edits/documents/Chrypibe.d.pdf | archive-date = 2010-12-30 }}</ref><ref name="AGFD map">{{cite web|title=''Chrysemys picta belli'' occurrences in Arizona|url=http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/images/chrypibe.GIF|publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department|access-date=2011-02-11|date=2007-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320222812/http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/images/chrypibe.GIF|archive-date=2011-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The painted turtle is not native to Nevada or California.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins/>
In Mexico,<ref name="Degenhardt" /> painted turtles have been found about 50 miles south of New Mexico near [[Galeana, Chihuahua|Galeana]] in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. There, two expeditions<ref name="Smith and Taylor" /><ref name="Tanner1987-07" /> found the turtles in the [[Santa Maria River (Chihuahua)|Rio Santa Maria]] which is in a [[Endorheic basin|closed basin]].{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins>{{cite book | last1 = Stebbins | first1 = Robert C. | last2 = Peterson | first2 = Roger Tory | title = A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians (Peterson field guide) | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | date = 2003 | location = New York | pages = 251–252 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9JznHN2VFzkC&q=rio+santa+maria+chrysemys+picta&pg=PT105 | access-date = 2011-01-08 | isbn = 978-0-395-98272-3 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
====Human-introduced range====
Pet releases are starting to establish the painted turtle outside its native range. It has been introduced into waterways near [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], Arizona,<ref name="Arizona2007" /> and to Germany, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Spain.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
===Habitat===
[[File:PaintedHabitat Marchand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=An open pond|Painted turtle habitat in New Hampshire]]
To thrive, painted turtles need fresh waters with soft bottoms, basking sites, and [[Aquatic plant|aquatic vegetation]]. They find their homes in shallow waters with slow-moving currents, such as creeks, marshes, ponds, and the shores of lakes. The subspecies have evolved different habitat preferences.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}}
*The '''eastern painted turtle''' is very aquatic, leaving the immediate vicinity of its water body only when forced by drought to migrate.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} Along the Atlantic, painted turtles have appeared in [[brackish]] waters.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}}
*The '''midland''' and '''southern painted turtles''' seek especially quiet waters, usually shores and coves. They favor shallows that contain dense vegetation and have an unusual toleration of pollution.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=226}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=231}}
*The '''western painted turtle''' lives in streams and lakes, similar to the other painted turtles, but also inhabits pasture ponds and roadside pools. It is found as high as {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on|-2}}.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=221}}
===Population features===
Within much of its range, the painted turtle is the most abundant turtle species. [[Population density|Population densities]] range from 10 to 840 turtles per hectare (2.5 acres) of water surface. Warmer climates produce higher relative densities among populations, and habitat desirability also influences density. Rivers and large lakes have lower densities because only the shore is desirable habitat; the central, deep waters skew the surface-based estimates. Also, lake and river turtles have to make longer linear trips to access equivalent amounts of foraging space.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}
[[File:Turtle marking.svg|thumb|150px|right|alt=two diagrams showing numbes on the outer segments of turtle shells. There are some notches and then corresponding numbered code.|Shell marking code]]
Adults outnumber juveniles in most populations, but gauging the ratios is difficult because juveniles are harder to catch; with current sampling methods, estimates of [[Population pyramid|age distribution]] vary widely.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}} [[Mortality rate|Annual survival rate]] of painted turtles increases with age. The probability of a painted turtle surviving from the egg to its first birthday is only 19%. For females, the annual survival rate rises to 45% for juveniles and 95% for adults. The male survival rates follow a similar pattern, but are probably lower overall than females, as evidenced by the average male age being lower than that of the female.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}} Natural disasters can confound age distributions. For instance, a hurricane can destroy many nests in a region, resulting in fewer hatchlings the next year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}} Age distributions may also be skewed by migrations of adults.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}}
To understand painted turtle adult age distributions, researchers require reliable methods.<ref name="Gibbons1987">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1310589 |last=Gibbons |first=J. Whitfield |title=Why do turtles live so long |journal=BioScience |date=May 1987 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=262–269 |url=http://140.122.143.143/snake/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AA%94/9.%20why%20do%20turtles%20live%20so%20long.pdf |jstor=1310589 |author-link=J. Whitfield Gibbons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317030949/http://140.122.143.143/snake/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AA%94/9.%20why%20do%20turtles%20live%20so%20long.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2012 }}</ref> Turtles younger than four years (up to 12 years in some populations) can be aged based on "[[growth ring]]s" in their shells.<ref name="Zweifel">{{cite book |last=Zweifel|first=Richard George |title=Long-term ecological studies on a population of painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta'', on Long Island, New York (American Museum Novitates no. 2952) |date=1989 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |location=New York |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5106/1/N2952.pdf |pages=18–20 |author-link=Richard G. Zweifel}}</ref> For older turtles, some attempts have been made to determine age based on size and shape of their shells or legs using [[mathematical model]]s, but this method is more uncertain.<ref name="Zweifel" /><ref name="Fowle">{{cite book |title=Highways and movement of wildlife: improving habitat connections and wildlife passageways across highway corridors. Proceedings of the transportation-related wildlife mortality seminar of the Florida Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Report FHWA-PD-96-041 |publisher=Florida Department of Transportation (Orlando) |chapter-url=http://www.icoet.net/downloads/96paper16.pdf |author=Fowle, Suzanne C. |chapter=Effects of roadkill mortality on the western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta belli'') in the Mission valley, western Montana |editor=Evink, G. |editor2=Zeigler, D. |editor3=Garrett, P. |editor4=Berry, J |pages=205–223 |date=1996 |access-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152641/http://www.icoet.net/downloads/96paper16.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most reliable method to study the long-lived turtles is to capture them, permanently mark their shells by notching with a drill, release the turtles, and then recapture them in later years.<ref name="Cagle1939">{{cite journal|last=Cagle |first=Fred R. |title=A system of marking turtles for future identification |journal=Copeia |date=1939-09-09 |volume=1939|issue=3 |pages=170–173 |quote=A system to be used in marking turtles must be permanent, since turtles have a long life span, must definitely identify each individual, must not handicap the turtle in any way, and should be simple and easy to use. |author-link=Fred R. Cagle |jstor=1436818| doi = 10.2307/1436818 }} {{subscription}}</ref><ref name=Macartney>{{cite book|title=The western painted turtle in Kikomun Creek Provincial Park (report)|date=1985|author=Macartney, M.|author2=Gregory, P. T.}} as cited in {{cite web|title=Inventory methods for pond-breeding amphibians and painted turtle|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/risc/pubs/tebiodiv/pond/baptml20-06.htm|publisher=Ministry of Environment, British Columbia|access-date=2017-10-06|at=3.1.3 Marking and identification|date=1998-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212321/https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/risc/pubs/tebiodiv/pond/baptml20-06.htm|archive-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> The longest-running study, in Michigan, has shown that painted turtles can live more than 55 years.<ref name="Zweifel" /><ref name="Congdon2003">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0531-5565(03)00106-2 |author=Congdon, Justin D. |display-authors=4 |author2=Nagle, Roy D. |author3=Kinney, Owen M. |author4=van Loben Sels, Richard C. |author5=Quinter, Todd |author6=Tinkle, Donald W. |author6-link=Donald W. Tinkle |title=Testing hypotheses of aging in long-lived painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') |journal=Experimental Gerontology |date=2003 |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=765–772 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/251.pdf |pmid=12855285 |s2cid=12556383 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155606/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/251.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref>
Adult [[sex ratio]]s of painted turtle populations average around 1:1.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|pp=294–295}} Many populations are slightly male-heavy, but some are strongly female-imbalanced; one population in Ontario has a female to male ratio of 4:1.<ref name="sbaa.ca" /> Hatchling sex ratio [[temperature-dependent sex determination|varies based on egg temperature]]. During the middle third of incubation, temperatures of {{convert|23|–|27|C|F|abbr=on|0}} produce males, and anything above or below that, females.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> It does not appear that females choose nesting sites to influence the sex of the hatchlings;{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=291}} within a population, nests will vary sufficiently to give both male and female-heavy broods.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}}
{{Clear}}
==Taxonomy and evolution==
[[File:Schneider Johann Gottlob 1750-1822.png|thumb|upright|alt=a line drawing of Schneider's portrait at a 3/4 angle. he looks resolute and has long hair.|German naturalist [[Johann Gottlob Schneider]] first categorized the painted turtle]]
The painted turtle (''C. picta'') is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] in the genus ''Chrysemys''.<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" /> The parent family for ''Chrysemys'' is Emydidae: the pond turtles. Emydidae is split into two sub families; ''Chrysemys'' is part of the [[Deirochelyinae]] (Western Hemisphere) branch.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|pp=000.91,000.99}} The four subspecies of the painted turtle are the eastern (''C. p. picta''), midland (''C. p. marginata''), southern (''C. p. dorsalis''), and western (''C. p. bellii'').{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=214}}
The painted turtle's [[Genus (biology)|generic]] name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "gold" (''chryso'') and "freshwater tortoise" (''emys''); the [[Specific name (zoology)|species name]] originates from the Latin for "colored" (''pictus'').<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vafwis.org/fwis/booklet.html?&bova=030060&Menu=_.Taxonomy | title = Taxonomy chapter for turtle, eastern painted (030060) | access-date = 2010-12-17 | date = 2010 | work = BOVA Booklet | publisher = Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information Service}}</ref> The subspecies name, ''marginata'', derives from the Latin for "border" and refers to the red markings on the outer (marginal) part of the upper shell; ''dorsalis'' is from the Latin for "back", referring to the prominent [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] stripe; and ''bellii'' honors English zoologist [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Thomas Bell]], a collaborator of [[Charles Darwin]].<ref name="Beltz">{{cite web|last=Beltz|first=Ellin|title=Scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of North America – explained|url=http://ebeltz.net/herps/etymain.html#Turtles|date = 2006 |access-date=2010-12-13}}</ref><ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Chrysemys picta belli'', p. 22).</ref> An alternate East Coast common name for the painted turtle is "skilpot", from the Dutch for turtle, ''schildpad''.<ref name="VA Herpsoc">{{cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard L.|title='Skilpot': a request for information|journal=Virginia Herpetological Society Bulletin|date=March 1987|volume=85|url=http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/bulletins/VHS%20Bulletin%2085.pdf|quote=When I was a child living in Clifton Forge, VA, the name by which I learned ''Chrysemys picta'', painted turtle, was 'skilpot'.|access-date=2010-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717210736/http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/bulletins/VHS%20Bulletin%2085.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Classification===
Originally described in 1783 by [[Johann Gottlob Schneider]] as ''Testudo picta'',<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" /><ref name="Schneider1783-p348" /> the painted turtle was called ''Chrysemys picta'' first by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1855. The four subspecies were then recognized: the eastern by Schneider in 1783,<ref name="Schneider1783-p348" />{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}} the western by Gray in 1831,{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}}<ref name="Gray1831-p12" /> and the midland and southern by [[Louis Agassiz]] in 1857.{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=178}}<ref name="Agassiz1857" />
Until the 1930s many of the subspecies of the painted turtle were labeled by biologists as full species within ''Chrysemys'', but this varied by the researcher. The painted turtles in the border region between the western and midland subspecies were sometimes considered a full species, ''treleasei''. In 1931, [[Sherman C. Bishop|Bishop]] and [[Franklin J. W. Schmidt|Schmidt]] defined the current "four in one" taxonomy of species and subspecies. Based on comparative measurements of turtles from throughout the range, they subordinated species to subspecies and eliminated ''treleasei''.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite journal | last1 = Bishop | first1 = Sherman | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = F. J. W. | title = The painted turtles of the genus ''Chrysemys'' | pages = 123–139 | journal = Zoological Series | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | date = 1931 | publisher = Field Museum of Natural History | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9sNJAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA123| access-date = 2011-01-06}}</ref>
Since at least 1958,<ref name="Bleakney 1958">{{cite journal | title = Postglacial dispersal of the turtle ''Chrysemys picta'' | journal = Herpetologica | date = 1958-07-23 | first = Sherman | last = Bleakney | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–104| jstor = 3889448}} {{subscription}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Bishop and Schmidt alluded to glacial origins even earlier.<ref name="Bishop" />|group="nb"}} the subspecies were thought to have evolved in response to [[Allopatric speciation|geographic isolation]] during the last ice age, 100,000 to 11,000 years ago.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} At that time painted turtles were divided into three different populations: eastern painted turtles along the southeastern Atlantic coast; southern painted turtles around the southern Mississippi River; and western painted turtles in the southwestern United States.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}} The populations were not completely isolated for sufficiently long, hence wholly different species never evolved. When the glaciers retreated, about 11,000 years ago, all three subspecies moved north. The western and southern subspecies met in Missouri and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] to produce the midland painted turtle, which then moved east and north through the Ohio and Tennessee river basins.<ref name="Bleakney 1958" />{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}}
Biologists have long debated the genera of closely related subfamily-mates ''Chrysemys,'' ''[[Pseudemys]]'' (cooters), and ''[[Trachemys]]'' (sliders). After 1952, some combined ''Pseudemys'' and ''Chrysemys'' because of similar appearance.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=213}} In 1964, based on measurements of the skull and feet, [[Samuel B. McDowell]] proposed all three genera be merged into one. However, further measurements, in 1967, contradicted this [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] arrangement. Also in 1967, [[J. Alan Holman]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Comments on turtles of the genus ''Chrysemys'' Gray | journal = Herpetologica | date = September 1977 | first = J. Alan | last = Holman | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–276 | jstor = 3891939}} {{subscription}}</ref> a paleontologist and herpetologist, pointed out that, although the three turtles were often found together in nature and had similar mating patterns, they did not [[crossbreed]]. In the 1980s, studies of turtles' cell structures, biochemistries, and parasites further indicated that ''Chrysemys'', ''Pseudemys'', and ''Trachemys'' should remain in separate genera.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=203}}
David E. Starkey and collaborators advanced a new view of the subspecies in 2003. Based on a study of the [[mitochondrial DNA]], they rejected the glacial development theory and argued that the southern painted turtle should be elevated to a separate species, ''C. dorsalis'', while the other subspecies should be collapsed into one and not differentiated.<ref name="Starkey2003">{{cite journal | title = Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') complex | journal = Evolution | date = 2003 | first = David | last = Starkey | display-authors = 4 | author2 = Shaffer, H. Bradley | author3 = Burke, Russel | author4 = Forstner, Michael R. J. | author5 = Iverson, John B. | author6 = Janzen, Fredric J. | author7 = Rhodin, Anders G. J. | author8 = Ultsch, Gordon R. | pmid = 12643572 | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–128 | url = http://people.hofstra.edu/russell_l_burke/PDFs/starkey_et_al.pdf | doi = 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00220.x | s2cid = 16681228 | access-date = 2010-12-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324103029/http://people.hofstra.edu/russell_l_burke/PDFs/starkey_et_al.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-24 | url-status = dead | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, this proposition was largely unrecognized because successful breeding between all subspecies was documented wherever they overlapped.{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}}{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=2}} Nevertheless, in 2010, the [[IUCN]] recognized both ''C. dorsalis'' and ''C. p. dorsalis'' as valid names for the southern painted turtle.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
===Fossils===
[[File:Top and bottom shell fossil Cf Chrysemys picta 01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=fossils in a tray, paper labels nearby|Top and bottom shell fossils, about 5 million years old, from a Tennessee [[sinkhole]]<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Robert W|title=Mass grave from the remote past|journal=Norwegian Continental Shelf|date=2007-12-17|volume=2007|issue=3|url=http://www.npd.no/en/Publications/Norwegian-Continental-Shelf/No-3-2007/Mass-grave-from-the-remote-past/|access-date=2011-02-08|publisher=Norwegian Petroleum Directorate|format=also avail. as pdf}}</ref>]]
Although its evolutionary history—what the forerunner to the species was and how the close relatives branched off—is not well understood, the painted turtle is common in the fossil record.<ref name="Dobie">{{cite journal|last=Dobie|first=James L.|title=The taxonomic relationship between ''Malaclemys'' Gray, 1844 and ''Graptemys agassiz'', 1857 (Testudines: Emydidae) |journal=Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany|date=1981–1982|volume=23|pages=85–103|url=https://archive.org/stream/tulanestudiesinz2319811982tula/tulanestudiesinz2319811982tula_djvu.txt|access-date=2011-01-04}}</ref> The oldest samples, found in Nebraska, date to about 15 million years ago. Fossils from 15 million to about 5 million years ago are restricted to the Nebraska-Kansas area, but more recent fossils are gradually more widely distributed. Fossils newer than 300,000 years old are found in almost all the United States and southern Canada.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=184–185}}
===DNA===
The turtle's [[karyotype]] (nuclear DNA, rather than mitochondrial DNA) consists of 50 [[chromosome]]s, the same number as the rest of its subfamily-mates and the most common number for Emydidae turtles in general.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}<ref name=Bickham>{{cite journal|last=Bickham|first=J. W.|author2=Carr, J. L.|title=Taxonomy and phylogeny of the higher categories of|journal=Copeia|date=1983|volume=1983|issue=4|pages=918–932|doi=10.2307/1445093 |jstor=1445093|s2cid=29543729|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b783f48a4933c914c680f30e47d8a522715c92f}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 10.</ref><ref name=Killebrew>{{cite journal|last=Killebrew|first=F. C.|title=Mitotic chromosomes of turtles. IV. The Emydidae|journal=Texas Journal of Science|date=1977|volume=24|pages=249–253}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 10.</ref> Less well-related turtles have from 26 to 66 chromosomes.<ref name="Killebrew count">{{cite journal|last=Killebrew|first=Flavius C.|title=Mitotic chromosomes of turtles: I. The Pelomedusidae|journal=Journal of Herpetology|date=1975-07-28|volume=9|issue=3|pages=282–285|doi=10.2307/1563192|jstor=1563192}}</ref> Little systematic study of variations of the painted turtle's karotype among populations has been done.{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=11}} (However, in 1967, research on ''protein'' structure of offshore island populations in New England, showed differences from mainland turtles.<ref name=Waters>{{cite journal|last=Waters|first=J. H.|title=Additional observations of Southeastern Massachusetts insular and|journal=Copeia|date=1969|volume=1|issue=1|pages=179–182|doi=10.2307/1441709 |jstor=1441709}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 11.</ref>)
Comparison of subspecies chromosomal DNA has been discussed, to help address the debate over Starkey's proposed taxonomy, but as of 2009 had not been reported.{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=11}}{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=22}} The complete sequencing of the genetic code for the painted turtle was at a "draft assembled" state in 2010. The turtle was one of two reptiles chosen to be first sequenced.<ref name=Genome>{{cite web|title=Approved sequencing targets|url=http://www.genome.gov/10002154|publisher=National Human Genome Research Institutes (National Institutes of Health)|access-date=2011-02-14|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69gtLYtOc?url=http://www.genome.gov/10002154|archive-date=2012-08-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Interaction with humans==
===Conservation===
[[File:Turtle crossing sign, April 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|British Columbia road sign (for painted turtle protection)|alt=An orange, diamond-shaped sign on the right side of a winding road way that says "Slow: crossing season" with a picture of a turtle.]]
{{Main|Conservation of painted turtles}}
The species is currently classified as [[least concern]] by the [[IUCN]] but populations have been subject to decline locally.<ref name=iucn/>
The decline in painted turtle populations is not a simple matter of dramatic range reduction, like that of the [[:File:Extermination of bison to 1889.svg|American bison]]. Instead the turtle is classified as G5 (demonstrably widespread) in its [[NatureServe conservation status|Natural Heritage Global Rank]],{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=5}} and the [[IUCN]] rates it as a species of [[least concern]].{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}} The painted turtle's high reproduction rate and its ability to survive in polluted wetlands and artificially made ponds have allowed it to maintain its range,<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref name="TC Proj">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle: ''Chrysemys picta''|url=http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html|publisher=Turtle Conservation Project|access-date=2010-12-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922222101/http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html|archive-date=2010-09-22}}</ref> but the post-Columbus settlement of North America has reduced its numbers.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=23–32}}
Only within the Pacific Northwest is the turtle's range eroding. Even there, in Washington, the painted turtle is designated S5 (demonstrably widespread). However, in Oregon, the painted turtle is designated S2 (imperiled),{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=9}} and in British Columbia, the turtle's populations in the [[British Columbia Coast|Coast]] and [[British Columbia Interior|Interior]] regions are labeled "endangered"<ref name="sara2010">{{cite news | title = Species profile western painted turtle Pacific coast population | date = 2010-01-11 | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=902 | work = Species at Risk Public Registry | access-date = 2010-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610224623/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=902 | archive-date = 2013-06-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and "of special concern", respectively.<ref name="SARA2010">{{cite news | title = Species profile western painted turtle intermountain – Rocky Mountain population | date = 2010-01-11 | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=903 | work = Species at Risk Public Registry | access-date = 2010-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610233735/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=903 | archive-date = 2013-06-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The iconic painted turtle is popular in British Columbia, and the province is spending to save the painted turtle as only a few thousand turtles remain in the entire province.<ref name="HAT PR">{{cite web|last=Carnahan|first=Todd|title=Western painted turtles|url=http://www.hat.bc.ca/stewardship-projects/stewardship-group1-helping-people-steward-nature/turtles.html|publisher=Habitat Acquisition Trust|access-date=2010-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102010513/http://www.hat.bc.ca/stewardship-projects/stewardship-group1-helping-people-steward-nature/turtles.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-02}}</ref><ref name="BC Frogwatch">{{cite web|title=B.C. frogwatch program: Painted turtle|url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/okanagan/esd/atlas/species/turtle.html|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Environment|access-date=2011-07-21}}</ref><ref name="Nilsen">{{cite news|last=Nilsen|first=Emily|title=Protecting the painted turtle|url=http://blog.conservancy.bc.ca/2010/08/protecting-the-painted-turtle/|access-date=2010-12-11|newspaper=Nelson Express|date=2010-08-09}}</ref>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|p=29}}|group="nb"}}
Much is written about the different factors that threaten the painted turtle, but they are unquantified, with only inferences of relative importance.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}} A primary threat category is habitat loss in various forms. Related to water habitat, there is drying of [[Wetlands of the United States|wetlands]], clearing of aquatic logs or rocks (basking sites), and clearing of shoreline vegetation, which allows more predator access{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=33}} or increased human foot traffic.<ref name="Hayes">{{cite report|author=Hayes, M. P.|display-authors=4|author2=Beilke, S. G.|author3=Boczkiewicz, S. M.|author4=P. B. Hendrix, P. I.|author5=Ritson, P. I.|author6=Rombough, C. J. |title=The western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') at the Rivergate industrial district: management options and opportunities|date=2002}} cited in {{cite web|last1=Gervais |first1=Jennifer |display-authors=4 |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Daniel |last3=Barnes |first3=Susan |last4=Puchy |first4=Claire |last5=Stewart |first5=Elaine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 |type=technical report |date=September 2009 |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ZYJM9?url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Leuteritz">{{cite journal|last=Leuteritz|first=T. E. |author2=Manson, C. J.|title=Preliminary observations on the effects of human perturbation on basking behavior in the midland painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta marginata'') |journal=Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society|date=1996|volume=32|pages=16–23}} cited in {{cite web|last1=Gervais |first1=Jennifer |display-authors=4 |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Daniel |last3=Barnes |first3=Susan |last4=Puchy |first4=Claire |last5=Stewart |first5=Elaine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 |type=technical report |date=September 2009 |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service |page=36 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ZYJM9?url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Related to nesting habitat, urbanization or planting can remove needed sunny soils.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=36}}
Another significant human impact is roadkill—dead turtles, especially females, are commonly seen on summer roads.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} In addition to direct killing, roads [[Genetic isolate|genetically isolate]] some populations.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} Localities have tried to limit roadkill by constructing underpasses,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=47}} highway barriers,<ref name="Missoulian" /> and crossing signs.<ref name="Ottowa">{{cite web|last=Holmes|first=Dianne|title=Report on turtle crossing signs proposal|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/archives/rmoc/Regional_Council/11Oct00/item2_70.pdf|publisher=Region of Ottawa-Carleton|quote= ... inexpensive and morally exemplary ..."}}</ref> Oregon has introduced public education on turtle awareness, safe swerving, and safely assisting turtles across the road.<ref>{{cite journal | title = On the ground: The Oregon conservation strategy at work | journal = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) | date = February 2010 | first = Meg | last = Kenagy| url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/news/2010/2010_february.asp | access-date = 2011-01-07}}</ref>
In the West, human-introduced bass, bullfrogs, and especially snapping turtles, have increased the predation of hatchlings.<ref name="Missoulian" />{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=35}} Outside the Southeast, where [[Pond slider|sliders]] are native, released pet [[red-eared slider]] turtles increasingly compete with painted turtles.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=6}} In cities, increased urban predators (raccoons, canines, and felines) may impact painted turtles by eating their eggs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=33}}
Other factors of concern for the painted turtles include over-collection from the wild,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> released pets introducing diseases<ref name="IN FG pet" /> or reducing [[genetic variability]],{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=6}} pollution,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|pp=36–37}} boating traffic, angler's hooks (the turtles are noteworthy bait-thieves), wanton shooting, and crushing by agricultural machines or golf course lawnmowers or [[all-terrain vehicle]]s.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=37}}<ref name="AZ FG" /><ref name="VA FG" /> Gervais and colleagues note that research itself impacts the populations and that much funded turtle trapping work has not been published. They advocate discriminating more on what studies are done, thereby putting fewer turtles into scientists' traps.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=40}} [[Global warming]] represents an uncharacterized future threat.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=23–32}}{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=38}}
As the most common turtle in [[Nova Scotia]], the eastern painted turtle is not listed under the Species at Risk Act for conservation requirements.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nova Scotia Museum|year=2017|title=Eastern Painted Turtle|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp}}</ref>
[[File:Oregon's Native Turtles.ogv|center|thumbtime=1:25|thumb|'''Oregon conservation video:''' <!-- Do not cut the citations containing links to youtube and state of Oregon. 80% of Wiki readers can not see ogg formatted videos. It's same video, but viewable by people using most browsers. -->If video play problematic, try external links within citations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/images/video_gallery/oregon_native_turtles.asp |title=News and Highlights: Video Gallery – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |publisher=Dfw.state.or.us |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeTVghxdZwI |title=Oregon's Native Turtles |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref> Note list of factors at 0:30–0:60 and hoop trap at 1:50–2:00.]]
