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{{short description|Spectacle of bulls fought by humans}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
[[File:Toreador Bullfight Plaza de Toros cancun Mexico 2 102 (1077548273).jpg|thumb|A ''[[Torero#Matador de Toros|matador]]'' evading a bull in [[Cancún]], Mexico. 2012.|262px]]
<!--[[File:Tauromaquia en España.PNG|thumb|Bullfighting in Spain (2014):
{{Legend|#0000FF|Bullfighting banned and traditionally not practised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canarias fue la primera comunidad en prohibir los toros en 1991|website= rtve.es|date= 27 July 2010 |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20100727/canarias-fue-primera-comunidad-prohibir-toros-1991/342132.shtml|language=es}}</ref>}}
{{Legend|#FF00FF|Bullfighting banned, but [[Bous al carrer|other]] [[Toro embolado|spectacles]] involving [[fighting cattle]] protected by law.<ref>''El Parlament blinda los 'correbous' dos meses después de prohibir los toros'' El Mundo, jueves 23 September 2010 http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/barcelona/1285150930.html</ref> A recent Constitutional Court ruling might make it legal again.<ref>El TC declara inconstitucional la prohibición de las corridas por el Parlamento de Cataluña http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2016/10/20/57f4cf5ee5fdea5e408b4611.html</ref>}}
{{Legend|#F08080|Bullfighting legal in most places, but banned in some.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redeabolicion.info/|title=Rede de Municipios Galegos pola Abolicion|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Legend|#228B22|Bullfighting legal, but traditionally not practised.}}
{{Legend|#FF0000|Bullfighting legal.}}
{{Legend|#B22222|Bullfighting legal and protected by law.<ref>''Madrid culmina la declaración como bien de interés cultural de la fiesta de los toros'', El País, 7 ABR 2011 http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/04/07/actualidad/1302164232_850215.html</ref><ref>''La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Bien de Interés Cultural en Castilla y León - See more at: http://www.salamanca24horas.com/toros/107982-la-tauromaquia-bien-de-interes-cultural-en-castilla-y-leon#sthash.fuW4NYYv.dpuf'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095056/http://www.salamanca24horas.com/toros/107982-la-tauromaquia-bien-de-interes-cultural-en-castilla-y-leon |date=24 September 2015 }} Salamanca24horas 03 Abril 2014 </ref>}}
]]-->
'''Bullfighting''' is a physical contest that involves a [[bullfighter]] and animals attempting to subdue, immobilize, or kill a [[bull]], usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations.
There are several variations, including some forms which involve dancing around or leaping over a cow or bull or attempting to grasp an object tied to the animal's horns. The most well-known form of bullfighting is [[Spanish-style bullfighting]], practiced in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Southern France]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Peru]]. The [[Spanish Fighting Bull]] is bred for its aggression and physique, and is raised [[free-range]] with little human contact.
The practice of bullfighting is controversial because of a range of concerns including animal welfare, funding, and religion. While some forms are considered a [[blood sport]], in some countries, for example Spain, it is defined as an art form or cultural event,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dle.rae.es/tauromaquia|title=tauromaquia {{!}} Diccionario de la lengua española|last1=ASALE|first1=RAE-|last2=RAE|website=«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario|language=es|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> and local regulations define it as a cultural event or heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2013/11/06/527ab20e684341e70a8b4576.html|title=La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Patrimonio Cultural|date=2013-11-06|website=ELMUNDO|language=es|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/las-corridas-de-toros-spanish-version|title=Las corridas de toros (Spanish version)|language=en|access-date=20 November 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054029/https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/las-corridas-de-toros-spanish-version|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bullfighting is illegal in most countries, but remains legal in most areas of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], as well as in some [[Hispanic America]]n countries and some parts of southern [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsi.org/issues/bullfighting/facts/bullfighting_europe.html|title=Bullfighting in Europe|website=Humane Society International|date=28 April 2011|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
{{See also|Sacred bull}}
[[File:Knossos Bull-Leaping Fresco.jpg|thumb|[[Bull-leaping]]: [[Bull-Leaping Fresco|Fresco]] from [[Knossos]], [[Crete]]]]
Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric [[bull worship]] and [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] in Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean region. The first recorded bullfight may be the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]],'' which describes a scene in which Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought and killed the Bull of Heaven ("The Bull seemed indestructible, for hours they fought, till Gilgamesh dancing in front of the Bull, lured it with his tunic and bright weapons, and Enkidu thrust his sword, deep into the Bull's neck, and killed it").<ref>{{cite book|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic|year=2011|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801450358|page=[https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol/page/51 51]|url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol|url-access=registration|quote=Bullfight Gilgamesh.|author-link=Theodore Ziolkowski}}</ref> [[Bull-leaping]] was portrayed in Crete and myths related to bulls throughout Greece.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Bullfighting and the killing of the sacred bull was commonly practised among [[Männerbund]] in [[ancient Iran]] and connected to the pre-Zoroastrian god [[Mithra]].<ref>Stig Wikander, ''Der arische Männerbund: Studien zur indo-iranischen Sprach- und Religionsgeschichte'', Uppsala 1938.</ref> The cosmic connotations of the ancient Iranian practice are reflected in [[Zoroaster]]'s [[Gathas]] and the [[Avesta]]. The killing of the sacred bull ([[tauroctony]]) is the essential central iconic act of [[Mithraic mysteries|Mithras]], which was commemorated in the [[mithraeum]] wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. The oldest representation of what seems to be a man facing a bull is on the [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] [[tombstone]] from [[Clunia]] and the [[cave painting]] ''El toro de hachos'', both found in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Guillaume ROUSSEL |url=http://www.arbre-celtique.com/encyclopedie/pierre-tombale-de-clunia-4473.htm |title=Pierre tombale de Clunia – 4473 – L'encyclopédie – L'Arbre Celtique |publisher=Arbre-celtique.com |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Toro de Lidia |url=http://www.cetnotorolidia.es/opencms_wf/opencms/toro_de_lidia/origen_e_historia/index.html |title=Toro de Lidia – Toro de lidia |publisher=Cetnotorolidia.es |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>
Bullfighting is often linked to [[Roman Empire|Rome]], where many human-versus-animal events were held as competition and entertainment, the ''[[Venatio]]nes''. These hunting games spread to [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Europe]] during [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times. There are also theories that it was introduced into Hispania by the Emperor [[Claudius]], as a substitute for [[gladiator]]s, when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial combat. The latter theory was supported by [[Robert Graves]] ([[picador]]s are related to warriors who wielded the [[javelin]], but their role in the contest is now a minor one limited to "preparing" the bull for the matador.) Spanish colonists took the practice of breeding cattle and bullfighting to the American colonies, the Pacific, and Asia. In the 19th century, areas of southern and southwestern France adopted bullfighting, developing their distinctive form.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
[[File: Fresque Mithraeum Marino.jpg|thumb|Mithras killing a bull]]
Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the local plaza, where noblemen would ride competing for royal favor, and the populace enjoyed the excitement. In the Middle Ages across Europe, knights would joust in competitions on horseback. In Spain, they began to fight bulls.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
In medieval Spain bullfighting was considered a noble sport and reserved for the rich, who could afford to supply and train their animals. The bull was released into a closed arena where a single fighter on horseback was armed with a lance. This spectacle was said to be enjoyed by [[Charlemagne]], [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X the Wise]] and the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad caliphs]], among others. The greatest Spanish performer of this art is said to have been the knight [[El Cid]]. According to a chronicle of the time, in 1128 "... when [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]] married [[Berengaria of Barcelona]] daughter of [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona]] at [[Saldaña, Palencia|Saldaña]] among other celebrations, there were also bullfights."<ref>Mariano José de Larra, [[:m:s:es:Corridas de toros|«Corridas de toros»]], en ''El Duende satírico del día'' (Madrid), 31 May 1828. {{in lang|es}}</ref>
In the time of [[Emperor Charles V]], Pedro Ponce de Leon was the most famous bullfighter in Spain and a renovator of the technique of killing the bull on a horse with blindfolded eyes.<ref>Pascual Barea, Joaquín. “[https://www.academia.edu/30661142/_Benito_Arias_Montano_y_su_maestro_de_poes%C3%ADa_Juan_de_Quir%C3%B3s_Benito_Arias_Montano_y_los_humanistas_de_su_tiempo_M%C3%A9rida_Editora_Regional_de_Extremadura_2006_1_125-149 Benito Arias Montano y su maestro de poesía Juan de Quirós]”, ''Benito Arias Montano y los humanistas de su tiempo.'' Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2006, 1, 125-149 (129-131).</ref> Juan de Quirós, the best Sevillian poet of that time, dedicated to him a poem in Latin, of which Benito Arias Montano transmits some verses.<ref>Pascual Barea, Joaquín. ''Juan de Quirós: Poesía Latina y Cristopatía (La Pasión de Cristo). Introducción, edición, traducción e índices.'' Cádiz: Universidad, 2004, pp. 23-26, 51-55 y 142-143.</ref>
[[Francisco Romero (bullfighter)|Francisco Romero]], from [[Ronda, Spain]], is generally regarded as having been the first to introduce the practice of fighting bulls on foot around 1726, using the [[muleta]] in the last stage of the fight and an [[estoc]] to kill the bull. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds. Thus the modern ''corrida'', or fight, began to take form, as riding noblemen were replaced by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the ''[[Plaza de Armas]]'', and later round, to discourage the cornering of the action.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
The modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to [[Juan Belmonte]], generally considered the greatest matador of all time. Belmonte introduced a daring and revolutionary style, in which he stayed within a few centimeters of the bull throughout the fight. Although extremely dangerous (Belmonte was gored on many occasions), his style is still seen by most matadors as the ideal to be emulated.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
==Styles==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
[[File:A bull fight, Barcelona, Spain-LCCN2001699358.jpg|thumb|A bull fight in Barcelona, Spain, ca.1900]]
[[File:Bull, Ronda.JPG|thumb|Monument to a bull, Plaza de Toros de Ronda ([[Ronda]] bullring), Spain]]
[[File:Vw1PlazaTorosDF.JPG|thumb|[[Plaza México]], with capacity of 48,000 seats, is the major bullring in the world by seating capacity.]]