===Pets and other uses===
{{quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=100%|quote="... we do not necessarily encourage people to collect these turtles. Turtles kept as pets usually soon become
ill ... The best way to enjoy our native turtles is to observe them in the wild ... it would be better to take a picture than a 'picta'!"|source=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission<ref name="Sheils" />|align=right}}
According to a trade data study, painted turtles were the second most popular pet turtles after red-eared sliders in the early 1990s.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=26}} As of 2010, most U.S. states allow, but discourage, painted turtle pets, although Oregon forbids keeping them as pets,<ref name="OR FG prohibit">{{cite web|title=Oregon native turtles|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/docs/TurtleIDCardFRONT.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and Indiana prohibits their sale.<ref name="IN FG pet">{{cite web|title=Turtles as pets |url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/3327.htm|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2010-12-11|quote=It is illegal in the State of Indiana to sell native species of turtles}}</ref> U.S. federal law prohibits sale or transport of any turtle less than {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}, to limit human contact to [[salmonella]].<ref name="CFR">{{cite web|title=Title 21 CFR 1240.62|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=1240.62|publisher=U. S. Food and Drug Administration|access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref> However, a loophole for scientific samples allows some small turtles to be sold, and [[Wildlife trade#Illegal wildlife trade|illegal trafficking]] also occurs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=35}}<ref name="ABC">{{cite news|title=Pet turtles pose salmonella danger to kids: They're banned from sale by law but still appear at flea markets, pet shops, experts say|author=Reinberg, Steven|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4507824&page=1|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2010-12-12|newspaper=ABC News}}</ref>
Painted turtle pet-keeping requirements are similar to those of the red-eared slider. Keepers are urged to provide them with adequate space and a basking site, and water that is regularly filtered and changed. According to [[Petco]], the animals are described as being somewhat unsuitable for children as they do not enjoy being held. Hobbyists have kept turtles alive for decades.<ref name="Senneke care">{{cite web|last=Senneke|first=Darrel|title=''Chrysemys picta'' – (Painted turtle) care|url=http://www.chelonia.org/articles/pdfs/chrysemys.pdf|publisher=World Cheledonian Trust|date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Bartlett | first1 = R. D. | last2 = Bartlett | first2 = Patricia | title = Aquatic turtles: Sliders, cooters, painted, and map turtles | publisher = Barron's Educational Series | date = 2003 | location = Hong Kong | pages = 1–48 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NV3Dzc2HIA4C&pg=PP1 | access-date = 2011-01-05 | isbn = 978-0-7641-2278-1}}</ref><ref name="Myturtlecam">{{cite web|title=Choosing a turtle|url=http://www.myturtlecam.com/choose.php|publisher=Myturtlecam.com|access-date=2011-01-25}}</ref>
The painted turtle is sometimes eaten but is not highly regarded as food,{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=218–219}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=233}} as even the largest subspecies, the western painted turtle, is inconveniently small and larger turtles are available.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=224}} Schools frequently dissect painted turtles, which are sold by [[biological supply industry|biological supply]] companies;<ref name="Gamble2003">{{cite web|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The commercial harvest of painted turtles in Minnesota: final report to the Minnesota department of natural resources, natural heritage and nongame research program|url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/2003/2003_gamble.pdf|type=technical report|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|author2=Simons, Andrew M.|date=2003-05-30}}</ref> specimens often come from the wild but may be captive-bred.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pike|first=Sue|title=Painted turtles often used for classroom dissection|url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100721-LIFE-7210312|access-date=2010-12-07|newspaper=Seacoast Media (Dow Jones wire service)|date=2010-07-21}}</ref> In the Midwest, [[turtle racing]] is popular at summer fairs.<ref name="Gamble2003" /><ref name="Freeman">{{cite news|last=Freeman|first=Eric|title=Rupp, grandson trap turtles to compete in local races|url=http://columbustelegram.com/news/local/article_11f50372-730c-11df-9a36-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2010-12-18|newspaper=Columbus Telegram|date=2010-06-08}}</ref><ref name="Midwest Weekends">{{cite web|title=Fast times in Nisswa: Swift turtles mix with power shoppers in a Minnesota lake-country oasis|url=http://www.midwestweekends.com/plan_a_trip/family_friends/travel_with_kids/nisswa_turtle_races.html|publisher=Midwest Weekends|access-date=2010-12-18}}</ref>
===Capture===
{{Main|Capture of painted turtles}}
Commercial harvesting of painted turtles in the wild is controversial and, increasingly, restricted.<ref name="Keen">{{cite news|last=Keen|first=Judith|title=States rethink turtle trapping|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/environment/2009-07-19-turtle-hunt_N.htm|access-date=2010-12-21|newspaper=USA Today|date=2009-07-20}}</ref><ref name="Thorbjarnarson">{{cite book|title=Turtle conservation|date=2000 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|author=Thorbjarnarson, J.|chapter=Human use of turtles |display-authors=4 |author2=Lageux, C. L. |author3=Bolze, D. |author4=Klemens, M. W. |author5= Meylan, A. B. |editor=Klemens, M. W |location=Washington and London|pages=33–84}} cited in {{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |last=Gamble |first=Tony |author2=Simon, Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |issn=0091-7648 |access-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619180515/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wisconsin formerly had virtually unrestricted trapping of painted turtles but based on qualitative observations forbade all commercial harvesting in 1997.<ref name="Arnie">{{cite journal |last=Arnie |first=Jennifer |title=The turtle trap|journal=Imprint Magazine|url=http://www.bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html|access-date=2010-12-21|publisher=The University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119125046/http://bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-19}}</ref> Neighboring Minnesota, where trappers collected more than 300,000 painted turtles during the 1990s,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} commissioned a study of painted turtle harvesting.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Scientists found that harvested lakes averaged half the painted turtle density of off-limit lakes, and population modeling suggested that unrestricted harvests could produce a large decline in turtle populations.<ref name="Gamble2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |last=Gamble |first=Tony |author2=Simon, Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |issn=0091-7648 |access-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619180515/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In response, Minnesota forbade new harvesters in 2002 and limited trap numbers. Although harvesting continued,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> subsequent takes averaged half those of the 1990s.<ref name="MN DNR 2005">{{cite web |title=Minnesota commercial turtle harvest: 2012-2013 |url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/2013_commercialturtleharvest.pdf |format=report |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |access-date=2017-09-21 }}</ref> As of 2009, painted turtles faced virtually unlimited harvesting in Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma;<ref name="CBD">{{cite web |title=Southern and midwestern turtle species affected by commercial harvest |url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/southern_and_midwestern_freshwater_turtles/pdfs/Southern-and-midwestern-turtle-species-affected-by-harvest.pdf |publisher=Center for Biological Diversity |access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> since then, Missouri has prohibited their harvesting.<ref name="MO FG" />
[[File:Turtles on trap1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A square turtle trap is floating near some reeds. There is a plank across the middle, but open access to a space in the middle otherwise, that three turtles are basking on, one crawling on the other. The outer sides of the trap slope and one turtle is starting to climb out of the water, up onto the trap. It is sunny.|Basking trap in Minnesota]]
Individuals who trap painted turtles typically do so to earn additional income,<ref name="Gamble2004" /><ref name="Keen" /> selling a few thousand a year at $1–2 each.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Many trappers have been involved in the trade for generations, and value it as a family activity.<ref name="Arnie" /> Some harvesters disagree with limiting the catch, saying the populations are not dropping.<ref name="Arnie" />
Many U.S. state [[fish and game department]]s <!-- only wiki page is a disamb page that lists 4 of the 50 state FG departments, think redlink better choice here, page could be good article -->allow non-commercial taking of painted turtles under a [[Creel (basket)|creel]] limit, and require a fishing (sometimes hunting) license;{{#tag:ref|State fish and game creel limits.<ref name="AL FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame species protected by Alabama regulations|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|publisher=Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries|access-date=2017-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193821/http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|archive-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="AZ FG">{{cite web|title=Arizona reptile and amphibian regulations |url=http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208100709/http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="VA FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame fish, reptile, amphibian and aquatic invertebrate regulations |url=http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2010-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111164423/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |archive-date=2010-11-11 }}</ref><ref name="AL FG comm">{{cite web|title=Resident license information and applications packets|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818192510/http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|archive-date=2014-08-18}}</ref><ref name="MI FG">{{cite web|title=Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians|url=http://www.michigan.gov/documents/RegsOnTheTakeOfReptilesAndAmphibians_164917_7.pdf|publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref><ref name="PA FG">{{cite web|title=Summary of Pennsylvania fishing laws and regulations – reptiles and amphibians – seasons and limits|url=http://pfbc.pa.gov/fishpub/summaryad/repamp.html|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="NH FG">{{cite web|title=Rules and regulations for reptiles and amphibians in New Hampshire|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/nongame/rules-amp-rept.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>|group="nb"}} others completely forbid the recreational capture of painted turtles. Trapping is not allowed in Oregon, where western painted turtle populations are in decline,<ref name="OR FG">{{cite web|title=Guidance for Conserving Oregon's Native Turtles including Best Management Practices|url=https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/living_with/docs/ODFW_Turtle_BMPs_March_2015.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> and in Missouri, where there are populations of both southern and western subspecies.<ref name="MO FG">{{cite web|title=MDC discover nature turtles|url=https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/amphibian-and-reptile-facts/turtle-facts|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|access-date=2017-09-21|quote=Missouri has 17 kinds of turtles; all but three are protected ... common snapping turtles and two softshells ...}}</ref> In Canada, Ontario protects both subspecies present, the midland and western,<ref name="Ontario Hunting">{{cite web|title=Hunting regulations 2010–2011|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239841.pdf|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and British Columbia protects its dwindling western painted turtles.<ref name="BC" />
Capture methods are also regulated by locality. Typically trappers use either floating "basking traps" or partially submerged, baited "hoop traps".<ref name="Gamble2006">{{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> Trapper opinions,<ref name="Gamble2006" /> commercial records,<ref name="MN DNR 2005" /> and scientific studies<ref name="Gamble2006" /><ref name="Browne2005">{{cite journal|last=Browne|first=C. L.|author2=Hecnar, S. J.|title=Capture success of northern map turtles (''Graptemys geographica'') and other turtle species in basking vs. baited traps|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2005|volume=36|pages=145–147}} cited in {{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref><ref name="McKenna2001">{{cite journal|last=McKenna|first=K. C.|title=''Chrysemys picta'' (painted turtle). Trapping|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2001|volume=32|page=184}} cited in {{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> show that basking traps are more effective for collecting painted turtles, while the hoop traps work better for collecting "meat turtles" (snapping turtles and [[Trionychidae|soft-shell turtles]]). Nets, hand capture, and fishing with [[Dropline|set lines]] are generally legal, but shooting, chemicals, and explosives are forbidden.{{#tag:ref|State fish and game taking restrictions.<ref name="AL FG"/><ref name="AZ FG"/><ref name="VA FG"/><ref name="MI FG"/><ref name="PA FG"/><ref name="NH FG"/>|group="nb"}}
{{Clear}}
===Culture===
{{quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=100%|quote="Whereas, the Painted Turtle is a hard worker and can withstand cold temperatures like the citizens of Vermont, and Whereas, the colors of the Painted Turtle represent the beauty of our state in autumn ... the General Assembly hereby recognizes the Painted Turtle as the official state reptile ..."|source=Vermont J.R.S. 57<ref name="Vermont" />}}
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes were familiar with the painted turtle—young braves were trained to recognize its splashing into water as an alarm—and incorporated it in folklore.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Macfarlan | first1 = Allan | last2 = Macfarlan | first2 = Paulette | title = Handbook of American Indian games | publisher = Dover Publications | isbn = 978-0-486-24837-0 | date = 1985-03-01 | page = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00macf/page/62 62] | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00macf/page/62 }}</ref> A [[Potawatomi]] myth describes how the talking turtles, "Painted Turtle" and allies "Snapping Turtle" and "[[box turtle|Box Turtle]]", outwit the village women. Painted Turtle is the star of the legend and uses his distinctive markings to trick a woman into holding him so he can bite her.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html | title = Potawatomi oral tradition | access-date = 2010-12-17 | publisher = Milwaukee Public Museum | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610005129/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html | archive-date = 2010-06-10 }} Adapted from {{cite book | last = Skinner | first = Alanson | title = The Mascoutens or Prairie Potawatomi Indians, Volume 6 | chapter = Mythology and Folklore | volume = 3 | publisher = Board of Trustees | date = 1927 | location = Indiana University}}</ref> An [[Illiniwek|Illini]] myth recounts how Painted Turtle put his paint on to entice a chief's daughter into the water.<ref>Illinois State Museum. [http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/popups/be_turtle.html The painted turtle]. Retrieved 2010-12-10. "As told by an unidentified Peoria informant to Truman Michelson, 1916; after Knoepfle 1993."</ref>
As of 2010, four U.S. states designated the painted turtle as [[List of U.S. state reptiles|official reptile]]. Vermont honored the reptile in 1994, following the suggestion of [[Cornwall Elementary School]] students.<ref name="Vermont">{{cite web | url = http://www.leg.state.vt.us/DOCS/1994/ACTS/ACTR179.HTM | title = Joint resolution relating to the designation of the painted turtle as the state reptile | access-date = 2010-12-15}}</ref> In 1995, Michigan followed, based on the recommendation of [[Niles, Michigan|Niles]] fifth graders, who discovered the state lacked an official reptile.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Michigan's state symbols | journal = Michigan History Magazine | date = May 2002 | volume = 100| url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mhc_mhm_statesymbols2002_47909_7.pdf}}</ref> Illinois citizens, in 2004, voted to select the painted turtle as their state reptile and the legislature made it official in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx |title=State symbols |access-date=2010-12-15 |publisher=Illinois.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630233940/http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx |archive-date=June 30, 2010 }}</ref> Colorado chose the western painted turtle in 2008, following the efforts of two succeeding years of Jay Biachi's fourth grade classes.<ref name="Colorado">{{cite web | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/history/symbemb.htm#Reptile | title = Colorado state archives symbols & emblems | access-date = 2011-01-23 | work = colorado.gov | publisher = State of Colorado}}</ref> In New York, the painted turtle narrowly lost (5,048 to 5,005, versus the common snapping turtle) a 2006 statewide student election for state reptile.<ref name="NY election">{{cite web|title=The voting is over: Students nominate common snapping turtle as official state reptile|url=http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Joel-M-Miller/story/18722/|publisher=Assemblyman Joel M. Miller|access-date=2011-02-25|date=2006-04-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007141341/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Joel-M-Miller/story/18722/|archive-date=2012-10-07}}</ref>
[[File:2009-0521-Boissevain-TtheT.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large turtle statue standing on two legs and holding a Canadian flag in one hand an American flag in the other.|''Tommy the Turtle'']]
In the border town of [[Boissevain, Manitoba|Boissevain]], Manitoba, a {{convert|10,000|lb|kg|abbr=on|-2}} western painted turtle, ''Tommy the Turtle'', is a roadside attraction. The statue was built in 1974 to celebrate the Canadian Turtle Derby, a festival including [[Turtle racing|turtle races]] that ran from 1972–2001.<ref name="Raynor">{{cite news|last=Raynor |first=Paul |title=Celebration coins minted and ready |url=http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm |access-date=2011-01-28 |newspaper=Boissevain Recorder |date=2005-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230632/http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm |archive-date=February 13, 2006 }}</ref>
Another Canadian admirer of the painted turtle is [[Jon Montgomery]], who won the 2010 Olympic gold medal in [[Skeleton (sport)|skeleton]] (a form of sled) racing, while wearing a painted turtle painting on the crown of his helmet, prominently visible when he slid downhill. Montgomery, who also iconically tattooed his chest with a maple-leaf,<ref name="Whistler's party">{{cite web|title=Jon Montgomery is the life of Whistler's party |url=http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party |author=Kevin McGran |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=2010-02-21 |access-date=2010-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224051700/http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party |archive-date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref> explained his visual promotion of the turtle, saying that he had assisted one to cross the road. [[BC Hydro]] referred to Montgomery's action when describing its own sponsorship of conservation research for the turtle in British Columbia.<ref name="editor">{{cite news|author=editor|title=BC Hydro plans painted turtle study this summer|url=http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/|access-date=2011-02-04|newspaper=The Revelstoke Current|date=2010-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175310/http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/|archive-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>
Several private entities use the painted turtle as a symbol. [[Wayne State University Press]] operates an imprint "named after the Michigan state reptile" that "publishes books on regional topics of cultural and historical interest".<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle publishing imprint website |url=http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle |publisher=Wayne State University Press |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018003207/http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle |archive-date=October 18, 2009 }}</ref> In California, [[The Painted Turtle]] is a camp for ill children, founded by [[Paul Newman]]. Painted Turtle Winery of British Columbia trades on the "laid back and casual lifestyle" of the turtle with a "job description to bask in the sun".<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle winery|url=http://www.paintedturtlewine.com/|access-date=2010-12-07}}</ref> Also, there is an Internet company in Michigan,<ref name="PTWD">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle web design|url=http://www.paintedturtlewebdesign.com/|publisher=Painted Turtle Web Design|access-date=2011-01-02}}</ref> a guesthouse in British Columbia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle guesthouse website|url=http://www.paintedturtle.ca/home.php|access-date=2010-12-06}}</ref> and a café in Maine that use the painted turtle commercially.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff reports |title=Eat & run |newspaper=The Portland Press Herald |date=2010-03-12 |url=http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114858/http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html |archive-date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>
In children's books, the painted turtle is a popular subject, with at least seven books published between 2000 and 2010.{{#tag:ref|2000–2010 children's books on the painted turtle.<ref name="Collier2010">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Kevin Scott|title=The Esther Chronicles|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="Collier">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Kent Scott|title=Esther's Channel|isbn=978-0-9752880-6-1|publisher=Baker Tritten|date=2005-04-15|url=https://archive.org/details/estherschannel0000coll}}</ref><ref name="Hughes">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Marghanita|title=Nika and the painted turtle|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="Gillis">{{cite book|last=Gillis|first=Jennifer Blizen|title=Turtles: Pets at my House|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-5056-2|date=2004-10-30|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/turtles0000gill}}</ref><ref name="Hipp">{{cite book|last=Hipp|first=Andrew|title=The Life Cycle of a Painted Turtle|publisher=Rosen Classroom|isbn=978-1-4042-5208-0|date=2005-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Falwell">{{cite book|last=Falwell|first=Cathryn|title=Turtle Splash!: Countdown at the Pond|publisher=Greenwillow Books|isbn=978-0-06-142927-9|date=2008-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Turtle Crossing">{{cite book|last=Chrustowski|first=Rick|title=Turtle Crossing|date=2006|publisher=Henry Hold & Co|isbn=978-0-8050-7498-7|url=https://archive.org/details/turtlecrossing0000chru|url-access=registration|quote=So the next time you see a Turtle Crossing sign, keep your eyes open—if you're lucky, you just might see a painted turtle on her way to make a nest.}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
{{Clear}}
==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{Reflist| group="nb"}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em|refs =
<ref name="Schneider1783-p348">
{{cite book
| last = Schneider
| first = Johann Gotttlob
| author-link = Johann Gottlob Schneider
| title = Allgemeine naturgeschichte der schildkröten
| publisher = J.G. Müller
| date = 1783
| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wl5HAAAAYAAJ/page/n397 348]
| location = Leipzig
| language = de
| format = Gothic script
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wl5HAAAAYAAJ
| access-date = 2011-02-08
| quote = ... unter dem namen Testudo picta ...
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Gray1831-p12">
{{cite book
| last = Gray
| first = John Edward
| author-link = John Edward Gray
| editor = Griffith, Edward
| title = The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization: The class reptilia, with specific descriptions, volume 9
| date = 1831
| publisher = Whittikar, Treacher
| location = London
| page = 12
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1IAAAAMAAJ&q=John+edward+gray&pg=PA1
| chapter = A synopsis of the species of the class reptilia
| access-date = 2011-07-20
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Agassiz1857">
{{cite book
| last = Agassiz
| first = Louis
| author-link = Louis Agassiz
| title = Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America: First monograph: in three parts
| date = 1857
| publisher = Little, Brown
| location = Boston
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M2Q_AAAAcAAJ
| quote = agassiz.
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M2Q_AAAAcAAJ/page/n491 439]–440
| access-date = 2011-07-20
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Smith and Taylor">
{{cite book
| last1 = Smith
| first1 = Hobart M.
| author-link = Hobart Muir Smith
| last2 = Taylor
| first2 = Edward H.
| author-link2 = Edward Harrison Taylor
| title = An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes
| date = 1950
| work = Bulletin of the United States National Museum
| volume = 199
| pages = 33–34
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution
| url = http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/handle/10088/10203
| access-date = 2011-01-08
| quote = Recorded only from the state of Chihuahua: Rio Santa Maria, near Progreso
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Tanner1987-07">
{{cite journal
| last = Tanner
| first = Wilmer W.
| author-link = Wilmer Tanner
| title = Lizards and turtles of western Chihuahua
| date = July 1987
| journal = Great Basin Naturalist
| volume = 47
| issue = 3
| pages = 383–421
| url = https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/ojs/index.php/wnan/article/viewArticle/1829
| format = linked pdf
| access-date = 2011-01-09
| quote = Rio Santa Maria, above bridge west of Galeana ...
}}
</ref>
<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction">
{{cite web
| last = Ercelawn
| first = Aliya
| title = Reproduction
| work = Herpetology Species Page
| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biology and Environmental Sciences)
| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/reproduction.html
| access-date = 2011-02-06
}}
</ref>
<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic">
{{cite web
| last = Ercelawn
| first = Aliya
| work = Herpetology Species Page
| title = Taxonomic information
| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biological and Environmental Sciences Department)
| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/taxonomicinfo.html
| access-date = 2011-02-06
}}
</ref>
<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification">
{{cite web
| last = Ercelawn
| first = Aliya
| work = Herpetology Species Page
| title = Species identification
| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biology and Environmental Sciences)
| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/speciesidentification.html
| access-date = 2011-02-06
}}
</ref>
}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book
| last = Carr
| first = Archie
| author-link1 = Archie Carr
| title = Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California
| date = 1952
| chapter = Genus ''Chrysemys'': The Painted Turtles
| work = Handbooks of American Natural History
| publisher = Comstock Publishing Associates a Division of Cornell University Press
| location = Binghamton, New York
| pages = 213–234
| isbn = 0-8014-8254-2
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Dupuis
| first = Linda
| url = http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-505-2006E.pdf
| title = COSEWIC assessment and status report on the western painted turtle ''Chrysemys picta bellii''
| date = 2006
| page = 29
| publisher = Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
| ref = {{harvid|COSEWIC|2006}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Ernst
| first1 = Carl H.
| last2 = Barbour
| first2 = Roger William
| title = Turtles of the United States
| date = 1972
| chapter = ''Chrysemys picta''
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/turtlesofuniteds00carl/page/138 138]–146
| publisher = The University Press of Kentucky
| location = Lexington, Kentucky
| isbn = 0-8131-1272-9
| url = https://archive.org/details/turtlesofuniteds00carl
| url-access = registration
| access-date = 2011-02-08
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Ernst
| first1 = Carl H.
| last2 = Barbour
| first2 = Roger William
| title = Turtles of the World
| date = 1989
| chapter = ''Chrysemys''
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns/page/201 201]–203
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press
| location = Washington, D.C., and London
| isbn = 0-87474-414-8
| url = https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns
| url-access = registration
| access-date = 2011-02-08
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Ernst
| first1 = Carl H.
| last2 = Barbour
| first2 = Roger William
| last3 = Lovich
| first3 = Jeffery E.
| title = Turtles of the United States and Canada
| editor = Dutro, Nancy P.
| date = 1994
| pages = 276–296
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press
| location = Washington and London
| isbn = 1-56098-346-9
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IScWAQAAIAAJ
| access-date = 2011-02-08
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Ernst
| first1 = Carl H.
| last2 = Lovich
| first2 = Jeffery E.
| title = Turtles of the United States and Canada
| date = 2009
| pages = 185–259
| publisher = JHU Press
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 978-0-8018-9121-2
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nNOQghYEXZMC&pg=PA185
| access-date = 2011-02-08
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Fritz
|first1=Uwe
|last2=Havaš
|first2=Peter
|title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World
|date=2007
|journal=Vertebrate Zoology
|volume=57
|issue=2
|pages=149–368
|url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf
|archive-date=2011-05-01
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite web
|last1=Gervais
|first1=Jennifer
|last2=Rosenberg
|first2=Daniel
|last3=Barnes
|first3=Susan
|last4=Puchy
|first4=Claire
|last5=Stewart
|first5=Elaine
|title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1
|date=September 2009
|pages=4–61
|publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service
|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf
|type=technical report
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051652/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf
|archive-date=2011-08-13
|ref={{harvid|Gervais et al.|2009}}
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mann
| first = Melissa
| title = A taxonomic study of the morphological variation and intergradation of ''Chrysemys picta'' (Schneider) (Emydidae, Testudines) in West Virginia
| date = May 2007
| pages = i–64
| publisher = (Thesis) Marshall University
| url = http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/142/
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Packard
| first1 = Gary, C.
| last2 = Packard
| first2 = Mary J.
| last3 = Morjan
| first3 = Carrie L.
| last4 = Janzen
| first4 = Fredric J.
| title = Cold-tolerance of hatchling painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') from the southern limit of distribution|journal=Journal of Herpetology
| date = 2002
| volume = 36
| issue = 2
| pages = 300–304
| url = http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fjanzen/pdf/02JHerpetol1.pdf
| ref = {{harvid|Packard et al.|2002}}
| doi=10.2307/1566006
| jstor = 1566006
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Rhodin
|first1=Anders G.J.
|last2=van Dijk
|first2=Peter Paul
|last3=Inverson
|first3=John B.
|last4=Shaffer
|first4=H. Bradley
|title=Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status
|pages=000.89–000.138
|date=2010-12-14
|journal=Chelonian Research Monographs
|volume=5
|url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125632/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf
|archive-date=2011-07-17
|ref={{harvid|Rhodin et al.|2010}}
|url-status=dead
}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Chrysemys picta}}
* Missouri Department of Conservation video of [https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/southern-painted-turtle southern painted turtle (click video link)]: Note the discussion of red line on top of shell.
* {{UCSC genomes|chrPic1}}
{{Emydidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q199203}}
{{featured article}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Painted turtle}}
[[Category:Deirochelyinae]]
[[Category:Chrysemys|*]]
[[Category:Monotypic turtle genera]]
[[Category:Turtles of North America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Canada|Turtle, Painted]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States|Turtle, Painted]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States|Turtle, Painted]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)|Turtle, Painted]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)|Turtle, Painted]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Ontario]]
[[Category:Cryozoa]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1783]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Symbols of Colorado]]
[[Category:Symbols of Michigan]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Langhian first appearances]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Miocene turtles]]
[[Category:Pliocene turtles]]
[[Category:Quaternary turtles]]
[[Category:Symbols of Illinois]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | 'This is the story all about how my life got switched upside down now i would like to take a minute just sit right there i tell you all about how i came the prince of bel air. In west Philadelphia born and raised in the playground is where i spent most of my days chilling out maxing relaxing shooting some bball outside the court. When a couple of guys they were up to no good started making trouble in my neighborhood. I got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said " you moving with you auntie and uncle in bel air." I whistled for a cab and when it came near i could tell that it was fresher then dice in m ear. I pulled up around seven or eight and i yelled to the cabber ou homes smell you later I looked at my kingdom I was finally there time to sit on my throne as the prince of bell air' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,792 +1,1 @@
-{{About|the North American turtle|the summer camp|The Painted Turtle}}
-{{short description|Species of reptile}}
-{{Speciesbox
-| name = Painted turtle
-| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|15|0}}<small>[[Neogene]]–[[Holocene|recent]]</small>{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=184–185}}
-| image = Painted Turtle (14541060047).jpg
-| image_caption = Western painted turtle
-| status = LC
-| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163467/97410447|title=''Chrysemys picta''|access-date=2013-10-19}}</ref>
-| display_parents = 2
-| genus = Chrysemys
-| parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1844
-| species = picta
-| authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1783)
-| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
-| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
-| subdivision = ''C. p. bellii''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}<br />''C. p. dorsalis''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}{{#tag:ref|In December 2010 the [[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] provisionally elevated ''Chrysemys picta dorsalis'' to the species ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' but kept the [[Binomial nomenclature|classification]] as a subspecies as valid.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}|group="nb"}}<br />''C. p. marginata''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}<br />''C. p. picta''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
-| range_map = Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg
-| range_map_caption = Yellow: Eastern (''C. p. picta'')<br />
-Orange: Midland (''C. p. marginata'')<br />
-Blue: Southern (''C. p. dorsalis'')<br />
-Red: Western (''C. p. bellii'')| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title=Species synonymy{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=6}} }}
-* ''Testudo picta''<br /><small>[[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1783</small>
-* ''Chrysemys cinerea''<br /><small>[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1789</small>
-* ''Emys bellii''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831</small>
-* ''Emys oregoniensis''<br /><small>[[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1837</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1856</small>
-* ''Chrysemys marginata''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>
-* ''Chrysemys dorsalis''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>
-* ''Chrysemys nuttalli''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>
-* ''Chrysemys pulchra''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1873</small>
-* ''Chrysemys trealeasei''<br /><small>Hurter, 1911</small>
-{{hidden end}}{{hidden begin|title=Subspecies synonymy{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=6}}<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" />}}
-; ''[[Chrysemys picta picta]]''
-* ''Testudo picta'' <small>Schneider, 1783</small>
-* ''Testudo cinerea'' <small>Bonnaterre, 1789</small>
-* ''Emys cinerea'' <small>Schweigger, 1812</small>
-* ''Emys picta'' <small>Schweigger, 1812</small>
-* ''Clemmys picta'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small>
-* ''Terrapene picta'' <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta'' <small>Gray, 1856</small>
-* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>
-* ''Clemmys cinerea'' <small>Strauch, 1890</small>
-* ''Chrysemys [cinerea] cinerea'' <small>Siebenrock, 1909</small>
-* ''Chrysemis picta'' <small>Kallert, 1927</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta picta'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
-* ''Chrysema picta'' <small>Chan & Cohen, 1964</small>
-* ''Pseudemys picta'' <small>Arnold, 2002</small>
-; ''[[Chrysemys picta bellii]]''
-* ''Emys bellii'' <small>Gray, 1831</small>
-* ''Clemmys'' (''Clemmys'') ''bellii'' <small>Fitzinger, 1835</small>
-* ''Emys oregoniensis'' <small>Harlan, 1837</small>
-* ''Chrysemys bellii'' <small>Gray, 1844</small>
-* ''Emys originensis'' <small>Gray, 1844</small> (''[[ex errore]]'')
-* ''Emys oregonensis'' <small>LeConte, 1854</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Emys origonensis'' <small>Gray, 1856</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Chrysemys nuttalii'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
-* ''Chrysemys oregonensis'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
-* ''Clemmys oregoniensis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>
-* ''Chrysemys nuttallii'' <small>Gray, 1863</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Chrysemys orbigniensis'' <small>Gray, 1863</small>
-* ''Chrysemys pulchra'' <small>Gray, 1873</small>
-* ''Emys belli'' <small>Günther, 1874</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' var. ''bellii'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>
-* ''Chrysemys belli'' <small>Ditmars, 1907</small>
-* ''Chrysemys treleasei'' <small>Hurter, 1911</small>
-* ''Chrysemys marginata bellii'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>
-* ''Chrysemys bellii bellii'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta belli'' <small>Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934</small>
-* ''Chrysemys belli belli'' <small>Pickwell, 1948</small>
-* ''Chrysemys nuttalli'' <small>Schmidt, 1953</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Chrysemys picta bollii'' <small>Kuhn, 1964</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Chrysemys trealeasei'' <small>Ernst, 1971</small> (''ex errore'')
-* ''Chrysemys trealeasi'' <small>Smith & Smith, 1980</small> (''ex errore'')
-; ''[[Chrysemys picta dorsalis]]''
-* ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
-* ''Clemmys picta'' var. ''dorsalis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>
-* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' var. ''dorsalis'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>
-* ''Chrysemys marginata dorsalis'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>
-* ''Chrysemys bellii dorsalis'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta dorsalis'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
-; ''[[Chrysemys picta marginata]]''
-* ''Chrysemys marginata'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>
-* ''Clemmys marginata'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>
-* ''Chrysemys marginata marginata'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>
-* ''Chrysemys bellii marginata'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>
-* ''Chrysemys picta marginata'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>
-{{hidden end}}
-| synonyms_ref=<ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |date=2007 |author=Fritz, Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=177–179 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |issn=1864-5755 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-}}
-
-The '''painted turtle''' (''Chrysemys picta'') is the most widespread native [[turtle]] of North America. It lives in slow-moving fresh waters, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The turtle is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] of the [[genus]] '''''Chrysemys''''', which is part of the pond turtle family [[Emydidae]]. Fossils show that the painted turtle existed 15 million years ago. Four regionally based [[subspecies]] (the eastern, midland, southern, and western) evolved during the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]].
-
-The adult painted turtle female is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long; the male is smaller. The turtle's top shell is dark and smooth, without a ridge. Its skin is olive to black with red, orange, or yellow stripes on its extremities. The subspecies can be distinguished by their shells: the eastern has straight-aligned top shell segments; the midland has a large gray mark on the bottom shell; the southern has a red line on the top shell; the western has a red pattern on the bottom shell.
-
-The turtle eats aquatic vegetation, [[algae]], and small water creatures including insects, [[crustaceans]], and fish. Although they are frequently consumed as eggs or hatchlings by rodents, canines, and snakes, the adult turtles' hard shells protect them from most predators. Reliant on warmth from its surroundings, the painted turtle is active only during the day when it basks for hours on logs or rocks. During winter, the turtle [[hibernation|hibernates]], usually in the mud at the bottom of water bodies. The turtles mate in spring and autumn. Females dig nests on land and lay eggs between late spring and mid-summer. Hatched turtles grow until [[sexual maturity]]: 2–9 years for males, 6–16 for females.
-
-In the traditional tales of [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian tribes]], the colorful turtle played the part of a trickster. In modern times, four U.S. states have named the painted turtle their [[List of U.S. state reptiles|official reptile]]. While [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]] and [[Roadkill|road killings]] have reduced the turtle's population, its ability to live in human-disturbed settings has helped it remain the most abundant turtle in North America. Adults in the wild can live for more than 55 years.
-
-{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
-
-==Description==
-
-[[File:US BLM painted turtle picta pic2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painted turtle is swimming, apparently in an aquarium, and we see it front on at large scale, with its left webbed foot raised.|Painted turtle's yellow face-stripes, philtrum (nasal groove), and foot webbing]]
-
-The painted turtle's shell is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long, oval, smooth with little grooves where the large scale-like plates overlap, and flat-bottomed.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref group="nb">All turtle lengths in this article refer to the top shell (carapace) length, not the extended head to tail length.</ref><ref name="uga.edu">{{cite web | url = http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/turtles/chrpic.htm | title = Painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') | access-date = 2010-09-18 | publisher = Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Herpetology Program}}</ref>{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}} The color of the top shell ([[carapace]]) <!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong -->varies from olive to black. Darker specimens are more common where the bottom of the water body is darker. The bottom shell ([[plastron]])<!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong --> is yellow, sometimes red, sometimes with dark markings in the center. Similar to the top shell, the turtle's skin is olive to black, but with red and yellow stripes on its neck, legs, and tail.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}}<ref>{{cite journal | title = The painted turtle, ''Chrysemys picta'' | journal = Tortuga Gazette | date = October 1992 | first = Mary | last = Cohen | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 1–3| url = http://www.tortoise.org/archives/chrysemy.html | access-date = 2011-01-05}}</ref> As with other pond turtles, such as the [[bog turtle]], the painted turtle's feet are webbed to aid swimming.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=263}}<ref name="SD Zoo">{{cite web|title=Reptiles: Turtle & tortoise|url=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html|publisher=Animal Bytes|access-date=2011-01-02|quote=Turtle— Spends most of its life in the water. Turtles tend to have webbed feet for swimming.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206125855/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html|archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref><ref name="BLM">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle |url=http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html |publisher=US Bureau of Land Management |access-date=2011-01-02 |quote=They have webbed toes for swimming ...|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624225235/http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html |archive-date=June 24, 2012 }}</ref>
-
-The head of the turtle is distinctive. The face has only yellow stripes, with a large yellow spot and streak behind each eye, and on the chin two wide yellow stripes that meet at the tip of the jaw.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" />{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}} The turtle's upper jaw is shaped into an inverted "V" ([[philtrum]]),<!-- intentional construction to share the word, but explain it in article, to convey info while still being accessible, see WP: Technical Articles. --> with a downward-facing, tooth-like projection on each side.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=277}}
-
-The hatchling has a proportionally larger head, eyes, and tail, and a more circular shell than the adult.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=291}}{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1972|p=143}} The adult female is generally longer than the male, {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} versus {{convert|7|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=197}} For a given length, the female has a higher (more rounded, less flat) top shell.<ref name=Jolliceur>{{cite journal|last=Jolliceur|first=Pierre|author2=Mosimann, James E.|title=Size and shape variation in the painted turtle. A principal component analysis|journal=Growth|date=1960|volume=24|pages=339–354|url=http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/Morphometrics/Readings/JolicoeurMosimann1960.pdf|pmid=13790416|access-date=2011-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060534/http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/Morphometrics/Readings/JolicoeurMosimann1960.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The female weighs around {{convert|500|g|oz|abbr=on}} on average, against the males' average adult weight of roughly {{convert|300|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 |title = The Science Behind Algonquin's Animals - Research Projects - Painted Turtle}}</ref> The female's greater body volume supports her egg-production.<ref name=Rowe>{{cite journal|last=Rowe|first=John W.|title=Growth rate, body size, sexual dimorphism and morphometric variation in four populations of painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') from Nebraska|journal=American Midland Naturalist|date=1997-07-01|volume=138|issue=1|pages=174–188|jstor=2426664|doi=10.2307/2426664}}</ref> The male has longer foreclaws and a longer, thicker tail, with the anus ([[cloaca]]) located further out on the tail.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref name="uga.edu" />{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}<ref name="Senneke sex">{{cite web | url = http://www.chelonia.org/sexing/sexing_Chrysemys_picta.htm | title = Differentiating male and female '''Chrysemys picta''' (painted turtle) | access-date = 2011-02-07 | last = Senneke | first = Darrell | date = 2003 | publisher = World Chelonian Trust}}</ref>
-
-===Subspecies===
-
-Although the subspecies of painted turtle [[Intergradation|intergrade]] (blend together)<!-- intentional construction to share the word, but explain it in article, to convey info while still being accessible, see WP: Technical Articles. --> at range boundaries<ref name="AL intergrade">{{cite web|last=Lee-Sasser|first=Marisa|title=Painted turtle in Alabama|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-08-12|date=December 2007|quote=Intergrades exhibit a mix of characteristics where their ranges overlap.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830161113/http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm|archive-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> they are distinct within the hearts of their ranges.<ref name="Senneke2003" />
-
-*The male '''eastern painted turtle''' (''C. p. picta'') is {{convert|13|-|17|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long, while the female is {{convert|14|-|17|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}. The upper shell is olive green to black and may possess a pale stripe down the middle and red markings on the periphery. The segments ([[scute]]s)<!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong --> of the top shell have pale leading edges and occur in straight rows across the back, unlike all other North American turtles, including the other three subspecies of painted turtle, which have alternating segments.<ref name="Senneke2003" /> The bottom shell is plain yellow or lightly spotted. Sometimes as few as one dark grey spot near the lower center of the shell.<ref name="Nova Scotia Museum">{{cite web | url = http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp | title = Eastern painted turtle ''Chrysemys picta picta'' (Schneider) | access-date = 2010-09-29 | date = 2007 | publisher = Nova Scotia Museum | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101229091522/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp | archive-date = 2010-12-29 }}</ref>
-*The '''midland painted turtle''' (''C. p. marginata'') is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.<ref name="Natural Resources Canada">{{cite web|url=http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata |title=Midland painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta marginata'') |access-date=2010-09-29 |date=2007-09-24 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421150700/http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata |archive-date=April 21, 2009 }}</ref> The centrally located midland is the hardest to distinguish from the other three subspecies.<ref name="Senneke2003" /> Its bottom shell has a characteristic symmetrical dark shadow in the center which varies in size and prominence.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}}
-*The '''southern painted turtle''' (''C. p. dorsalis''), the smallest subspecies, is {{convert|10|-|14|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=226}} Its top stripe is a prominent red,<ref name="Senneke2003">{{cite web | url = http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffpaintedturtles.htm | title = Differentiating painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'' ssp) | access-date = 2010-12-09 | last = Senneke | first = Darrell | date = 2003 | publisher = World Chelonian Trust}}</ref> and its bottom shell is tan and spotless or nearly so.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=186}}
-*The largest subspecies is the '''western painted turtle''' (''C. p. bellii''), which grows up to {{convert|26.6|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=221}}<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/record-setting-painted-western-turtle-found-in-regina-1.3102274 Record-setting Painted Western Turtle found in Regina], CBC News</ref> Its top shell has a mesh-like pattern of light lines,{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} and the top stripe present in other subspecies is missing or faint. Its bottom shell has a large colored splotch that spreads to the edges (further than the midland) and often has red hues.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}
-
-{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
-|-
-! scope="col" | Eastern painted turtle<br />''C. p. picta''
-! scope="col" | Midland painted turtle<br />''C. p. marginata''
-! scope="col" | Southern painted turtle<br />''C. p. dorsalis''
-! scope="col" | Western painted turtle<br />''C. p. bellii''
-|-
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Painted-Turtle-1 Young.jpg|200px|border|Full overhead shot of an eastern painted turtle]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Chrysemys picta marginata (27730831161) (mirrored).jpg|200px|border|Midland painted turtle standing on tarmac, with neck extended]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:A3 Southern painted turtle.jpg|200px|border|Southern painted turtle facing left, top-side view, stripe prominent, on pebbles]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:A4 Western painted turtle.jpg|200px|border|Western painted turtle standing in grass, with neck extended]]
-|-
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B1 Eastern painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|Handled turtle, exposing the orange-yellow undershell (plastron)]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B2 Midland painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned turtle on rocks: the under shell is faint tan with faint black shaded patterns on it.|Under shell (plastron) of a midland painted turtle]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B3 Southern painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned southern painted turtle facing right. Shell is yellow-tan without spots. Legs are splayed. On a white plastic background.|Under shell (plastron) of a southern painted turtle]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B4 Western painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned turtle on grass: coloring is bright red with black and white Rorshach-like patterns.|Under shell (plastron) of a western painted turtle]]
-|}
-
-===Similar species===
-
-The painted turtle has a very similar appearance to the [[red-eared slider]] (the most common pet turtle) and the two are often confused. The painted turtle can be distinguished because it is flatter than the slider. Also, the slider has a prominent red marking on the side of its head (the "ear") and a spotted bottom shell, both features missing in the painted turtle.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/painted_turtle_vs_red-eared_slider.html|title= Painted Turtle vs Red-eared Slider}}</ref>
-
-{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
-|-
-! scope="col" | Painted turtle
-! scope="col" | Red-eared slider
-|-
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta).jpg|320px]]
-| style="border: 0;" | [[File:RedEaredSlider05.jpg|300px]]
-|}
-
-==Ecology==
-
-===Diet===
-
-The painted turtle hunts along water bottoms. It quickly juts its head into and out of vegetation to stir potential victims out into the open water, where they are pursued.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}} The turtle holds large prey in its mouth and tears the prey apart with its forefeet. It also consumes plants and skims the surface of the water with its mouth open to catch small particles of food.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}
-
-Although all subspecies of painted turtle eat both [[omnivore|plants and animals]], their specific diets vary.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=218}}
-
-*The '''eastern painted turtle's''' diet is the least studied. It prefers to eat in the water, but has been observed eating on land. The fish it consumes are typically [[Scavenger|dead]] or injured.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=218}}
-*The '''midland painted turtle''' eats mostly aquatic insects and both [[Vascular plant|vascular]] and [[non-vascular plant]]s.{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=232–233}}
-*The '''southern painted turtle's''' diet changes with age. Juveniles' diet consists of 13% vegetation, while the adults eat 88% vegetation. This perhaps shows that the turtle prefers small larvae and other prey, but can only obtain significant amounts while young.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}} The reversal of feeding habits with age has also been seen in the [[false map turtle]], which inhabits some of the same range. The most common plants eaten by adult southern painted turtles are [[Lemnoideae|duckweed]] and algae, and the most common prey items are [[dragonfly|dragonfly larvae]] and [[crayfish]].{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=227–228}}
-*The '''western painted turtle's''' consumption of plants and animals changes seasonally. In early summer, 60% of its diet comprises insects. In late summer, 55% includes plants.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=223}} Of note, the western painted turtle aids in the [[Seed dispersal|dispersal]] of [[Nymphaea odorata|white water-lily]] seeds. The turtle consumes the hard-coated seeds, which remain viable after passing through the turtle, and disperses them through its feces.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=223}}
-
-{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:760px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"
-|-
-| colspan="4" | '''Common foods of the painted turtle'''
-|- style="vertical-align:top;"
-| style="width:210px;" | [[File:Procambarus clarkii9284477アメリカザリガニ.jpg|210px]]<br/>Crayfish
-| style="width:225px;" | [[File:Dragonfly larva on lake bottom in Algonquin Provincial Park cropped and reversed.JPG|225px]]<br/>Dragonfly larva
-| style="width:133px;" | [[File:Nymphaea odorata Bot. Mag. 40. 1652. 1814.jpg|133px]]<br/>American water lily
-| style="width:140px;" | [[File:Curve of duckweed covered water edged with several bald cypress trees.JPG|140px]]<br/>Duckweed (water surface)
-|}
-
-===Predators===
-
-Painted turtles are most vulnerable to predators when young.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} Nests are frequently ransacked and the eggs eaten by [[Plains garter snake|garter snakes]], crows, chipmunks, [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel|thirteen-lined ground]] and [[Eastern gray squirrel|gray squirrels]], skunks, [[groundhog]]s, raccoons, badgers, [[Gray fox|gray]] and [[red fox]], and humans.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} The small and sometimes bite-size, numerous hatchlings fall prey to [[Nepomorpha|water bugs]], bass, catfish, bullfrogs, [[snapping turtle]]s, three types of snakes ([[Agkistrodon|copperheads]], [[Coluber|racers]] and [[Nerodia|water snakes]]), herons, [[Oryzomys|rice rats]], weasels, [[muskrats]], minks, and raccoons. As adults, the turtles' armored shells protect them from many potential predators, but they still occasionally fall prey to alligators, [[osprey]]s, crows, [[red-shouldered hawk]]s, bald eagles, and especially raccoons.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}
-
-Painted turtles defend themselves by kicking, scratching, biting, or urinating.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} In contrast to land tortoises, painted turtles can right themselves if they are flipped upside down.<ref name="Missoulian">{{cite news|last=Chaney|first=Rob|title=Painted native: Turtles indigenous to western Montana have vivid designs, secrets|url=http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/recreation/article_2e84c830-84a3-11df-a614-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2010-12-08|newspaper=Missoulian|date=2010-07-01}}</ref>
-
-{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:700px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"
-|-
-| colspan="4" | '''Important predators of the painted turtle'''
-|- style="vertical-align:top;"
-| style="width:223px;" | Of eggs:<br/>[[File:Adult fox.JPG|150px]]<br/>Red fox
-| style="width:250px;" |<br/>[[File:Plains gartersnake.jpg|180px]]<br/>Plains garter snake
-| style="width:260px;" |<br/>[[File:AMERICAN CROW (7143675301).jpg|150px]]<br/>Crows
-| style="width:210px;" | Of hatchlings:<br/>[[File:Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina).jpg|140px]]<br/>Common snapping turtle
-| style="width:240px;" |<br/>[[File:Water Scorpion - Nepa cinerea - Queens Wood - Hunsdon - UK - Flickr - Bennyboymothman.jpg|150px]]<br/>Water scorpion
-| style="width:230px;" | Of adults:<br/>[[File:Raccoon, female after washing up mirror image.jpg|150px]]<br/>Raccoon
-|}
-
-==Life cycle==
-
-===Mating===
-
-[[File:Chrysemys picta dorsalis (aka).jpg|thumb|right|Male southern painted turtle shows his long front claws]]
-[[File:Painted turtle.jpg|thumb|Female painted turtle]]
-The painted turtles mate in spring and fall in waters of {{convert|10|-|25|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}} Males start [[Spermatogenesis|producing sperm]] in early spring, when they can bask to an internal temperature of {{convert|17|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=289}}{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=287}} Females begin their reproductive cycles <!-- Please do not wikilink to menstrual cycle as that is a mammalian process. Most of the sex articles in wiki are human or perhaps mammal descriptive. As of DEC2010, there was no suitable wikilink, so the simple term reproductive cycle was used. A red link is probably not a good idea either as people keep wanting to link to the inappropriate mammalian sex articles. Probably better to leave as is, is understandable, or just write an article on the sexual cycles of reptiles if you so choose. -->in mid-summer, and [[Ovulation#Ovulation in animals|ovulate]] the following spring.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />
-
-[[Courtship display|Courtship]] begins when a male follows a female until he meets her face-to-face.<ref name="sbaa.ca">{{cite web | url = http://www.sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 | title = Painted turtle research in Algonquin provincial park | access-date = 2010-09-17 | date = 2005 | publisher = The Friends of Algonquin Park| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165743/http://sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 | archive-date = 2007-10-11 }}</ref> He then strokes her face and neck with his elongated front claws, a gesture returned by a receptive female. The pair repeat the process several times, with the male retreating from and then returning to the female until she swims to the bottom, where they [[copulation (zoology)|copulate]].<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /><ref name="sbaa.ca" /> As the male is smaller than the female, he is not dominant.<ref name="sbaa.ca" /> Although not directly observed, evidence indicates that the male will inflict injury on the female in attempts of coercion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moldowan |first1=P.D. |last2=Brooks |first2=R.J. |last3=Litzgus |first3=J.D. |date=2020 |title=Demographics of injuries indicate sexual coercion in a population of Painted Turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2019-0238 }}</ref> The female stores [[sperm]], to be used for up to three [[clutch (eggs)|clutches]], in her [[Oviduct#Amniotes|oviducts]]; the sperm may remain viable for up to three years.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=200}} A single clutch [[Superfecundation#Heteropaternal superfecundation|may have multiple fathers]].{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=200}}
-
-===Egg-laying===
-
-[[Nesting instinct|Nesting]] is done, by the females only, between late May and mid-July.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> The nests are vase-shaped and are usually dug in sandy soil, often at sites with southern exposures.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Nests are often within {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on|-1}} of water, but may be as far away as {{convert|600|m|yd|abbr=on|-1}}, with older females tending to nest further inland. Nest sizes vary depending on female sizes and locations but are about {{convert|5|-|11|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} deep.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Females may return to the same sites several consecutive years, but if several females make their nests close together, the eggs become more vulnerable to predators.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}
-
-[[File:Painted turtle egglaying.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A female digging a nest with her hind legs.|Female digging a nest]]
-
-The female's optimal body temperature while digging her nest is {{convert|29|-|30|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} If the weather is unsuitable, for instance a too hot night in the Southeast, she delays the process until later at night.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Painted turtles in Virginia have been observed waiting three weeks to nest because of a hot drought.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=290}}
-
-While preparing to dig her nest, the female sometimes exhibits a mysterious preliminary behavior. She presses her throat against the ground of different potential sites, perhaps sensing moisture, warmth, texture, or smell, although her exact motivation is unknown. She may further temporize by excavating several false nests{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} as the [[wood turtle]]s also do.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=259}}
-
-The female relies on her hind feet for digging. She may accumulate so much sand and mud on her feet that her mobility is reduced, making her vulnerable to predators. To lighten her labors, she lubricates the area with her bladder water.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Once the nest is complete, the female deposits into the hole. The freshly laid eggs are white, elliptical, porous, and flexible.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=203}} From start to finish, the female's work may take four hours. Sometimes she remains on land overnight afterwards, before returning to her home water.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}
-
-Females can lay five clutches per year, but two is a normal average after including the 30–50% of a population's females that do not produce any clutches in a given year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} In some northern populations, no females lay more than one clutch per year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Bigger females tend to lay bigger eggs and more eggs per clutch.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=202}} Clutch sizes of the subspecies vary, although the differences may reflect different environments, rather than different genetics. The two more northerly subspecies, western and midland, are larger and have more eggs per clutch—11.9 and 7.6, respectively—than the two more southerly subspecies, southern (4.2) and eastern (4.9). Within subspecies, also, the more northerly females lay larger clutches.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}
-
-===Growth===
-[[File:Flickr - Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife - western painted turtle hatchlings vandebergh odfw.jpg|thumb|alt=Several baby painted turtles on moss on a light table.|Hatchlings]]
-[[File:Painted turtle hatchling with egg tooth.jpg|thumb|A painted turtle hatching with an egg tooth.]]
-Incubation lasts 72–80 days in the wild<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> and for a similar period in artificial conditions.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=290}} In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the [[egg tooth]].<ref name="BC" /> Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey{{sfn|Packard et al.|2002|p=300}} typically arrange themselves symmetrically{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=206}} in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />
-
-The hatchling's ability to survive winter in the nest has allowed the painted turtle to extend its range farther north than any other American turtle. The painted turtle is genetically adapted to survive extended periods of subfreezing temperatures with blood that can remain [[supercooling|supercooled]] and skin that resists penetration from ice crystals in the surrounding ground.{{sfn|Packard et al.|2002|p=300}} The hardest freezes nevertheless kill many hatchlings.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />
-
-Immediately after hatching, turtles are dependent on egg yolk material for sustenance.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=206}} About a week to a week and a half after emerging from their eggs (or the following spring if emergence is delayed), hatchlings begin feeding to support growth. The young turtles grow rapidly at first, sometimes doubling their size in the first year. Growth slows sharply at [[sexual maturity]] and may stop completely.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=292}} Likely owing to differences of habitat and food by water body, growth rates often differ from population to population in the same area. Among the subspecies, the western painted turtles are the quickest growers.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=207}}
-
-Females grow faster than males overall, and must be larger to mature sexually.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=292}} In most populations males reach sexual maturity at 2–4 years old, and females at 6–10.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=287}} Size and age at maturity increase with latitude;{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=197}} at the northern edge of their range, males reach sexual maturity at 7–9 years of age and females at 11–16.<ref name="sbaa.ca" />
-{{Clear}}
-
-==Behavior==
-
-===Daily routine and basking===
-
-[[File:Painted Turtle on a log.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painted turtle standing on a floating log|Basking for warmth]]
-
-A [[Ectotherm|cold-blooded]] reptile, the painted turtle regulates its temperature through its environment, notably by basking. All ages bask for warmth, often alongside other species of turtle. Sometimes more than 50 individuals are seen on one log together.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=283}} Turtles bask on a variety of objects, often logs, but have even been seen basking on top of [[common loon]]s that were covering eggs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=13}}
-
-The turtle [[diurnality|starts its day at sunrise]], emerging from the water to bask for several hours. Warmed for activity, it returns to the water to forage.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=282}} After becoming chilled, the turtle re-emerges for one to two more cycles of basking and feeding.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|pp=282–283}} At night, the turtle drops to the bottom of its water body or perches on an underwater object and sleeps.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=282}}
-
-To be active, the turtle must maintain an internal body temperature between {{convert|17|-|23|C|F|abbr=on|0}}. When fighting infection, it manipulates its temperature up to 5 °C (8 °F)<!-- differential degrees, not absolute, thus skipped conv template --> higher than normal.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=283}}
-
-===Seasonal routine and hibernation===
-<!-- [[File:Muskrat lodge.jpg|thumb|right|alt=mound of sticks in the water about 10 feet from shore|Muskrat burrow—possible painted turtle hibernation spot]] not enough room-->
-
-In the spring, when the water reaches {{convert|15|-|18|C|F|abbr=on|0}}, the turtle begins actively foraging. However, if the water temperature exceeds {{nowrap|{{convert|30|C|F|abbr=on|0}}}}, the turtle will not feed. In fall, the turtle stops foraging when temperatures drop below the spring set-point.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}
-
-During the winter, the turtle hibernates. In the north, the inactive season may be as long as from October to March, while the southernmost populations may not hibernate at all.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} While hibernating, the body temperature of the painted turtle averages {{nowrap|{{convert|6|C|F|abbr=on|0}}}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=284}} Periods of warm weather bring the turtle out of hibernation, and even in the north, individuals have been seen basking in February.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=281}}
-
-The painted turtle hibernates by burying itself, either on the bottom of a body of water, near water in the shore-bank or the burrow of a [[muskrat]], or in woods or pastures. When hibernating underwater, the turtle prefers shallow depths, no more than {{nowrap|{{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}}}. Within the mud, it may dig down an additional {{nowrap|{{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=284}} In this state, the turtle does not breathe, although if surroundings allow, it may get some oxygen through its skin.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=D. C. |author2=Rauer, E. M. |author3=Feldman, R. A. |author4= Reese, S. A. |title=Avenues of extrapulmonary oxygen uptake in western painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta belli'') at 10 °C |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A |date=August 2004 |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |pmid=15528171 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.005 }}</ref> The species is one of the best-studied [[vertebrate]]s able to survive long periods [[Hypoxia (medical)|without oxygen]]. Adaptations of its blood chemistry, brain, heart, and particularly its shell allow the turtle to survive extreme [[lactic acid]] buildup while oxygen-deprived.<ref name="Jackson 2002">{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Donald C.|date=2002|title=Hibernating without oxygen: physiological adaptations of the painted turtle|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=543|issue=3|pages=731–737|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024729|pmc=2290531|pmid=12231634}}<!--|access-date=2010-12-13 --></ref>
-{{Clear}}
-
-===Movement===
-
-[[File:Painted turtle California.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Painted turtle with green slime on its shell, on pebbles, with a couple of leaves on its back. Sun shining.|Moving on land]]
-
-Searching for water, food, or mates, the painted turtles travel up to several kilometers at a time.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} During summer, in response to heat and water-clogging vegetation, the turtles may vacate shallow marshes for more permanent waters.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Short overland migrations may involve hundreds of turtles together.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} If heat and drought are prolonged, the turtles will [[Estivation|bury themselves]] and, in extreme cases, die.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}}
-
-Foraging turtles frequently cross lakes or travel linearly down creeks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacCulloch, R.D. and D.M. Secoy|title=Movement in a river population of ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' in southern Saskatchewan|journal=Journal of Herpetology |date=1983|volume=17|issue=3|pages=283–285|doi=10.2307/1563834|jstor=1563834}}</ref> Daily crossings of large ponds have been observed.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}} [[Tracking animal migration|Tag and release]] studies show that sex also drives turtle movement. Males travel the most, up to {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, between captures; females the second most, up to {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, between captures; and juveniles the least, less than {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, between captures.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Males move the most and are most likely to change wetlands because they seek mates.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}}
-
-The painted turtles, through visual recognition, have [[Homing (biology)|homing]] capabilities.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Many individuals can return to their collection points after being released elsewhere, trips that may require them to traverse land. One experiment placed 98 turtles varying several-kilometer distances from their home wetland; 41 returned. When living in a single large body of water, the painted turtles can home from up to {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} away. Females may use homing to help locate suitable nesting sites.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}}
-{{Clear}}
-
-==Distribution==
-
-===Range===
-
-The most widespread North American turtle,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=5}} the painted turtle is the only turtle whose native range extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific.{{#tag:ref|The range description and map primarily rely on Conant and Collins (1998) and Ernst and Lovich have a similar range map.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} Additional citations and notes cover details of range boundaries especially in the West.|group="nb"}} It is native to eight of Canada's ten provinces, forty-five of the fifty United States, and one of Mexico's thirty-one states. On the East Coast, it lives from the [[Maritimes|Canadian Maritimes]] to the U.S. state of Georgia. On the West Coast, it lives in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon and offshore on southeast [[Vancouver Island]].{{#tag:ref|Vancouver Island painted turtle populations may have resulted from escaped pets.<ref name="BC"/>|group="nb"}} The northernmost American turtle,<ref name="BC">{{cite web|last=Blood |first=Donald A. |title=Painted turtle |url=http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf |publisher=Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, British Columbia |author2=Macartney, Malcolm |format=brochure |date=March 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107080323/http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf |archive-date=January 7, 2010 }}</ref> its range includes much of southern Canada. To the south, its range reaches the U.S. Gulf Coast in Louisiana and Alabama. In the southwestern United States there are only dispersed populations. It is found in one river in extreme northern Mexico. It is absent in a part of southwestern Virginia and the adjacent states as well as in north-central Alabama.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant>{{cite book|last=Conant|first=Roger|title=Field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America|date=1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harc|location=New York|isbn=978-0-395-90452-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0/page/185 185–186]|author2=Collins, Joseph T.|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0/page/185}}</ref><ref name="VAFG range">{{cite web|url=https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/eastern-painted-turtle/|title=Eastern painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta picta'')|publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2017-10-06|date=2004-03-12}}</ref>
-
-[[File:Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg|center|thumb|alt=Map of North America showing the subspecies' specific ranges in different colors|800px|
-{{col-begin}}
-{{col-1-of-3}}
-'''Native range of the painted turtle (''C. picta'')'''<br/>
-Dark grey for national borders<br/>
-White for state and province borders<br/>
-Dark blue for rivers, only showing those in article<br/>
-{{col-2-of-3}}
-{{legend|#f8ee77|border=1px solid #f8ee77|Eastern (''C. p. picta'')}}
-{{legend|#f79c6d|border=1px solid #f79c6d|Midland (''C. p. marginata'')}}
-{{legend|#92cdf6|border=1px solid #92cdf6|Southern (''C. p. dorsalis'')}}
-{{legend|#e57e79|border=1px solid #e57e79|Western (''C. p. bellii'')}}
-{{col-3-of-3}}
-Intergrade mixtures (large areas only)<br/>
-{{legend|#fbcd41|border=1px solid #fbcd41|Mix of eastern and midland}}
-{{legend|#d3e179|border=1px solid #d3e179|Mix of eastern and southern}}
-{{legend|#e9573b|border=1px solid #e9573b|Mix of midland and western}}
-{{col-end}}]]
-
-The borders between the four subspecies are not sharp, because the subspecies interbreed. Many studies have been performed in the border regions to assess the intermediate turtles, usually by comparing the anatomical features of hybrids that result from intergradation of the classical subspecies.{{#tag:ref|See the following sources.<ref name="AL intergrade" /><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|doi=10.1656/1092-6194(2002)009[0363:PTCPOV]2.0.CO;2|last=Wright|first=Katherine M.|author2=Andrews, James S.|title=Painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') of Vermont: An examination of phenotypic variation and intergradation|journal=Northeastern Naturalist|date=2002|volume=9|issue=4|pages=363–380|publisher=Humboldt Field Research Institute|issn=1092-6194}}</ref><ref name="Weller">{{cite journal|last=Weller|first=Wayne F.|author2=Hecnar, Stephen J. |author3=Hecnar, Darlene R. |author4=Casper, Gary S. |author5= Dawson, F. Neil |title=Quantitative assessment of intergradation between two subspecies of painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' and ''C. p. marginata'', in the Algoma district of west central Ontario, Canada|journal=Herpetological Conservation and Biology|date=2010|volume=5|issue=2|pages=166–173|url=http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_5/Issue_2/Weller_etal_2010.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=20}}<ref name=Ultsch>{{cite journal|author=Ultsch, Gordon R.|author2=Ward, G. Milton|author3=LeBerte, Chere' M.|author4=Kuhajda, Bernard R.|author5=Stewart, E. Ray |title=Intergradation and origins of subspecies of the turtle ''Chrysemys picta'': morphological comparisons|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=2001|volume=79|issue=3|pages=485–498|doi=10.1139/z01-001}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Despite the imprecision, the subspecies are assigned nominal ranges.
-
-====Eastern painted turtle====
-
-[[File:Turtle from Pomp's Pond in Andover.jpg|thumb|alt=An eastern painted turtle held|Eastern painted turtle in Massachusetts]]
-
-The eastern painted turtle ranges from southeastern Canada to Georgia with a western boundary at approximately the Appalachians. At its northern extremes, the turtle tends to be restricted to the warmer areas closer to the Atlantic Ocean. It is uncommon in far north New Hampshire and in Maine is common only in a strip about 50 miles from the coast.<ref name="NHFG range">{{cite web|title=Eastern painted turtle|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/profiles/painted-turtle.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref><ref name=Hunter>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Malcolm L.|title=Maine amphibians and reptiles|date=1999|publisher=University of Maine Press|isbn=978-0-89101-096-8|author2=Calhoun, Aram J. K. |author3=McCollough, Mark }} as cited by {{cite web|title=Amphibians and reptiles|url=http://www.dlwa.org/docs/reptiles_and_amphibians.pdf|publisher=Damariscotta Lake Watershed Association|access-date=2011-02-10}}</ref> In Canada, it lives in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia but not in Quebec or Prince Edward Island. To the south it is not found in the coastal lowlands of southern North Carolina, South Carolina, or Georgia, or in southern Georgia in general or at all in Florida. {{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/>{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=215}}<ref name="AL FG"/>
-
-The eastern subspecies's range extends slightly into east central Alabama, where it [[Intergradation|intergrades]] with the southern subspecies.<ref name=Conant/> In the northeast, there is extensive mixing with the midland subspecies, and some writers have called these turtles a "hybrid swarm".<ref name="Bleakney 1958" /><ref name=Pugh>{{cite journal|last=Pugh|first=F. Harvey|author2=Pugh, Margaret B.|title=The systematic status of painted turtles (''Chrysemys'') in the northeastern United States |journal=Copeia|date=1968-07-31|volume=1968|issue=1|pages=612–618|jstor=1442033|doi=10.2307/1442033}}</ref><ref name=DeGraaf>{{cite book|last=DeGraaf|first=Richard M.|title=New England wildlife: habitat, natural history, and distribution|date=2000|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|isbn=978-0-87451-957-0|author2=Yamasaki, Mariko|page=[https://archive.org/details/newenglandwildli00degr/page/52 52]|quote=In New England there are no midland populations per se. Individuals are part of an intergrade swarm.|url=https://archive.org/details/newenglandwildli00degr/page/52}}</ref> In the southeast, the border between the eastern and midland is more sharp as mountain chains separate the subspecies to different drainage basins.<ref name=Conant/><ref name="Green and Pauley">{{cite book|last=Green|first=N. Baynard|title=Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia|date=1987|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-5802-4|author2=Pauley, Thomas K.}} as cited in [[#CITEREFMann2007|Mann]] p 18.</ref>
-
-====Midland painted turtle====
-
-The midland painted turtle lives from southern Ontario and Quebec, through the eastern U.S. Midwest states, to Kentucky, Tennessee and northwestern Alabama, where it intergrades with the southern painted turtle.<ref name="Ernst 1970">{{cite journal|last=Ernst|first=Carl H.|title=The status of the painted turtle, ''Chrysemys picta'', in Tennessee and Kentucky|journal=Journal of Herpetology|date=1970-05-29|volume=4|issue=1|pages=39–45|jstor=1562701|doi=10.2307/1562701}}</ref> It also is found eastward through West Virginia, western Maryland and Pennsylvania. The midland painted turtle appears to be moving east, especially in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Sheils">{{cite web|last=Shiels|first=Andrew L|title=A picta worth a thousand words: Portrait of a painted turtle|url=http://www.fishandboat.com/Resource/AmphibiansandReptiles/Documents/pictathousand.pdf|work=Pennsylvania Angler and Boater catalog|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boating Commission|pages=28–30|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> To the northeast it is found in western New York and much of Vermont, and it intergrades extensively with the eastern subspecies.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=186}}<ref name=Conant/>
-
-====Southern painted turtle====
-