Originally, at least five distinct regional styles of bullfighting were practised in southwestern Europe: [[Andalusia]], [[Aragon]]–[[Navarre]], [[Alentejo]], [[Camargue]], [[Aquitaine]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Over time, these have evolved more or less into standardized national forms mentioned below.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The "classic" style of bullfighting, in which the rule is kill the bull is the style practiced in Spain and many Latin American countries.
Bullfighting stadia are named "[[bullring]]s". There are many historic bullrings; the oldest are the 1700s Spanish plazas of [[Maestranza (Seville)|Sevilla]] and [[Plaza de Toros de Ronda|Ronda]]. The largest bullring is the [[Plaza México]] in [[Mexico|Mexican]] capital which seats 48,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/north_america/countries/mexico/central_mexico.shtml |title=www.worldstadiums.com |publisher=www.worldstadiums.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140518/http://www.worldstadiums.com/north_america/countries/mexico/central_mexico.shtml |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}</ref>
===Spanish===
{{Main|Spanish-style bullfighting}}
Spanish-style bullfighting is called ''corrida de toros'' (literally "[[coursing]] of bulls") or ''la fiesta'' ("the festival"). In the traditional corrida, three ''[[matador]]es'' each fight two bulls, each of which is between four and six years old and weighs no less than 460 kg (1,014 lb).<ref>[http://legislacion.060.es/8532-ides-idweb.html Royal Decree 145/1996, of {{Nowrap|2 February}}, to modify and reword the Regulations of Taurine Spectacles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925213032/http://legislacion.060.es/8532-ides-idweb.html |date=25 September 2010 }}</ref> Each matador has six assistants: two ''[[picador]]es'' (lancers on horseback) mounted on horseback, three ''[[banderillero]]s'' – who along with the matadors are collectively known as ''[[torero]]s'' (bullfighters) – and a ''mozo de espadas'' (sword page). Collectively they comprise a ''cuadrilla'' (entourage). In Spanish the more general ''torero'' or ''diestro'' (literally 'right-hander') is used for the lead fighter, and only when needed to distinguish a man is the full title ''matador de toros'' used; in English, "matador" is generally used for the bullfighter.
[[File:La muerte del picador.jpg|thumb|''Death of the [[Picador]]'' – [[Francisco de Goya]], c. 1793]]
[[File:Juan Bautista corrida goyesque Feria du Riz Arles 2010.ogg|thumb|right|Start of ''tercio de muerte'': polished ''verónica'' and ''larga serpentina'' during a [[goyesca corrida]].]]
[[File:José Arévalo en 2009 à Beaucaire.ogg|thumb|left|Welcoming of a toro" ''a porta gayola'' and series of ''verónica,'' terminated by a semi-verónica.]]
====Structure====
The modern corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct stages or ''tercios'' ("thirds"); the start of each being announced by a bugle sound. The participants enter the arena in a parade, called the ''paseíllo'', to salute the presiding dignitary, accompanied by band music. Torero costumes are inspired by 17th-century Andalusian clothing, and matadores are easily distinguished by the gold of their ''[[traje de luces]]'' ("suit of lights"), as opposed to the lesser banderilleros, who are also known as ''toreros de plata'' ("bullfighters of silver").{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
=====''Tercio de Varas''=====
The bull is released into the ring, where he is tested for ferocity by the ''matador'' and ''banderilleros'' with the magenta and gold ''capote'' ("cape"). This is the first stage, the ''[[tercio de varas]]'' ("the lancing third"). The matador confronts the bull with the capote, performing a series of passes and observing the behavior and quirks of the bull.
Next, a picador enters the arena on horseback armed with a ''vara'' (lance). To protect the horse from the bull's horns, the animal wears a protective, padded covering called ''peto''. Prior to 1930, the horses did not wear any protection. Often the bull would disembowel the horse during this stage. Until the use of protection was instituted, the number of horses killed during a fiesta generally exceeded the number of bulls killed.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84444/bullfighting "Bullfighting." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.] 14 January 2009</ref>
At this point, the picador stabs just behind the ''morrillo'', a mound of muscle on the fighting bull's neck, weakening the neck muscles and leading to the animal's first loss of blood. The manner in which the bull charges the horse provides important clues to the matador about the bull such as which horn the bull favors. As a result of the injury and also the fatigue of striving to injure the armoured heavy horse, the bull holds its head and horns slightly lower during the following stages of the fight. This ultimately enables the matador to perform the killing thrust later in the performance. The encounter with the picador often fundamentally changes the behavior of a bull; distracted and unengaging bulls will become more focused and stay on a single target instead of charging at everything that moves, conserving their diminished energy reserves.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
=====''Tercio de Banderillas''=====
In the next stage, the ''tercio de banderillas'' ("the third of banderillas"), each of the three banderilleros attempts to plant two ''banderillas'', sharp barbed sticks, into the bull's shoulders. These anger and agitate the bull reinvigorating him from the ''aplomado'' (literally 'leadened') state his attacks on the horse and injuries from the lance left him in. Sometimes a matador will place his own banderillas. If so, he usually embellishes this part of his performance and employs more varied maneuvers than the standard ''al cuarteo'' method commonly used by banderilleros.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Matador.JPG|thumb|Plaza de Toros Las Ventas in Madrid]]
=====''Tercio de Muerte''=====
In the final stage, the ''tercio de muerte'' ("a third of death"), the matador re-enters the ring alone with a smaller red cloth, or ''[[muleta]]'', and a sword. It is a common misconception that the color red is supposed to anger the bull; the animals are functionally [[colorblind]] in this respect: the bull is incited to charge by the movement of the muleta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling |title=Longhorn_Information – handling |publisher=ITLA |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090201/http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling |archive-date=11 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf |title=Cattle – Basic Care |website=iacuc.tennessee.edu |access-date=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012822/http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> The muleta is thought to be red to mask the bull's blood, although the color is now a matter of tradition. The matador uses his muleta to attract the bull in a series of passes, which serve the dual purpose of wearing the animal down for the kill and creating sculptural forms between man and animal that can fascinate or thrill the audience, and which when linked together in a rhythm create a dance of passes, or ''faena''. The matador will often try to enhance the drama of the dance by bringing the bull's horns especially close to his body. The faena refers to the entire performance with the muleta.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
The faena is usually broken down into ''tandas'', or "series", of passes. The faena ends with a final series of passes in which the matador, using the cape, tries to maneuver the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades going over the horns and thus exposing his own body to the bull. The sword is called ''estoque,'' and the act of thrusting the sword is called an ''estocada''. During the initial series, while the matador in part is performing for the crowd, he uses a fake sword (''estoque simulado''). This is made of wood or aluminum, making it lighter and much easier to handle. The ''estoque de verdad'' (real sword) is made out of steel. At the end of the ''tercio de muerte'', when the matador has finished his faena, he will change swords to take up the steel one. He performs the ''estocada'' with the intent of piercing the heart or aorta, or severing other major blood vessels to induce a quick death if all goes according to plan. Often this does not happen and repeated efforts must be made to bring the bull down, sometimes the matador changing to the 'descabello', which resembles a sword, but is actually a heavy dagger blade at the end of a steel rod which is thrust between the cervical vertebrae to sever the spinal column and induce instant death. Even if the descabello is not required and the bull falls quickly from the sword one of the banderilleros will perform this function with an actual dagger to ensure the bull is dead.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
If the matador has performed particularly well, the crowd may petition the president by waving white handkerchiefs to award the matador an ear of the bull. If his performance was exceptional, the president will award two ears. In certain more rural rings, the practice includes an award of the bull's tail. Very rarely, if the public and the matador believe that the bull has fought extremely bravely – and the breeder of the bull agrees to have it return to the ranch – the event's president may grant a pardon (''indulto''). If the ''indulto'' is granted, the bull's life is spared; it leaves the ring alive and is returned to its home ranch for treatment and then to become a ''semental'', or seed-bull, for the rest of its life.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Finito de Córdoba.jpg|First tercio: [[torero]] drawing a ''Verónica''.
File:Rafael Cañada à la cape.jpg|First tercio: [[matador]] making another kind of Verónica.
File:Banderillero Curro Molina.jpg|Second tercio: [[banderillero]].
File:Madrid Bullfight.JPG|Third tercio: ''[[Spanish-style bullfighting#Stage 3: Tercio de Muerte|faena]]'' of ''[[muleta]]''.
File:Uceda Leal.JPG|Third tercio: faena of ''muleta''.
</gallery>
====Recortes====
{{see also|Bull-leaping}}
[[File:Goya - Ligereza y atrevimiento de Juanito Apinani en la de Madrid (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Goya|Goya]]: The Speed and Daring of Juanito Apiñani in the Ring of Madrid 1815–16 (''[[La Tauromaquia|Tauromaquia]]'', Νο. 20). Etching and aquatint]]
[[File:Course de taureaux à Séville - Cândido de Faria - 1907 - NL-EYE-EFG1914 A08568.jpg|thumb|Poster by [[Cândido de Faria]] for the silent film ''Course de taureaux à Séville'' (1907, Pathé Frères). [[Chromolithograph]]. [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]
Recortes, a style of bullfighting practiced in [[Navarre]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], north of Castile and [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], has been much less popular than the traditional corridas. But recortes have undergone a revival in Spain and are sometimes broadcast on TV.
This style was common in the early 19th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Etchings by painter [[Francisco Goya|Francisco de Goya]] depict these events.
Recortes differ from a corrida in the following ways:{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* The bull is not physically injured. Drawing blood is rare, and the bull is allowed to return to his pen at the end of the performance.
* The men are dressed in common street clothes rather than traditional bullfighting dress.
* Acrobatics are performed without the use of capes or other props. Performers attempt to evade the bull solely through the swiftness of their movements.
* Rituals are less strict, so the men have the freedom to perform stunts as they please.
* Men work in teams but with less role distinction than in a corrida.
* Teams compete for points awarded by a jury.