-The southern painted turtle ranges from extreme southern Illinois and Missouri, roughly along the Mississippi River Valley, to the south. In Arkansas, it branches out to the west towards Texas, where it is found in the far northeast part of that state ([[Caddo Lake]] region)<ref name="Dixon">{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=James Ray|title=Amphibians and reptiles of Texas|date=2000|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-920-5|page=196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcnJoQMD4C&q="painted+turtle"&pg=PA196|access-date=2011-01-14}}</ref> as well as extreme southeastern Oklahoma ([[McCurtain County]]).<ref name="OK">{{cite web|title=Species of turtles in OK|url=http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/fishregs/turtlebullfrogreg.htm|publisher=Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation|access-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184242/http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/fishregs/turtlebullfrogreg.htm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2011-05-25}}</ref> It is found in much of Louisiana, where it reaches the Gulf of Mexico (in fresh water). Eastward it is found in western Tennessee, northern Mississippi and much of Alabama, including the Gulf Coast city of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile.]]{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name="AL FG"/> An isolated population in central Texas has been reported but is now believed to be non-native.<ref name=McAllister>{{cite journal|last=McAllister|first=Chris T.|author2=Forstner, Michael R.J. |author3=Fuller, Jonathan P. |title=Second report of the southern painted turtle, ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' (testudines: emydidae), from Texas, with comments on its genetic relationship to other populations|journal=The Texas Journal of Science|date=2007-05-01|volume=59|issue=2}}</ref>
-{{Clear}}
-
-====Western painted turtle====
-[[File:Western painted turtle.jpg|thumb|Western painted turtle (watercolor by G. Aeschimann)]]
-The western painted turtle's northern range includes southern parts of western Canada from Ontario through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. In Ontario, the western subspecies is found north of Minnesota and directly north of Lake Superior, but there is a {{convert|130|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} gap to the east of Lake Superior (in the area of harshest winter climate) where no painted turtles of any subspecies occur. Thus Ontario's western subspecies does not intergrade with the midland painted turtle of southeastern Ontario.<ref name=Weller/> In Manitoba, the turtle is numerous and ranges north to [[Lake Manitoba]] and the lower part of [[Lake Winnipeg]]. The turtle is also common in south Saskatchewan,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacCulloch, R.D. and D.M. Secoy|title=Demography, growth and food of western painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' (Gray) from southern Saskatchewan|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=1983|volume=61|issue=7|pages=1499–1509|doi=10.1139/z83-202}}</ref> but in Alberta, there may only be 100 individuals, all found very near the U.S. border, mostly in the southeast.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|pp=6–8}}
-
-[[File:Western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii), Oregon - 20060422.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=turtle on log looking up, we see it from the rear|Western painted turtle in Oregon]]
-
-In British Columbia, populations exist in the interior in the vicinity of the Kootenai, Columbia, Okanagan, and Thompson river valleys. At the coast, turtles occur near the mouth of the Fraser and a bit further north, as well as the bottom of Vancouver Island, and some other nearby islands. Within British Columbia, the turtle's range is not continuous and can better be understood as northward extensions of the range from the United States. High mountains present barriers to east–west movement of the turtles within the province or from Alberta. Some literature has shown isolated populations much further north in British Columbia and Alberta, but these were probably pet-releases.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|pp=6–8}}
-
-In the United States, the western subspecies forms a wide intergrade area with the midland subspecies covering much of Illinois as well as a strip of Wisconsin along [[Lake Michigan]] and part of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]] (UP). Further west, the rest of Illinois, Wisconsin and the UP are part of the range proper, as are all of Minnesota and Iowa, as well as all of Missouri except a narrow strip in the south. All of North Dakota is within range, all of South Dakota except a very small area in the west, and all of Nebraska. Almost all of Kansas is in range; the border of that state with Oklahoma is roughly the species range border, but the turtle is found in three counties of north central Oklahoma.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=OK/><ref name=Stebbins/>
-
-To the northwest, almost all of Montana is in range. Only a narrow strip in the west, along most of the Idaho border (which is at the [[Continental Divide]]) lacks turtles.<ref name=MTFG>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle – ''Chrysemys picta''|url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_ARAAD01010.aspx|work=Montana field guides|publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> Wyoming is almost entirely out of range; only the lower elevation areas near the eastern and northern borders have painted turtles.<ref name=WYFG>{{cite web|title=Western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta belli'') |url=http://gf.state.wy.us/wildlife/CompConvStrategy/Species/Reptiles/PDFS/Western%20Painted%20Turtle.pdf |work=Wyoming conservation strategy |publisher=Wyoming Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-02-11 |pages=430–431 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106063053/http://gf.state.wy.us/wildlife/CompConvStrategy/Species/Reptiles/PDFS/Western%20Painted%20Turtle.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2004 }}</ref> In Idaho, the turtles are found throughout the far north (upper half of the [[Idaho Panhandle]]). Recently, separate Idaho populations have been observed in the southwest (near the [[Payette River|Payette]] and [[Boise River|Boise]] rivers) and the southeast (near [[St. Anthony, Idaho|St. Anthony]]).<ref name="BLM ID">{{cite web |url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/reptile/test/chpi/chpi.htm |title=''Chrysemys picta'' (Painted Turtle) |last=Cossel |first= John |date=1997 |website=Idaho Museum of Natural History |publisher=Idaho State University |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> In Washington state, turtles are common throughout the state within lower elevation river valleys.<ref name="WA herp atlas">{{cite web|last=Hallock|first=L. A.|title=Painted turtle|url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/herp_atlas/speciesmain.html|work=Washington herp atlas|publisher=Washington Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2017-10-06|author2=McAllister, K. R.|date=2005-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302032840/http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/herp_atlas/speciesmain.html|archive-date=2017-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Oregon, the turtle is native to the northern part of the state throughout the Columbia River Valley as well as the Willamette River Valley north of Salem.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|pp=26–31}}
-
-To the southwest, the painted turtle's range is fragmented. In Colorado, while range is continuous in the eastern, prairie, half of the state, it is absent in most of the western, mountainous, part of the state. However, the turtle is confirmed present in the lower elevation southwest part of the state ([[Archuleta County, Colorado|Archuleta]] and [[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata]] counties), where a population ranges into northern New Mexico in the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]] basin.<ref name=CODW>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle|url=http://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Lists/Wildlife%20Species/DispForm.aspx?ID=189|work=Species profiles|publisher=Colorado Division of Wildlife|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> In New Mexico, the main distribution follows the [[Rio Grande]] and the [[Pecos River]], two waterways that run in a north–south direction through the state.<ref name="Degenhardt">{{cite book|last=Degenhardt|first=William G. |title=Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico|year=1996|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=0-8263-1695-6|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-Liq4O4udsC&q=painted+turtle&pg=PA100|author2=Painter, Charles W. |author3=Price, Andrew H. |access-date=2011-01-03|quote= ... extreme Northern Chihuahua, Mexico.}}</ref> Within the aforementioned rivers, it is also found in the northern part of [[Trans-Pecos|Far West Texas]].<ref name="Dixon" /> In Utah, the painted turtle lives in an area to the south ([[Kane County, Utah|Kane County]]) in streams draining into the Colorado River, although it is disputed if they are native.<ref name=Stebbins/><ref name=UDNR>{{cite web|last=Dotson|first=P.|title=Painted turtle|url=http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=chrypict|publisher=Utah Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref name="UTDNR GAP">{{cite web|title=Utah GAP analysis – painted turtle|url=http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Map.asp?Id=671|publisher=Utah Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> In Arizona, the painted turtle is native to an area in the east, [[Lyman Reservoir|Lyman Lake]].<ref name="Arizona2007">{{cite web | url = http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/documents/Chrypibe.d.pdf | title = Arizona game and fish department | date = 2007-02-22 | publisher = Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230030657/http://www.azgfd.gov/w%5Fc/edits/documents/Chrypibe.d.pdf | archive-date = 2010-12-30 }}</ref><ref name="AGFD map">{{cite web|title=''Chrysemys picta belli'' occurrences in Arizona|url=http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/images/chrypibe.GIF|publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department|access-date=2011-02-11|date=2007-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320222812/http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/images/chrypibe.GIF|archive-date=2011-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The painted turtle is not native to Nevada or California.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins/>
-
-In Mexico,<ref name="Degenhardt" /> painted turtles have been found about 50 miles south of New Mexico near [[Galeana, Chihuahua|Galeana]] in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. There, two expeditions<ref name="Smith and Taylor" /><ref name="Tanner1987-07" /> found the turtles in the [[Santa Maria River (Chihuahua)|Rio Santa Maria]] which is in a [[Endorheic basin|closed basin]].{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins>{{cite book | last1 = Stebbins | first1 = Robert C. | last2 = Peterson | first2 = Roger Tory | title = A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians (Peterson field guide) | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | date = 2003 | location = New York | pages = 251–252 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9JznHN2VFzkC&q=rio+santa+maria+chrysemys+picta&pg=PT105 | access-date = 2011-01-08 | isbn = 978-0-395-98272-3 }}</ref>
-{{Clear}}
-
-====Human-introduced range====
-
-Pet releases are starting to establish the painted turtle outside its native range. It has been introduced into waterways near [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], Arizona,<ref name="Arizona2007" /> and to Germany, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Spain.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
-
-===Habitat===
-
-[[File:PaintedHabitat Marchand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=An open pond|Painted turtle habitat in New Hampshire]]
-
-To thrive, painted turtles need fresh waters with soft bottoms, basking sites, and [[Aquatic plant|aquatic vegetation]]. They find their homes in shallow waters with slow-moving currents, such as creeks, marshes, ponds, and the shores of lakes. The subspecies have evolved different habitat preferences.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}}
-
-*The '''eastern painted turtle''' is very aquatic, leaving the immediate vicinity of its water body only when forced by drought to migrate.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} Along the Atlantic, painted turtles have appeared in [[brackish]] waters.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}}
-*The '''midland''' and '''southern painted turtles''' seek especially quiet waters, usually shores and coves. They favor shallows that contain dense vegetation and have an unusual toleration of pollution.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=226}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=231}}
-*The '''western painted turtle''' lives in streams and lakes, similar to the other painted turtles, but also inhabits pasture ponds and roadside pools. It is found as high as {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on|-2}}.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=221}}
-
-===Population features===
-
-Within much of its range, the painted turtle is the most abundant turtle species. [[Population density|Population densities]] range from 10 to 840 turtles per hectare (2.5 acres) of water surface. Warmer climates produce higher relative densities among populations, and habitat desirability also influences density. Rivers and large lakes have lower densities because only the shore is desirable habitat; the central, deep waters skew the surface-based estimates. Also, lake and river turtles have to make longer linear trips to access equivalent amounts of foraging space.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}
-
-[[File:Turtle marking.svg|thumb|150px|right|alt=two diagrams showing numbes on the outer segments of turtle shells. There are some notches and then corresponding numbered code.|Shell marking code]]
-
-Adults outnumber juveniles in most populations, but gauging the ratios is difficult because juveniles are harder to catch; with current sampling methods, estimates of [[Population pyramid|age distribution]] vary widely.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}} [[Mortality rate|Annual survival rate]] of painted turtles increases with age. The probability of a painted turtle surviving from the egg to its first birthday is only 19%. For females, the annual survival rate rises to 45% for juveniles and 95% for adults. The male survival rates follow a similar pattern, but are probably lower overall than females, as evidenced by the average male age being lower than that of the female.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}} Natural disasters can confound age distributions. For instance, a hurricane can destroy many nests in a region, resulting in fewer hatchlings the next year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}} Age distributions may also be skewed by migrations of adults.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}}
-
-To understand painted turtle adult age distributions, researchers require reliable methods.<ref name="Gibbons1987">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1310589 |last=Gibbons |first=J. Whitfield |title=Why do turtles live so long |journal=BioScience |date=May 1987 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=262–269 |url=http://140.122.143.143/snake/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AA%94/9.%20why%20do%20turtles%20live%20so%20long.pdf |jstor=1310589 |author-link=J. Whitfield Gibbons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317030949/http://140.122.143.143/snake/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AA%94/9.%20why%20do%20turtles%20live%20so%20long.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2012 }}</ref> Turtles younger than four years (up to 12 years in some populations) can be aged based on "[[growth ring]]s" in their shells.<ref name="Zweifel">{{cite book |last=Zweifel|first=Richard George |title=Long-term ecological studies on a population of painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta'', on Long Island, New York (American Museum Novitates no. 2952) |date=1989 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |location=New York |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5106/1/N2952.pdf |pages=18–20 |author-link=Richard G. Zweifel}}</ref> For older turtles, some attempts have been made to determine age based on size and shape of their shells or legs using [[mathematical model]]s, but this method is more uncertain.<ref name="Zweifel" /><ref name="Fowle">{{cite book |title=Highways and movement of wildlife: improving habitat connections and wildlife passageways across highway corridors. Proceedings of the transportation-related wildlife mortality seminar of the Florida Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Report FHWA-PD-96-041 |publisher=Florida Department of Transportation (Orlando) |chapter-url=http://www.icoet.net/downloads/96paper16.pdf |author=Fowle, Suzanne C. |chapter=Effects of roadkill mortality on the western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta belli'') in the Mission valley, western Montana |editor=Evink, G. |editor2=Zeigler, D. |editor3=Garrett, P. |editor4=Berry, J |pages=205–223 |date=1996 |access-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152641/http://www.icoet.net/downloads/96paper16.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most reliable method to study the long-lived turtles is to capture them, permanently mark their shells by notching with a drill, release the turtles, and then recapture them in later years.<ref name="Cagle1939">{{cite journal|last=Cagle |first=Fred R. |title=A system of marking turtles for future identification |journal=Copeia |date=1939-09-09 |volume=1939|issue=3 |pages=170–173 |quote=A system to be used in marking turtles must be permanent, since turtles have a long life span, must definitely identify each individual, must not handicap the turtle in any way, and should be simple and easy to use. |author-link=Fred R. Cagle |jstor=1436818| doi = 10.2307/1436818 }} {{subscription}}</ref><ref name=Macartney>{{cite book|title=The western painted turtle in Kikomun Creek Provincial Park (report)|date=1985|author=Macartney, M.|author2=Gregory, P. T.}} as cited in {{cite web|title=Inventory methods for pond-breeding amphibians and painted turtle|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/risc/pubs/tebiodiv/pond/baptml20-06.htm|publisher=Ministry of Environment, British Columbia|access-date=2017-10-06|at=3.1.3 Marking and identification|date=1998-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212321/https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/risc/pubs/tebiodiv/pond/baptml20-06.htm|archive-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> The longest-running study, in Michigan, has shown that painted turtles can live more than 55 years.<ref name="Zweifel" /><ref name="Congdon2003">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0531-5565(03)00106-2 |author=Congdon, Justin D. |display-authors=4 |author2=Nagle, Roy D. |author3=Kinney, Owen M. |author4=van Loben Sels, Richard C. |author5=Quinter, Todd |author6=Tinkle, Donald W. |author6-link=Donald W. Tinkle |title=Testing hypotheses of aging in long-lived painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') |journal=Experimental Gerontology |date=2003 |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=765–772 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/251.pdf |pmid=12855285 |s2cid=12556383 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155606/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/251.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref>
-
-Adult [[sex ratio]]s of painted turtle populations average around 1:1.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|pp=294–295}} Many populations are slightly male-heavy, but some are strongly female-imbalanced; one population in Ontario has a female to male ratio of 4:1.<ref name="sbaa.ca" /> Hatchling sex ratio [[temperature-dependent sex determination|varies based on egg temperature]]. During the middle third of incubation, temperatures of {{convert|23|–|27|C|F|abbr=on|0}} produce males, and anything above or below that, females.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> It does not appear that females choose nesting sites to influence the sex of the hatchlings;{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=291}} within a population, nests will vary sufficiently to give both male and female-heavy broods.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}}
-{{Clear}}
-
-==Taxonomy and evolution==
-[[File:Schneider Johann Gottlob 1750-1822.png|thumb|upright|alt=a line drawing of Schneider's portrait at a 3/4 angle. he looks resolute and has long hair.|German naturalist [[Johann Gottlob Schneider]] first categorized the painted turtle]]
-
-The painted turtle (''C. picta'') is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] in the genus ''Chrysemys''.<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" /> The parent family for ''Chrysemys'' is Emydidae: the pond turtles. Emydidae is split into two sub families; ''Chrysemys'' is part of the [[Deirochelyinae]] (Western Hemisphere) branch.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|pp=000.91,000.99}} The four subspecies of the painted turtle are the eastern (''C. p. picta''), midland (''C. p. marginata''), southern (''C. p. dorsalis''), and western (''C. p. bellii'').{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=214}}
-
-The painted turtle's [[Genus (biology)|generic]] name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "gold" (''chryso'') and "freshwater tortoise" (''emys''); the [[Specific name (zoology)|species name]] originates from the Latin for "colored" (''pictus'').<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vafwis.org/fwis/booklet.html?&bova=030060&Menu=_.Taxonomy | title = Taxonomy chapter for turtle, eastern painted (030060) | access-date = 2010-12-17 | date = 2010 | work = BOVA Booklet | publisher = Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information Service}}</ref> The subspecies name, ''marginata'', derives from the Latin for "border" and refers to the red markings on the outer (marginal) part of the upper shell; ''dorsalis'' is from the Latin for "back", referring to the prominent [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] stripe; and ''bellii'' honors English zoologist [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Thomas Bell]], a collaborator of [[Charles Darwin]].<ref name="Beltz">{{cite web|last=Beltz|first=Ellin|title=Scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of North America – explained|url=http://ebeltz.net/herps/etymain.html#Turtles|date = 2006 |access-date=2010-12-13}}</ref><ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Chrysemys picta belli'', p. 22).</ref> An alternate East Coast common name for the painted turtle is "skilpot", from the Dutch for turtle, ''schildpad''.<ref name="VA Herpsoc">{{cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard L.|title='Skilpot': a request for information|journal=Virginia Herpetological Society Bulletin|date=March 1987|volume=85|url=http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/bulletins/VHS%20Bulletin%2085.pdf|quote=When I was a child living in Clifton Forge, VA, the name by which I learned ''Chrysemys picta'', painted turtle, was 'skilpot'.|access-date=2010-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717210736/http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/bulletins/VHS%20Bulletin%2085.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-===Classification===
-Originally described in 1783 by [[Johann Gottlob Schneider]] as ''Testudo picta'',<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" /><ref name="Schneider1783-p348" /> the painted turtle was called ''Chrysemys picta'' first by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1855. The four subspecies were then recognized: the eastern by Schneider in 1783,<ref name="Schneider1783-p348" />{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}} the western by Gray in 1831,{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}}<ref name="Gray1831-p12" /> and the midland and southern by [[Louis Agassiz]] in 1857.{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=178}}<ref name="Agassiz1857" />
-
-Until the 1930s many of the subspecies of the painted turtle were labeled by biologists as full species within ''Chrysemys'', but this varied by the researcher. The painted turtles in the border region between the western and midland subspecies were sometimes considered a full species, ''treleasei''. In 1931, [[Sherman C. Bishop|Bishop]] and [[Franklin J. W. Schmidt|Schmidt]] defined the current "four in one" taxonomy of species and subspecies. Based on comparative measurements of turtles from throughout the range, they subordinated species to subspecies and eliminated ''treleasei''.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite journal | last1 = Bishop | first1 = Sherman | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = F. J. W. | title = The painted turtles of the genus ''Chrysemys'' | pages = 123–139 | journal = Zoological Series | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | date = 1931 | publisher = Field Museum of Natural History | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9sNJAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA123| access-date = 2011-01-06}}</ref>
-
-Since at least 1958,<ref name="Bleakney 1958">{{cite journal | title = Postglacial dispersal of the turtle ''Chrysemys picta'' | journal = Herpetologica | date = 1958-07-23 | first = Sherman | last = Bleakney | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–104| jstor = 3889448}} {{subscription}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Bishop and Schmidt alluded to glacial origins even earlier.<ref name="Bishop" />|group="nb"}} the subspecies were thought to have evolved in response to [[Allopatric speciation|geographic isolation]] during the last ice age, 100,000 to 11,000 years ago.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} At that time painted turtles were divided into three different populations: eastern painted turtles along the southeastern Atlantic coast; southern painted turtles around the southern Mississippi River; and western painted turtles in the southwestern United States.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}} The populations were not completely isolated for sufficiently long, hence wholly different species never evolved. When the glaciers retreated, about 11,000 years ago, all three subspecies moved north. The western and southern subspecies met in Missouri and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] to produce the midland painted turtle, which then moved east and north through the Ohio and Tennessee river basins.<ref name="Bleakney 1958" />{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}}
-
-Biologists have long debated the genera of closely related subfamily-mates ''Chrysemys,'' ''[[Pseudemys]]'' (cooters), and ''[[Trachemys]]'' (sliders). After 1952, some combined ''Pseudemys'' and ''Chrysemys'' because of similar appearance.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=213}} In 1964, based on measurements of the skull and feet, [[Samuel B. McDowell]] proposed all three genera be merged into one. However, further measurements, in 1967, contradicted this [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] arrangement. Also in 1967, [[J. Alan Holman]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Comments on turtles of the genus ''Chrysemys'' Gray | journal = Herpetologica | date = September 1977 | first = J. Alan | last = Holman | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–276 | jstor = 3891939}} {{subscription}}</ref> a paleontologist and herpetologist, pointed out that, although the three turtles were often found together in nature and had similar mating patterns, they did not [[crossbreed]]. In the 1980s, studies of turtles' cell structures, biochemistries, and parasites further indicated that ''Chrysemys'', ''Pseudemys'', and ''Trachemys'' should remain in separate genera.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=203}}
-
-David E. Starkey and collaborators advanced a new view of the subspecies in 2003. Based on a study of the [[mitochondrial DNA]], they rejected the glacial development theory and argued that the southern painted turtle should be elevated to a separate species, ''C. dorsalis'', while the other subspecies should be collapsed into one and not differentiated.<ref name="Starkey2003">{{cite journal | title = Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') complex | journal = Evolution | date = 2003 | first = David | last = Starkey | display-authors = 4 | author2 = Shaffer, H. Bradley | author3 = Burke, Russel | author4 = Forstner, Michael R. J. | author5 = Iverson, John B. | author6 = Janzen, Fredric J. | author7 = Rhodin, Anders G. J. | author8 = Ultsch, Gordon R. | pmid = 12643572 | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–128 | url = http://people.hofstra.edu/russell_l_burke/PDFs/starkey_et_al.pdf | doi = 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00220.x | s2cid = 16681228 | access-date = 2010-12-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324103029/http://people.hofstra.edu/russell_l_burke/PDFs/starkey_et_al.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-24 | url-status = dead | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, this proposition was largely unrecognized because successful breeding between all subspecies was documented wherever they overlapped.{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}}{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=2}} Nevertheless, in 2010, the [[IUCN]] recognized both ''C. dorsalis'' and ''C. p. dorsalis'' as valid names for the southern painted turtle.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}
-
-===Fossils===
-[[File:Top and bottom shell fossil Cf Chrysemys picta 01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=fossils in a tray, paper labels nearby|Top and bottom shell fossils, about 5 million years old, from a Tennessee [[sinkhole]]<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Robert W|title=Mass grave from the remote past|journal=Norwegian Continental Shelf|date=2007-12-17|volume=2007|issue=3|url=http://www.npd.no/en/Publications/Norwegian-Continental-Shelf/No-3-2007/Mass-grave-from-the-remote-past/|access-date=2011-02-08|publisher=Norwegian Petroleum Directorate|format=also avail. as pdf}}</ref>]]
-
-Although its evolutionary history—what the forerunner to the species was and how the close relatives branched off—is not well understood, the painted turtle is common in the fossil record.<ref name="Dobie">{{cite journal|last=Dobie|first=James L.|title=The taxonomic relationship between ''Malaclemys'' Gray, 1844 and ''Graptemys agassiz'', 1857 (Testudines: Emydidae) |journal=Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany|date=1981–1982|volume=23|pages=85–103|url=https://archive.org/stream/tulanestudiesinz2319811982tula/tulanestudiesinz2319811982tula_djvu.txt|access-date=2011-01-04}}</ref> The oldest samples, found in Nebraska, date to about 15 million years ago. Fossils from 15 million to about 5 million years ago are restricted to the Nebraska-Kansas area, but more recent fossils are gradually more widely distributed. Fossils newer than 300,000 years old are found in almost all the United States and southern Canada.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=184–185}}
-
-===DNA===
-The turtle's [[karyotype]] (nuclear DNA, rather than mitochondrial DNA) consists of 50 [[chromosome]]s, the same number as the rest of its subfamily-mates and the most common number for Emydidae turtles in general.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}<ref name=Bickham>{{cite journal|last=Bickham|first=J. W.|author2=Carr, J. L.|title=Taxonomy and phylogeny of the higher categories of|journal=Copeia|date=1983|volume=1983|issue=4|pages=918–932|doi=10.2307/1445093 |jstor=1445093|s2cid=29543729|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b783f48a4933c914c680f30e47d8a522715c92f}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 10.</ref><ref name=Killebrew>{{cite journal|last=Killebrew|first=F. C.|title=Mitotic chromosomes of turtles. IV. The Emydidae|journal=Texas Journal of Science|date=1977|volume=24|pages=249–253}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 10.</ref> Less well-related turtles have from 26 to 66 chromosomes.<ref name="Killebrew count">{{cite journal|last=Killebrew|first=Flavius C.|title=Mitotic chromosomes of turtles: I. The Pelomedusidae|journal=Journal of Herpetology|date=1975-07-28|volume=9|issue=3|pages=282–285|doi=10.2307/1563192|jstor=1563192}}</ref> Little systematic study of variations of the painted turtle's karotype among populations has been done.{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=11}} (However, in 1967, research on ''protein'' structure of offshore island populations in New England, showed differences from mainland turtles.<ref name=Waters>{{cite journal|last=Waters|first=J. H.|title=Additional observations of Southeastern Massachusetts insular and|journal=Copeia|date=1969|volume=1|issue=1|pages=179–182|doi=10.2307/1441709 |jstor=1441709}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 11.</ref>)
-
-Comparison of subspecies chromosomal DNA has been discussed, to help address the debate over Starkey's proposed taxonomy, but as of 2009 had not been reported.{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=11}}{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=22}} The complete sequencing of the genetic code for the painted turtle was at a "draft assembled" state in 2010. The turtle was one of two reptiles chosen to be first sequenced.<ref name=Genome>{{cite web|title=Approved sequencing targets|url=http://www.genome.gov/10002154|publisher=National Human Genome Research Institutes (National Institutes of Health)|access-date=2011-02-14|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69gtLYtOc?url=http://www.genome.gov/10002154|archive-date=2012-08-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-{{Clear}}
-
-==Interaction with humans==
-
-===Conservation===
-
-[[File:Turtle crossing sign, April 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|British Columbia road sign (for painted turtle protection)|alt=An orange, diamond-shaped sign on the right side of a winding road way that says "Slow: crossing season" with a picture of a turtle.]]
-
-{{Main|Conservation of painted turtles}}
-The species is currently classified as [[least concern]] by the [[IUCN]] but populations have been subject to decline locally.<ref name=iucn/>
-
-The decline in painted turtle populations is not a simple matter of dramatic range reduction, like that of the [[:File:Extermination of bison to 1889.svg|American bison]]. Instead the turtle is classified as G5 (demonstrably widespread) in its [[NatureServe conservation status|Natural Heritage Global Rank]],{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=5}} and the [[IUCN]] rates it as a species of [[least concern]].{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}} The painted turtle's high reproduction rate and its ability to survive in polluted wetlands and artificially made ponds have allowed it to maintain its range,<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref name="TC Proj">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle: ''Chrysemys picta''|url=http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html|publisher=Turtle Conservation Project|access-date=2010-12-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922222101/http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html|archive-date=2010-09-22}}</ref> but the post-Columbus settlement of North America has reduced its numbers.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=23–32}}
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-Only within the Pacific Northwest is the turtle's range eroding. Even there, in Washington, the painted turtle is designated S5 (demonstrably widespread). However, in Oregon, the painted turtle is designated S2 (imperiled),{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=9}} and in British Columbia, the turtle's populations in the [[British Columbia Coast|Coast]] and [[British Columbia Interior|Interior]] regions are labeled "endangered"<ref name="sara2010">{{cite news | title = Species profile western painted turtle Pacific coast population | date = 2010-01-11 | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=902 | work = Species at Risk Public Registry | access-date = 2010-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610224623/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=902 | archive-date = 2013-06-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and "of special concern", respectively.<ref name="SARA2010">{{cite news | title = Species profile western painted turtle intermountain – Rocky Mountain population | date = 2010-01-11 | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=903 | work = Species at Risk Public Registry | access-date = 2010-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610233735/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=903 | archive-date = 2013-06-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The iconic painted turtle is popular in British Columbia, and the province is spending to save the painted turtle as only a few thousand turtles remain in the entire province.<ref name="HAT PR">{{cite web|last=Carnahan|first=Todd|title=Western painted turtles|url=http://www.hat.bc.ca/stewardship-projects/stewardship-group1-helping-people-steward-nature/turtles.html|publisher=Habitat Acquisition Trust|access-date=2010-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102010513/http://www.hat.bc.ca/stewardship-projects/stewardship-group1-helping-people-steward-nature/turtles.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-02}}</ref><ref name="BC Frogwatch">{{cite web|title=B.C. frogwatch program: Painted turtle|url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/okanagan/esd/atlas/species/turtle.html|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Environment|access-date=2011-07-21}}</ref><ref name="Nilsen">{{cite news|last=Nilsen|first=Emily|title=Protecting the painted turtle|url=http://blog.conservancy.bc.ca/2010/08/protecting-the-painted-turtle/|access-date=2010-12-11|newspaper=Nelson Express|date=2010-08-09}}</ref>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|p=29}}|group="nb"}}
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-Much is written about the different factors that threaten the painted turtle, but they are unquantified, with only inferences of relative importance.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}} A primary threat category is habitat loss in various forms. Related to water habitat, there is drying of [[Wetlands of the United States|wetlands]], clearing of aquatic logs or rocks (basking sites), and clearing of shoreline vegetation, which allows more predator access{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=33}} or increased human foot traffic.<ref name="Hayes">{{cite report|author=Hayes, M. P.|display-authors=4|author2=Beilke, S. G.|author3=Boczkiewicz, S. M.|author4=P. B. Hendrix, P. I.|author5=Ritson, P. I.|author6=Rombough, C. J. |title=The western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') at the Rivergate industrial district: management options and opportunities|date=2002}} cited in {{cite web|last1=Gervais |first1=Jennifer |display-authors=4 |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Daniel |last3=Barnes |first3=Susan |last4=Puchy |first4=Claire |last5=Stewart |first5=Elaine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 |type=technical report |date=September 2009 |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ZYJM9?url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Leuteritz">{{cite journal|last=Leuteritz|first=T. E. |author2=Manson, C. J.|title=Preliminary observations on the effects of human perturbation on basking behavior in the midland painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta marginata'') |journal=Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society|date=1996|volume=32|pages=16–23}} cited in {{cite web|last1=Gervais |first1=Jennifer |display-authors=4 |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Daniel |last3=Barnes |first3=Susan |last4=Puchy |first4=Claire |last5=Stewart |first5=Elaine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 |type=technical report |date=September 2009 |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service |page=36 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ZYJM9?url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Related to nesting habitat, urbanization or planting can remove needed sunny soils.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=36}}
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-Another significant human impact is roadkill—dead turtles, especially females, are commonly seen on summer roads.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} In addition to direct killing, roads [[Genetic isolate|genetically isolate]] some populations.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} Localities have tried to limit roadkill by constructing underpasses,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=47}} highway barriers,<ref name="Missoulian" /> and crossing signs.<ref name="Ottowa">{{cite web|last=Holmes|first=Dianne|title=Report on turtle crossing signs proposal|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/archives/rmoc/Regional_Council/11Oct00/item2_70.pdf|publisher=Region of Ottawa-Carleton|quote= ... inexpensive and morally exemplary ..."}}</ref> Oregon has introduced public education on turtle awareness, safe swerving, and safely assisting turtles across the road.<ref>{{cite journal | title = On the ground: The Oregon conservation strategy at work | journal = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) | date = February 2010 | first = Meg | last = Kenagy| url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/news/2010/2010_february.asp | access-date = 2011-01-07}}</ref>
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-In the West, human-introduced bass, bullfrogs, and especially snapping turtles, have increased the predation of hatchlings.<ref name="Missoulian" />{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=35}} Outside the Southeast, where [[Pond slider|sliders]] are native, released pet [[red-eared slider]] turtles increasingly compete with painted turtles.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=6}} In cities, increased urban predators (raccoons, canines, and felines) may impact painted turtles by eating their eggs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=33}}
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-Other factors of concern for the painted turtles include over-collection from the wild,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> released pets introducing diseases<ref name="IN FG pet" /> or reducing [[genetic variability]],{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=6}} pollution,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|pp=36–37}} boating traffic, angler's hooks (the turtles are noteworthy bait-thieves), wanton shooting, and crushing by agricultural machines or golf course lawnmowers or [[all-terrain vehicle]]s.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=37}}<ref name="AZ FG" /><ref name="VA FG" /> Gervais and colleagues note that research itself impacts the populations and that much funded turtle trapping work has not been published. They advocate discriminating more on what studies are done, thereby putting fewer turtles into scientists' traps.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=40}} [[Global warming]] represents an uncharacterized future threat.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=23–32}}{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=38}}
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-As the most common turtle in [[Nova Scotia]], the eastern painted turtle is not listed under the Species at Risk Act for conservation requirements.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nova Scotia Museum|year=2017|title=Eastern Painted Turtle|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp}}</ref>
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-[[File:Oregon's Native Turtles.ogv|center|thumbtime=1:25|thumb|'''Oregon conservation video:''' <!-- Do not cut the citations containing links to youtube and state of Oregon. 80% of Wiki readers can not see ogg formatted videos. It's same video, but viewable by people using most browsers. -->If video play problematic, try external links within citations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/images/video_gallery/oregon_native_turtles.asp |title=News and Highlights: Video Gallery – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |publisher=Dfw.state.or.us |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeTVghxdZwI |title=Oregon's Native Turtles |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref> Note list of factors at 0:30–0:60 and hoop trap at 1:50–2:00.]]
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-===Pets and other uses===
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-{{quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=100%|quote="... we do not necessarily encourage people to collect these turtles. Turtles kept as pets usually soon become
-ill ... The best way to enjoy our native turtles is to observe them in the wild ... it would be better to take a picture than a 'picta'!"|source=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission<ref name="Sheils" />|align=right}}
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-According to a trade data study, painted turtles were the second most popular pet turtles after red-eared sliders in the early 1990s.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=26}} As of 2010, most U.S. states allow, but discourage, painted turtle pets, although Oregon forbids keeping them as pets,<ref name="OR FG prohibit">{{cite web|title=Oregon native turtles|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/docs/TurtleIDCardFRONT.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and Indiana prohibits their sale.<ref name="IN FG pet">{{cite web|title=Turtles as pets |url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/3327.htm|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2010-12-11|quote=It is illegal in the State of Indiana to sell native species of turtles}}</ref> U.S. federal law prohibits sale or transport of any turtle less than {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}, to limit human contact to [[salmonella]].<ref name="CFR">{{cite web|title=Title 21 CFR 1240.62|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=1240.62|publisher=U. S. Food and Drug Administration|access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref> However, a loophole for scientific samples allows some small turtles to be sold, and [[Wildlife trade#Illegal wildlife trade|illegal trafficking]] also occurs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=35}}<ref name="ABC">{{cite news|title=Pet turtles pose salmonella danger to kids: They're banned from sale by law but still appear at flea markets, pet shops, experts say|author=Reinberg, Steven|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4507824&page=1|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2010-12-12|newspaper=ABC News}}</ref>
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-Painted turtle pet-keeping requirements are similar to those of the red-eared slider. Keepers are urged to provide them with adequate space and a basking site, and water that is regularly filtered and changed. According to [[Petco]], the animals are described as being somewhat unsuitable for children as they do not enjoy being held. Hobbyists have kept turtles alive for decades.<ref name="Senneke care">{{cite web|last=Senneke|first=Darrel|title=''Chrysemys picta'' – (Painted turtle) care|url=http://www.chelonia.org/articles/pdfs/chrysemys.pdf|publisher=World Cheledonian Trust|date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Bartlett | first1 = R. D. | last2 = Bartlett | first2 = Patricia | title = Aquatic turtles: Sliders, cooters, painted, and map turtles | publisher = Barron's Educational Series | date = 2003 | location = Hong Kong | pages = 1–48 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NV3Dzc2HIA4C&pg=PP1 | access-date = 2011-01-05 | isbn = 978-0-7641-2278-1}}</ref><ref name="Myturtlecam">{{cite web|title=Choosing a turtle|url=http://www.myturtlecam.com/choose.php|publisher=Myturtlecam.com|access-date=2011-01-25}}</ref>
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-The painted turtle is sometimes eaten but is not highly regarded as food,{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=218–219}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=233}} as even the largest subspecies, the western painted turtle, is inconveniently small and larger turtles are available.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=224}} Schools frequently dissect painted turtles, which are sold by [[biological supply industry|biological supply]] companies;<ref name="Gamble2003">{{cite web|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The commercial harvest of painted turtles in Minnesota: final report to the Minnesota department of natural resources, natural heritage and nongame research program|url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/2003/2003_gamble.pdf|type=technical report|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|author2=Simons, Andrew M.|date=2003-05-30}}</ref> specimens often come from the wild but may be captive-bred.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pike|first=Sue|title=Painted turtles often used for classroom dissection|url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100721-LIFE-7210312|access-date=2010-12-07|newspaper=Seacoast Media (Dow Jones wire service)|date=2010-07-21}}</ref> In the Midwest, [[turtle racing]] is popular at summer fairs.<ref name="Gamble2003" /><ref name="Freeman">{{cite news|last=Freeman|first=Eric|title=Rupp, grandson trap turtles to compete in local races|url=http://columbustelegram.com/news/local/article_11f50372-730c-11df-9a36-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2010-12-18|newspaper=Columbus Telegram|date=2010-06-08}}</ref><ref name="Midwest Weekends">{{cite web|title=Fast times in Nisswa: Swift turtles mix with power shoppers in a Minnesota lake-country oasis|url=http://www.midwestweekends.com/plan_a_trip/family_friends/travel_with_kids/nisswa_turtle_races.html|publisher=Midwest Weekends|access-date=2010-12-18}}</ref>
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-===Capture===
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-{{Main|Capture of painted turtles}}
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-Commercial harvesting of painted turtles in the wild is controversial and, increasingly, restricted.<ref name="Keen">{{cite news|last=Keen|first=Judith|title=States rethink turtle trapping|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/environment/2009-07-19-turtle-hunt_N.htm|access-date=2010-12-21|newspaper=USA Today|date=2009-07-20}}</ref><ref name="Thorbjarnarson">{{cite book|title=Turtle conservation|date=2000 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|author=Thorbjarnarson, J.|chapter=Human use of turtles |display-authors=4 |author2=Lageux, C. L. |author3=Bolze, D. |author4=Klemens, M. W. |author5= Meylan, A. B. |editor=Klemens, M. W |location=Washington and London|pages=33–84}} cited in {{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |last=Gamble |first=Tony |author2=Simon, Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |issn=0091-7648 |access-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619180515/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wisconsin formerly had virtually unrestricted trapping of painted turtles but based on qualitative observations forbade all commercial harvesting in 1997.<ref name="Arnie">{{cite journal |last=Arnie |first=Jennifer |title=The turtle trap|journal=Imprint Magazine|url=http://www.bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html|access-date=2010-12-21|publisher=The University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119125046/http://bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-19}}</ref> Neighboring Minnesota, where trappers collected more than 300,000 painted turtles during the 1990s,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} commissioned a study of painted turtle harvesting.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Scientists found that harvested lakes averaged half the painted turtle density of off-limit lakes, and population modeling suggested that unrestricted harvests could produce a large decline in turtle populations.<ref name="Gamble2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |last=Gamble |first=Tony |author2=Simon, Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |issn=0091-7648 |access-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619180515/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In response, Minnesota forbade new harvesters in 2002 and limited trap numbers. Although harvesting continued,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> subsequent takes averaged half those of the 1990s.<ref name="MN DNR 2005">{{cite web |title=Minnesota commercial turtle harvest: 2012-2013 |url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/2013_commercialturtleharvest.pdf |format=report |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |access-date=2017-09-21 }}</ref> As of 2009, painted turtles faced virtually unlimited harvesting in Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma;<ref name="CBD">{{cite web |title=Southern and midwestern turtle species affected by commercial harvest |url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/southern_and_midwestern_freshwater_turtles/pdfs/Southern-and-midwestern-turtle-species-affected-by-harvest.pdf |publisher=Center for Biological Diversity |access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> since then, Missouri has prohibited their harvesting.<ref name="MO FG" />
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-[[File:Turtles on trap1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A square turtle trap is floating near some reeds. There is a plank across the middle, but open access to a space in the middle otherwise, that three turtles are basking on, one crawling on the other. The outer sides of the trap slope and one turtle is starting to climb out of the water, up onto the trap. It is sunny.|Basking trap in Minnesota]]
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-Individuals who trap painted turtles typically do so to earn additional income,<ref name="Gamble2004" /><ref name="Keen" /> selling a few thousand a year at $1–2 each.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Many trappers have been involved in the trade for generations, and value it as a family activity.<ref name="Arnie" /> Some harvesters disagree with limiting the catch, saying the populations are not dropping.<ref name="Arnie" />
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-Many U.S. state [[fish and game department]]s <!-- only wiki page is a disamb page that lists 4 of the 50 state FG departments, think redlink better choice here, page could be good article -->allow non-commercial taking of painted turtles under a [[Creel (basket)|creel]] limit, and require a fishing (sometimes hunting) license;{{#tag:ref|State fish and game creel limits.<ref name="AL FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame species protected by Alabama regulations|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|publisher=Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries|access-date=2017-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193821/http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|archive-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="AZ FG">{{cite web|title=Arizona reptile and amphibian regulations |url=http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208100709/http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="VA FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame fish, reptile, amphibian and aquatic invertebrate regulations |url=http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2010-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111164423/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |archive-date=2010-11-11 }}</ref><ref name="AL FG comm">{{cite web|title=Resident license information and applications packets|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818192510/http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|archive-date=2014-08-18}}</ref><ref name="MI FG">{{cite web|title=Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians|url=http://www.michigan.gov/documents/RegsOnTheTakeOfReptilesAndAmphibians_164917_7.pdf|publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref><ref name="PA FG">{{cite web|title=Summary of Pennsylvania fishing laws and regulations – reptiles and amphibians – seasons and limits|url=http://pfbc.pa.gov/fishpub/summaryad/repamp.html|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="NH FG">{{cite web|title=Rules and regulations for reptiles and amphibians in New Hampshire|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/nongame/rules-amp-rept.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>|group="nb"}} others completely forbid the recreational capture of painted turtles. Trapping is not allowed in Oregon, where western painted turtle populations are in decline,<ref name="OR FG">{{cite web|title=Guidance for Conserving Oregon's Native Turtles including Best Management Practices|url=https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/living_with/docs/ODFW_Turtle_BMPs_March_2015.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> and in Missouri, where there are populations of both southern and western subspecies.<ref name="MO FG">{{cite web|title=MDC discover nature turtles|url=https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/amphibian-and-reptile-facts/turtle-facts|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|access-date=2017-09-21|quote=Missouri has 17 kinds of turtles; all but three are protected ... common snapping turtles and two softshells ...}}</ref> In Canada, Ontario protects both subspecies present, the midland and western,<ref name="Ontario Hunting">{{cite web|title=Hunting regulations 2010–2011|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239841.pdf|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and British Columbia protects its dwindling western painted turtles.<ref name="BC" />
-
-Capture methods are also regulated by locality. Typically trappers use either floating "basking traps" or partially submerged, baited "hoop traps".<ref name="Gamble2006">{{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> Trapper opinions,<ref name="Gamble2006" /> commercial records,<ref name="MN DNR 2005" /> and scientific studies<ref name="Gamble2006" /><ref name="Browne2005">{{cite journal|last=Browne|first=C. L.|author2=Hecnar, S. J.|title=Capture success of northern map turtles (''Graptemys geographica'') and other turtle species in basking vs. baited traps|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2005|volume=36|pages=145–147}} cited in {{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref><ref name="McKenna2001">{{cite journal|last=McKenna|first=K. C.|title=''Chrysemys picta'' (painted turtle). Trapping|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2001|volume=32|page=184}} cited in {{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> show that basking traps are more effective for collecting painted turtles, while the hoop traps work better for collecting "meat turtles" (snapping turtles and [[Trionychidae|soft-shell turtles]]). Nets, hand capture, and fishing with [[Dropline|set lines]] are generally legal, but shooting, chemicals, and explosives are forbidden.{{#tag:ref|State fish and game taking restrictions.<ref name="AL FG"/><ref name="AZ FG"/><ref name="VA FG"/><ref name="MI FG"/><ref name="PA FG"/><ref name="NH FG"/>|group="nb"}}
-{{Clear}}
-
-===Culture===
-
-{{quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=100%|quote="Whereas, the Painted Turtle is a hard worker and can withstand cold temperatures like the citizens of Vermont, and Whereas, the colors of the Painted Turtle represent the beauty of our state in autumn ... the General Assembly hereby recognizes the Painted Turtle as the official state reptile ..."|source=Vermont J.R.S. 57<ref name="Vermont" />}}
-
-[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes were familiar with the painted turtle—young braves were trained to recognize its splashing into water as an alarm—and incorporated it in folklore.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Macfarlan | first1 = Allan | last2 = Macfarlan | first2 = Paulette | title = Handbook of American Indian games | publisher = Dover Publications | isbn = 978-0-486-24837-0 | date = 1985-03-01 | page = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00macf/page/62 62] | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00macf/page/62 }}</ref> A [[Potawatomi]] myth describes how the talking turtles, "Painted Turtle" and allies "Snapping Turtle" and "[[box turtle|Box Turtle]]", outwit the village women. Painted Turtle is the star of the legend and uses his distinctive markings to trick a woman into holding him so he can bite her.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html | title = Potawatomi oral tradition | access-date = 2010-12-17 | publisher = Milwaukee Public Museum | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610005129/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html | archive-date = 2010-06-10 }} Adapted from {{cite book | last = Skinner | first = Alanson | title = The Mascoutens or Prairie Potawatomi Indians, Volume 6 | chapter = Mythology and Folklore | volume = 3 | publisher = Board of Trustees | date = 1927 | location = Indiana University}}</ref> An [[Illiniwek|Illini]] myth recounts how Painted Turtle put his paint on to entice a chief's daughter into the water.<ref>Illinois State Museum. [http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/popups/be_turtle.html The painted turtle]. Retrieved 2010-12-10. "As told by an unidentified Peoria informant to Truman Michelson, 1916; after Knoepfle 1993."</ref>
-
-As of 2010, four U.S. states designated the painted turtle as [[List of U.S. state reptiles|official reptile]]. Vermont honored the reptile in 1994, following the suggestion of [[Cornwall Elementary School]] students.<ref name="Vermont">{{cite web | url = http://www.leg.state.vt.us/DOCS/1994/ACTS/ACTR179.HTM | title = Joint resolution relating to the designation of the painted turtle as the state reptile | access-date = 2010-12-15}}</ref> In 1995, Michigan followed, based on the recommendation of [[Niles, Michigan|Niles]] fifth graders, who discovered the state lacked an official reptile.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Michigan's state symbols | journal = Michigan History Magazine | date = May 2002 | volume = 100| url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mhc_mhm_statesymbols2002_47909_7.pdf}}</ref> Illinois citizens, in 2004, voted to select the painted turtle as their state reptile and the legislature made it official in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx |title=State symbols |access-date=2010-12-15 |publisher=Illinois.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630233940/http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx |archive-date=June 30, 2010 }}</ref> Colorado chose the western painted turtle in 2008, following the efforts of two succeeding years of Jay Biachi's fourth grade classes.<ref name="Colorado">{{cite web | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/history/symbemb.htm#Reptile | title = Colorado state archives symbols & emblems | access-date = 2011-01-23 | work = colorado.gov | publisher = State of Colorado}}</ref> In New York, the painted turtle narrowly lost (5,048 to 5,005, versus the common snapping turtle) a 2006 statewide student election for state reptile.<ref name="NY election">{{cite web|title=The voting is over: Students nominate common snapping turtle as official state reptile|url=http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Joel-M-Miller/story/18722/|publisher=Assemblyman Joel M. Miller|access-date=2011-02-25|date=2006-04-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007141341/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Joel-M-Miller/story/18722/|archive-date=2012-10-07}}</ref>
-
-[[File:2009-0521-Boissevain-TtheT.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large turtle statue standing on two legs and holding a Canadian flag in one hand an American flag in the other.|''Tommy the Turtle'']]
-
-In the border town of [[Boissevain, Manitoba|Boissevain]], Manitoba, a {{convert|10,000|lb|kg|abbr=on|-2}} western painted turtle, ''Tommy the Turtle'', is a roadside attraction. The statue was built in 1974 to celebrate the Canadian Turtle Derby, a festival including [[Turtle racing|turtle races]] that ran from 1972–2001.<ref name="Raynor">{{cite news|last=Raynor |first=Paul |title=Celebration coins minted and ready |url=http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm |access-date=2011-01-28 |newspaper=Boissevain Recorder |date=2005-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230632/http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm |archive-date=February 13, 2006 }}</ref>
-
-Another Canadian admirer of the painted turtle is [[Jon Montgomery]], who won the 2010 Olympic gold medal in [[Skeleton (sport)|skeleton]] (a form of sled) racing, while wearing a painted turtle painting on the crown of his helmet, prominently visible when he slid downhill. Montgomery, who also iconically tattooed his chest with a maple-leaf,<ref name="Whistler's party">{{cite web|title=Jon Montgomery is the life of Whistler's party |url=http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party |author=Kevin McGran |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=2010-02-21 |access-date=2010-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224051700/http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party |archive-date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref> explained his visual promotion of the turtle, saying that he had assisted one to cross the road. [[BC Hydro]] referred to Montgomery's action when describing its own sponsorship of conservation research for the turtle in British Columbia.<ref name="editor">{{cite news|author=editor|title=BC Hydro plans painted turtle study this summer|url=http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/|access-date=2011-02-04|newspaper=The Revelstoke Current|date=2010-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175310/http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/|archive-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>
-
-Several private entities use the painted turtle as a symbol. [[Wayne State University Press]] operates an imprint "named after the Michigan state reptile" that "publishes books on regional topics of cultural and historical interest".<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle publishing imprint website |url=http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle |publisher=Wayne State University Press |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018003207/http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle |archive-date=October 18, 2009 }}</ref> In California, [[The Painted Turtle]] is a camp for ill children, founded by [[Paul Newman]]. Painted Turtle Winery of British Columbia trades on the "laid back and casual lifestyle" of the turtle with a "job description to bask in the sun".<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle winery|url=http://www.paintedturtlewine.com/|access-date=2010-12-07}}</ref> Also, there is an Internet company in Michigan,<ref name="PTWD">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle web design|url=http://www.paintedturtlewebdesign.com/|publisher=Painted Turtle Web Design|access-date=2011-01-02}}</ref> a guesthouse in British Columbia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle guesthouse website|url=http://www.paintedturtle.ca/home.php|access-date=2010-12-06}}</ref> and a café in Maine that use the painted turtle commercially.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff reports |title=Eat & run |newspaper=The Portland Press Herald |date=2010-03-12 |url=http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114858/http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html |archive-date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>
-
-In children's books, the painted turtle is a popular subject, with at least seven books published between 2000 and 2010.{{#tag:ref|2000–2010 children's books on the painted turtle.<ref name="Collier2010">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Kevin Scott|title=The Esther Chronicles|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="Collier">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Kent Scott|title=Esther's Channel|isbn=978-0-9752880-6-1|publisher=Baker Tritten|date=2005-04-15|url=https://archive.org/details/estherschannel0000coll}}</ref><ref name="Hughes">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Marghanita|title=Nika and the painted turtle|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="Gillis">{{cite book|last=Gillis|first=Jennifer Blizen|title=Turtles: Pets at my House|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-5056-2|date=2004-10-30|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/turtles0000gill}}</ref><ref name="Hipp">{{cite book|last=Hipp|first=Andrew|title=The Life Cycle of a Painted Turtle|publisher=Rosen Classroom|isbn=978-1-4042-5208-0|date=2005-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Falwell">{{cite book|last=Falwell|first=Cathryn|title=Turtle Splash!: Countdown at the Pond|publisher=Greenwillow Books|isbn=978-0-06-142927-9|date=2008-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Turtle Crossing">{{cite book|last=Chrustowski|first=Rick|title=Turtle Crossing|date=2006|publisher=Henry Hold & Co|isbn=978-0-8050-7498-7|url=https://archive.org/details/turtlecrossing0000chru|url-access=registration|quote=So the next time you see a Turtle Crossing sign, keep your eyes open—if you're lucky, you just might see a painted turtle on her way to make a nest.}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
-{{Clear}}
-
-==Notes and references==
-
-===Notes===
-{{Reflist| group="nb"}}
-
-===Citations===
-{{Reflist|25em|refs =
-<ref name="Schneider1783-p348">
-{{cite book
-| last = Schneider
-| first = Johann Gotttlob
-| author-link = Johann Gottlob Schneider
-| title = Allgemeine naturgeschichte der schildkröten
-| publisher = J.G. Müller
-| date = 1783
-| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wl5HAAAAYAAJ/page/n397 348]
-| location = Leipzig
-| language = de
-| format = Gothic script
-| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wl5HAAAAYAAJ
-| access-date = 2011-02-08
-| quote = ... unter dem namen Testudo picta ...
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="Gray1831-p12">
-{{cite book
-| last = Gray
-| first = John Edward
-| author-link = John Edward Gray
-| editor = Griffith, Edward
-| title = The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization: The class reptilia, with specific descriptions, volume 9
-| date = 1831
-| publisher = Whittikar, Treacher
-| location = London
-| page = 12
-| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1IAAAAMAAJ&q=John+edward+gray&pg=PA1
-| chapter = A synopsis of the species of the class reptilia
-| access-date = 2011-07-20
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="Agassiz1857">
-{{cite book
-| last = Agassiz
-| first = Louis
-| author-link = Louis Agassiz
-| title = Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America: First monograph: in three parts
-| date = 1857
-| publisher = Little, Brown
-| location = Boston
-| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M2Q_AAAAcAAJ
-| quote = agassiz.
-| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M2Q_AAAAcAAJ/page/n491 439]–440
-| access-date = 2011-07-20
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="Smith and Taylor">
-{{cite book
-| last1 = Smith
-| first1 = Hobart M.
-| author-link = Hobart Muir Smith
-| last2 = Taylor
-| first2 = Edward H.
-| author-link2 = Edward Harrison Taylor
-| title = An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes
-| date = 1950
-| work = Bulletin of the United States National Museum
-| volume = 199
-| pages = 33–34
-| publisher = Smithsonian Institution
-| url = http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/handle/10088/10203
-| access-date = 2011-01-08
-| quote = Recorded only from the state of Chihuahua: Rio Santa Maria, near Progreso
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="Tanner1987-07">
-{{cite journal
-| last = Tanner
-| first = Wilmer W.
-| author-link = Wilmer Tanner
-| title = Lizards and turtles of western Chihuahua
-| date = July 1987
-| journal = Great Basin Naturalist
-| volume = 47
-| issue = 3
-| pages = 383–421
-| url = https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/ojs/index.php/wnan/article/viewArticle/1829
-| format = linked pdf
-| access-date = 2011-01-09
-| quote = Rio Santa Maria, above bridge west of Galeana ...
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction">
-{{cite web
-| last = Ercelawn
-| first = Aliya
-| title = Reproduction
-| work = Herpetology Species Page
-| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biology and Environmental Sciences)
-| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/reproduction.html
-| access-date = 2011-02-06
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic">
-{{cite web
-| last = Ercelawn
-| first = Aliya
-| work = Herpetology Species Page
-| title = Taxonomic information
-| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biological and Environmental Sciences Department)
-| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/taxonomicinfo.html
-| access-date = 2011-02-06
-}}
-</ref>
-
-<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification">
-{{cite web
-| last = Ercelawn
-| first = Aliya
-| work = Herpetology Species Page
-| title = Species identification
-| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biology and Environmental Sciences)
-| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/speciesidentification.html
-| access-date = 2011-02-06
-}}
-</ref>
-}}
-
-===Bibliography===
-{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
-* {{cite book
- | last = Carr
- | first = Archie
- | author-link1 = Archie Carr
- | title = Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California
- | date = 1952
- | chapter = Genus ''Chrysemys'': The Painted Turtles
- | work = Handbooks of American Natural History
- | publisher = Comstock Publishing Associates a Division of Cornell University Press
- | location = Binghamton, New York
- | pages = 213–234
- | isbn = 0-8014-8254-2
- }}
-* {{cite web
- | last = Dupuis
- | first = Linda
- | url = http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-505-2006E.pdf
- | title = COSEWIC assessment and status report on the western painted turtle ''Chrysemys picta bellii''
- | date = 2006
- | page = 29
- | publisher = Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
- | ref = {{harvid|COSEWIC|2006}}
- }}
-* {{cite book
- | last1 = Ernst
- | first1 = Carl H.
- | last2 = Barbour
- | first2 = Roger William
- | title = Turtles of the United States
- | date = 1972
- | chapter = ''Chrysemys picta''
- | pages = [https://archive.org/details/turtlesofuniteds00carl/page/138 138]–146
- | publisher = The University Press of Kentucky
- | location = Lexington, Kentucky
- | isbn = 0-8131-1272-9
- | url = https://archive.org/details/turtlesofuniteds00carl
- | url-access = registration
- | access-date = 2011-02-08
- }}
-* {{cite book
- | last1 = Ernst
- | first1 = Carl H.
- | last2 = Barbour
- | first2 = Roger William
- | title = Turtles of the World
- | date = 1989
- | chapter = ''Chrysemys''
- | pages = [https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns/page/201 201]–203
- | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press
- | location = Washington, D.C., and London
- | isbn = 0-87474-414-8
- | url = https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns
- | url-access = registration
- | access-date = 2011-02-08
- }}
-* {{cite book
- | last1 = Ernst
- | first1 = Carl H.
- | last2 = Barbour
- | first2 = Roger William
- | last3 = Lovich
- | first3 = Jeffery E.
- | title = Turtles of the United States and Canada
- | editor = Dutro, Nancy P.
- | date = 1994
- | pages = 276–296
- | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press
- | location = Washington and London
- | isbn = 1-56098-346-9
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IScWAQAAIAAJ
- | access-date = 2011-02-08
- }}
-* {{cite book
- | last1 = Ernst
- | first1 = Carl H.
- | last2 = Lovich
- | first2 = Jeffery E.
- | title = Turtles of the United States and Canada
- | date = 2009
- | pages = 185–259
- | publisher = JHU Press
- | edition = 2nd
- | isbn = 978-0-8018-9121-2
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nNOQghYEXZMC&pg=PA185
- | access-date = 2011-02-08
- }}
-* {{cite journal
- |last1=Fritz
- |first1=Uwe
- |last2=Havaš
- |first2=Peter
- |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World
- |date=2007
- |journal=Vertebrate Zoology
- |volume=57
- |issue=2
- |pages=149–368
- |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf
- |archive-date=2011-05-01
- |url-status=dead
-}}
-* {{cite web
- |last1=Gervais
- |first1=Jennifer
- |last2=Rosenberg
- |first2=Daniel
- |last3=Barnes
- |first3=Susan
- |last4=Puchy
- |first4=Claire
- |last5=Stewart
- |first5=Elaine
- |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1
- |date=September 2009
- |pages=4–61
- |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service
- |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf
- |type=technical report
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051652/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf
- |archive-date=2011-08-13
- |ref={{harvid|Gervais et al.|2009}}
- |url-status=dead
-}}
-* {{cite book
- | last = Mann
- | first = Melissa
- | title = A taxonomic study of the morphological variation and intergradation of ''Chrysemys picta'' (Schneider) (Emydidae, Testudines) in West Virginia
- | date = May 2007
- | pages = i–64
- | publisher = (Thesis) Marshall University
- | url = http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/142/
- }}
-* {{cite journal
- | last1 = Packard
- | first1 = Gary, C.
- | last2 = Packard
- | first2 = Mary J.
- | last3 = Morjan
- | first3 = Carrie L.
- | last4 = Janzen
- | first4 = Fredric J.
- | title = Cold-tolerance of hatchling painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') from the southern limit of distribution|journal=Journal of Herpetology
- | date = 2002
- | volume = 36
- | issue = 2
- | pages = 300–304
- | url = http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fjanzen/pdf/02JHerpetol1.pdf
- | ref = {{harvid|Packard et al.|2002}}
- | doi=10.2307/1566006
- | jstor = 1566006
- }}
-* {{cite journal
- |last1=Rhodin
- |first1=Anders G.J.
- |last2=van Dijk
- |first2=Peter Paul
- |last3=Inverson
- |first3=John B.
- |last4=Shaffer
- |first4=H. Bradley
- |title=Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status
- |pages=000.89–000.138
- |date=2010-12-14
- |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs
- |volume=5
- |url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125632/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf
- |archive-date=2011-07-17
- |ref={{harvid|Rhodin et al.|2010}}
- |url-status=dead
-}}
-{{refend}}
-
-==External links==
-{{Commons|Chrysemys picta}}
-* Missouri Department of Conservation video of [https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/southern-painted-turtle southern painted turtle (click video link)]: Note the discussion of red line on top of shell.
-* {{UCSC genomes|chrPic1}}
-
-{{Emydidae}}
-{{Taxonbar|from=Q199203}}
-
-{{featured article}}
-
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Painted turtle}}
-[[Category:Deirochelyinae]]
-[[Category:Chrysemys|*]]
-[[Category:Monotypic turtle genera]]
-[[Category:Turtles of North America]]
-[[Category:Reptiles of Canada|Turtle, Painted]]
-[[Category:Reptiles of the United States|Turtle, Painted]]
-[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States|Turtle, Painted]]
-[[Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)|Turtle, Painted]]
-[[Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)|Turtle, Painted]]
-[[Category:Reptiles of Ontario]]
-[[Category:Cryozoa]]
-[[Category:Reptiles described in 1783]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
-[[Category:Symbols of Colorado]]
-[[Category:Symbols of Michigan]]
-[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
-[[Category:Langhian first appearances]]
-[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
-[[Category:Miocene turtles]]
-[[Category:Pliocene turtles]]
-[[Category:Quaternary turtles]]
-[[Category:Symbols of Illinois]]
+This is the story all about how my life got switched upside down now i would like to take a minute just sit right there i tell you all about how i came the prince of bel air. In west Philadelphia born and raised in the playground is where i spent most of my days chilling out maxing relaxing shooting some bball outside the court. When a couple of guys they were up to no good started making trouble in my neighborhood. I got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said " you moving with you auntie and uncle in bel air." I whistled for a cab and when it came near i could tell that it was fresher then dice in m ear. I pulled up around seven or eight and i yelled to the cabber ou homes smell you later I looked at my kingdom I was finally there time to sit on my throne as the prince of bell air
' |
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0 => 'This is the story all about how my life got switched upside down now i would like to take a minute just sit right there i tell you all about how i came the prince of bel air. In west Philadelphia born and raised in the playground is where i spent most of my days chilling out maxing relaxing shooting some bball outside the court. When a couple of guys they were up to no good started making trouble in my neighborhood. I got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said " you moving with you auntie and uncle in bel air." I whistled for a cab and when it came near i could tell that it was fresher then dice in m ear. I pulled up around seven or eight and i yelled to the cabber ou homes smell you later I looked at my kingdom I was finally there time to sit on my throne as the prince of bell air'
] |
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0 => '{{About|the North American turtle|the summer camp|The Painted Turtle}}',
1 => '{{short description|Species of reptile}}',
2 => '{{Speciesbox',
3 => '| name = Painted turtle',
4 => '| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|15|0}}<small>[[Neogene]]–[[Holocene|recent]]</small>{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=184–185}}',
5 => '| image = Painted Turtle (14541060047).jpg',
6 => '| image_caption = Western painted turtle',
7 => '| status = LC',
8 => '| status_system = IUCN3.1',
9 => '| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163467/97410447|title=''Chrysemys picta''|access-date=2013-10-19}}</ref>',
10 => '| display_parents = 2',
11 => '| genus = Chrysemys',
12 => '| parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1844',
13 => '| species = picta',
14 => '| authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1783)',
15 => '| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies',
16 => '| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}',
17 => '| subdivision = ''C. p. bellii''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}<br />''C. p. dorsalis''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}{{#tag:ref|In December 2010 the [[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] provisionally elevated ''Chrysemys picta dorsalis'' to the species ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' but kept the [[Binomial nomenclature|classification]] as a subspecies as valid.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}|group="nb"}}<br />''C. p. marginata''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}<br />''C. p. picta''{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}',
18 => '| range_map = Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg',
19 => '| range_map_caption = Yellow: Eastern (''C. p. picta'')<br />',
20 => 'Orange: Midland (''C. p. marginata'')<br />',
21 => 'Blue: Southern (''C. p. dorsalis'')<br />',
22 => 'Red: Western (''C. p. bellii'')| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title=Species synonymy{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=6}} }}',
23 => '* ''Testudo picta''<br /><small>[[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1783</small>',
24 => '* ''Chrysemys cinerea''<br /><small>[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1789</small>',
25 => '* ''Emys bellii''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831</small>',
26 => '* ''Emys oregoniensis''<br /><small>[[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1837</small>',
27 => '* ''Chrysemys picta''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1856</small>',
28 => '* ''Chrysemys marginata''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>',
29 => '* ''Chrysemys dorsalis''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>',
30 => '* ''Chrysemys nuttalli''<br /><small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1857</small>',
31 => '* ''Chrysemys pulchra''<br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1873</small>',
32 => '* ''Chrysemys trealeasei''<br /><small>Hurter, 1911</small>',
33 => '{{hidden end}}{{hidden begin|title=Subspecies synonymy{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=6}}<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" />}}',
34 => '; ''[[Chrysemys picta picta]]''',
35 => '* ''Testudo picta'' <small>Schneider, 1783</small>',
36 => '* ''Testudo cinerea'' <small>Bonnaterre, 1789</small>',
37 => '* ''Emys cinerea'' <small>Schweigger, 1812</small>',
38 => '* ''Emys picta'' <small>Schweigger, 1812</small>',
39 => '* ''Clemmys picta'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small>',
40 => '* ''Terrapene picta'' <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small>',
41 => '* ''Chrysemys picta'' <small>Gray, 1856</small>',
42 => '* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>',
43 => '* ''Clemmys cinerea'' <small>Strauch, 1890</small>',
44 => '* ''Chrysemys [cinerea] cinerea'' <small>Siebenrock, 1909</small>',
45 => '* ''Chrysemis picta'' <small>Kallert, 1927</small>',
46 => '* ''Chrysemys picta picta'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>',
47 => '* ''Chrysema picta'' <small>Chan & Cohen, 1964</small>',
48 => '* ''Pseudemys picta'' <small>Arnold, 2002</small>',
49 => '; ''[[Chrysemys picta bellii]]''',
50 => '* ''Emys bellii'' <small>Gray, 1831</small>',
51 => '* ''Clemmys'' (''Clemmys'') ''bellii'' <small>Fitzinger, 1835</small>',
52 => '* ''Emys oregoniensis'' <small>Harlan, 1837</small>',
53 => '* ''Chrysemys bellii'' <small>Gray, 1844</small>',
54 => '* ''Emys originensis'' <small>Gray, 1844</small> (''[[ex errore]]'')',
55 => '* ''Emys oregonensis'' <small>LeConte, 1854</small> (''ex errore'')',
56 => '* ''Emys origonensis'' <small>Gray, 1856</small> (''ex errore'')',
57 => '* ''Chrysemys nuttalii'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>',
58 => '* ''Chrysemys oregonensis'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>',
59 => '* ''Clemmys oregoniensis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>',
60 => '* ''Chrysemys nuttallii'' <small>Gray, 1863</small> (''ex errore'')',
61 => '* ''Chrysemys orbigniensis'' <small>Gray, 1863</small>',
62 => '* ''Chrysemys pulchra'' <small>Gray, 1873</small>',
63 => '* ''Emys belli'' <small>Günther, 1874</small> (''ex errore'')',
64 => '* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' var. ''bellii'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>',
65 => '* ''Chrysemys belli'' <small>Ditmars, 1907</small>',
66 => '* ''Chrysemys treleasei'' <small>Hurter, 1911</small>',
67 => '* ''Chrysemys marginata bellii'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>',
68 => '* ''Chrysemys bellii bellii'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>',
69 => '* ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>',
70 => '* ''Chrysemys picta belli'' <small>Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934</small>',
71 => '* ''Chrysemys belli belli'' <small>Pickwell, 1948</small>',
72 => '* ''Chrysemys nuttalli'' <small>Schmidt, 1953</small> (''ex errore'')',
73 => '* ''Chrysemys picta bollii'' <small>Kuhn, 1964</small> (''ex errore'')',
74 => '* ''Chrysemys trealeasei'' <small>Ernst, 1971</small> (''ex errore'')',
75 => '* ''Chrysemys trealeasi'' <small>Smith & Smith, 1980</small> (''ex errore'')',
76 => '; ''[[Chrysemys picta dorsalis]]''',
77 => '* ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>',
78 => '* ''Clemmys picta'' var. ''dorsalis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>',
79 => '* ''Chrysemys cinerea'' var. ''dorsalis'' <small>Boulenger, 1889</small>',
80 => '* ''Chrysemys marginata dorsalis'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>',
81 => '* ''Chrysemys bellii dorsalis'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>',
82 => '* ''Chrysemys picta dorsalis'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>',
83 => '; ''[[Chrysemys picta marginata]]''',
84 => '* ''Chrysemys marginata'' <small>Agassiz, 1857</small>',
85 => '* ''Clemmys marginata'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small>',
86 => '* ''Chrysemys marginata marginata'' <small>Stejneger & Barbour, 1917</small>',
87 => '* ''Chrysemys bellii marginata'' <small>Ruthven, 1924</small>',
88 => '* ''Chrysemys picta marginata'' <small>Bishop & Schmidt, 1931</small>',
89 => '{{hidden end}}',
90 => '| synonyms_ref=<ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |date=2007 |author=Fritz, Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=177–179 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |issn=1864-5755 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
91 => '}}',
92 => '',
93 => 'The '''painted turtle''' (''Chrysemys picta'') is the most widespread native [[turtle]] of North America. It lives in slow-moving fresh waters, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The turtle is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] of the [[genus]] '''''Chrysemys''''', which is part of the pond turtle family [[Emydidae]]. Fossils show that the painted turtle existed 15 million years ago. Four regionally based [[subspecies]] (the eastern, midland, southern, and western) evolved during the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]].',
94 => '',
95 => 'The adult painted turtle female is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long; the male is smaller. The turtle's top shell is dark and smooth, without a ridge. Its skin is olive to black with red, orange, or yellow stripes on its extremities. The subspecies can be distinguished by their shells: the eastern has straight-aligned top shell segments; the midland has a large gray mark on the bottom shell; the southern has a red line on the top shell; the western has a red pattern on the bottom shell.',