Since horses are not used, and performers are not professionals, recortes are less costly to produce.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
====Comic bullfighting====
Comical spectacles based on bullfighting, called ''espectáculos cómico-taurinos'' or ''charlotadas'', are still popular in Spain and Mexico. Troupes include ''El empastre'' or ''El bombero torero''.<ref>[http://www.ganaderoslidia.com/webroot/rd-145-96.htm Bullfighting Spectacles: State Norms (in Spanish)] Example: ''Los espectáculos cómico-taurinos no podrán celebrarse conjuntamente con otros festejos taurinos en los que se dé muerte a las reses.''</ref>
==== Encierros ====
{{Main|Running of the Bulls}}
An ''encierro'' or ''running of the bulls'' is an activity related to a bullfighting fiesta. Before the events that are held in the ring, people (usually young men) run in front of a small group of bulls that have been let loose, on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
====Toro embolado====
{{Main|Toro embolado}}
A ''toro embolado'' (in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), ''bou embolat'' (in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]), roughly meaning "bull with balls", is a festive activity held at night and typical of many towns in [[Spain]] (mainly in the [[Valencian Community]] and Southern [[Catalonia]]). Balls of flammable material are attached to a bull's horns. The balls are lit and the bull is set free in the streets at night; participants dodge the bull when it comes close. It can be considered a variant of an ''encierro'' (''correbous'' in Catalan). This activity is held in a number of [[Spain|Spanish]] towns during their [[Fiesta patronal|local festivals]].
===Portuguese===
{{Main|Portuguese-style bullfighting}}
[[File:Portuguese bullfight.jpg|''Cavaleiro'' and bull|thumb]]
Most Portuguese bullfights are held in two phases: the spectacle of the ''cavaleiro'', and the ''pega''. In the ''cavaleiro'', a horseman on a [[Lusitano|Portuguese Lusitano]] horse (specially trained for the fights) fights the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four ''bandeiras'' (small [[spear|javelins]]) into the back of the bull.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
In the second stage, called the ''pega'' ("holding"), the [[forcado]]s, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The frontman provokes the bull into a charge to perform a ''pega de cara'' or ''pega de caras'' (face grab). The frontman secures the animal's head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued.<ref>Isaacson, Andy, (2007), [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/08/12/TRU1RCGLG.DTL "California's 'bloodless bullfights' keep Portuguese tradition alive"], San Francisco Chronicle.</ref> Forcados are dressed in a traditional costume of [[damask]] or [[velvet]], with long knitted hats as worn by the ''campinos'' (bull headers) from [[Ribatejo]].
The bull is not killed in the ring and, at the end of the ''corrida'', leading oxen are let into the arena, and two ''campinos'' on foot herd the bull among them back to its pen. The bull is usually killed out of sight of the audience by a professional butcher. It can happen that some bulls, after an exceptional performance, are healed, released to pasture until the end of their days, and used for breeding.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
In the Portuguese [[Azores]] islands, there is a form of bullfighting called ''[[tourada à corda]]'', in which a bull is led on a rope along a street, while players taunt and dodge the bull, who is not killed during or after the fight, but returned to pasture and used in later events.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
===French===
[[File:Amfitheater.jpg|thumb|The Roman amphitheater at [[Arles]] being fitted for a corrida]]
[[File: Bullfight incident, Arles.jpg|thumb|left|A bullfight in Arles in 1898.]]
Since the 19th century, Spanish-style ''corridas'' have been increasingly popular in [[Southern France]] where they enjoy legal protection in areas where there is an uninterrupted tradition of such bull fights, particularly during holidays such as [[Whitsun]] or [[Easter]]. Among France's most important venues for bullfighting are the ancient Roman arenas of [[Nîmes]] and [[Arles]], although there are bull rings across the South from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coasts. Bullfights of this kind follow the Spanish tradition and even Spanish words are used for all Bullfighting related terms. Minor cosmetic differences exist such as music. This is not to be confused with the bloodless bullfights referred to below which are indigenous to France.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
====''Course camarguaise'' (''course libre'')====
[[File: Bull and Raseteur at 75th Cocarde dOr.jpg|thumb|right|A raseteur takes a rosette]]
A more indigenous genre of bullfighting is widely common in the [[Provence]] and [[Languedoc]] areas, and is known alternately as "''course libre''" or "''course camarguaise''". This is a bloodless spectacle (for the bulls) in which the objective is to snatch a rosette from the head of a young bull. The participants, or ''raseteurs'', begin training in their early teens against young bulls from the [[Camargue]] region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the ''course'', an ''abrivado''—a "running" of the bulls in the streets—takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The ''course'' itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15–20 minutes, the ''raseteurs'' compete to snatch rosettes (''cocarde'') tied between the bulls' horns. They do not take the rosette with their bare hands but with a claw-shaped metal instrument called a ''raset'' or ''crochet'' (''hook'') in their hands, hence their name. Afterward, the bulls are herded back to their pen by ''[[gardian]]s'' (Camarguais [[cowboy]]s) in a ''bandido'', amidst a great deal of ceremony. The stars of these spectacles are the bulls.<ref>''Vaches Pour Cash: L'Economie de L'Encierro Provençale'', Dr. Yves O'Malley, Nanterre University 1987.</ref>
====''Course landaise''====
Another type of French 'bullfighting' is the "[[course landaise]]", in which cows are used instead of bulls. This is a competition between teams named ''cuadrillas'', which belong to certain breeding estates. A cuadrilla is made up of a ''teneur de corde'', an ''entraîneur'', a ''sauteur'', and six ''écarteurs''. The cows are brought to the arena in crates and then taken out in order. The teneur de corde controls the dangling rope attached to the cow's horns and the entraîneur positions the cow to face and attack the player. The écarteurs will try, at the last possible moment, to dodge around the cow and the auteur will leap over it. Each team aims to complete a set of at least one hundred dodges and eight leaps. This is the main scheme of the "classic" form, the ''course landaise formelle''. However, different rules may be applied in some competitions. For example, competitions for Coupe Jeannot Lafittau are arranged with cows without ropes.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
At one point, it resulted in so many fatalities that the French government tried to ban it but had to back down in the face of local opposition. The bulls themselves are generally fairly small, much less imposing than the adult bulls employed in the ''corrida''. Nonetheless, the bulls remain dangerous due to their mobility and vertically formed horns. Participants and spectators share the risk; it is not unknown for angry bulls to smash their way through barriers and charge the surrounding crowd of spectators. The ''course landaise'' is not seen as a dangerous sport by many, but écarteur Jean-Pierre Rachou died in 2003 when a bull's horn tore his [[femoral artery]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
== Non-bloodsport variations ==
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|A youth trying to take control of a bull at a [[Jallikattu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]]]
[[File:Thornton2012-141 (8114984422).jpg|thumb|right|In California, the lances are tipped with [[hook and loop fastener]]s (e.g. [[Velcro]]) and aimed at pads on the bull.]]
* In [[Bolivia]], bulls are not killed nor injured with any sticks. The goal of Bolivian toreros is to provoke the bull with taunts without getting harmed themselves.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S10l5qPnXN8 |title=Bullfighting show is popular in El Alto, Bolivia but quite different to those in Spain |work=YouTube |publisher=Associated Press Archive |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
* In [[El Seibo Province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] bullfights are not about killing or harming the animal, but taunting and evading it until it is tired.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://idominicanas.com/corridas-de-toros-en-el-seibo-del-1-al-10-de-mayo-en-las-fiestas-patronales/ |title=Corridas de Toros en El Seibo del 1 al 10 de Mayo durante sus fiestas Patronales |author=Amaury Mo |work=iDominicas.com |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
* In [[Canada]], Portuguese-style bullfighting was introduced in 1989 by Portuguese immigrants in the town of [[Listowel, Ontario|Listowel]] in southern [[Ontario]]. Despite objections and concerns from local authorities and a humane society, the practice was allowed as the bulls were not killed or injured in this version.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/when-portuguese-bullfighting-came-to-ontario-30-years-ago-1.5154935 |title=When Portuguese bullfighting came to Ontario 30 years ago |work=CBC News |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In the nearby city of [[Brampton]], Portuguese immigrants from the [[Azores]] practice "tourada a corda" (bullfight by rope).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bullfighting-in-brampton-ontario-results-in-just-a-few-scrapes-and-bruises-for-man-and-bull/article25988583/ |title=Bullfighting in Brampton, Ont., results in just a few scrapes and bruises for man and bull |author=Chris Helgren |work=The Globe and Mail |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional spectacle in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] as a part of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] celebrations on [[Mattu Pongal]] day. A breed of [[bos indicus]] (humped) bulls, called "Jellicut" are used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/nea/docs/AnGR_of_TN.pdf |title=Jellicut cattle breed |publisher=TANUVAS |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040211/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/nea/docs/AnGR_of_TN.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> During jallikattu, a bull is released into a group of people, and participants attempt to grab the bull's hump and hold onto it for a determined distance, length of time, or with the goal of taking a pack of money tied to the bull's horns. The goal of the activity is more similar to [[bull riding]] (staying on).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikattu-cheat-sheet-10-things-you-should-know-about-the-bull-taming-sport/articleshow/56664079.cms|title=Jallikattu cheat sheet: 10 things you should know about the bull-taming sport|first=Anulekha|last=Ray|date=January 19, 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Rodeo clown#Freestyle Bullfighting|American Freestyle Bullfighting]] is a style of bullfighting developed in American [[rodeo]]. The style was developed by the [[rodeo clown]]s who protect [[bull riding|bull riders]] from being trampled or gored by a loose bull. Freestyle bullfighting is a 70-second competition in which the bullfighter (rodeo clown) avoids the bull by means of dodging, jumping, and use of a barrel.<ref name=pbr2005>{{cite web|title=The First Dickies National Championship Bullfighting Qualifier Kicks Off In Cheyenne|url=http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2005/7/the-first-dickies-national-championship-bullfighting-qualifier-kicks-off-in-cheyenne-.aspx|date=July 21, 2005|website=[[Professional Bull Riders]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203107/http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2005/7/the-first-dickies-national-championship-bullfighting-qualifier-kicks-off-in-cheyenne-.aspx|archive-date=December 25, 2017}}</ref>
* Ultimate Freestyle Bullfighting competition combines American Freestyle Bullfighting with [[parkour]], displaying hardcore stunts and acrobatics. Both bullfighter and bull receive scores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pbr.com/news/2016/09/pbr-to-bring-ultimate-freestyle-bullfighting-to-pbr-finals-week/|title=PBR to bring Ultimate Freestyle Bullfighting to PBR Finals Week|date=September 28, 2016|website=[[Professional Bull Riders]]}}</ref>