96 => '',
97 => 'The turtle eats aquatic vegetation, [[algae]], and small water creatures including insects, [[crustaceans]], and fish. Although they are frequently consumed as eggs or hatchlings by rodents, canines, and snakes, the adult turtles' hard shells protect them from most predators. Reliant on warmth from its surroundings, the painted turtle is active only during the day when it basks for hours on logs or rocks. During winter, the turtle [[hibernation|hibernates]], usually in the mud at the bottom of water bodies. The turtles mate in spring and autumn. Females dig nests on land and lay eggs between late spring and mid-summer. Hatched turtles grow until [[sexual maturity]]: 2–9 years for males, 6–16 for females.',
98 => '',
99 => 'In the traditional tales of [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian tribes]], the colorful turtle played the part of a trickster. In modern times, four U.S. states have named the painted turtle their [[List of U.S. state reptiles|official reptile]]. While [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]] and [[Roadkill|road killings]] have reduced the turtle's population, its ability to live in human-disturbed settings has helped it remain the most abundant turtle in North America. Adults in the wild can live for more than 55 years. ',
100 => '',
101 => '{{TOC limit|limit=3}}',
102 => '',
103 => '==Description==',
104 => '',
105 => '[[File:US BLM painted turtle picta pic2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painted turtle is swimming, apparently in an aquarium, and we see it front on at large scale, with its left webbed foot raised.|Painted turtle's yellow face-stripes, philtrum (nasal groove), and foot webbing]]',
106 => '',
107 => 'The painted turtle's shell is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long, oval, smooth with little grooves where the large scale-like plates overlap, and flat-bottomed.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref group="nb">All turtle lengths in this article refer to the top shell (carapace) length, not the extended head to tail length.</ref><ref name="uga.edu">{{cite web | url = http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/turtles/chrpic.htm | title = Painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') | access-date = 2010-09-18 | publisher = Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Herpetology Program}}</ref>{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}} The color of the top shell ([[carapace]]) <!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong -->varies from olive to black. Darker specimens are more common where the bottom of the water body is darker. The bottom shell ([[plastron]])<!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong --> is yellow, sometimes red, sometimes with dark markings in the center. Similar to the top shell, the turtle's skin is olive to black, but with red and yellow stripes on its neck, legs, and tail.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}}<ref>{{cite journal | title = The painted turtle, ''Chrysemys picta'' | journal = Tortuga Gazette | date = October 1992 | first = Mary | last = Cohen | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 1–3| url = http://www.tortoise.org/archives/chrysemy.html | access-date = 2011-01-05}}</ref> As with other pond turtles, such as the [[bog turtle]], the painted turtle's feet are webbed to aid swimming.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=263}}<ref name="SD Zoo">{{cite web|title=Reptiles: Turtle & tortoise|url=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html|publisher=Animal Bytes|access-date=2011-01-02|quote=Turtle— Spends most of its life in the water. Turtles tend to have webbed feet for swimming.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206125855/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-turtle.html|archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref><ref name="BLM">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle |url=http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html |publisher=US Bureau of Land Management |access-date=2011-01-02 |quote=They have webbed toes for swimming ...|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624225235/http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html |archive-date=June 24, 2012 }}</ref>',
108 => '',
109 => 'The head of the turtle is distinctive. The face has only yellow stripes, with a large yellow spot and streak behind each eye, and on the chin two wide yellow stripes that meet at the tip of the jaw.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" />{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}} The turtle's upper jaw is shaped into an inverted "V" ([[philtrum]]),<!-- intentional construction to share the word, but explain it in article, to convey info while still being accessible, see WP: Technical Articles. --> with a downward-facing, tooth-like projection on each side.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=277}}',
110 => '',
111 => 'The hatchling has a proportionally larger head, eyes, and tail, and a more circular shell than the adult.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=291}}{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1972|p=143}} The adult female is generally longer than the male, {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} versus {{convert|7|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=184}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=197}} For a given length, the female has a higher (more rounded, less flat) top shell.<ref name=Jolliceur>{{cite journal|last=Jolliceur|first=Pierre|author2=Mosimann, James E.|title=Size and shape variation in the painted turtle. A principal component analysis|journal=Growth|date=1960|volume=24|pages=339–354|url=http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/Morphometrics/Readings/JolicoeurMosimann1960.pdf|pmid=13790416|access-date=2011-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060534/http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/Morphometrics/Readings/JolicoeurMosimann1960.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The female weighs around {{convert|500|g|oz|abbr=on}} on average, against the males' average adult weight of roughly {{convert|300|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 |title = The Science Behind Algonquin's Animals - Research Projects - Painted Turtle}}</ref> The female's greater body volume supports her egg-production.<ref name=Rowe>{{cite journal|last=Rowe|first=John W.|title=Growth rate, body size, sexual dimorphism and morphometric variation in four populations of painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') from Nebraska|journal=American Midland Naturalist|date=1997-07-01|volume=138|issue=1|pages=174–188|jstor=2426664|doi=10.2307/2426664}}</ref> The male has longer foreclaws and a longer, thicker tail, with the anus ([[cloaca]]) located further out on the tail.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref name="uga.edu" />{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}<ref name="Senneke sex">{{cite web | url = http://www.chelonia.org/sexing/sexing_Chrysemys_picta.htm | title = Differentiating male and female '''Chrysemys picta''' (painted turtle) | access-date = 2011-02-07 | last = Senneke | first = Darrell | date = 2003 | publisher = World Chelonian Trust}}</ref>',
112 => '',
113 => '===Subspecies===',
114 => '',
115 => 'Although the subspecies of painted turtle [[Intergradation|intergrade]] (blend together)<!-- intentional construction to share the word, but explain it in article, to convey info while still being accessible, see WP: Technical Articles. --> at range boundaries<ref name="AL intergrade">{{cite web|last=Lee-Sasser|first=Marisa|title=Painted turtle in Alabama|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-08-12|date=December 2007|quote=Intergrades exhibit a mix of characteristics where their ranges overlap.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830161113/http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm|archive-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> they are distinct within the hearts of their ranges.<ref name="Senneke2003" />',
116 => '',
117 => '*The male '''eastern painted turtle''' (''C. p. picta'') is {{convert|13|-|17|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long, while the female is {{convert|14|-|17|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}. The upper shell is olive green to black and may possess a pale stripe down the middle and red markings on the periphery. The segments ([[scute]]s)<!-- the construction here is intentional, to show the word once in parentheses, as it may be seen be readers on other turtle articles, but NOT to repeat it as the drumbeat of technicality vocabularity becomes too strong --> of the top shell have pale leading edges and occur in straight rows across the back, unlike all other North American turtles, including the other three subspecies of painted turtle, which have alternating segments.<ref name="Senneke2003" /> The bottom shell is plain yellow or lightly spotted. Sometimes as few as one dark grey spot near the lower center of the shell.<ref name="Nova Scotia Museum">{{cite web | url = http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp | title = Eastern painted turtle ''Chrysemys picta picta'' (Schneider) | access-date = 2010-09-29 | date = 2007 | publisher = Nova Scotia Museum | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101229091522/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp | archive-date = 2010-12-29 }}</ref>',
118 => '*The '''midland painted turtle''' (''C. p. marginata'') is {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.<ref name="Natural Resources Canada">{{cite web|url=http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata |title=Midland painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta marginata'') |access-date=2010-09-29 |date=2007-09-24 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421150700/http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata |archive-date=April 21, 2009 }}</ref> The centrally located midland is the hardest to distinguish from the other three subspecies.<ref name="Senneke2003" /> Its bottom shell has a characteristic symmetrical dark shadow in the center which varies in size and prominence.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}}',
119 => '*The '''southern painted turtle''' (''C. p. dorsalis''), the smallest subspecies, is {{convert|10|-|14|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=226}} Its top stripe is a prominent red,<ref name="Senneke2003">{{cite web | url = http://www.chelonia.org/Articles/diffpaintedturtles.htm | title = Differentiating painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'' ssp) | access-date = 2010-12-09 | last = Senneke | first = Darrell | date = 2003 | publisher = World Chelonian Trust}}</ref> and its bottom shell is tan and spotless or nearly so.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=186}}',
120 => '*The largest subspecies is the '''western painted turtle''' (''C. p. bellii''), which grows up to {{convert|26.6|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=221}}<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/record-setting-painted-western-turtle-found-in-regina-1.3102274 Record-setting Painted Western Turtle found in Regina], CBC News</ref> Its top shell has a mesh-like pattern of light lines,{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} and the top stripe present in other subspecies is missing or faint. Its bottom shell has a large colored splotch that spreads to the edges (further than the midland) and often has red hues.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}',
121 => '',
122 => '{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"',
123 => '|-',
124 => '! scope="col" | Eastern painted turtle<br />''C. p. picta''',
125 => '! scope="col" | Midland painted turtle<br />''C. p. marginata''',
126 => '! scope="col" | Southern painted turtle<br />''C. p. dorsalis''',
127 => '! scope="col" | Western painted turtle<br />''C. p. bellii''',
128 => '|-',
129 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Painted-Turtle-1 Young.jpg|200px|border|Full overhead shot of an eastern painted turtle]]',
130 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Chrysemys picta marginata (27730831161) (mirrored).jpg|200px|border|Midland painted turtle standing on tarmac, with neck extended]]',
131 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:A3 Southern painted turtle.jpg|200px|border|Southern painted turtle facing left, top-side view, stripe prominent, on pebbles]]',
132 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:A4 Western painted turtle.jpg|200px|border|Western painted turtle standing in grass, with neck extended]]',
133 => '|-',
134 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B1 Eastern painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|Handled turtle, exposing the orange-yellow undershell (plastron)]]',
135 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B2 Midland painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned turtle on rocks: the under shell is faint tan with faint black shaded patterns on it.|Under shell (plastron) of a midland painted turtle]]',
136 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B3 Southern painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned southern painted turtle facing right. Shell is yellow-tan without spots. Legs are splayed. On a white plastic background.|Under shell (plastron) of a southern painted turtle]]',
137 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:B4 Western painted turtle underside.jpg|200px|border|alt=An overturned turtle on grass: coloring is bright red with black and white Rorshach-like patterns.|Under shell (plastron) of a western painted turtle]]',
138 => '|}',
139 => '',
140 => '===Similar species===',
141 => '',
142 => 'The painted turtle has a very similar appearance to the [[red-eared slider]] (the most common pet turtle) and the two are often confused. The painted turtle can be distinguished because it is flatter than the slider. Also, the slider has a prominent red marking on the side of its head (the "ear") and a spotted bottom shell, both features missing in the painted turtle.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/painted_turtle_vs_red-eared_slider.html|title= Painted Turtle vs Red-eared Slider}}</ref>',
143 => '',
144 => '{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"',
145 => '|-',
146 => '! scope="col" | Painted turtle',
147 => '! scope="col" | Red-eared slider',
148 => '|-',
149 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta).jpg|320px]]',
150 => '| style="border: 0;" | [[File:RedEaredSlider05.jpg|300px]]',
151 => '|}',
152 => '',
153 => '==Ecology==',
154 => '',
155 => '===Diet===',
156 => '',
157 => 'The painted turtle hunts along water bottoms. It quickly juts its head into and out of vegetation to stir potential victims out into the open water, where they are pursued.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}} The turtle holds large prey in its mouth and tears the prey apart with its forefeet. It also consumes plants and skims the surface of the water with its mouth open to catch small particles of food.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}',
158 => '',
159 => 'Although all subspecies of painted turtle eat both [[omnivore|plants and animals]], their specific diets vary.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=218}}',
160 => '',
161 => '*The '''eastern painted turtle's''' diet is the least studied. It prefers to eat in the water, but has been observed eating on land. The fish it consumes are typically [[Scavenger|dead]] or injured.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=218}}',
162 => '*The '''midland painted turtle''' eats mostly aquatic insects and both [[Vascular plant|vascular]] and [[non-vascular plant]]s.{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=232–233}}',
163 => '*The '''southern painted turtle's''' diet changes with age. Juveniles' diet consists of 13% vegetation, while the adults eat 88% vegetation. This perhaps shows that the turtle prefers small larvae and other prey, but can only obtain significant amounts while young.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}} The reversal of feeding habits with age has also been seen in the [[false map turtle]], which inhabits some of the same range. The most common plants eaten by adult southern painted turtles are [[Lemnoideae|duckweed]] and algae, and the most common prey items are [[dragonfly|dragonfly larvae]] and [[crayfish]].{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=227–228}}',
164 => '*The '''western painted turtle's''' consumption of plants and animals changes seasonally. In early summer, 60% of its diet comprises insects. In late summer, 55% includes plants.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=223}} Of note, the western painted turtle aids in the [[Seed dispersal|dispersal]] of [[Nymphaea odorata|white water-lily]] seeds. The turtle consumes the hard-coated seeds, which remain viable after passing through the turtle, and disperses them through its feces.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=223}}',
165 => '',
166 => '{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:760px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"',
167 => '|-',
168 => '| colspan="4" | '''Common foods of the painted turtle'''',
169 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"',
170 => '| style="width:210px;" | [[File:Procambarus clarkii9284477アメリカザリガニ.jpg|210px]]<br/>Crayfish',
171 => '| style="width:225px;" | [[File:Dragonfly larva on lake bottom in Algonquin Provincial Park cropped and reversed.JPG|225px]]<br/>Dragonfly larva',
172 => '| style="width:133px;" | [[File:Nymphaea odorata Bot. Mag. 40. 1652. 1814.jpg|133px]]<br/>American water lily ',
173 => '| style="width:140px;" | [[File:Curve of duckweed covered water edged with several bald cypress trees.JPG|140px]]<br/>Duckweed (water surface)',
174 => '|}',
175 => '',
176 => '===Predators===',
177 => '',
178 => 'Painted turtles are most vulnerable to predators when young.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} Nests are frequently ransacked and the eggs eaten by [[Plains garter snake|garter snakes]], crows, chipmunks, [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel|thirteen-lined ground]] and [[Eastern gray squirrel|gray squirrels]], skunks, [[groundhog]]s, raccoons, badgers, [[Gray fox|gray]] and [[red fox]], and humans.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} The small and sometimes bite-size, numerous hatchlings fall prey to [[Nepomorpha|water bugs]], bass, catfish, bullfrogs, [[snapping turtle]]s, three types of snakes ([[Agkistrodon|copperheads]], [[Coluber|racers]] and [[Nerodia|water snakes]]), herons, [[Oryzomys|rice rats]], weasels, [[muskrats]], minks, and raccoons. As adults, the turtles' armored shells protect them from many potential predators, but they still occasionally fall prey to alligators, [[osprey]]s, crows, [[red-shouldered hawk]]s, bald eagles, and especially raccoons.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}',
179 => '',
180 => 'Painted turtles defend themselves by kicking, scratching, biting, or urinating.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}} In contrast to land tortoises, painted turtles can right themselves if they are flipped upside down.<ref name="Missoulian">{{cite news|last=Chaney|first=Rob|title=Painted native: Turtles indigenous to western Montana have vivid designs, secrets|url=http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/recreation/article_2e84c830-84a3-11df-a614-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2010-12-08|newspaper=Missoulian|date=2010-07-01}}</ref>',
181 => '',
182 => '{| style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:700px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"',
183 => '|-',
184 => '| colspan="4" | '''Important predators of the painted turtle'''',
185 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"',
186 => '| style="width:223px;" | Of eggs:<br/>[[File:Adult fox.JPG|150px]]<br/>Red fox',
187 => '| style="width:250px;" |<br/>[[File:Plains gartersnake.jpg|180px]]<br/>Plains garter snake ',
188 => '| style="width:260px;" |<br/>[[File:AMERICAN CROW (7143675301).jpg|150px]]<br/>Crows',
189 => '| style="width:210px;" | Of hatchlings:<br/>[[File:Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina).jpg|140px]]<br/>Common snapping turtle ',
190 => '| style="width:240px;" |<br/>[[File:Water Scorpion - Nepa cinerea - Queens Wood - Hunsdon - UK - Flickr - Bennyboymothman.jpg|150px]]<br/>Water scorpion ',
191 => '| style="width:230px;" | Of adults:<br/>[[File:Raccoon, female after washing up mirror image.jpg|150px]]<br/>Raccoon',
192 => '|}',
193 => '',
194 => '==Life cycle==',
195 => '',
196 => '===Mating===',
197 => '',
198 => '[[File:Chrysemys picta dorsalis (aka).jpg|thumb|right|Male southern painted turtle shows his long front claws]]',
199 => '[[File:Painted turtle.jpg|thumb|Female painted turtle]]',
200 => 'The painted turtles mate in spring and fall in waters of {{convert|10|-|25|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}} Males start [[Spermatogenesis|producing sperm]] in early spring, when they can bask to an internal temperature of {{convert|17|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=289}}{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=287}} Females begin their reproductive cycles <!-- Please do not wikilink to menstrual cycle as that is a mammalian process. Most of the sex articles in wiki are human or perhaps mammal descriptive. As of DEC2010, there was no suitable wikilink, so the simple term reproductive cycle was used. A red link is probably not a good idea either as people keep wanting to link to the inappropriate mammalian sex articles. Probably better to leave as is, is understandable, or just write an article on the sexual cycles of reptiles if you so choose. -->in mid-summer, and [[Ovulation#Ovulation in animals|ovulate]] the following spring.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />',
201 => '',
202 => '[[Courtship display|Courtship]] begins when a male follows a female until he meets her face-to-face.<ref name="sbaa.ca">{{cite web | url = http://www.sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 | title = Painted turtle research in Algonquin provincial park | access-date = 2010-09-17 | date = 2005 | publisher = The Friends of Algonquin Park| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165743/http://sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316 | archive-date = 2007-10-11 }}</ref> He then strokes her face and neck with his elongated front claws, a gesture returned by a receptive female. The pair repeat the process several times, with the male retreating from and then returning to the female until she swims to the bottom, where they [[copulation (zoology)|copulate]].<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /><ref name="sbaa.ca" /> As the male is smaller than the female, he is not dominant.<ref name="sbaa.ca" /> Although not directly observed, evidence indicates that the male will inflict injury on the female in attempts of coercion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moldowan |first1=P.D. |last2=Brooks |first2=R.J. |last3=Litzgus |first3=J.D. |date=2020 |title=Demographics of injuries indicate sexual coercion in a population of Painted Turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2019-0238 }}</ref> The female stores [[sperm]], to be used for up to three [[clutch (eggs)|clutches]], in her [[Oviduct#Amniotes|oviducts]]; the sperm may remain viable for up to three years.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=200}} A single clutch [[Superfecundation#Heteropaternal superfecundation|may have multiple fathers]].{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=200}}',
203 => '',
204 => '===Egg-laying===',
205 => '',
206 => '[[Nesting instinct|Nesting]] is done, by the females only, between late May and mid-July.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> The nests are vase-shaped and are usually dug in sandy soil, often at sites with southern exposures.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Nests are often within {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on|-1}} of water, but may be as far away as {{convert|600|m|yd|abbr=on|-1}}, with older females tending to nest further inland. Nest sizes vary depending on female sizes and locations but are about {{convert|5|-|11|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} deep.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Females may return to the same sites several consecutive years, but if several females make their nests close together, the eggs become more vulnerable to predators.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}',
207 => '',
208 => '[[File:Painted turtle egglaying.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A female digging a nest with her hind legs.|Female digging a nest]]',
209 => '',
210 => 'The female's optimal body temperature while digging her nest is {{convert|29|-|30|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} If the weather is unsuitable, for instance a too hot night in the Southeast, she delays the process until later at night.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Painted turtles in Virginia have been observed waiting three weeks to nest because of a hot drought.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=290}}',
211 => '',
212 => 'While preparing to dig her nest, the female sometimes exhibits a mysterious preliminary behavior. She presses her throat against the ground of different potential sites, perhaps sensing moisture, warmth, texture, or smell, although her exact motivation is unknown. She may further temporize by excavating several false nests{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} as the [[wood turtle]]s also do.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=259}}',
213 => '',
214 => 'The female relies on her hind feet for digging. She may accumulate so much sand and mud on her feet that her mobility is reduced, making her vulnerable to predators. To lighten her labors, she lubricates the area with her bladder water.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Once the nest is complete, the female deposits into the hole. The freshly laid eggs are white, elliptical, porous, and flexible.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=203}} From start to finish, the female's work may take four hours. Sometimes she remains on land overnight afterwards, before returning to her home water.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}',
215 => '',
216 => 'Females can lay five clutches per year, but two is a normal average after including the 30–50% of a population's females that do not produce any clutches in a given year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} In some northern populations, no females lay more than one clutch per year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}} Bigger females tend to lay bigger eggs and more eggs per clutch.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=202}} Clutch sizes of the subspecies vary, although the differences may reflect different environments, rather than different genetics. The two more northerly subspecies, western and midland, are larger and have more eggs per clutch—11.9 and 7.6, respectively—than the two more southerly subspecies, southern (4.2) and eastern (4.9). Within subspecies, also, the more northerly females lay larger clutches.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=201}}',
217 => '',
218 => '===Growth===',
219 => '[[File:Flickr - Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife - western painted turtle hatchlings vandebergh odfw.jpg|thumb|alt=Several baby painted turtles on moss on a light table.|Hatchlings]]',
220 => '[[File:Painted turtle hatchling with egg tooth.jpg|thumb|A painted turtle hatching with an egg tooth.]]',
221 => 'Incubation lasts 72–80 days in the wild<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> and for a similar period in artificial conditions.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=290}} In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the [[egg tooth]].<ref name="BC" /> Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey{{sfn|Packard et al.|2002|p=300}} typically arrange themselves symmetrically{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=206}} in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />',
222 => '',
223 => 'The hatchling's ability to survive winter in the nest has allowed the painted turtle to extend its range farther north than any other American turtle. The painted turtle is genetically adapted to survive extended periods of subfreezing temperatures with blood that can remain [[supercooling|supercooled]] and skin that resists penetration from ice crystals in the surrounding ground.{{sfn|Packard et al.|2002|p=300}} The hardest freezes nevertheless kill many hatchlings.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" />',
224 => '',
225 => 'Immediately after hatching, turtles are dependent on egg yolk material for sustenance.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=206}} About a week to a week and a half after emerging from their eggs (or the following spring if emergence is delayed), hatchlings begin feeding to support growth. The young turtles grow rapidly at first, sometimes doubling their size in the first year. Growth slows sharply at [[sexual maturity]] and may stop completely.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=292}} Likely owing to differences of habitat and food by water body, growth rates often differ from population to population in the same area. Among the subspecies, the western painted turtles are the quickest growers.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=207}}',
226 => '',
227 => 'Females grow faster than males overall, and must be larger to mature sexually.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=292}} In most populations males reach sexual maturity at 2–4 years old, and females at 6–10.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=287}} Size and age at maturity increase with latitude;{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=197}} at the northern edge of their range, males reach sexual maturity at 7–9 years of age and females at 11–16.<ref name="sbaa.ca" />',
228 => '{{Clear}}',
229 => '',
230 => '==Behavior==',
231 => '',
232 => '===Daily routine and basking===',
233 => '',
234 => '[[File:Painted Turtle on a log.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A painted turtle standing on a floating log|Basking for warmth]]',
235 => '',
236 => 'A [[Ectotherm|cold-blooded]] reptile, the painted turtle regulates its temperature through its environment, notably by basking. All ages bask for warmth, often alongside other species of turtle. Sometimes more than 50 individuals are seen on one log together.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=283}} Turtles bask on a variety of objects, often logs, but have even been seen basking on top of [[common loon]]s that were covering eggs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=13}}',
237 => '',
238 => 'The turtle [[diurnality|starts its day at sunrise]], emerging from the water to bask for several hours. Warmed for activity, it returns to the water to forage.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=282}} After becoming chilled, the turtle re-emerges for one to two more cycles of basking and feeding.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|pp=282–283}} At night, the turtle drops to the bottom of its water body or perches on an underwater object and sleeps.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=282}}',
239 => '',
240 => 'To be active, the turtle must maintain an internal body temperature between {{convert|17|-|23|C|F|abbr=on|0}}. When fighting infection, it manipulates its temperature up to 5 °C (8 °F)<!-- differential degrees, not absolute, thus skipped conv template --> higher than normal.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=283}}',
241 => '',
242 => '===Seasonal routine and hibernation===',
243 => '<!-- [[File:Muskrat lodge.jpg|thumb|right|alt=mound of sticks in the water about 10 feet from shore|Muskrat burrow—possible painted turtle hibernation spot]] not enough room-->',
244 => '',
245 => 'In the spring, when the water reaches {{convert|15|-|18|C|F|abbr=on|0}}, the turtle begins actively foraging. However, if the water temperature exceeds {{nowrap|{{convert|30|C|F|abbr=on|0}}}}, the turtle will not feed. In fall, the turtle stops foraging when temperatures drop below the spring set-point.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=293}}',
246 => '',
247 => 'During the winter, the turtle hibernates. In the north, the inactive season may be as long as from October to March, while the southernmost populations may not hibernate at all.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} While hibernating, the body temperature of the painted turtle averages {{nowrap|{{convert|6|C|F|abbr=on|0}}}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=284}} Periods of warm weather bring the turtle out of hibernation, and even in the north, individuals have been seen basking in February.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=281}}',
248 => '',
249 => 'The painted turtle hibernates by burying itself, either on the bottom of a body of water, near water in the shore-bank or the burrow of a [[muskrat]], or in woods or pastures. When hibernating underwater, the turtle prefers shallow depths, no more than {{nowrap|{{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}}}. Within the mud, it may dig down an additional {{nowrap|{{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}}}.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=284}} In this state, the turtle does not breathe, although if surroundings allow, it may get some oxygen through its skin.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=D. C. |author2=Rauer, E. M. |author3=Feldman, R. A. |author4= Reese, S. A. |title=Avenues of extrapulmonary oxygen uptake in western painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta belli'') at 10 °C |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A |date=August 2004 |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |pmid=15528171 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.005 }}</ref> The species is one of the best-studied [[vertebrate]]s able to survive long periods [[Hypoxia (medical)|without oxygen]]. Adaptations of its blood chemistry, brain, heart, and particularly its shell allow the turtle to survive extreme [[lactic acid]] buildup while oxygen-deprived.<ref name="Jackson 2002">{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Donald C.|date=2002|title=Hibernating without oxygen: physiological adaptations of the painted turtle|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=543|issue=3|pages=731–737|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024729|pmc=2290531|pmid=12231634}}<!--|access-date=2010-12-13 --></ref>',
250 => '{{Clear}}',
251 => '',
252 => '===Movement===',
253 => '',
254 => '[[File:Painted turtle California.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Painted turtle with green slime on its shell, on pebbles, with a couple of leaves on its back. Sun shining.|Moving on land]]',
255 => '',
256 => 'Searching for water, food, or mates, the painted turtles travel up to several kilometers at a time.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} During summer, in response to heat and water-clogging vegetation, the turtles may vacate shallow marshes for more permanent waters.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Short overland migrations may involve hundreds of turtles together.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} If heat and drought are prolonged, the turtles will [[Estivation|bury themselves]] and, in extreme cases, die.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}}',
257 => '',
258 => 'Foraging turtles frequently cross lakes or travel linearly down creeks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacCulloch, R.D. and D.M. Secoy|title=Movement in a river population of ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' in southern Saskatchewan|journal=Journal of Herpetology |date=1983|volume=17|issue=3|pages=283–285|doi=10.2307/1563834|jstor=1563834}}</ref> Daily crossings of large ponds have been observed.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}} [[Tracking animal migration|Tag and release]] studies show that sex also drives turtle movement. Males travel the most, up to {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, between captures; females the second most, up to {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}, between captures; and juveniles the least, less than {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, between captures.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Males move the most and are most likely to change wetlands because they seek mates.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=195}}',
259 => '',
260 => 'The painted turtles, through visual recognition, have [[Homing (biology)|homing]] capabilities.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}} Many individuals can return to their collection points after being released elsewhere, trips that may require them to traverse land. One experiment placed 98 turtles varying several-kilometer distances from their home wetland; 41 returned. When living in a single large body of water, the painted turtles can home from up to {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} away. Females may use homing to help locate suitable nesting sites.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=286}}',
261 => '{{Clear}}',
262 => '',
263 => '==Distribution==',
264 => '',
265 => '===Range===',
266 => '',
267 => 'The most widespread North American turtle,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=5}} the painted turtle is the only turtle whose native range extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific.{{#tag:ref|The range description and map primarily rely on Conant and Collins (1998) and Ernst and Lovich have a similar range map.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} Additional citations and notes cover details of range boundaries especially in the West.|group="nb"}} It is native to eight of Canada's ten provinces, forty-five of the fifty United States, and one of Mexico's thirty-one states. On the East Coast, it lives from the [[Maritimes|Canadian Maritimes]] to the U.S. state of Georgia. On the West Coast, it lives in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon and offshore on southeast [[Vancouver Island]].{{#tag:ref|Vancouver Island painted turtle populations may have resulted from escaped pets.<ref name="BC"/>|group="nb"}} The northernmost American turtle,<ref name="BC">{{cite web|last=Blood |first=Donald A. |title=Painted turtle |url=http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf |publisher=Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, British Columbia |author2=Macartney, Malcolm |format=brochure |date=March 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107080323/http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf |archive-date=January 7, 2010 }}</ref> its range includes much of southern Canada. To the south, its range reaches the U.S. Gulf Coast in Louisiana and Alabama. In the southwestern United States there are only dispersed populations. It is found in one river in extreme northern Mexico. It is absent in a part of southwestern Virginia and the adjacent states as well as in north-central Alabama.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant>{{cite book|last=Conant|first=Roger|title=Field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America|date=1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harc|location=New York|isbn=978-0-395-90452-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0/page/185 185–186]|author2=Collins, Joseph T.|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0/page/185}}</ref><ref name="VAFG range">{{cite web|url=https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/eastern-painted-turtle/|title=Eastern painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta picta'')|publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2017-10-06|date=2004-03-12}}</ref>',
268 => '',
269 => '[[File:Painted Turtle Distribution alternate.svg|center|thumb|alt=Map of North America showing the subspecies' specific ranges in different colors|800px|',
270 => '{{col-begin}}',
271 => '{{col-1-of-3}}',
272 => ''''Native range of the painted turtle (''C. picta'')'''<br/>',
273 => 'Dark grey for national borders<br/>',
274 => 'White for state and province borders<br/>',
275 => 'Dark blue for rivers, only showing those in article<br/>',
276 => '{{col-2-of-3}}',
277 => '{{legend|#f8ee77|border=1px solid #f8ee77|Eastern (''C. p. picta'')}}',
278 => '{{legend|#f79c6d|border=1px solid #f79c6d|Midland (''C. p. marginata'')}}',
279 => '{{legend|#92cdf6|border=1px solid #92cdf6|Southern (''C. p. dorsalis'')}}',
280 => '{{legend|#e57e79|border=1px solid #e57e79|Western (''C. p. bellii'')}}',
281 => '{{col-3-of-3}}',
282 => 'Intergrade mixtures (large areas only)<br/>',
283 => '{{legend|#fbcd41|border=1px solid #fbcd41|Mix of eastern and midland}}',
284 => '{{legend|#d3e179|border=1px solid #d3e179|Mix of eastern and southern}}',
285 => '{{legend|#e9573b|border=1px solid #e9573b|Mix of midland and western}}',
286 => '{{col-end}}]]',
287 => '',
288 => 'The borders between the four subspecies are not sharp, because the subspecies interbreed. Many studies have been performed in the border regions to assess the intermediate turtles, usually by comparing the anatomical features of hybrids that result from intergradation of the classical subspecies.{{#tag:ref|See the following sources.<ref name="AL intergrade" /><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|doi=10.1656/1092-6194(2002)009[0363:PTCPOV]2.0.CO;2|last=Wright|first=Katherine M.|author2=Andrews, James S.|title=Painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') of Vermont: An examination of phenotypic variation and intergradation|journal=Northeastern Naturalist|date=2002|volume=9|issue=4|pages=363–380|publisher=Humboldt Field Research Institute|issn=1092-6194}}</ref><ref name="Weller">{{cite journal|last=Weller|first=Wayne F.|author2=Hecnar, Stephen J. |author3=Hecnar, Darlene R. |author4=Casper, Gary S. |author5= Dawson, F. Neil |title=Quantitative assessment of intergradation between two subspecies of painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' and ''C. p. marginata'', in the Algoma district of west central Ontario, Canada|journal=Herpetological Conservation and Biology|date=2010|volume=5|issue=2|pages=166–173|url=http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_5/Issue_2/Weller_etal_2010.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=20}}<ref name=Ultsch>{{cite journal|author=Ultsch, Gordon R.|author2=Ward, G. Milton|author3=LeBerte, Chere' M.|author4=Kuhajda, Bernard R.|author5=Stewart, E. Ray |title=Intergradation and origins of subspecies of the turtle ''Chrysemys picta'': morphological comparisons|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=2001|volume=79|issue=3|pages=485–498|doi=10.1139/z01-001}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Despite the imprecision, the subspecies are assigned nominal ranges.',
289 => '',
290 => '====Eastern painted turtle====',
291 => '',
292 => '[[File:Turtle from Pomp's Pond in Andover.jpg|thumb|alt=An eastern painted turtle held|Eastern painted turtle in Massachusetts]]',
293 => '',
294 => 'The eastern painted turtle ranges from southeastern Canada to Georgia with a western boundary at approximately the Appalachians. At its northern extremes, the turtle tends to be restricted to the warmer areas closer to the Atlantic Ocean. It is uncommon in far north New Hampshire and in Maine is common only in a strip about 50 miles from the coast.<ref name="NHFG range">{{cite web|title=Eastern painted turtle|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/profiles/painted-turtle.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref><ref name=Hunter>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Malcolm L.|title=Maine amphibians and reptiles|date=1999|publisher=University of Maine Press|isbn=978-0-89101-096-8|author2=Calhoun, Aram J. K. |author3=McCollough, Mark }} as cited by {{cite web|title=Amphibians and reptiles|url=http://www.dlwa.org/docs/reptiles_and_amphibians.pdf|publisher=Damariscotta Lake Watershed Association|access-date=2011-02-10}}</ref> In Canada, it lives in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia but not in Quebec or Prince Edward Island. To the south it is not found in the coastal lowlands of southern North Carolina, South Carolina, or Georgia, or in southern Georgia in general or at all in Florida. {{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/>{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=215}}<ref name="AL FG"/>',
295 => '',
296 => 'The eastern subspecies's range extends slightly into east central Alabama, where it [[Intergradation|intergrades]] with the southern subspecies.<ref name=Conant/> In the northeast, there is extensive mixing with the midland subspecies, and some writers have called these turtles a "hybrid swarm".<ref name="Bleakney 1958" /><ref name=Pugh>{{cite journal|last=Pugh|first=F. Harvey|author2=Pugh, Margaret B.|title=The systematic status of painted turtles (''Chrysemys'') in the northeastern United States |journal=Copeia|date=1968-07-31|volume=1968|issue=1|pages=612–618|jstor=1442033|doi=10.2307/1442033}}</ref><ref name=DeGraaf>{{cite book|last=DeGraaf|first=Richard M.|title=New England wildlife: habitat, natural history, and distribution|date=2000|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|isbn=978-0-87451-957-0|author2=Yamasaki, Mariko|page=[https://archive.org/details/newenglandwildli00degr/page/52 52]|quote=In New England there are no midland populations per se. Individuals are part of an intergrade swarm.|url=https://archive.org/details/newenglandwildli00degr/page/52}}</ref> In the southeast, the border between the eastern and midland is more sharp as mountain chains separate the subspecies to different drainage basins.<ref name=Conant/><ref name="Green and Pauley">{{cite book|last=Green|first=N. Baynard|title=Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia|date=1987|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-5802-4|author2=Pauley, Thomas K.}} as cited in [[#CITEREFMann2007|Mann]] p 18.</ref>',
297 => '',
298 => '====Midland painted turtle====',
299 => '',
300 => 'The midland painted turtle lives from southern Ontario and Quebec, through the eastern U.S. Midwest states, to Kentucky, Tennessee and northwestern Alabama, where it intergrades with the southern painted turtle.<ref name="Ernst 1970">{{cite journal|last=Ernst|first=Carl H.|title=The status of the painted turtle, ''Chrysemys picta'', in Tennessee and Kentucky|journal=Journal of Herpetology|date=1970-05-29|volume=4|issue=1|pages=39–45|jstor=1562701|doi=10.2307/1562701}}</ref> It also is found eastward through West Virginia, western Maryland and Pennsylvania. The midland painted turtle appears to be moving east, especially in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Sheils">{{cite web|last=Shiels|first=Andrew L|title=A picta worth a thousand words: Portrait of a painted turtle|url=http://www.fishandboat.com/Resource/AmphibiansandReptiles/Documents/pictathousand.pdf|work=Pennsylvania Angler and Boater catalog|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boating Commission|pages=28–30|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> To the northeast it is found in western New York and much of Vermont, and it intergrades extensively with the eastern subspecies.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=186}}<ref name=Conant/>',
301 => '',
302 => '====Southern painted turtle====',
303 => '',
304 => 'The southern painted turtle ranges from extreme southern Illinois and Missouri, roughly along the Mississippi River Valley, to the south. In Arkansas, it branches out to the west towards Texas, where it is found in the far northeast part of that state ([[Caddo Lake]] region)<ref name="Dixon">{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=James Ray|title=Amphibians and reptiles of Texas|date=2000|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-920-5|page=196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcnJoQMD4C&q="painted+turtle"&pg=PA196|access-date=2011-01-14}}</ref> as well as extreme southeastern Oklahoma ([[McCurtain County]]).<ref name="OK">{{cite web|title=Species of turtles in OK|url=http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/fishregs/turtlebullfrogreg.htm|publisher=Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation|access-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184242/http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/fishregs/turtlebullfrogreg.htm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2011-05-25}}</ref> It is found in much of Louisiana, where it reaches the Gulf of Mexico (in fresh water). Eastward it is found in western Tennessee, northern Mississippi and much of Alabama, including the Gulf Coast city of [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile.]]{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name="AL FG"/> An isolated population in central Texas has been reported but is now believed to be non-native.<ref name=McAllister>{{cite journal|last=McAllister|first=Chris T.|author2=Forstner, Michael R.J. |author3=Fuller, Jonathan P. |title=Second report of the southern painted turtle, ''Chrysemys dorsalis'' (testudines: emydidae), from Texas, with comments on its genetic relationship to other populations|journal=The Texas Journal of Science|date=2007-05-01|volume=59|issue=2}}</ref>',
305 => '{{Clear}}',
306 => '',
307 => '====Western painted turtle====',
308 => '[[File:Western painted turtle.jpg|thumb|Western painted turtle (watercolor by G. Aeschimann)]]',
309 => 'The western painted turtle's northern range includes southern parts of western Canada from Ontario through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. In Ontario, the western subspecies is found north of Minnesota and directly north of Lake Superior, but there is a {{convert|130|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} gap to the east of Lake Superior (in the area of harshest winter climate) where no painted turtles of any subspecies occur. Thus Ontario's western subspecies does not intergrade with the midland painted turtle of southeastern Ontario.<ref name=Weller/> In Manitoba, the turtle is numerous and ranges north to [[Lake Manitoba]] and the lower part of [[Lake Winnipeg]]. The turtle is also common in south Saskatchewan,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacCulloch, R.D. and D.M. Secoy|title=Demography, growth and food of western painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta bellii'' (Gray) from southern Saskatchewan|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=1983|volume=61|issue=7|pages=1499–1509|doi=10.1139/z83-202}}</ref> but in Alberta, there may only be 100 individuals, all found very near the U.S. border, mostly in the southeast.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|pp=6–8}}',
310 => '',
311 => '[[File:Western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii), Oregon - 20060422.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=turtle on log looking up, we see it from the rear|Western painted turtle in Oregon]]',
312 => '',
313 => 'In British Columbia, populations exist in the interior in the vicinity of the Kootenai, Columbia, Okanagan, and Thompson river valleys. At the coast, turtles occur near the mouth of the Fraser and a bit further north, as well as the bottom of Vancouver Island, and some other nearby islands. Within British Columbia, the turtle's range is not continuous and can better be understood as northward extensions of the range from the United States. High mountains present barriers to east–west movement of the turtles within the province or from Alberta. Some literature has shown isolated populations much further north in British Columbia and Alberta, but these were probably pet-releases.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|pp=6–8}}',
314 => '',
315 => 'In the United States, the western subspecies forms a wide intergrade area with the midland subspecies covering much of Illinois as well as a strip of Wisconsin along [[Lake Michigan]] and part of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]] (UP). Further west, the rest of Illinois, Wisconsin and the UP are part of the range proper, as are all of Minnesota and Iowa, as well as all of Missouri except a narrow strip in the south. All of North Dakota is within range, all of South Dakota except a very small area in the west, and all of Nebraska. Almost all of Kansas is in range; the border of that state with Oklahoma is roughly the species range border, but the turtle is found in three counties of north central Oklahoma.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Conant/><ref name=OK/><ref name=Stebbins/>',
316 => '',
317 => 'To the northwest, almost all of Montana is in range. Only a narrow strip in the west, along most of the Idaho border (which is at the [[Continental Divide]]) lacks turtles.<ref name=MTFG>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle – ''Chrysemys picta''|url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_ARAAD01010.aspx|work=Montana field guides|publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> Wyoming is almost entirely out of range; only the lower elevation areas near the eastern and northern borders have painted turtles.<ref name=WYFG>{{cite web|title=Western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta belli'') |url=http://gf.state.wy.us/wildlife/CompConvStrategy/Species/Reptiles/PDFS/Western%20Painted%20Turtle.pdf |work=Wyoming conservation strategy |publisher=Wyoming Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-02-11 |pages=430–431 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106063053/http://gf.state.wy.us/wildlife/CompConvStrategy/Species/Reptiles/PDFS/Western%20Painted%20Turtle.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2004 }}</ref> In Idaho, the turtles are found throughout the far north (upper half of the [[Idaho Panhandle]]). Recently, separate Idaho populations have been observed in the southwest (near the [[Payette River|Payette]] and [[Boise River|Boise]] rivers) and the southeast (near [[St. Anthony, Idaho|St. Anthony]]).<ref name="BLM ID">{{cite web |url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/reptile/test/chpi/chpi.htm |title=''Chrysemys picta'' (Painted Turtle) |last=Cossel |first= John |date=1997 |website=Idaho Museum of Natural History |publisher=Idaho State University |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> In Washington state, turtles are common throughout the state within lower elevation river valleys.<ref name="WA herp atlas">{{cite web|last=Hallock|first=L. A.|title=Painted turtle|url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/herp_atlas/speciesmain.html|work=Washington herp atlas|publisher=Washington Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2017-10-06|author2=McAllister, K. R.|date=2005-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302032840/http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/herp_atlas/speciesmain.html|archive-date=2017-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Oregon, the turtle is native to the northern part of the state throughout the Columbia River Valley as well as the Willamette River Valley north of Salem.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins/>{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|pp=26–31}}',
318 => '',
319 => 'To the southwest, the painted turtle's range is fragmented. In Colorado, while range is continuous in the eastern, prairie, half of the state, it is absent in most of the western, mountainous, part of the state. However, the turtle is confirmed present in the lower elevation southwest part of the state ([[Archuleta County, Colorado|Archuleta]] and [[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata]] counties), where a population ranges into northern New Mexico in the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]] basin.<ref name=CODW>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle|url=http://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Lists/Wildlife%20Species/DispForm.aspx?ID=189|work=Species profiles|publisher=Colorado Division of Wildlife|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> In New Mexico, the main distribution follows the [[Rio Grande]] and the [[Pecos River]], two waterways that run in a north–south direction through the state.<ref name="Degenhardt">{{cite book|last=Degenhardt|first=William G. |title=Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico|year=1996|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=0-8263-1695-6|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-Liq4O4udsC&q=painted+turtle&pg=PA100|author2=Painter, Charles W. |author3=Price, Andrew H. |access-date=2011-01-03|quote= ... extreme Northern Chihuahua, Mexico.}}</ref> Within the aforementioned rivers, it is also found in the northern part of [[Trans-Pecos|Far West Texas]].<ref name="Dixon" /> In Utah, the painted turtle lives in an area to the south ([[Kane County, Utah|Kane County]]) in streams draining into the Colorado River, although it is disputed if they are native.<ref name=Stebbins/><ref name=UDNR>{{cite web|last=Dotson|first=P.|title=Painted turtle|url=http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=chrypict|publisher=Utah Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref name="UTDNR GAP">{{cite web|title=Utah GAP analysis – painted turtle|url=http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Map.asp?Id=671|publisher=Utah Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref> In Arizona, the painted turtle is native to an area in the east, [[Lyman Reservoir|Lyman Lake]].<ref name="Arizona2007">{{cite web | url = http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/documents/Chrypibe.d.pdf | title = Arizona game and fish department | date = 2007-02-22 | publisher = Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230030657/http://www.azgfd.gov/w%5Fc/edits/documents/Chrypibe.d.pdf | archive-date = 2010-12-30 }}</ref><ref name="AGFD map">{{cite web|title=''Chrysemys picta belli'' occurrences in Arizona|url=http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/images/chrypibe.GIF|publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department|access-date=2011-02-11|date=2007-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320222812/http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/edits/images/chrypibe.GIF|archive-date=2011-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The painted turtle is not native to Nevada or California.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins/>',
320 => '',
321 => 'In Mexico,<ref name="Degenhardt" /> painted turtles have been found about 50 miles south of New Mexico near [[Galeana, Chihuahua|Galeana]] in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. There, two expeditions<ref name="Smith and Taylor" /><ref name="Tanner1987-07" /> found the turtles in the [[Santa Maria River (Chihuahua)|Rio Santa Maria]] which is in a [[Endorheic basin|closed basin]].{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}}<ref name=Stebbins>{{cite book | last1 = Stebbins | first1 = Robert C. | last2 = Peterson | first2 = Roger Tory | title = A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians (Peterson field guide) | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | date = 2003 | location = New York | pages = 251–252 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9JznHN2VFzkC&q=rio+santa+maria+chrysemys+picta&pg=PT105 | access-date = 2011-01-08 | isbn = 978-0-395-98272-3 }}</ref>',
322 => '{{Clear}}',
323 => '',
324 => '====Human-introduced range====',
325 => '',
326 => 'Pet releases are starting to establish the painted turtle outside its native range. It has been introduced into waterways near [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], Arizona,<ref name="Arizona2007" /> and to Germany, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Spain.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}',
327 => '',
328 => '===Habitat===',
329 => '',
330 => '[[File:PaintedHabitat Marchand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=An open pond|Painted turtle habitat in New Hampshire]]',
331 => '',
332 => 'To thrive, painted turtles need fresh waters with soft bottoms, basking sites, and [[Aquatic plant|aquatic vegetation]]. They find their homes in shallow waters with slow-moving currents, such as creeks, marshes, ponds, and the shores of lakes. The subspecies have evolved different habitat preferences.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}}',
333 => '',
334 => '*The '''eastern painted turtle''' is very aquatic, leaving the immediate vicinity of its water body only when forced by drought to migrate.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=217}} Along the Atlantic, painted turtles have appeared in [[brackish]] waters.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=202}}',
335 => '*The '''midland''' and '''southern painted turtles''' seek especially quiet waters, usually shores and coves. They favor shallows that contain dense vegetation and have an unusual toleration of pollution.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=226}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=231}}',
336 => '*The '''western painted turtle''' lives in streams and lakes, similar to the other painted turtles, but also inhabits pasture ponds and roadside pools. It is found as high as {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on|-2}}.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=221}}',
337 => '',
338 => '===Population features===',
339 => '',
340 => 'Within much of its range, the painted turtle is the most abundant turtle species. [[Population density|Population densities]] range from 10 to 840 turtles per hectare (2.5 acres) of water surface. Warmer climates produce higher relative densities among populations, and habitat desirability also influences density. Rivers and large lakes have lower densities because only the shore is desirable habitat; the central, deep waters skew the surface-based estimates. Also, lake and river turtles have to make longer linear trips to access equivalent amounts of foraging space.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}',
341 => '',
342 => '[[File:Turtle marking.svg|thumb|150px|right|alt=two diagrams showing numbes on the outer segments of turtle shells. There are some notches and then corresponding numbered code.|Shell marking code]]',
343 => '',
344 => 'Adults outnumber juveniles in most populations, but gauging the ratios is difficult because juveniles are harder to catch; with current sampling methods, estimates of [[Population pyramid|age distribution]] vary widely.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}} [[Mortality rate|Annual survival rate]] of painted turtles increases with age. The probability of a painted turtle surviving from the egg to its first birthday is only 19%. For females, the annual survival rate rises to 45% for juveniles and 95% for adults. The male survival rates follow a similar pattern, but are probably lower overall than females, as evidenced by the average male age being lower than that of the female.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}} Natural disasters can confound age distributions. For instance, a hurricane can destroy many nests in a region, resulting in fewer hatchlings the next year.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}} Age distributions may also be skewed by migrations of adults.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}}',
345 => '',
346 => 'To understand painted turtle adult age distributions, researchers require reliable methods.<ref name="Gibbons1987">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1310589 |last=Gibbons |first=J. Whitfield |title=Why do turtles live so long |journal=BioScience |date=May 1987 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=262–269 |url=http://140.122.143.143/snake/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AA%94/9.%20why%20do%20turtles%20live%20so%20long.pdf |jstor=1310589 |author-link=J. Whitfield Gibbons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317030949/http://140.122.143.143/snake/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AA%94/9.%20why%20do%20turtles%20live%20so%20long.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2012 }}</ref> Turtles younger than four years (up to 12 years in some populations) can be aged based on "[[growth ring]]s" in their shells.<ref name="Zweifel">{{cite book |last=Zweifel|first=Richard George |title=Long-term ecological studies on a population of painted turtles, ''Chrysemys picta'', on Long Island, New York (American Museum Novitates no. 2952) |date=1989 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |location=New York |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5106/1/N2952.pdf |pages=18–20 |author-link=Richard G. Zweifel}}</ref> For older turtles, some attempts have been made to determine age based on size and shape of their shells or legs using [[mathematical model]]s, but this method is more uncertain.<ref name="Zweifel" /><ref name="Fowle">{{cite book |title=Highways and movement of wildlife: improving habitat connections and wildlife passageways across highway corridors. Proceedings of the transportation-related wildlife mortality seminar of the Florida Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Report FHWA-PD-96-041 |publisher=Florida Department of Transportation (Orlando) |chapter-url=http://www.icoet.net/downloads/96paper16.pdf |author=Fowle, Suzanne C. |chapter=Effects of roadkill mortality on the western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta belli'') in the Mission valley, western Montana |editor=Evink, G. |editor2=Zeigler, D. |editor3=Garrett, P. |editor4=Berry, J |pages=205–223 |date=1996 |access-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152641/http://www.icoet.net/downloads/96paper16.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most reliable method to study the long-lived turtles is to capture them, permanently mark their shells by notching with a drill, release the turtles, and then recapture them in later years.<ref name="Cagle1939">{{cite journal|last=Cagle |first=Fred R. |title=A system of marking turtles for future identification |journal=Copeia |date=1939-09-09 |volume=1939|issue=3 |pages=170–173 |quote=A system to be used in marking turtles must be permanent, since turtles have a long life span, must definitely identify each individual, must not handicap the turtle in any way, and should be simple and easy to use. |author-link=Fred R. Cagle |jstor=1436818| doi = 10.2307/1436818 }} {{subscription}}</ref><ref name=Macartney>{{cite book|title=The western painted turtle in Kikomun Creek Provincial Park (report)|date=1985|author=Macartney, M.|author2=Gregory, P. T.}} as cited in {{cite web|title=Inventory methods for pond-breeding amphibians and painted turtle|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/risc/pubs/tebiodiv/pond/baptml20-06.htm|publisher=Ministry of Environment, British Columbia|access-date=2017-10-06|at=3.1.3 Marking and identification|date=1998-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212321/https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/risc/pubs/tebiodiv/pond/baptml20-06.htm|archive-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> The longest-running study, in Michigan, has shown that painted turtles can live more than 55 years.<ref name="Zweifel" /><ref name="Congdon2003">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0531-5565(03)00106-2 |author=Congdon, Justin D. |display-authors=4 |author2=Nagle, Roy D. |author3=Kinney, Owen M. |author4=van Loben Sels, Richard C. |author5=Quinter, Todd |author6=Tinkle, Donald W. |author6-link=Donald W. Tinkle |title=Testing hypotheses of aging in long-lived painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') |journal=Experimental Gerontology |date=2003 |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=765–772 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/251.pdf |pmid=12855285 |s2cid=12556383 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155606/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/251.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref>',
347 => '',
348 => 'Adult [[sex ratio]]s of painted turtle populations average around 1:1.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|pp=294–295}} Many populations are slightly male-heavy, but some are strongly female-imbalanced; one population in Ontario has a female to male ratio of 4:1.<ref name="sbaa.ca" /> Hatchling sex ratio [[temperature-dependent sex determination|varies based on egg temperature]]. During the middle third of incubation, temperatures of {{convert|23|–|27|C|F|abbr=on|0}} produce males, and anything above or below that, females.<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction" /> It does not appear that females choose nesting sites to influence the sex of the hatchlings;{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=291}} within a population, nests will vary sufficiently to give both male and female-heavy broods.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=295}}',
349 => '{{Clear}}',
350 => '',
351 => '==Taxonomy and evolution==',
352 => '[[File:Schneider Johann Gottlob 1750-1822.png|thumb|upright|alt=a line drawing of Schneider's portrait at a 3/4 angle. he looks resolute and has long hair.|German naturalist [[Johann Gottlob Schneider]] first categorized the painted turtle]]',
353 => '',
354 => 'The painted turtle (''C. picta'') is the [[Monotypic taxon|only species]] in the genus ''Chrysemys''.<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" /> The parent family for ''Chrysemys'' is Emydidae: the pond turtles. Emydidae is split into two sub families; ''Chrysemys'' is part of the [[Deirochelyinae]] (Western Hemisphere) branch.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|pp=000.91,000.99}} The four subspecies of the painted turtle are the eastern (''C. p. picta''), midland (''C. p. marginata''), southern (''C. p. dorsalis''), and western (''C. p. bellii'').{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=214}}',
355 => '',
356 => 'The painted turtle's [[Genus (biology)|generic]] name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "gold" (''chryso'') and "freshwater tortoise" (''emys''); the [[Specific name (zoology)|species name]] originates from the Latin for "colored" (''pictus'').<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vafwis.org/fwis/booklet.html?&bova=030060&Menu=_.Taxonomy | title = Taxonomy chapter for turtle, eastern painted (030060) | access-date = 2010-12-17 | date = 2010 | work = BOVA Booklet | publisher = Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information Service}}</ref> The subspecies name, ''marginata'', derives from the Latin for "border" and refers to the red markings on the outer (marginal) part of the upper shell; ''dorsalis'' is from the Latin for "back", referring to the prominent [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] stripe; and ''bellii'' honors English zoologist [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Thomas Bell]], a collaborator of [[Charles Darwin]].<ref name="Beltz">{{cite web|last=Beltz|first=Ellin|title=Scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of North America – explained|url=http://ebeltz.net/herps/etymain.html#Turtles|date = 2006 |access-date=2010-12-13}}</ref><ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Chrysemys picta belli'', p. 22).</ref> An alternate East Coast common name for the painted turtle is "skilpot", from the Dutch for turtle, ''schildpad''.<ref name="VA Herpsoc">{{cite journal|last=Hoffman|first=Richard L.|title='Skilpot': a request for information|journal=Virginia Herpetological Society Bulletin|date=March 1987|volume=85|url=http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/bulletins/VHS%20Bulletin%2085.pdf|quote=When I was a child living in Clifton Forge, VA, the name by which I learned ''Chrysemys picta'', painted turtle, was 'skilpot'.|access-date=2010-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717210736/http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/bulletins/VHS%20Bulletin%2085.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
357 => '',
358 => '===Classification===',
359 => 'Originally described in 1783 by [[Johann Gottlob Schneider]] as ''Testudo picta'',<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic" /><ref name="Schneider1783-p348" /> the painted turtle was called ''Chrysemys picta'' first by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1855. The four subspecies were then recognized: the eastern by Schneider in 1783,<ref name="Schneider1783-p348" />{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}} the western by Gray in 1831,{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}}<ref name="Gray1831-p12" /> and the midland and southern by [[Louis Agassiz]] in 1857.{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=178}}<ref name="Agassiz1857" />',
360 => '',
361 => 'Until the 1930s many of the subspecies of the painted turtle were labeled by biologists as full species within ''Chrysemys'', but this varied by the researcher. The painted turtles in the border region between the western and midland subspecies were sometimes considered a full species, ''treleasei''. In 1931, [[Sherman C. Bishop|Bishop]] and [[Franklin J. W. Schmidt|Schmidt]] defined the current "four in one" taxonomy of species and subspecies. Based on comparative measurements of turtles from throughout the range, they subordinated species to subspecies and eliminated ''treleasei''.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite journal | last1 = Bishop | first1 = Sherman | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = F. J. W. | title = The painted turtles of the genus ''Chrysemys'' | pages = 123–139 | journal = Zoological Series | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | date = 1931 | publisher = Field Museum of Natural History | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9sNJAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA123| access-date = 2011-01-06}}</ref>',
362 => '',
363 => 'Since at least 1958,<ref name="Bleakney 1958">{{cite journal | title = Postglacial dispersal of the turtle ''Chrysemys picta'' | journal = Herpetologica | date = 1958-07-23 | first = Sherman | last = Bleakney | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–104| jstor = 3889448}} {{subscription}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Bishop and Schmidt alluded to glacial origins even earlier.<ref name="Bishop" />|group="nb"}} the subspecies were thought to have evolved in response to [[Allopatric speciation|geographic isolation]] during the last ice age, 100,000 to 11,000 years ago.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=185}} At that time painted turtles were divided into three different populations: eastern painted turtles along the southeastern Atlantic coast; southern painted turtles around the southern Mississippi River; and western painted turtles in the southwestern United States.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}} The populations were not completely isolated for sufficiently long, hence wholly different species never evolved. When the glaciers retreated, about 11,000 years ago, all three subspecies moved north. The western and southern subspecies met in Missouri and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] to produce the midland painted turtle, which then moved east and north through the Ohio and Tennessee river basins.<ref name="Bleakney 1958" />{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=187}}',
364 => '',
365 => 'Biologists have long debated the genera of closely related subfamily-mates ''Chrysemys,'' ''[[Pseudemys]]'' (cooters), and ''[[Trachemys]]'' (sliders). After 1952, some combined ''Pseudemys'' and ''Chrysemys'' because of similar appearance.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=213}} In 1964, based on measurements of the skull and feet, [[Samuel B. McDowell]] proposed all three genera be merged into one. However, further measurements, in 1967, contradicted this [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] arrangement. Also in 1967, [[J. Alan Holman]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Comments on turtles of the genus ''Chrysemys'' Gray | journal = Herpetologica | date = September 1977 | first = J. Alan | last = Holman | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–276 | jstor = 3891939}} {{subscription}}</ref> a paleontologist and herpetologist, pointed out that, although the three turtles were often found together in nature and had similar mating patterns, they did not [[crossbreed]]. In the 1980s, studies of turtles' cell structures, biochemistries, and parasites further indicated that ''Chrysemys'', ''Pseudemys'', and ''Trachemys'' should remain in separate genera.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|1989|p=203}}',
366 => '',
367 => 'David E. Starkey and collaborators advanced a new view of the subspecies in 2003. Based on a study of the [[mitochondrial DNA]], they rejected the glacial development theory and argued that the southern painted turtle should be elevated to a separate species, ''C. dorsalis'', while the other subspecies should be collapsed into one and not differentiated.<ref name="Starkey2003">{{cite journal | title = Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') complex | journal = Evolution | date = 2003 | first = David | last = Starkey | display-authors = 4 | author2 = Shaffer, H. Bradley | author3 = Burke, Russel | author4 = Forstner, Michael R. J. | author5 = Iverson, John B. | author6 = Janzen, Fredric J. | author7 = Rhodin, Anders G. J. | author8 = Ultsch, Gordon R. | pmid = 12643572 | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 119–128 | url = http://people.hofstra.edu/russell_l_burke/PDFs/starkey_et_al.pdf | doi = 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00220.x | s2cid = 16681228 | access-date = 2010-12-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324103029/http://people.hofstra.edu/russell_l_burke/PDFs/starkey_et_al.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-24 | url-status = dead | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, this proposition was largely unrecognized because successful breeding between all subspecies was documented wherever they overlapped.{{sfn|Fritz|Havaš|2007|p=177}}{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=2}} Nevertheless, in 2010, the [[IUCN]] recognized both ''C. dorsalis'' and ''C. p. dorsalis'' as valid names for the southern painted turtle.{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}}',
368 => '',
369 => '===Fossils===',
370 => '[[File:Top and bottom shell fossil Cf Chrysemys picta 01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=fossils in a tray, paper labels nearby|Top and bottom shell fossils, about 5 million years old, from a Tennessee [[sinkhole]]<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Robert W|title=Mass grave from the remote past|journal=Norwegian Continental Shelf|date=2007-12-17|volume=2007|issue=3|url=http://www.npd.no/en/Publications/Norwegian-Continental-Shelf/No-3-2007/Mass-grave-from-the-remote-past/|access-date=2011-02-08|publisher=Norwegian Petroleum Directorate|format=also avail. as pdf}}</ref>]]',
371 => '',
372 => 'Although its evolutionary history—what the forerunner to the species was and how the close relatives branched off—is not well understood, the painted turtle is common in the fossil record.<ref name="Dobie">{{cite journal|last=Dobie|first=James L.|title=The taxonomic relationship between ''Malaclemys'' Gray, 1844 and ''Graptemys agassiz'', 1857 (Testudines: Emydidae) |journal=Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany|date=1981–1982|volume=23|pages=85–103|url=https://archive.org/stream/tulanestudiesinz2319811982tula/tulanestudiesinz2319811982tula_djvu.txt|access-date=2011-01-04}}</ref> The oldest samples, found in Nebraska, date to about 15 million years ago. Fossils from 15 million to about 5 million years ago are restricted to the Nebraska-Kansas area, but more recent fossils are gradually more widely distributed. Fossils newer than 300,000 years old are found in almost all the United States and southern Canada.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=184–185}}',
373 => '',
374 => '===DNA===',
375 => 'The turtle's [[karyotype]] (nuclear DNA, rather than mitochondrial DNA) consists of 50 [[chromosome]]s, the same number as the rest of its subfamily-mates and the most common number for Emydidae turtles in general.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=276}}<ref name=Bickham>{{cite journal|last=Bickham|first=J. W.|author2=Carr, J. L.|title=Taxonomy and phylogeny of the higher categories of|journal=Copeia|date=1983|volume=1983|issue=4|pages=918–932|doi=10.2307/1445093 |jstor=1445093|s2cid=29543729|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b783f48a4933c914c680f30e47d8a522715c92f}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 10.</ref><ref name=Killebrew>{{cite journal|last=Killebrew|first=F. C.|title=Mitotic chromosomes of turtles. IV. The Emydidae|journal=Texas Journal of Science|date=1977|volume=24|pages=249–253}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 10.</ref> Less well-related turtles have from 26 to 66 chromosomes.<ref name="Killebrew count">{{cite journal|last=Killebrew|first=Flavius C.|title=Mitotic chromosomes of turtles: I. The Pelomedusidae|journal=Journal of Herpetology|date=1975-07-28|volume=9|issue=3|pages=282–285|doi=10.2307/1563192|jstor=1563192}}</ref> Little systematic study of variations of the painted turtle's karotype among populations has been done.{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=11}} (However, in 1967, research on ''protein'' structure of offshore island populations in New England, showed differences from mainland turtles.<ref name=Waters>{{cite journal|last=Waters|first=J. H.|title=Additional observations of Southeastern Massachusetts insular and|journal=Copeia|date=1969|volume=1|issue=1|pages=179–182|doi=10.2307/1441709 |jstor=1441709}} as cited in Mann 2007, p. 11.</ref>)',
376 => '',
377 => 'Comparison of subspecies chromosomal DNA has been discussed, to help address the debate over Starkey's proposed taxonomy, but as of 2009 had not been reported.{{sfn|Mann|2007|p=11}}{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=22}} The complete sequencing of the genetic code for the painted turtle was at a "draft assembled" state in 2010. The turtle was one of two reptiles chosen to be first sequenced.<ref name=Genome>{{cite web|title=Approved sequencing targets|url=http://www.genome.gov/10002154|publisher=National Human Genome Research Institutes (National Institutes of Health)|access-date=2011-02-14|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69gtLYtOc?url=http://www.genome.gov/10002154|archive-date=2012-08-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
378 => '{{Clear}}',
379 => '',
380 => '==Interaction with humans==',
381 => '',
382 => '===Conservation===',
383 => '',
384 => '[[File:Turtle crossing sign, April 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|British Columbia road sign (for painted turtle protection)|alt=An orange, diamond-shaped sign on the right side of a winding road way that says "Slow: crossing season" with a picture of a turtle.]]',
385 => '',
386 => '{{Main|Conservation of painted turtles}}',
387 => 'The species is currently classified as [[least concern]] by the [[IUCN]] but populations have been subject to decline locally.<ref name=iucn/>',
388 => '',
389 => 'The decline in painted turtle populations is not a simple matter of dramatic range reduction, like that of the [[:File:Extermination of bison to 1889.svg|American bison]]. Instead the turtle is classified as G5 (demonstrably widespread) in its [[NatureServe conservation status|Natural Heritage Global Rank]],{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=5}} and the [[IUCN]] rates it as a species of [[least concern]].{{sfn|Rhodin et al.|2010|p=000.99}} The painted turtle's high reproduction rate and its ability to survive in polluted wetlands and artificially made ponds have allowed it to maintain its range,<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification" /><ref name="TC Proj">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle: ''Chrysemys picta''|url=http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html|publisher=Turtle Conservation Project|access-date=2010-12-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922222101/http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html|archive-date=2010-09-22}}</ref> but the post-Columbus settlement of North America has reduced its numbers.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=23–32}}',
390 => '',
391 => 'Only within the Pacific Northwest is the turtle's range eroding. Even there, in Washington, the painted turtle is designated S5 (demonstrably widespread). However, in Oregon, the painted turtle is designated S2 (imperiled),{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=9}} and in British Columbia, the turtle's populations in the [[British Columbia Coast|Coast]] and [[British Columbia Interior|Interior]] regions are labeled "endangered"<ref name="sara2010">{{cite news | title = Species profile western painted turtle Pacific coast population | date = 2010-01-11 | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=902 | work = Species at Risk Public Registry | access-date = 2010-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610224623/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=902 | archive-date = 2013-06-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and "of special concern", respectively.<ref name="SARA2010">{{cite news | title = Species profile western painted turtle intermountain – Rocky Mountain population | date = 2010-01-11 | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=903 | work = Species at Risk Public Registry | access-date = 2010-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610233735/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=903 | archive-date = 2013-06-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The iconic painted turtle is popular in British Columbia, and the province is spending to save the painted turtle as only a few thousand turtles remain in the entire province.<ref name="HAT PR">{{cite web|last=Carnahan|first=Todd|title=Western painted turtles|url=http://www.hat.bc.ca/stewardship-projects/stewardship-group1-helping-people-steward-nature/turtles.html|publisher=Habitat Acquisition Trust|access-date=2010-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102010513/http://www.hat.bc.ca/stewardship-projects/stewardship-group1-helping-people-steward-nature/turtles.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-02}}</ref><ref name="BC Frogwatch">{{cite web|title=B.C. frogwatch program: Painted turtle|url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/okanagan/esd/atlas/species/turtle.html|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Environment|access-date=2011-07-21}}</ref><ref name="Nilsen">{{cite news|last=Nilsen|first=Emily|title=Protecting the painted turtle|url=http://blog.conservancy.bc.ca/2010/08/protecting-the-painted-turtle/|access-date=2010-12-11|newspaper=Nelson Express|date=2010-08-09}}</ref>{{sfn|COSEWIC|2006|p=29}}|group="nb"}}',
392 => '',
393 => 'Much is written about the different factors that threaten the painted turtle, but they are unquantified, with only inferences of relative importance.{{sfn|Ernst|Barbour|Lovich|1994|p=294}}{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=211}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}} A primary threat category is habitat loss in various forms. Related to water habitat, there is drying of [[Wetlands of the United States|wetlands]], clearing of aquatic logs or rocks (basking sites), and clearing of shoreline vegetation, which allows more predator access{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=33}} or increased human foot traffic.<ref name="Hayes">{{cite report|author=Hayes, M. P.|display-authors=4|author2=Beilke, S. G.|author3=Boczkiewicz, S. M.|author4=P. B. Hendrix, P. I.|author5=Ritson, P. I.|author6=Rombough, C. J. |title=The western painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') at the Rivergate industrial district: management options and opportunities|date=2002}} cited in {{cite web|last1=Gervais |first1=Jennifer |display-authors=4 |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Daniel |last3=Barnes |first3=Susan |last4=Puchy |first4=Claire |last5=Stewart |first5=Elaine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 |type=technical report |date=September 2009 |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ZYJM9?url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Leuteritz">{{cite journal|last=Leuteritz|first=T. E. |author2=Manson, C. J.|title=Preliminary observations on the effects of human perturbation on basking behavior in the midland painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta marginata'') |journal=Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society|date=1996|volume=32|pages=16–23}} cited in {{cite web|last1=Gervais |first1=Jennifer |display-authors=4 |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Daniel |last3=Barnes |first3=Susan |last4=Puchy |first4=Claire |last5=Stewart |first5=Elaine |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 |type=technical report |date=September 2009 |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service |page=36 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ZYJM9?url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Related to nesting habitat, urbanization or planting can remove needed sunny soils.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=36}}',
394 => '',
395 => 'Another significant human impact is roadkill—dead turtles, especially females, are commonly seen on summer roads.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} In addition to direct killing, roads [[Genetic isolate|genetically isolate]] some populations.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} Localities have tried to limit roadkill by constructing underpasses,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=47}} highway barriers,<ref name="Missoulian" /> and crossing signs.<ref name="Ottowa">{{cite web|last=Holmes|first=Dianne|title=Report on turtle crossing signs proposal|url=http://www.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/archives/rmoc/Regional_Council/11Oct00/item2_70.pdf|publisher=Region of Ottawa-Carleton|quote= ... inexpensive and morally exemplary ..."}}</ref> Oregon has introduced public education on turtle awareness, safe swerving, and safely assisting turtles across the road.<ref>{{cite journal | title = On the ground: The Oregon conservation strategy at work | journal = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) | date = February 2010 | first = Meg | last = Kenagy| url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/news/2010/2010_february.asp | access-date = 2011-01-07}}</ref>',
396 => '',
397 => 'In the West, human-introduced bass, bullfrogs, and especially snapping turtles, have increased the predation of hatchlings.<ref name="Missoulian" />{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=35}} Outside the Southeast, where [[Pond slider|sliders]] are native, released pet [[red-eared slider]] turtles increasingly compete with painted turtles.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=6}} In cities, increased urban predators (raccoons, canines, and felines) may impact painted turtles by eating their eggs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=33}}',
398 => '',