* In the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], California, US the historically Portuguese community has developed a form of bullfight in which the bull is taunted by a matador, but the lances are tipped with [[Hook and loop fastener|fabric hook and loop]] (e.g. [[Velcro]]) and they are aimed at hook-and-loop covered pads secured to the bull's shoulder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/lens/california-bullfight-portuguese-americans.html|title=How to Have Bullfights in California? Use Velcro.|date=August 15, 2018|first=Rena|last=Silverman|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Fights occur from May through October around traditional Portuguese holidays.<ref name="Rubin2005">{{cite book|author=Saul Rubin|title=Northern California Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities, and Other Offbeat Stuff|url=https://archive.org/details/northerncaliforn0000rubi|url-access=registration|access-date=15 September 2013|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0-7627-2899-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northerncaliforn0000rubi/page/154 154]–}}</ref> While California outlawed bullfighting in 1957, this type of bloodless bullfighting is still allowed if carried out during religious festivals or celebrations.<ref>Angel N. Velez. 2011. "[http://www.pennstatelawreview.org/115/2/115%20Penn%20St.%20L.%20Rev.%202.497.pdf Ole, Ole, Ole, Oh No!: Bullfighting in the United States and Reconciling Constitutional Rights with Animal Cruelty Statutes]." Penn State Law Review, 115(2): 497-516.</ref>
* In [[Tanzania]], Bullfighting was introduced by the Portuguese to [[Zanzibar]] and to [[Pemba Island]], in modern Tanzania, where it is known as ''mchezo wa ngombe''. Similar to the Portuguese Azorean ''tourada a corda'', the bull is restrained by a rope, generally neither bull nor player is harmed, and the bull is not killed at the end of the fight.<ref name="Petterson2004">{{cite book|author=Donald Petterson|title=Revolution in Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBqBLjGCOpMC&pg=PA253|access-date=15 September 2013|date=1 September 2004|publisher=Westview|isbn=978-0-8133-4268-9|pages=253–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0115/RCMS%20162/Y304Q/6/2|title=Janus: Papers and photographs of Fergus Wilson|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
==Hazards==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Muerto del maestro.jpg|thumb|''Muerte del Maestro'' (''Death of the Master'') – [[José Villegas Cordero]], 1884]]
[[File:Pfeiffer Donostia.jpg|thumb|[[Taxidermy|Stuffed]] bull head in a bar in [[San Sebastián]]]]
Spanish-style bullfighting is normally fatal for the bull, but it is also dangerous for the matador. The danger for the bullfighter is essential; if there is no danger, it is not considered bullfighting in Spain. Matadors are usually gored every season, with picadors and banderilleros being gored less often. With the discovery of antibiotics and advances in surgical techniques, fatalities are now rare, although over the past three centuries 534 professional bullfighters have died in the ring or from injuries sustained there. Most recently, [[Iván Fandiño]] died of injuries he sustained after being gored by a bull on June 17, 2017 in Aire-sur-l'Adour, France.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Some matadors, notably [[Juan Belmonte]], have been seriously gored many times: according to [[Ernest Hemingway]], Belmonte's legs were marred by many ugly scars. A special type of [[surgeon]] has developed, in Spain and elsewhere, to treat ''cornadas'', or horn-wounds.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
The bullring has a chapel where a matador can pray before the corrida, and where a [[priest]] can be found in case a [[sacrament]] is needed. The most relevant sacrament is now called "[[Anointing of the Sick]]"; it was formerly known as "Extreme Unction", or the "Last Rites".{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
The media often reports the more horrific of bullfighting injuries, such as the September 2011 goring of matador [[Juan José Padilla]]'s head by a bull in Zaragoza, resulting in the loss of his left eye, use of his right ear, and facial paralysis. He returned to bullfighting five months later with an eyepatch, multiple titanium plates in his skull, and the nickname 'The Pirate'.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fiske-Harrison|first=Alexander|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-09/13/juan-jose-padilla-matador-bullfighting-interview|title=The Last Matador|magazine=[[British GQ]]|date=13 September 2012|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>
Until the early twentieth century, the horses were unprotected and were commonly gored and killed, or left close to death (intestines destroyed, for example). The horses used were old and worn-out, with little value. Starting in the twentieth-century horses were protected by thick blankets and wounds, though not unknown, were less common and less serious.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
==Cultural aspects==
Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained, integral part of their national [[culture]]s; in Spain, bullfighting is nicknamed ''la fiesta nacional'' (''"the national fiesta"''. Notice that ''fiesta'' can be translated as ''celebration, festival, party'' among other words).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hoh|first=Anchi|date=2017-07-19|title=¡Olé! : Spain and Its "Fiesta Nacional" {{!}} 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2017/07/ol-spain-and-its-fiesta-nacional/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=blogs.loc.gov}}</ref> The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull. Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual of ancient origin, which is judged by ''aficionados'' based on artistic impression and command.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Hemer|first1=Susan R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_UeDQAAQBAJ&q=tercio+de+muerte&pg=PA78|title=Emotions, Senses, Spaces:: Ethnographic Engagements and Intersections|last2=Dundon|first2=Alison|date=2016-09-15|publisher=University of Adelaide Press|isbn=978-1-925261-27-1|language=en}}</ref> American author [[Ernest Hemingway]] said of it in his 1932 non-fiction book ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]'': "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honor."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govan|first=Fiona|date=2011-07-13|title=Hemingway's seminal writings on bullfighting|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8635415/Hemingways-seminal-writings-on-bullfighting.html|access-date=2020-06-30|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Bullfighting is seen by some as a symbol of [[Culture of Spain|Spanish national culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bullfightingfreeeurope.org/ |title=Art and Culture |website=For a BullFighting-Free Europe |access-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042443/http://www.bullfightingfreeeurope.org/ |archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
The bullfight is regarded as a demonstration of style, technique, and courage by its participants<ref name=":0" /> and as a demonstration of cruelty and cowardice by its critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-22|title=What I learned during a year on bullfighting breeding estates|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/is-bullfighting-cruel-what-i-learned-during-a-year-on-breeding-estates-a6783541.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> While there is usually no doubt about the outcome, the bull is not viewed by bullfighting supporters as a sacrificial victim — it is instead seen by the audience as a worthy adversary, deserving of respect in its own right.<ref name=":0" />
Those who oppose bullfighting maintain that the practice is a cowardly, sadistic tradition of torturing, humiliating and killing a bull amidst pomp and pageantry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laborde|first=Christian|title=Corrida, Basta!|year=2009|publisher=Editions Robert Laffont|location=Paris, France|pages=14–15, 17–19, 38, 40–42, 52–53}}</ref> Supporters of bullfights, called "[[Fan (person)|aficionados]]", claim they respect the bulls, that the bulls live better than other cattle, and that bullfighting is a grand tradition; a form of art important to their culture.<ref>{{harvnb|See Id. at 17-18}}</ref>
==Women in bullfighting==
{{Further|Spanish-style bullfighting#Women in bullfighting|List of female bullfighters}}
[[Conchita Cintrón]] was a Peruvian female bullfighter who began her career in Portugal before being active in Mexican and other South American bullfights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conchita Cintrón {{!}} American Portuguese bullfighter|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Conchita-Cintron|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Patricia McCormick (bullfighter)|Patricia McCormick]] began bullfighting as a professional ''Matadora'' in January 1952, and was the first American to do so.<ref name="newyork">{{cite news|last=Mealer|first=Bryan|title=Patricia McCormick, Bullfighter Who Defied Convention, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/patricia-McCormick-a-pioneer-in-the-bullfighting-arena-dies-at-83.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref> [[Bette Ford]] was the first American woman to fight on foot in the [[Plaza México]], the world's largest bullfight arena.<ref>Muriel Feiner, ''Women in the Bullring'' (Gainesville, University Press of Florida) 2003, {{ISBN|0813026296}}</ref>
In 1974, Angela Hernandez (also known as Angela Hernandez Gomez and just Angela), of Spain, won a case in the Spanish Supreme Court allowing women to be bullfighters in Spain; a prohibition against women doing so was put in place in Spain in 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/matador/interview.php |title=Interview | Ella Es el Matador (She Is the Matador) | POV |date=14 January 2009 |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Campbell Lennie|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19731218&id=ZaArAAAAIBAJ&pg=4820,2694045&hl=en |title=Spanish Woman Wants To Be Matador; Ires Officials |publisher=The Telegraph|date=18 December 1973|access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> [[Cristina Sánchez de Pablos]], of Spain, was one of the first female bullfighters to gain prominence; she debuted as a bullfighter in Madrid on 13 February 1993.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
==Popularity, controversy, and criticism==
===Popularity===
In Spain and Latin America, opposition to bullfighting is referred to as the ''antitaurino'' movement.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 2012, 70% of Mexicans said they wanted bullfighting to be prohibited.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2015/10/01/560c50e546163f59158b459e.html |title=¿Se acabarán los toros en México? |author=Javier Brandoli |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date=10 January 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
==== France ====
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
!colspan="4"|'''Are you in favour of banning bullfighting in France or not?'''<ref name="IFOP survey 2018"/>
|-
|'''% response'''||'''Sep 2007'''||'''Aug 2010'''||'''Feb 2018'''
|-
|In favour||50||66||74
|-
|Not in favour||50||34||26
|}
A February 2018 study commissioned by the [[30 millions d'amis]] foundation carried out by the [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] (IFOP) found that 74% of the French wanted to prohibit bullfighting in France, while 26% were opposed. In September 2007, these percentages were still 50-50, with those favouring a ban growing to 66% in August 2010 and those opposed shrinking to 34%. The survey found a correlation between age and opinion: the younger the survey participant, the more likely they were to support a ban.<ref name="IFOP survey 2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ifop.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/3970-1-study_file.pdf |title=L'adhésion à l'interdiction des corridas en France |publisher=[[Institut français d'opinion publique]] |date=February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>
==== Spain ====
{{multiple image
| width = 300px
| image1 = Bullsinspainf19.png
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces during the 19th century.
| image2 = Bullfighting in Spain by province.png
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces as of 2012.