399 => 'Other factors of concern for the painted turtles include over-collection from the wild,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> released pets introducing diseases<ref name="IN FG pet" /> or reducing [[genetic variability]],{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=6}} pollution,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|pp=36–37}} boating traffic, angler's hooks (the turtles are noteworthy bait-thieves), wanton shooting, and crushing by agricultural machines or golf course lawnmowers or [[all-terrain vehicle]]s.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=37}}<ref name="AZ FG" /><ref name="VA FG" /> Gervais and colleagues note that research itself impacts the populations and that much funded turtle trapping work has not been published. They advocate discriminating more on what studies are done, thereby putting fewer turtles into scientists' traps.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=40}} [[Global warming]] represents an uncharacterized future threat.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|pp=23–32}}{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=38}}',
400 => '',
401 => 'As the most common turtle in [[Nova Scotia]], the eastern painted turtle is not listed under the Species at Risk Act for conservation requirements.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nova Scotia Museum|year=2017|title=Eastern Painted Turtle|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp}}</ref>',
402 => '',
403 => '[[File:Oregon's Native Turtles.ogv|center|thumbtime=1:25|thumb|'''Oregon conservation video:''' <!-- Do not cut the citations containing links to youtube and state of Oregon. 80% of Wiki readers can not see ogg formatted videos. It's same video, but viewable by people using most browsers. -->If video play problematic, try external links within citations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/images/video_gallery/oregon_native_turtles.asp |title=News and Highlights: Video Gallery – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |publisher=Dfw.state.or.us |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeTVghxdZwI |title=Oregon's Native Turtles |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref> Note list of factors at 0:30–0:60 and hoop trap at 1:50–2:00.]]',
404 => '',
405 => '===Pets and other uses===',
406 => '',
407 => '{{quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=100%|quote="... we do not necessarily encourage people to collect these turtles. Turtles kept as pets usually soon become',
408 => 'ill ... The best way to enjoy our native turtles is to observe them in the wild ... it would be better to take a picture than a 'picta'!"|source=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission<ref name="Sheils" />|align=right}}',
409 => '',
410 => 'According to a trade data study, painted turtles were the second most popular pet turtles after red-eared sliders in the early 1990s.{{sfn|Ernst|Lovich|2009|p=26}} As of 2010, most U.S. states allow, but discourage, painted turtle pets, although Oregon forbids keeping them as pets,<ref name="OR FG prohibit">{{cite web|title=Oregon native turtles|url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/docs/TurtleIDCardFRONT.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and Indiana prohibits their sale.<ref name="IN FG pet">{{cite web|title=Turtles as pets |url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/3327.htm|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2010-12-11|quote=It is illegal in the State of Indiana to sell native species of turtles}}</ref> U.S. federal law prohibits sale or transport of any turtle less than {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}, to limit human contact to [[salmonella]].<ref name="CFR">{{cite web|title=Title 21 CFR 1240.62|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=1240.62|publisher=U. S. Food and Drug Administration|access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref> However, a loophole for scientific samples allows some small turtles to be sold, and [[Wildlife trade#Illegal wildlife trade|illegal trafficking]] also occurs.{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=35}}<ref name="ABC">{{cite news|title=Pet turtles pose salmonella danger to kids: They're banned from sale by law but still appear at flea markets, pet shops, experts say|author=Reinberg, Steven|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4507824&page=1|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2010-12-12|newspaper=ABC News}}</ref>',
411 => '',
412 => 'Painted turtle pet-keeping requirements are similar to those of the red-eared slider. Keepers are urged to provide them with adequate space and a basking site, and water that is regularly filtered and changed. According to [[Petco]], the animals are described as being somewhat unsuitable for children as they do not enjoy being held. Hobbyists have kept turtles alive for decades.<ref name="Senneke care">{{cite web|last=Senneke|first=Darrel|title=''Chrysemys picta'' – (Painted turtle) care|url=http://www.chelonia.org/articles/pdfs/chrysemys.pdf|publisher=World Cheledonian Trust|date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Bartlett | first1 = R. D. | last2 = Bartlett | first2 = Patricia | title = Aquatic turtles: Sliders, cooters, painted, and map turtles | publisher = Barron's Educational Series | date = 2003 | location = Hong Kong | pages = 1–48 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NV3Dzc2HIA4C&pg=PP1 | access-date = 2011-01-05 | isbn = 978-0-7641-2278-1}}</ref><ref name="Myturtlecam">{{cite web|title=Choosing a turtle|url=http://www.myturtlecam.com/choose.php|publisher=Myturtlecam.com|access-date=2011-01-25}}</ref>',
413 => '',
414 => 'The painted turtle is sometimes eaten but is not highly regarded as food,{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=228}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|pp=218–219}}{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=233}} as even the largest subspecies, the western painted turtle, is inconveniently small and larger turtles are available.{{sfn|Carr|1952|p=224}} Schools frequently dissect painted turtles, which are sold by [[biological supply industry|biological supply]] companies;<ref name="Gamble2003">{{cite web|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The commercial harvest of painted turtles in Minnesota: final report to the Minnesota department of natural resources, natural heritage and nongame research program|url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/2003/2003_gamble.pdf|type=technical report|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|author2=Simons, Andrew M.|date=2003-05-30}}</ref> specimens often come from the wild but may be captive-bred.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pike|first=Sue|title=Painted turtles often used for classroom dissection|url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100721-LIFE-7210312|access-date=2010-12-07|newspaper=Seacoast Media (Dow Jones wire service)|date=2010-07-21}}</ref> In the Midwest, [[turtle racing]] is popular at summer fairs.<ref name="Gamble2003" /><ref name="Freeman">{{cite news|last=Freeman|first=Eric|title=Rupp, grandson trap turtles to compete in local races|url=http://columbustelegram.com/news/local/article_11f50372-730c-11df-9a36-001cc4c03286.html|access-date=2010-12-18|newspaper=Columbus Telegram|date=2010-06-08}}</ref><ref name="Midwest Weekends">{{cite web|title=Fast times in Nisswa: Swift turtles mix with power shoppers in a Minnesota lake-country oasis|url=http://www.midwestweekends.com/plan_a_trip/family_friends/travel_with_kids/nisswa_turtle_races.html|publisher=Midwest Weekends|access-date=2010-12-18}}</ref>',
415 => '',
416 => '===Capture===',
417 => '',
418 => '{{Main|Capture of painted turtles}}',
419 => '',
420 => 'Commercial harvesting of painted turtles in the wild is controversial and, increasingly, restricted.<ref name="Keen">{{cite news|last=Keen|first=Judith|title=States rethink turtle trapping|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/environment/2009-07-19-turtle-hunt_N.htm|access-date=2010-12-21|newspaper=USA Today|date=2009-07-20}}</ref><ref name="Thorbjarnarson">{{cite book|title=Turtle conservation|date=2000 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|author=Thorbjarnarson, J.|chapter=Human use of turtles |display-authors=4 |author2=Lageux, C. L. |author3=Bolze, D. |author4=Klemens, M. W. |author5= Meylan, A. B. |editor=Klemens, M. W |location=Washington and London|pages=33–84}} cited in {{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |last=Gamble |first=Tony |author2=Simon, Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |issn=0091-7648 |access-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619180515/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wisconsin formerly had virtually unrestricted trapping of painted turtles but based on qualitative observations forbade all commercial harvesting in 1997.<ref name="Arnie">{{cite journal |last=Arnie |first=Jennifer |title=The turtle trap|journal=Imprint Magazine|url=http://www.bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html|access-date=2010-12-21|publisher=The University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119125046/http://bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-19}}</ref> Neighboring Minnesota, where trappers collected more than 300,000 painted turtles during the 1990s,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} commissioned a study of painted turtle harvesting.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Scientists found that harvested lakes averaged half the painted turtle density of off-limit lakes, and population modeling suggested that unrestricted harvests could produce a large decline in turtle populations.<ref name="Gamble2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |last=Gamble |first=Tony |author2=Simon, Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |issn=0091-7648 |access-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619180515/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_Simons_2004.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In response, Minnesota forbade new harvesters in 2002 and limited trap numbers. Although harvesting continued,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> subsequent takes averaged half those of the 1990s.<ref name="MN DNR 2005">{{cite web |title=Minnesota commercial turtle harvest: 2012-2013 |url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/2013_commercialturtleharvest.pdf |format=report |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |access-date=2017-09-21 }}</ref> As of 2009, painted turtles faced virtually unlimited harvesting in Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma;<ref name="CBD">{{cite web |title=Southern and midwestern turtle species affected by commercial harvest |url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/southern_and_midwestern_freshwater_turtles/pdfs/Southern-and-midwestern-turtle-species-affected-by-harvest.pdf |publisher=Center for Biological Diversity |access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> since then, Missouri has prohibited their harvesting.<ref name="MO FG" />',
421 => '',
422 => '[[File:Turtles on trap1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A square turtle trap is floating near some reeds. There is a plank across the middle, but open access to a space in the middle otherwise, that three turtles are basking on, one crawling on the other. The outer sides of the trap slope and one turtle is starting to climb out of the water, up onto the trap. It is sunny.|Basking trap in Minnesota]]',
423 => '',
424 => 'Individuals who trap painted turtles typically do so to earn additional income,<ref name="Gamble2004" /><ref name="Keen" /> selling a few thousand a year at $1–2 each.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Many trappers have been involved in the trade for generations, and value it as a family activity.<ref name="Arnie" /> Some harvesters disagree with limiting the catch, saying the populations are not dropping.<ref name="Arnie" />',
425 => '',
426 => 'Many U.S. state [[fish and game department]]s <!-- only wiki page is a disamb page that lists 4 of the 50 state FG departments, think redlink better choice here, page could be good article -->allow non-commercial taking of painted turtles under a [[Creel (basket)|creel]] limit, and require a fishing (sometimes hunting) license;{{#tag:ref|State fish and game creel limits.<ref name="AL FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame species protected by Alabama regulations|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|publisher=Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries|access-date=2017-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193821/http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|archive-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="AZ FG">{{cite web|title=Arizona reptile and amphibian regulations |url=http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208100709/http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="VA FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame fish, reptile, amphibian and aquatic invertebrate regulations |url=http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2010-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111164423/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |archive-date=2010-11-11 }}</ref><ref name="AL FG comm">{{cite web|title=Resident license information and applications packets|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818192510/http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|archive-date=2014-08-18}}</ref><ref name="MI FG">{{cite web|title=Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians|url=http://www.michigan.gov/documents/RegsOnTheTakeOfReptilesAndAmphibians_164917_7.pdf|publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref><ref name="PA FG">{{cite web|title=Summary of Pennsylvania fishing laws and regulations – reptiles and amphibians – seasons and limits|url=http://pfbc.pa.gov/fishpub/summaryad/repamp.html|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="NH FG">{{cite web|title=Rules and regulations for reptiles and amphibians in New Hampshire|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/nongame/rules-amp-rept.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref>|group="nb"}} others completely forbid the recreational capture of painted turtles. Trapping is not allowed in Oregon, where western painted turtle populations are in decline,<ref name="OR FG">{{cite web|title=Guidance for Conserving Oregon's Native Turtles including Best Management Practices|url=https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/living_with/docs/ODFW_Turtle_BMPs_March_2015.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> and in Missouri, where there are populations of both southern and western subspecies.<ref name="MO FG">{{cite web|title=MDC discover nature turtles|url=https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/amphibian-and-reptile-facts/turtle-facts|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|access-date=2017-09-21|quote=Missouri has 17 kinds of turtles; all but three are protected ... common snapping turtles and two softshells ...}}</ref> In Canada, Ontario protects both subspecies present, the midland and western,<ref name="Ontario Hunting">{{cite web|title=Hunting regulations 2010–2011|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239841.pdf|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and British Columbia protects its dwindling western painted turtles.<ref name="BC" />',
427 => '',
428 => 'Capture methods are also regulated by locality. Typically trappers use either floating "basking traps" or partially submerged, baited "hoop traps".<ref name="Gamble2006">{{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> Trapper opinions,<ref name="Gamble2006" /> commercial records,<ref name="MN DNR 2005" /> and scientific studies<ref name="Gamble2006" /><ref name="Browne2005">{{cite journal|last=Browne|first=C. L.|author2=Hecnar, S. J.|title=Capture success of northern map turtles (''Graptemys geographica'') and other turtle species in basking vs. baited traps|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2005|volume=36|pages=145–147}} cited in {{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref><ref name="McKenna2001">{{cite journal|last=McKenna|first=K. C.|title=''Chrysemys picta'' (painted turtle). Trapping|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2001|volume=32|page=184}} cited in {{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> show that basking traps are more effective for collecting painted turtles, while the hoop traps work better for collecting "meat turtles" (snapping turtles and [[Trionychidae|soft-shell turtles]]). Nets, hand capture, and fishing with [[Dropline|set lines]] are generally legal, but shooting, chemicals, and explosives are forbidden.{{#tag:ref|State fish and game taking restrictions.<ref name="AL FG"/><ref name="AZ FG"/><ref name="VA FG"/><ref name="MI FG"/><ref name="PA FG"/><ref name="NH FG"/>|group="nb"}}',
429 => '{{Clear}}',
430 => '',
431 => '===Culture===',
432 => '',
433 => '{{quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|fontsize=100%|quote="Whereas, the Painted Turtle is a hard worker and can withstand cold temperatures like the citizens of Vermont, and Whereas, the colors of the Painted Turtle represent the beauty of our state in autumn ... the General Assembly hereby recognizes the Painted Turtle as the official state reptile ..."|source=Vermont J.R.S. 57<ref name="Vermont" />}}',
434 => '',
435 => '[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes were familiar with the painted turtle—young braves were trained to recognize its splashing into water as an alarm—and incorporated it in folklore.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Macfarlan | first1 = Allan | last2 = Macfarlan | first2 = Paulette | title = Handbook of American Indian games | publisher = Dover Publications | isbn = 978-0-486-24837-0 | date = 1985-03-01 | page = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00macf/page/62 62] | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00macf/page/62 }}</ref> A [[Potawatomi]] myth describes how the talking turtles, "Painted Turtle" and allies "Snapping Turtle" and "[[box turtle|Box Turtle]]", outwit the village women. Painted Turtle is the star of the legend and uses his distinctive markings to trick a woman into holding him so he can bite her.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html | title = Potawatomi oral tradition | access-date = 2010-12-17 | publisher = Milwaukee Public Museum | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610005129/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html | archive-date = 2010-06-10 }} Adapted from {{cite book | last = Skinner | first = Alanson | title = The Mascoutens or Prairie Potawatomi Indians, Volume 6 | chapter = Mythology and Folklore | volume = 3 | publisher = Board of Trustees | date = 1927 | location = Indiana University}}</ref> An [[Illiniwek|Illini]] myth recounts how Painted Turtle put his paint on to entice a chief's daughter into the water.<ref>Illinois State Museum. [http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/popups/be_turtle.html The painted turtle]. Retrieved 2010-12-10. "As told by an unidentified Peoria informant to Truman Michelson, 1916; after Knoepfle 1993."</ref>',
436 => '',
437 => 'As of 2010, four U.S. states designated the painted turtle as [[List of U.S. state reptiles|official reptile]]. Vermont honored the reptile in 1994, following the suggestion of [[Cornwall Elementary School]] students.<ref name="Vermont">{{cite web | url = http://www.leg.state.vt.us/DOCS/1994/ACTS/ACTR179.HTM | title = Joint resolution relating to the designation of the painted turtle as the state reptile | access-date = 2010-12-15}}</ref> In 1995, Michigan followed, based on the recommendation of [[Niles, Michigan|Niles]] fifth graders, who discovered the state lacked an official reptile.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Michigan's state symbols | journal = Michigan History Magazine | date = May 2002 | volume = 100| url = http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mhc_mhm_statesymbols2002_47909_7.pdf}}</ref> Illinois citizens, in 2004, voted to select the painted turtle as their state reptile and the legislature made it official in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx |title=State symbols |access-date=2010-12-15 |publisher=Illinois.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630233940/http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx |archive-date=June 30, 2010 }}</ref> Colorado chose the western painted turtle in 2008, following the efforts of two succeeding years of Jay Biachi's fourth grade classes.<ref name="Colorado">{{cite web | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/history/symbemb.htm#Reptile | title = Colorado state archives symbols & emblems | access-date = 2011-01-23 | work = colorado.gov | publisher = State of Colorado}}</ref> In New York, the painted turtle narrowly lost (5,048 to 5,005, versus the common snapping turtle) a 2006 statewide student election for state reptile.<ref name="NY election">{{cite web|title=The voting is over: Students nominate common snapping turtle as official state reptile|url=http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Joel-M-Miller/story/18722/|publisher=Assemblyman Joel M. Miller|access-date=2011-02-25|date=2006-04-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007141341/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Joel-M-Miller/story/18722/|archive-date=2012-10-07}}</ref>',
438 => '',
439 => '[[File:2009-0521-Boissevain-TtheT.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large turtle statue standing on two legs and holding a Canadian flag in one hand an American flag in the other.|''Tommy the Turtle'']]',
440 => '',
441 => 'In the border town of [[Boissevain, Manitoba|Boissevain]], Manitoba, a {{convert|10,000|lb|kg|abbr=on|-2}} western painted turtle, ''Tommy the Turtle'', is a roadside attraction. The statue was built in 1974 to celebrate the Canadian Turtle Derby, a festival including [[Turtle racing|turtle races]] that ran from 1972–2001.<ref name="Raynor">{{cite news|last=Raynor |first=Paul |title=Celebration coins minted and ready |url=http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm |access-date=2011-01-28 |newspaper=Boissevain Recorder |date=2005-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230632/http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm |archive-date=February 13, 2006 }}</ref>',
442 => '',
443 => 'Another Canadian admirer of the painted turtle is [[Jon Montgomery]], who won the 2010 Olympic gold medal in [[Skeleton (sport)|skeleton]] (a form of sled) racing, while wearing a painted turtle painting on the crown of his helmet, prominently visible when he slid downhill. Montgomery, who also iconically tattooed his chest with a maple-leaf,<ref name="Whistler's party">{{cite web|title=Jon Montgomery is the life of Whistler's party |url=http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party |author=Kevin McGran |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=2010-02-21 |access-date=2010-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224051700/http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party |archive-date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref> explained his visual promotion of the turtle, saying that he had assisted one to cross the road. [[BC Hydro]] referred to Montgomery's action when describing its own sponsorship of conservation research for the turtle in British Columbia.<ref name="editor">{{cite news|author=editor|title=BC Hydro plans painted turtle study this summer|url=http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/|access-date=2011-02-04|newspaper=The Revelstoke Current|date=2010-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175310/http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/|archive-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>',
444 => '',
445 => 'Several private entities use the painted turtle as a symbol. [[Wayne State University Press]] operates an imprint "named after the Michigan state reptile" that "publishes books on regional topics of cultural and historical interest".<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle publishing imprint website |url=http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle |publisher=Wayne State University Press |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018003207/http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle |archive-date=October 18, 2009 }}</ref> In California, [[The Painted Turtle]] is a camp for ill children, founded by [[Paul Newman]]. Painted Turtle Winery of British Columbia trades on the "laid back and casual lifestyle" of the turtle with a "job description to bask in the sun".<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle winery|url=http://www.paintedturtlewine.com/|access-date=2010-12-07}}</ref> Also, there is an Internet company in Michigan,<ref name="PTWD">{{cite web|title=Painted turtle web design|url=http://www.paintedturtlewebdesign.com/|publisher=Painted Turtle Web Design|access-date=2011-01-02}}</ref> a guesthouse in British Columbia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Painted turtle guesthouse website|url=http://www.paintedturtle.ca/home.php|access-date=2010-12-06}}</ref> and a café in Maine that use the painted turtle commercially.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff reports |title=Eat & run |newspaper=The Portland Press Herald |date=2010-03-12 |url=http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114858/http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html |archive-date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>',
446 => '',
447 => 'In children's books, the painted turtle is a popular subject, with at least seven books published between 2000 and 2010.{{#tag:ref|2000–2010 children's books on the painted turtle.<ref name="Collier2010">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Kevin Scott|title=The Esther Chronicles|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="Collier">{{cite book|last=Collier|first=Kent Scott|title=Esther's Channel|isbn=978-0-9752880-6-1|publisher=Baker Tritten|date=2005-04-15|url=https://archive.org/details/estherschannel0000coll}}</ref><ref name="Hughes">{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Marghanita|title=Nika and the painted turtle|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="Gillis">{{cite book|last=Gillis|first=Jennifer Blizen|title=Turtles: Pets at my House|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-5056-2|date=2004-10-30|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/turtles0000gill}}</ref><ref name="Hipp">{{cite book|last=Hipp|first=Andrew|title=The Life Cycle of a Painted Turtle|publisher=Rosen Classroom|isbn=978-1-4042-5208-0|date=2005-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Falwell">{{cite book|last=Falwell|first=Cathryn|title=Turtle Splash!: Countdown at the Pond|publisher=Greenwillow Books|isbn=978-0-06-142927-9|date=2008-02-26}}</ref><ref name="Turtle Crossing">{{cite book|last=Chrustowski|first=Rick|title=Turtle Crossing|date=2006|publisher=Henry Hold & Co|isbn=978-0-8050-7498-7|url=https://archive.org/details/turtlecrossing0000chru|url-access=registration|quote=So the next time you see a Turtle Crossing sign, keep your eyes open—if you're lucky, you just might see a painted turtle on her way to make a nest.}}</ref>|group="nb"}}',
448 => '{{Clear}}',
449 => '',
450 => '==Notes and references==',
451 => '',
452 => '===Notes===',
453 => '{{Reflist| group="nb"}}',
454 => '',
455 => '===Citations===',
456 => '{{Reflist|25em|refs =',
457 => '<ref name="Schneider1783-p348">',
458 => '{{cite book',
459 => '| last = Schneider',
460 => '| first = Johann Gotttlob',
461 => '| author-link = Johann Gottlob Schneider',
462 => '| title = Allgemeine naturgeschichte der schildkröten',
463 => '| publisher = J.G. Müller',
464 => '| date = 1783',
465 => '| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wl5HAAAAYAAJ/page/n397 348]',
466 => '| location = Leipzig',
467 => '| language = de',
468 => '| format = Gothic script',
469 => '| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wl5HAAAAYAAJ',
470 => '| access-date = 2011-02-08',
471 => '| quote = ... unter dem namen Testudo picta ... ',
472 => '}}',
473 => '</ref>',
474 => '',
475 => '<ref name="Gray1831-p12">',
476 => '{{cite book',
477 => '| last = Gray',
478 => '| first = John Edward',
479 => '| author-link = John Edward Gray',
480 => '| editor = Griffith, Edward',
481 => '| title = The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with Its Organization: The class reptilia, with specific descriptions, volume 9',
482 => '| date = 1831',
483 => '| publisher = Whittikar, Treacher',
484 => '| location = London',
485 => '| page = 12',
486 => '| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_n1IAAAAMAAJ&q=John+edward+gray&pg=PA1',
487 => '| chapter = A synopsis of the species of the class reptilia',
488 => '| access-date = 2011-07-20',
489 => '}}',
490 => '</ref>',
491 => '',
492 => '<ref name="Agassiz1857">',
493 => '{{cite book',
494 => '| last = Agassiz',
495 => '| first = Louis',
496 => '| author-link = Louis Agassiz',
497 => '| title = Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America: First monograph: in three parts',
498 => '| date = 1857',
499 => '| publisher = Little, Brown',
500 => '| location = Boston',
501 => '| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M2Q_AAAAcAAJ',
502 => '| quote = agassiz.',
503 => '| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_M2Q_AAAAcAAJ/page/n491 439]–440',
504 => '| access-date = 2011-07-20',
505 => '}}',
506 => '</ref>',
507 => '',
508 => '<ref name="Smith and Taylor">',
509 => '{{cite book',
510 => '| last1 = Smith',
511 => '| first1 = Hobart M.',
512 => '| author-link = Hobart Muir Smith',
513 => '| last2 = Taylor',
514 => '| first2 = Edward H.',
515 => '| author-link2 = Edward Harrison Taylor',
516 => '| title = An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes',
517 => '| date = 1950',
518 => '| work = Bulletin of the United States National Museum',
519 => '| volume = 199',
520 => '| pages = 33–34',
521 => '| publisher = Smithsonian Institution',
522 => '| url = http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/handle/10088/10203',
523 => '| access-date = 2011-01-08',
524 => '| quote = Recorded only from the state of Chihuahua: Rio Santa Maria, near Progreso',
525 => '}}',
526 => '</ref>',
527 => '',
528 => '<ref name="Tanner1987-07">',
529 => '{{cite journal',
530 => '| last = Tanner',
531 => '| first = Wilmer W.',
532 => '| author-link = Wilmer Tanner',
533 => '| title = Lizards and turtles of western Chihuahua',
534 => '| date = July 1987',
535 => '| journal = Great Basin Naturalist',
536 => '| volume = 47',
537 => '| issue = 3',
538 => '| pages = 383–421',
539 => '| url = https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/ojs/index.php/wnan/article/viewArticle/1829',
540 => '| format = linked pdf',
541 => '| access-date = 2011-01-09',
542 => '| quote = Rio Santa Maria, above bridge west of Galeana ... ',
543 => '}}',
544 => '</ref>',
545 => '',
546 => '<ref name="wcsu.edu-Reproduction">',
547 => '{{cite web',
548 => '| last = Ercelawn',
549 => '| first = Aliya',
550 => '| title = Reproduction',
551 => '| work = Herpetology Species Page',
552 => '| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biology and Environmental Sciences)',
553 => '| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/reproduction.html',
554 => '| access-date = 2011-02-06',
555 => '}}',
556 => '</ref>',
557 => '',
558 => '<ref name="WCSU-Taxonomic">',
559 => '{{cite web',
560 => '| last = Ercelawn',
561 => '| first = Aliya',
562 => '| work = Herpetology Species Page',
563 => '| title = Taxonomic information',
564 => '| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biological and Environmental Sciences Department)',
565 => '| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/taxonomicinfo.html',
566 => '| access-date = 2011-02-06',
567 => '}}',
568 => '</ref>',
569 => '',
570 => '<ref name="wcsu.edu-Species-identification">',
571 => '{{cite web',
572 => '| last = Ercelawn',
573 => '| first = Aliya',
574 => '| work = Herpetology Species Page',
575 => '| title = Species identification',
576 => '| publisher = Prof. Theodora Pinou (Western Connecticut State University Biology and Environmental Sciences)',
577 => '| url = http://people.wcsu.edu/pinout/herpetology/cpicta/speciesidentification.html',
578 => '| access-date = 2011-02-06',
579 => '}}',
580 => '</ref>',
581 => '}}',
582 => '',
583 => '===Bibliography===',
584 => '{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}',
585 => '* {{cite book',
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587 => ' | first = Archie',
588 => ' | author-link1 = Archie Carr',
589 => ' | title = Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California',
590 => ' | date = 1952',
591 => ' | chapter = Genus ''Chrysemys'': The Painted Turtles',
592 => ' | work = Handbooks of American Natural History',
593 => ' | publisher = Comstock Publishing Associates a Division of Cornell University Press',
594 => ' | location = Binghamton, New York',
595 => ' | pages = 213–234',
596 => ' | isbn = 0-8014-8254-2',
597 => ' }}',
598 => '* {{cite web',
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601 => ' | url = http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-505-2006E.pdf',
602 => ' | title = COSEWIC assessment and status report on the western painted turtle ''Chrysemys picta bellii''',
603 => ' | date = 2006',
604 => ' | page = 29',
605 => ' | publisher = Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada',
606 => ' | ref = {{harvid|COSEWIC|2006}}',
607 => ' }}',
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614 => ' | date = 1972',
615 => ' | chapter = ''Chrysemys picta''',
616 => ' | pages = [https://archive.org/details/turtlesofuniteds00carl/page/138 138]–146',
617 => ' | publisher = The University Press of Kentucky',
618 => ' | location = Lexington, Kentucky',
619 => ' | isbn = 0-8131-1272-9',
620 => ' | url = https://archive.org/details/turtlesofuniteds00carl',
621 => ' | url-access = registration',
622 => ' | access-date = 2011-02-08',
623 => ' }}',
624 => '* {{cite book',
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627 => ' | last2 = Barbour',
628 => ' | first2 = Roger William',
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630 => ' | date = 1989',
631 => ' | chapter = ''Chrysemys''',
632 => ' | pages = [https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns/page/201 201]–203',
633 => ' | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press',
634 => ' | location = Washington, D.C., and London',
635 => ' | isbn = 0-87474-414-8',
636 => ' | url = https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns',
637 => ' | url-access = registration',
638 => ' | access-date = 2011-02-08',
639 => ' }}',
640 => '* {{cite book',
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642 => ' | first1 = Carl H.',
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645 => ' | last3 = Lovich',
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647 => ' | title = Turtles of the United States and Canada',
648 => ' | editor = Dutro, Nancy P.',
649 => ' | date = 1994',
650 => ' | pages = 276–296',
651 => ' | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press',
652 => ' | location = Washington and London',
653 => ' | isbn = 1-56098-346-9',
654 => ' | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IScWAQAAIAAJ',
655 => ' | access-date = 2011-02-08',
656 => ' }}',
657 => '* {{cite book',
658 => ' | last1 = Ernst',
659 => ' | first1 = Carl H.',
660 => ' | last2 = Lovich',
661 => ' | first2 = Jeffery E.',
662 => ' | title = Turtles of the United States and Canada',
663 => ' | date = 2009',
664 => ' | pages = 185–259',
665 => ' | publisher = JHU Press',
666 => ' | edition = 2nd',
667 => ' | isbn = 978-0-8018-9121-2',
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669 => ' | access-date = 2011-02-08',
670 => ' }}',
671 => '* {{cite journal',
672 => ' |last1=Fritz ',
673 => ' |first1=Uwe ',
674 => ' |last2=Havaš ',
675 => ' |first2=Peter ',
676 => ' |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World ',
677 => ' |date=2007 ',
678 => ' |journal=Vertebrate Zoology ',
679 => ' |volume=57 ',
680 => ' |issue=2 ',
681 => ' |pages=149–368 ',
682 => ' |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf ',
683 => ' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf',
684 => ' |archive-date=2011-05-01',
685 => ' |url-status=dead',
686 => '}}',
687 => '* {{cite web',
688 => ' |last1=Gervais ',
689 => ' |first1=Jennifer ',
690 => ' |last2=Rosenberg ',
691 => ' |first2=Daniel ',
692 => ' |last3=Barnes ',
693 => ' |first3=Susan ',
694 => ' |last4=Puchy ',
695 => ' |first4=Claire ',
696 => ' |last5=Stewart ',
697 => ' |first5=Elaine ',
698 => ' |title=Conservation assessment for the western painted turtle in Oregon: (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') version 1.1 ',
699 => ' |date=September 2009 ',
700 => ' |pages=4–61 ',
701 => ' |publisher=U.S.D.A. Forest Service ',
702 => ' |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf ',
703 => ' |type=technical report ',
704 => ' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051652/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-chrysemys-picta-bellii-2009-09.pdf',
705 => ' |archive-date=2011-08-13',
706 => ' |ref={{harvid|Gervais et al.|2009}} ',
707 => ' |url-status=dead',
708 => '}}',
709 => '* {{cite book',
710 => ' | last = Mann',
711 => ' | first = Melissa',
712 => ' | title = A taxonomic study of the morphological variation and intergradation of ''Chrysemys picta'' (Schneider) (Emydidae, Testudines) in West Virginia',
713 => ' | date = May 2007',
714 => ' | pages = i–64',
715 => ' | publisher = (Thesis) Marshall University',
716 => ' | url = http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/142/',
717 => ' }}',
718 => '* {{cite journal',
719 => ' | last1 = Packard',
720 => ' | first1 = Gary, C.',
721 => ' | last2 = Packard',
722 => ' | first2 = Mary J.',
723 => ' | last3 = Morjan',
724 => ' | first3 = Carrie L.',
725 => ' | last4 = Janzen',
726 => ' | first4 = Fredric J.',
727 => ' | title = Cold-tolerance of hatchling painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta bellii'') from the southern limit of distribution|journal=Journal of Herpetology',
728 => ' | date = 2002',
729 => ' | volume = 36',
730 => ' | issue = 2',
731 => ' | pages = 300–304',
732 => ' | url = http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fjanzen/pdf/02JHerpetol1.pdf',
733 => ' | ref = {{harvid|Packard et al.|2002}}',
734 => ' | doi=10.2307/1566006',
735 => ' | jstor = 1566006',
736 => ' }}',
737 => '* {{cite journal',
738 => ' |last1=Rhodin ',
739 => ' |first1=Anders G.J. ',
740 => ' |last2=van Dijk ',
741 => ' |first2=Peter Paul ',
742 => ' |last3=Inverson ',
743 => ' |first3=John B. ',
744 => ' |last4=Shaffer ',
745 => ' |first4=H. Bradley ',
746 => ' |title=Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status ',
747 => ' |pages=000.89–000.138 ',
748 => ' |date=2010-12-14 ',
749 => ' |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs ',
750 => ' |volume=5 ',
751 => ' |url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf ',
752 => ' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125632/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf',
753 => ' |archive-date=2011-07-17',
754 => ' |ref={{harvid|Rhodin et al.|2010}} ',
755 => ' |url-status=dead',
756 => '}}',
757 => '{{refend}}',
758 => '',
759 => '==External links==',
760 => '{{Commons|Chrysemys picta}}',
761 => '* Missouri Department of Conservation video of [https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/southern-painted-turtle southern painted turtle (click video link)]: Note the discussion of red line on top of shell.',
762 => '* {{UCSC genomes|chrPic1}}',
763 => '',
764 => '{{Emydidae}}',
765 => '{{Taxonbar|from=Q199203}}',
766 => '',
767 => '{{featured article}}',
768 => '',
769 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Painted turtle}}',
770 => '[[Category:Deirochelyinae]]',
771 => '[[Category:Chrysemys|*]]',
772 => '[[Category:Monotypic turtle genera]]',
773 => '[[Category:Turtles of North America]]',
774 => '[[Category:Reptiles of Canada|Turtle, Painted]]',
775 => '[[Category:Reptiles of the United States|Turtle, Painted]]',
776 => '[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States|Turtle, Painted]]',
777 => '[[Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)|Turtle, Painted]]',
778 => '[[Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)|Turtle, Painted]]',
779 => '[[Category:Reptiles of Ontario]]',
780 => '[[Category:Cryozoa]]',
781 => '[[Category:Reptiles described in 1783]]',
782 => '[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]',
783 => '[[Category:Symbols of Colorado]]',
784 => '[[Category:Symbols of Michigan]]',
785 => '[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]',
786 => '[[Category:Langhian first appearances]]',
787 => '[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]',
788 => '[[Category:Miocene turtles]]',
789 => '[[Category:Pliocene turtles]]',
790 => '[[Category:Quaternary turtles]]',
791 => '[[Category:Symbols of Illinois]]'
] |
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82 => 'http://blog.conservancy.bc.ca/2010/08/protecting-the-painted-turtle/',
83 => 'http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata',
84 => 'http://columbustelegram.com/news/local/article_11f50372-730c-11df-9a36-001cc4c03286.html',
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87 => 'http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-505-2006E.pdf',
88 => 'http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=chrypict',
89 => 'http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Map.asp?Id=671',
90 => 'http://ebeltz.net/herps/etymain.html#Turtles',
91 => 'http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_ARAAD01010.aspx',
92 => 'http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/2003/2003_gamble.pdf',
93 => 'http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/2013_commercialturtleharvest.pdf',
94 => 'http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=105350',
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96 => 'http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf',
97 => 'http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/reptile/test/chpi/chpi.htm',
98 => 'http://mds.marshall.edu/etd/142/',
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100 => 'http://museum.gov.ns.ca/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp',
101 => 'http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/painted_turtle_vs_red-eared_slider.html',
102 => 'http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party',
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118 => 'http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/prog/wildlife/reptiles/turtles_and_lizards/painted_turtle1.html',
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157 => 'http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf',
158 => 'http://www.paintedturtle.ca/home.php',
159 => 'http://www.paintedturtlewebdesign.com/',
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161 => 'http://www.pressherald.com/archive/eat-and-run_2009-01-07.html',
162 => 'http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fjanzen/pdf/02JHerpetol1.pdf',
163 => 'http://www.revelstokecurrent.com/2010/02/26/bc-hydro-plans-painted-turtle-study-this-summer/',
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170 => 'http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf',
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180 => 'http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx',
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214 => 'https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1229',
215 => 'https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/amphibian-and-reptile-facts/turtle-facts',
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217 => 'https://novascotia.ca/museum/amphibians/en/turtles/painted.asp',
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222 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060208100709/http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf',
223 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230632/http://www.boissevainrecorder.mb.ca/placed%20news/17dec05.htm',
224 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165743/http://sbaa.ca/projects.asp?cn=316',
225 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090421150700/http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/glfc-amphibians/chrysemys-picta-marginata',
226 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091018003207/http://wsupress.wayne.edu/Series/paintedturtle',
227 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf',
228 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100107080323/http://www.paintedturtle.ca/content/pdf/Painted_Turtles_Willife_at_Risk.pdf',
229 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100224051700/http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/769062--jon-montgomery-is-the-life-of-whistler-s-party',
230 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100610005129/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-137.html',
231 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100630233940/http://www2.illinois.gov/about/Pages/StateSymbols.aspx',
232 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100830161113/http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/what/Reptiles/Turtles/pt.cfm',
233 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100922222101/http://www.turtleconservationproject.org/painted-turtle-facts.html',
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235 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101111164423/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>This is the story all about how my life got switched upside down now i would like to take a minute just sit right there i tell you all about how i came the prince of bel air. In west Philadelphia born and raised in the playground is where i spent most of my days chilling out maxing relaxing shooting some bball outside the court. When a couple of guys they were up to no good started making trouble in my neighborhood. I got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said " you moving with you auntie and uncle in bel air." I whistled for a cab and when it came near i could tell that it was fresher then dice in m ear. I pulled up around seven or eight and i yelled to the cabber ou homes smell you later I looked at my kingdom I was finally there time to sit on my throne as the prince of bell air
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Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1621275269 |