}}
Despite its slow decrease in popularity among younger generations, it remains a widespread cultural activity with millions of followers throughout Spain. Polls have had mixed results over the years with wide fluctuations, but overall point to a widespread support for a complete ban on bullfighting. {{Citation needed|reason=the following text doesn't support such categoric statement|date=April 2020}} A poll in 2016 reported that 67% of Spaniards felt "little to not at all" proud of living in a country where bullfighting was a cultural tradition, with the number skyrocketing to 84% for people aged 16 to 24. According to the same poll only 10% of Spaniards aged 16 to 34 supported bullfighting.<ref name="infoLibre">{{Cite web|url=https://www.infolibre.es/noticias/politica/2016/01/21/el_los_jovenes_24_anos_esta_quot_poco_quot_quot_nada_quot_orgulloso_vivir_pais_con_toros_43668_1012.html|title=El 84% de los jóvenes de 16 a 24 años se avergüenza de vivir en un país con toros|last=infoLibre|date=2016-01-21|website=infoLibre.es|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> A survey made by the Spanish newspaper ''[[El País|El Pais]]'' suggested that only 37% of Spaniards were fans of the spectacle.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Between 2007 and 2014, the number of corridas held in Spain decreased by 60%.<ref name="Tieleman">{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/4265667/2016/03/18/Toreador-vecht-nu-in-politieke-arena.dhtml |title=Toreador vecht nu in politieke arena |author=Alex Tieleman |work=[[Trouw]] |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |language=nl}}</ref> In 2007 there were 3,651 bullfighting and bull-related events in Spain, in 2018 the number of bullfights had decreased to 1,521 (a historic minimum).<ref name="Kassam">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/12/could-lockdown-be-the-death-of-bullfighting-in-spain |title=Could lockdown be the death of bullfighting in Spain? |author=Ashifa Kassam |work=The Guardian |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Valdivia"/> A Spanish government report published in September 2019 stated that only 8% of the population went to a bull-related spectacle in 2018; of this percentage, 5.9% attended a bullfight or 'corrida' while the rest went to other bull-related events such as the running of the bulls.<ref name="Valdivia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anagarciavaldivia/2020/12/30/will-bullfighting-survive-the-next-decade-in-spain/#2f2024cb45b3 |title=Will Bullfighting Survive The Next Decade In Spain? |author=Ana Garcia Valdivia |work=[[Forbes]] |date=30 December 2019 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> That same percentage of 5.9% expressed an interest of 9 or 10 out of 10 in bullfighting, while 65% of Spaniards showed an interest of 0 to 2 out of 10 in bullfighting; that last percentage was 72,1% amongst people aged 15–19 and 76,4% amongst people aged 20–24.<ref name="Valdivia"/> With the fall in spectator attendance, the bullfighting sector has come under financial stress, as many local authorities have also reduced subsidies to support the bullfights' continued existence due to public criticism.<ref name="Valdivia"/>
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
!colspan="2"|'''Should bullfighting be banned [in Spain]?'''<ref name="Machuca"/>
|-
|'''% response'''||'''May 2020'''
|-
|Yes||52
|-
|No||35
|-
|Don't know / Refused answer||10 / 2
|}
When the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Spain|COVID-19 pandemic hit Spain]] in January 2020 and the country entered into lockdown, all bullfighting events were cancelled for the foreseeable future, and it was likely that the entire 2020 season had to be cancelled. In mid-May 2020, when over 26,000 Spanish people had died due to the virus, the bullfighting industry demanded the government to compensate for their losses, estimated at 700 million euros. This prompted outrage across society, with over 100,000 people signing a petition launched by AnimaNaturalis not to bail out 'spectacles based on the abuse and mistreatment of animals' with taxpayer money in a time when people were struggling to survive and public finances were already heavily strained.<ref name="Kassam"/> A 29–31 May 2020 YouGov survey commissioned by ''HuffPost'' showed that 52% of the 1,001 Spaniards questioned wanted to ban bullfighting, 35% were opposed, 10% didn't know and 2% refused to answer. 78% said corridas should no longer be partially subsidised by the government, 12% said they should, and 10% were undecided. When asked whether bullfighting was culture or mistreatment, 40% of the Spanish said it was only mistreatment, 18% said it was only culture, 37% said it was both, 4% said it was neither, and 2% didn't know. 53% had never attended a corrida, the other 47% had.<ref name="Machuca">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/07/07/el-52-de-los-espanoles-cree-que-deberian-prohibirse-los-toros_a_23465923/ |title=El 52% de los españoles cree que deberían prohibirse los toros |author=Pablo Machuca |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
===Animal welfare===
[[File:Stier geveld5.jpg|thumb|Bull dying in a bullfight]]
[[RSPCA]] assistant director for public affairs, David Bowles, said: "The RSPCA is strongly opposed to bullfighting. It is an inhumane and outdated practice that continues to lose support, including from those living in the countries where this takes place such as Spain, Portugal and France."<ref name="Huffpost">{{cite web|title=Peru running of the bulls event in Cusco leaves eight injured|work=The Huffington Post|author=Hartley, E.|access-date=5 April 2016|date=January 2016|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/01/06/peru-running-of-the-bulls-event-goes-wrong-as-eight-left-injured-_n_8920536.html}}</ref>
Bullfighting guide ''The Bulletpoint Bullfight'' warns that bullfighting is "not for the squeamish", advising spectators to "Be prepared for blood." The guide details prolonged and profuse bleeding caused by horse-mounted lancers; the charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored horse who is "sometimes doped up, and unaware of the proximity of the bull"; the placing of barbed darts by banderilleros; followed by the matador's fatal sword thrust. The guide stresses that these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting and that death is rarely instantaneous. The guide further warns those attending bullfights to "Be prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down."<ref>''The Bulletpoint Bullfight'', p. 6, {{ISBN|978-1-4116-7400-4}}</ref>
[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]], "a postgraduate student of both philosophy and biology",<ref>France, Miranda, "[https://literaryreview.co.uk/blood-sweat-and-tears 'Blood, Sweat and Tears: ''Into the Arena: The World of the Spanish Bullfight'']", Literary Review, 389, July 2011</ref> who trained as a bullfighter to research for a book on the topic has argued that the fact that the bull lives three times as long as other cattle reared for meat and is reared wild in meadow and forest should be considered when weighing its impact on animal welfare as well as conservation. He has also speculated that the adrenalizing nature of the 30 minute spectacle (per bull) for the animal may arguably reduce the suffering even below that of the stress and anxiety of queuing in the abattoir.<ref>[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison|Fiske-Harrison, Alexander]], "[https://thelastarena.wordpress.com/2015/02/25/perhaps-bullfighting-is-not-a-moral-wrong-my-talk-at-the-edinburgh-international-book-festival/ Perhaps bullfighting is not a moral wrong: My talk at the Edinburgh International Book Festival]", The Last Arena: In Search Of The Spanish Bullfight blog. 25 July 2012</ref><ref>[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison|Fiske-Harrison, Alexander]], "[https://www.boisdale.co.uk/magazine/ 'For The Love Of ''Toreo'']", Boisdale Life magazine. Issue 13, Autumn 2018</ref> However, in the opinion of trained zoologist, [[Jordi Casamitjana]], the bulls do experience a high degree of suffering and "all aspects of any bullfight, from the transport to the death, are in themselves causes of suffering."<ref>{{cite web |website=www.english.stieren.net |title=The suffering of bullfighting bulls |url=http://english.stieren.net/index.php?id=390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126084718/http://english.stieren.net/index.php?id=390 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>
===Funding===
[[File:Ernest Hemingway Ticket Stub for Bullfight - NARA - 192658.tif|thumb|A ticket stub from 1926]]
The question of public funding is particularly controversial in Spain, since widely disparaged claims have been made by supporters and opponents of bullfighting. According to government figures, bullfighting in Spain generates €1.6 billion a year and 200 000 jobs, 57 000 of which are directly linked to the industry. {{Citation needed|reason=the figures sound exaggerated|date=April 2020}} Furthermore, bullfighting is the cultural activity which generates the most tax revenue for the Spanish state (€45 million in [[Value added tax|VAT]] and over €12 million in social security).
According to a poll, 73% of Spaniards oppose public funding for bullfighting activities.<ref name="infoLibre"/>
Critics often claim that bullfighting is financed with public money. However, despite bullfighting involving around 25 million spectators annually, it represents just 0.01% of those state subsidies allocated to cultural activities, and always under 3% of the cultural budget of regional, provincial and local authorities. The bulk of subsidies are paid by local town halls where there is a historical tradition and support for bullfighting and related events, which are often held without charge to participants and spectators. The European Union does not subsidize bullfighting but it does subsidize cattle farming in general, which also benefits those who rear Spanish fighting bulls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-tauromaquia-industria-cultural-rentable-genera-mas-1600-millones-201603301753_noticia.html|title=La Tauromaquia, una industria cultural muy rentable que genera más de 1.600 millones al año|date=30 March 2016|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
In 2015, 438 of 687 Members of the European Parliament (MEP) voted in favour of amending the 2016 E.U. budget to indicate that the "[[Common Agricultural Policy]] (CAP) appropriations or any other appropriations from the budget should not be used for the financing of lethal bullfighting activities".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/10/28/bullfighting-european-parliament-votes-end-eu-subsidies-farmers_n_8412542.html|title=Bullfighting: European Parliament Votes To End EU Subsidies For Farmers Raising Bulls To Fight In Spain: Animal Rights Groups Are One Step Closer To Ending 'Barbaric' Bullfighting|first=Kathryn |last=Snowdon (reporter)|work=The Huffington Post|location=UK|date=29 October 2015|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
===Politics===
In the late 19th and early 20th century, some Spanish ''[[regeneracionismo|regeneracionista]]'' intellectuals protested against what they called the policy of ''pan y toros'' ("bread and bulls"), an analogue of Roman ''[[panem et circenses]]''. Such belief was part of the wider current of thought known as ''anti-flamenquismo'' whereby they simultaneously campaigned against the popularity of both bullfighting and flamenco music, which they believed to be "oriental" elements of Spanish culture which were responsible for Spain's backwardness as compared to the rest of Europe. In [[Francoist Spain]], bullfights received great support from the State, since they were treated as a demonstration of greatness of the Spanish nation and received the name of ''fiesta nacional.'' {{Citation needed|reason=prove that the expression ''fiesta nacional'' was not preexistent to Franco|date=April 2020}} Bullfighting was therefore highly associated with the regime. After Spain's [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]], popular support for bullfighting declined. {{Citation needed|reason=prove that this has political motivation and it's not just linked to the availability of other leisure activities|date=April 2020}}
As a general rule political parties in Spain are more likely to reject bullfighting the more leftist they are, and vice versa. The main centre-left political party in Spain, [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], has distanced itself from bullfighting but nonetheless refuses to ban it, while Spain's largest left-wing political party, [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], has repeatedly called for referendums on the matter and has shown dislike for the events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/epsocial/igualdad/noticia-sanchez-no-prohibira-toros-contra-maltrato-animal-todas-fiestas-populares-20140919104910.html|title=Sánchez no prohibirá los toros aunque está en contra del maltrato animal "en todas las fiestas populares"|last=Press|first=Europa|date=2014-09-19|website=www.europapress.es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3619557/0/podemos-plantea-referendum-sobre-tauromaquia-espana-quiere-animales-tordesillas/|title=Unidas Podemos plantea un referéndum sobre la tauromaquia: "España no es el Toro de Tordesillas"|last=20minutos|date=2019-04-19|website=www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> On the other hand, the largest conservative political party, [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], has shown great support for the activity and asked for large public subsidies to it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-esta-proposicion-pp-presentado-para-defender-tauromaquia-tras-ataques-psoe-201812071636_noticia.html|title=Esta es la proposición que el PP ha presentado para defender la tauromaquia tras los ataques del PSOE|date=2018-12-07|website=abc|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> The government of [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] was the first to be more opposed to bullfighting, prohibiting children under 14 from attending and limiting or prohibiting the broadcast of bullfights on national TV, although the latter measure was reversed after his party lost the elections in 2011.
Despite its long history in Barcelona, in 2010 bullfighting was outlawed across the [[Catalonia]] region, following a campaign led by an animal rights civic platform called "Prou!" ("Enough!" in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). Critics have argued that the ban was motivated by issues of [[Catalan separatism]] and identity politics.<ref name=BBC28Jul2010/> In October 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that the regional Catalan Parliament did not have competence to ban any kinds of spectacle that are legal in Spain.
The [[Spanish Royal Family]] is divided on the issue, from the Former Queen Consort of Spain, [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Sofía of Spain]] who does not hide her dislike for bullfights;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Queen_Sofia_of_Spain |title=Queen Sofia of Spain – Phantis |publisher=Wiki.phantis.com |date=2 July 2006 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> to the former King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] who occasionally presides over a bullfight from the royal box as part of his official duties;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casareal.es/noticias/news/20070522_Corrida_Toros_Prensa-ides-idweb.html |title=Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España |publisher=Casareal.es |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=gerrit schimmelpeninck |url=http://www.portaltaurino.com/corazon/casa_real.htm |title=Casa Real |publisher=Portaltaurino.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015161829/http://www.portaltaurino.com/corazon/casa_real.htm |archive-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.las-ventas.com/cronicas2005/0608/portada.htm |title=Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas |publisher=Las-ventas.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430233657/http://www.las-ventas.com/cronicas2005/0608/portada.htm |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to their daughter Princess [[Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo|Elena]] who is well known for her liking of bullfights and who often accompanies the king in the presiding box or attends privately in the general seating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7 |title=Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas |publisher=Asp.las-ventas.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713184540/http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7 |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref>
Pro-bullfighting supporters include the former Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] and his party (Partido Popular), as well as most leaders of the major left-leaning opposition [[PSOE]] Party, including former Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez and the current Presidents of Andalusia, Extremadura and Castilla–La Mancha. Nevertheless, former PSOE Prime Minister Zapatero was more lukewarm towards the Fiesta, and under his government there was a 6-year ban on live bullfights broadcast on the state-run national TV channel. This has been lifted since his government was voted out in 2011. Live bullfights are shown at the traditional 6 p.m. time on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] as of September 2012.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19487931
| title = Live bullfights return to Spanish TV after six-year ban
| access-date = 7 September 2012
| work=BBC News
| date=5 September 2012}}</ref>
===Religion===
[[File:Bulla S.D. N. Pii Pape V.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Pius V]]'s bull against bullfighting and other blood sports involving wild animals (1567)]]
Bullfighting is thought to be involved in festivities since prehistoric times, as a trend that once extended through the entire [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean coast]] and has just survived in Iberia and part of France.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Bullfighting - History|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/bullfighting|access-date=May 10, 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> During the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Arab rule of Iberia]], the ruling class tried to ban the practice of bullfighting, considering it a [[Paganism|pagan celebration]] and [[heresy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schulz|first=Andrew|date=2008|title=Moors and the Bullfight: History and National Identity in Goya's "Tauromaquia"|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|pages=195–217|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786390|issn=0004-3079|jstor=20619602|s2cid=161407961}}</ref> In the 16th century [[Pope Pius V]] banned bullfighting for its ties to [[paganism]] and for the danger it posed to the participants.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=A papal bull against bullfighting {{!}} Lillian Goldman Law Library|url=https://library.law.yale.edu/news/papal-bull-against-bullfighting|access-date=2020-05-16|website=library.law.yale.edu}}</ref> Anyone who would sponsor, watch or participate in a bullfight was to be [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by the Church.<ref name=":22" /> Spanish and Portuguese bullfighters kept the tradition alive covertly, and his successor, [[Pope Gregory XIII]], took efforts to relax this penalty.<ref>EXCOMUNIÓN A PERPETUIDAD San Pío V: Bula «DE SALUTIS GREGIS DOMINICI» (1567) «Bullarum Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio», Vol VII, Augustae Taurinorum 1862, pages 630-631</ref> Still, Pope Gregory advised bullfighters to not use the sport as way to honor Jesus Christ or the Saints, as was typical in Spain and Portugal.<ref name=":22" /> Indeed, bullfighting has been seen as intertwined with religion and religious folklore in Spain at a popular level, particularly in the areas where it is most popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-30-04-2004/sevilla/Andalucia/tauromaquia-y-religion_9621233689660.html|title=Tauromaquia y religión - Andalucía - Toros - Abc.es|last=ABCDESEVILA|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cetnotorolidia.es/opencms_wf/opencms/system/modules/es.jcyl.ita.site.torodelidia/elements/galleries/galeria_downloads/Reportajes/Religion_y_Toros_Web.pdf|title=La Religión y los Toros|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> Bullfighting events are celebrated during festivities celebrating local patron saints, alongside a range of other activities (games, sports, musical festivals, dancing, etc.). On the other hand, the bullfighting world is also inextricably linked to religious iconography involved with religious devotion in Spain, with bullfighters seeking the protection of various incarnations of [[St Mary]] and often being members of religious brotherhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aportagayola.wordpress.com/2009/07/16/la-religion-en-el-mundo-de-los-toros/|title=LA RELIGIÓN EN EL MUNDO DE LOS TOROS|date=16 July 2009|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/25/bullfighting-spain-national-fiesta-now-divides-its-people|title=It was Spain's 'national fiesta'. Now bullfighting divides its people|first=Duncan|last=Wheeler|date=24 October 2015|access-date=21 January 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref>
===Media prohibitions===
State-run Spanish [[Televisión Española|TVE]] had cancelled live coverage of bullfights in August 2007 until September 2012, claiming that the coverage was too violent for children who might be watching, and that live coverage violated a voluntary, industry-wide code attempting to limit "sequences that are particularly crude or brutal".<ref>[http://www.news1130.com/news/international/article.jsp?content=w082258A No more 'ole'? Matadors miffed as Spain removes bullfighting from state TV] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015231912/http://www.news1130.com/news/international/article.jsp?content=w082258A |date=15 October 2007 }}</ref> In October 2008, in a statement to Congress, Luis Fernández, the President of Spanish State Broadcaster TVE, confirmed that the station will no longer broadcast live bullfights due to the high cost of production and a rejection of the events by advertisers. However the station will continue to broadcast ''Tendido Cero'', a bullfighting magazine programme.<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18648.shtml TVE explains the decision not to broadcast bullfighting is a financial one] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102065003/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18648.shtml |date=2 November 2008 }}</ref> Having the national Spanish TV stop broadcasting it, after 50 years of history, was considered a big step towards its abolition. Nevertheless, other regional and private channels keep broadcasting it with good audiences.<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP/ |url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-22-08-2007/abc/Nacional/las-corridas-de-toros-corren-peligro-en-tve-_164480243859.html |title=Las corridas de toros corren peligro en TVE – Nacional – Nacional |publisher=Abc.es |date=22 August 2007 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>
The former Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] and his government lifted the ban on live bullfights being shown on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] and live bullfights are now shown at the traditional 6 p.m. time on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] as of September 2012.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>
A television station in Costa Rica stopped the broadcast of bullfights in January 2008, on the grounds that they were too violent for minors.<ref>{{cite web |author=ASANDA |url=http://www.asanda.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=646 |title=¡PROHÍBEN CORRIDAS DE TOROS PARA NIÑOS! (EN COSTA RICA) :: ASANDA :: Asociación Andaluza para la Defensa de los Animales |publisher=ASANDA |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231031731/http://www.asanda.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=646 |archive-date=31 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2021}}
===Declaration as cultural patrimony===
A growing list of Spanish, Portuguese and South American cities and regions have started to formally declare their celebrations of bullfighting part of their protected cultural patrimony or heritage. Most of these declarations have come into place as a counter-reaction in the aftermath of the 2010 ban in Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web|author=AIT/ |url=http://tauromaquia.org/proyecto-unesco/118-continuan-de-forma-incesante-declaraciones-de-patrimonio-cultural-inmaterial-a-favor-de-los-toros.html |title=CONTINÚAN DE FORMA INCESANTE DECLARACIONES DE PATRIMONIO CULTURAL INMATERIAL A FAVOR DE LOS TOROS |publisher=tauromaquia.org |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref>
As of April 2012, the latest addition to this list is the Andalusian city of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aplausos Magazine/ |url=http://www.aplausos.es/noticia/11153/Noticias/sevilla-blinda-toros.html |title=Sevilla blinda los toros |publisher=aplausos.es |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=4 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402025219/http://www.aplausos.es/noticia/11153/Noticias/sevilla-blinda-toros.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>
{{anchor|Bans}}
== Laws ==
=== Pre-20th century ===
[[File:Bullring-lima.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Plaza de toros de Acho]] in [[Lima]], [[Peru]]—the oldest bullring in South America, dating back to 1766]]
In November 1567, [[Pope Pius V]] issued a [[papal bull]] titled ''De Salute Gregis'' forbidding the fighting of bulls and other beasts as a voluntary risk to life which endangered the soul of the combatants. However it was rescinded eight years later by his successor, [[Pope Gregory XIII]], at the request of King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].
Chile banned bullfighting shortly after gaining independence in 1818, but the [[Chilean rodeo]] (which involves horseriders in an [[medialuna|oval arena]] blocking a female cow against the wall without killing it) is still legal and has even been declared a national sport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/over-85-000-people-sign-petition-to-end-bullfighting-in-northwest-mexico/50000263-2886502 |title=Over 85,000 people sign petition to end bullfighting in northwest Mexico |work=Agencia EFE |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
Bullfighting was introduced in [[Uruguay]] in 1776 by Spain and abolished by [[Uruguayan law]] in February 1912; thus the [[Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos]], built in 1910, only operated for two years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burford |first=Tim |date=2010 |title=The Bradt Travel Guide Uruguay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eZ9-u6OqKwC&pg=PA255 |location=Chalfont St Peter |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=255 |isbn=9781841623160 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Bullfighting was also introduced in [[Argentina]] by Spain, but after Argentina's independence, the event drastically diminished in popularity and was abolished in 1899 under law 2786.<ref>{{cite web|author=Veronica Cerrato |url=http://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883 |title=Desde 1899, Argentina sin Corridas de Toros // |publisher=Animanaturalis.org |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>
Bullfighting was present in [[Cuba]] during its colonial period from 1514 to 1898, but was abolished by the United States military under the pressure of civic associations in 1899, right after the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898. The prohibition was maintained after Cuba gained independence in 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.taurologia.com/cuatro-siglos-historia-taurina-cuba-2211.htm |title=Cuatro siglos de historia taurina en Cuba |author=Plácido González Hermoso |work=Taurologia.com |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref> Bullfighting was also banned for a period in Mexico in 1890; consequently some Spanish bullfighters moved to the United States to transfer their skills to the American [[rodeos]].<ref name="Hudson2003">{{cite book|author=Simon Hudson|title=Sport and Adventure Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00robe_0|url-access=registration|access-date=15 September 2013|year=2003|publisher=Haworth Hospitality Press|isbn=978-0-7890-1276-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00robe_0/page/n55 44]–}}</ref>
During the 18th and 19th centuries, bullfighting in Spain was banned at several occasions {{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} (for instance by [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]), but always reinstituted later by other governments.
Bullfighting had some popularity in the [[Philippines during Spanish rule]], though foreign commentators derided the quality of local bulls and toreros.<ref name="Wolff1961">{{cite book|author=Leon Wolff|title=Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA22|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1961|publisher=Wolff Productions|isbn=978-1-58288-209-3|pages=22–}}</ref><ref name="Stickney1899">{{cite book|author=Joseph L. Stickney|title=War in the Philippines: and Life and glorious deeds of Admiral Dewey. A thrilling account of our conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcc6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA205|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1899|publisher=Monarch|pages=205–}}</ref> Bullfighting was noted in the [[Philippines]] as early as 1619, when it was among the festivities in celebration of [[Pope Urban III]]'s authorisation of the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="Fernandez1996">{{cite book|author=Doreen Fernandez|title=Palabas: Essays on Philippine Theater History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Spac9d20uG8C&pg=PA53|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1996|publisher=[[Ateneo University Press]]|isbn=978-971-550-188-0|pages=53–}}</ref> Following the Spanish–American War, the Americans suppressed the custom in the Philippines under the tenure of Governor General [[Leonard Wood]], and it was replaced with a now-popular Filipino sport, [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The National Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EABQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA89|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1898|publisher=[[National Temperance Society]]|pages=2–}}</ref><!-- I'M SEEING MENTION OF BULLFIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AS LATE AS 1950; THERE'S PROBABLY A LARGER STORY HERE -->
=== 20th century onwards ===
{{World bullfighting bans}}
Bullfighting is now banned in many countries; people taking part in such activity would be liable for terms of imprisonment for [[animal cruelty]]. "Bloodless" variations, though, are often permitted and have attracted a following in [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[France]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | title = Bloodless bullfights animate California's San Joaquin Valley | url = http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-trw-californiabullfighting29jul29 | date=26 July 2007}}</ref> In southern France, however, the traditional form of the corrida still exists and it is protected by French law. However, in June 2015 the Paris Court of Appeals removed bullfighting/"la corrida" from France's cultural heritage list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedodo.com/french-court-bullfighting-removed-cultural-heritage-list-1186121724.html|title=France Will No Longer Support 'Tradition' Of Bullfighting|first=Carole Raphaelle|last=Davis|date=10 July 2015|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/fr|title=France - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/France-Monde/Actualite/24-Heures/n/Contenus/Articles/2015/06/06/La-corrida-n-est-plus-inscrite-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-la-France-2356104|title=La corrida n'est plus inscrite au patrimoine culturel immatériel de la France - 06/06/2015 - La Nouvelle République France-Monde|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> While it is not very popular in Texas, bloodless forms of bullfighting occur at rodeos in small Texas towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc13.com/archive/6200136/|title=Bullfighting is coming to Ft. Bend County|first=Laura|last=Whitley|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
Several cities around the world (especially in [[Catalonia]]) have symbolically declared themselves to be [[Anti-Bullfighting City|Anti-Bullfighting Cities]], including Barcelona in 2006.
=== Colombia ===
Bullfighting with killing bulls in the ring is legal in Colombia.<ref name="Cusack">{{Cite book |last=Cusack |first=Carmen M. |date=2017 |title=Animals and Criminal Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj8rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |location=Abigdon/New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=35–36 |isbn=9781351531702 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> In 2013, [[Gustavo Petro]], then mayor of the Colombian capital city of [[Bogotá]], had ''de facto'' prohibited bullfighting by refusing to lease out bullrings to bullfighting organisers. But the [[Constitutional Court of Colombia]] ruled that this violated the right to expression of the bullfighters, and ordered the bullrings to be reopened. The first bullfight in Bogotá in four years happened on 22 January 2017 amid clashes between antitaurino protesters and police.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/01/23/inenglish/1485174555_407393.html |title=After four-year ban, bullfighting returns to Colombian city of Bogota |author=Rosa Jiménez Cano |work=El País |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
=== Costa Rica ===
In Costa Rica the law prohibits the killing of bulls and other animals in public and private shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuerzapublica.go.cr/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Reglamento-Actividades-Taurinas-N%C2%B0-19183-G-S-.pdf |title=Reglamento Actividades Taurinas, No. 19183-GS |date=15 July 1968 |access-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904005151/http://www.fuerzapublica.go.cr/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Reglamento-Actividades-Taurinas-N%C2%B0-19183-G-S-.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2014 }}</ref> However, there are still bullfights, called "Toros a la Tica", that are televised from Palmares and Zapote at the end and beginning of the year. Volunteer amateur bullfighters (''improvisados'') confront a bull in a ring and try to provoke him into charging and then run away.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ticotimes.net/2019/11/12/costa-rica-prepares-for-50th-anniversary-of-fiestas-de-zapote |title=Costa Rica prepares for 50th anniversary of Fiestas de Zapote |work=[[The Tico Times]] |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In a December 2016 survey, 46.4% of respondents wanted to outlaw bullfights while 50.1% thought they should continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacion.com/vivir/bienestar/Toros-tica-dividen-opinion-costarricenses_0_1602239821.html|title=Mitad de los ticos está en contra de prohibir las corridas de toros|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The bullfights do not include spears or any other device to harm the bull and resemble the [[running of the bulls]] in [[Pamplona]], the difference being that the Costa Rican event takes place in an arena rather than in the streets, as in Pamplona.
=== Ecuador ===
Ecuador staged bullfights to the death for over three centuries as a Spanish colony. On 12 December 2010, [[Ecuador]]'s president [[Rafael Correa]] announced that in an [[2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation|upcoming referendum]], the country would be asked whether to ban bullfighting;<ref>[http://www4.elcomercio.com/2010-12-17/Home/Noticia-Principal/corridas-toros-referendum-%281%29.aspx "Las corridas de toros irán a referendum"] by ''[[El Comercio (Ecuador)|El Comercio]]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220010929/http://www4.elcomercio.com/2010-12-17/Home/Noticia-Principal/corridas-toros-referendum-%281%29.aspx |date=20 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/actualidad/noticia/archive/actualidad/2010/12/17/Correa-anuncia-consulta-popular-sobre-corridas-de-toros.aspx "Correa anuncia consulta popular sobre corridas de toros" by ''El Telegrafo'']</ref><ref>[http://www.eluniverso.com/2010/12/17/1/1355/correa-anuncia-consulta-popular-sobre-seguridad-justicia-corridas-toros.html?p=1354&m=27 "Correa anuncia consulta popular sobre seguridad, justicia y corridas de toros"] by ''[[El Universo]]''</ref> in the referendum, held in May 2011, the Ecuadorians agreed on banning the final killing of the bull that happens in a corrida.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0509/1224296491068.html | work=The Irish Times | first=Tom | last=Hennigan | title=Ecuador votes to end 500 years of bullfighting | date=9 May 2011}}</ref> This means the bull is no longer killed before the public, and is instead taken back inside the barn to be killed at the end of the event. The other parts of the corrida are still performed the same way as before in the cities that celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quaker-animals.co.uk/?p=2650|title=ANALYSIS OF THE ECUADOR REFERENDUM – BULLFIGHT - Quaker Concern For Animals|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> This part of the referendum is applied on a regional level, meaning that in regions where the population voted against the ban, which are the same regions where bullfighting is celebrated the most, killing the animal publicly in the bullfighting plaza is still performed. The main bullfighting celebration of the country, the Fiesta Brava in Quito was still allowed to take place in December 2011 after the referendum under these new rules.<ref>[http://www.elcomercio.com/fiesta-brava/toros-quito_0_597540438.html ''Los toros en Quito 2011'']. ElComercio.com. Gonzalo Ruiz Álvarez Comentarista Sábado 26 November 2011</ref>
=== France ===
In 1951,<ref name="Kruk"/> bullfighting in France was legalised by §7 of Article 521-1 of the [[Code pénal (France)|French penal code]] in areas where there was an 'unbroken local tradition'.<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=F5FD5F1ED5D047E56561EED4E786A415.tplgfr31s_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006149860&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20200606 Article 521-1 of the French penal code]</ref> This exemption applies to [[Nîmes]], [[Arles]], [[Alès]], [[Bayonne]], [[Carcassonne]], and [[Fréjus]], amongst others.<ref name="Kruk">{{Cite news |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/stierenvechten-stuit-op-toenemend-frans-verzet~a1b72350/ |title=Stierenvechten stuit op toenemend Frans verzet |author=Marijn Kruk |work=[[Trouw]] |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> In 2011, the [[French Ministry of Culture]] added corrida to the list of 'intangible heritage' of France, but after much controversy silently removed it from its website again. Animal rights activists launched a lawsuit to make sure it was completely removed from the heritage list and thus not given extra legal protection; the Administrative Appeals Court of Paris ruled in their favour in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20150605/france-cuts-bullfighting-from-cultural-heritage-list |title=France cuts bullfighting from cultural heritage list |author=Ben McPartland |work=The Local France |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In a separate case, the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] ruled on 21 September 2012 that bullfighting did not violate the French Constitution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/stierenvechten-mag-van-de-franse-grondwet~ad328e95/ |title=Stierenvechten mag van de Franse grondwet |work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>
=== Honduras ===
In Honduras, under Article 11 of 'Decree no. 115-2015 ─ Animal Protection and Welfare Act' that went into effect in 2016, dog and cat fights and duck races are prohibited, while 'bullfighting shows and cockfights are part of the National Folklore and as such allowed'. However, 'in bullfighting shows, the use of spears, swords, fire or other objects that cause pain to the animal is prohibited.'<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/hon168198.pdf |title=Decreto Nº 115-2015 ─ Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal |publisher=Ecolex |date=2016 |access-date=9 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
=== India ===
{{Main|Jallikattu}}
{{See also|2017 pro-jallikattu protests}}
Jallikattu, a type of bull-taming or bull-riding event, is practiced in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. A bull is released into a crowd of people. Participants attempt to grab the bull's hump and either hold on for a determined distance or length of time or attempt to liberate a packet of money tied to the bull's horns. The practice was banned in 2014 by India's Supreme Court over concerns that bulls are sometimes mistreated prior to jallikattu events. Animal welfare investigations into the practice revealed that some bulls are poked with sticks and scythes, some have their tails twisted, some are force-fed alcohol to disorient them, and in some cases chili powder and other irritants are applied to bulls' eyes and genitals to agitate the animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/plea-against-jallikattu-to-be-heard-by-supreme-court-today-1264686|title=Plea Against Jallikattu To Be Heard By Supreme Court Today|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> The 2014 ban was suspended and reinstated several times over the years. In January 2017, the Supreme Court upheld their previous ban and various protests arose in response. Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the Governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of jallikattu events.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mariappan, Julie |date=21 January 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor signs ordinance for jallikattu |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124034249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bi-partisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting jallikattu from the Prevention of Cruelity to Animals Act (1960).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sivakumar, B. |date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124035945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2017|01}} Jallikattu is legal in Tamil Nadu,<ref name ="FP-legal">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu legalised in Tamil Nadu: State Assembly passes bill without any opposition |newspaper=FirstPost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-legalised-in-tamil-nadu-state-assembly-passes-bill-without-any-opposition-2-3217098.html |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> but another organization may challenge the mechanism by which it was legalized,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|title=AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law|date=2017-01-26|newspaper=News Today|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115359/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> as the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] claims that the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] does not have the power to override [[Law of India|Indian federal law]], meaning that the state law could possibly once again be nullified and jallikattu banned.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jallikattu-supreme-court-tamil-nadu-government-law/1/866085.html|title=Tamil Nadu's new jallikattu law challenged in Supreme Court|last=Soni|first=Anusha|date=2017-01-25|work=India Today|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|title=Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body|date=2017-01-25|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>
=== Mexico ===
Bullfighting has been banned in four [[Mexico|Mexican]] states: [[Sonora]] in 2013, [[Guerrero]] in 2014, [[Coahuila]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|last=Raúl|first=Arce-Contreras|title=Coahuila, Mexico Bans Bullfighting|url=http://www.hsi.org/news/press_releases/2015/08/coahuila-bans-bullfighting-082515.html|website=Humane Society International|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> and [[Quintana Roo]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://politica.expansion.mx/estados/2019/06/28/congreso-de-quintana-roo-prohibe-las-corridas-de-toros |access-date=9 October 2019 |agency=Expansión |date=28 June 2019}}</ref>
=== Panama ===
Law 308 on the Protection of Animals was approved by the [[National Assembly (Panama)|National Assembly of Panama]] on 15 March 2012. Article 7 of the law states: 'Dog fights, animal races, bullfights – whether of the Spanish or Portuguese style – the breeding, entry, permanence and operation in the national territory of all kinds of circus or circus show that uses trained animals of any species, are prohibited.' Horse racing and cockfighting were exempt from the ban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/23744/panama_prohibe_las_corridas_de_toros |title=Panamá prohíbe las corridas de toros |publisher=Anima Naturalis |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
=== Nicaragua ===
Nicaragua prohibited bullfighting under a new Animal Welfare Law in December 2010, with 74 votes in favour and 5 votes against in Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/11402/nicaragua_tambien_prohibe_las_corridas_de_toros |title=Nicaragua también prohíbe las corridas de toros |publisher=Anima Naturalis |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
=== Portugal ===
{{Further|Portuguese-style bullfighting#Attempts at prohibition}}
Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] prohibited bullfighting in 1836 with the argument that it was unbefitting for a civilised nation. The ban was lifted in 1921, but in 1928 a law was passed that forbade the killing of the bull during a fight. In practice, bulls still frequently die after a fight from their injuries or by being slaughtered by a butcher.<ref name="Bilefsky">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/world/europe/08iht-toro.4.7046878.html |title=Famous Portuguese matador broke the law by killing a bull |author=Dan Bilefsky |work=The New York Times |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>
In 2001, matador Pedrito de Portugal controversially killed a bull at the end of a fight after spectators encouraged him to do so by chanting "Kill the bull! Kill the bull!"<ref name="Bilefsky"/> The crowds gave Pedrito a standing ovation, hoisted him on their shoulders and paraded him through the streets.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> Hours later the police arrested him and charged him with a fine, but they released him after crowds of angry fans surrounded the police station.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> A long court case ensued, finally resulting in Pedrito's conviction in 2007 with a fine of €100,000.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> In 2002, the Portuguese government gave [[Barrancos]], a village near the Spanish border where bullfighting fans stubbornly persisted in encouraging the killing of bulls during fights, a dispensation from the 1928 ban.<ref name="Bilefsky"/>
Various attempts have been made to ban bullfighting in Portugal, both nationally (in 2012 and 2018) and locally, but so far unsuccessful. In July 2018, animalist party [[People–Animals–Nature|PAN]] presented a proposal at the Portuguese Parliament to abolish all types of bullfighting in the country. Left-wing party [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]] voted in favour of the proposal but criticised its lack of solutions to the foreseen consequences of the abolition. The proposal was however categorically rejected by all other parties, that cited freedom of choice and respect for tradition as arguments against it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/07/06/sociedade/noticia/projecto-do-pan-para-abolir-touradas-rejeitada-1837111 |title=Chumbada abolição de touradas |language=pt |newspaper=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |first=Sofia |last=Rodrigues |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/portugal/2018-07-06-As-touradas-vao-continuar.-Parlamento-chumba-proposta-do-PAN |title=As touradas vão continuar. Parlamento chumba proposta do PAN |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=[[Visão]] |first=Octávio |last=Lousada Oliveira |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>
=== Spain ===
[[File:Tauromaquia en España.PNG|thumb|Legal situation of bullfighting in Spain in 2015 (overturned in 2016)ː
{{Legend|#0000FF|Bullfighting banned.}}
{{Legend|#228B22|Bullfighting legal, but traditionally not practiced.}}
{{Legend|#FF00FF|Bullfighting banned, but other spectacles involving cattle protected by law.}}
{{Legend|#F08080|Bullfighting legal, but banned in some places.}}
{{Legend|#FF0000|Bullfighting legal.}}
{{Legend|#B22222|Bullfighting legal and protected by law (declared as Cultural Interest or Intangible Cultural Heritage).}}]]
The parliament of the Spanish region of Catalonia voted in favour of a ban on bullfighting in 2009, which went into effect in 2012.<ref name="Valdivia"/> The Spanish national parliament passed a law in 2013 stating that bullfighting is an 'indisputable' part of Spain's 'cultural heritage'; this law was used by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2016 to overturn the Catalan ban of 2012.<ref name="Valdivia"/> When the island of Mallorca adopted a law in 2017 that prohibited the killing of a bull during a fight, this law was also declared partially unconstitutional by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2018, as the judges ruled that the death of the bull was part of the essence of a corrida.<ref name="Valdivia"/>
==== Canary Islands ====
In 1991, the [[Canary Islands]] became the first Spanish [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Community]] to ban bullfighting,<ref name=BBC28Jul2010/> when they legislated to ban spectacles that involve cruelty to animals, with the exception of [[cockfighting]], which is traditional in some towns in the Islands;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/boc/1991/062/001.html |title=Canary Islands Government. Law 8/1991, dated April the 30th, for animal protection |language=es |publisher=Gobiernodecanarias.org |date=13 May 1991 |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> bullfighting was never popular in the Canary Islands. Some supporters of bullfighting and even [[Lorenzo Olarte Cullen]],<ref name="El Mundo Olarte">{{cite web |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/07/28/toros/1280350886.html |title=La prohibición de la tauromaquia: un capítulo del antiespañolismo catalán |publisher=[[El Mundo (Spanish newspaper)|El Mundo]] |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref> Canarian head of government at the time, have argued that the fighting bull is not a "domestic animal" and hence the law does not ban bullfighting.<ref name="Mundotoro Canarias">{{cite web |url=http://www.mundotoro.com/noticia/los-toros-no-estan-prohibidos-en-canarias/79708 |title=Los toros no están prohibidos en Canarias |publisher=Mundotoro |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802082334/http://www.mundotoro.com/noticia/los-toros-no-estan-prohibidos-en-canarias/79708 |archive-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The absence of spectacles since 1984 would be due to lack of demand. In the rest of Spain, national laws against cruelty to animals have abolished most [[blood sports]], but specifically exempt bullfighting.
==== Catalonia ====
{{Main|Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia}}
{{Wikinews|Bull fighting banned in Catalonia}}
On 18 December 2009, the [[parliament of Catalonia]], one of Spain's seventeen [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Communities]], approved by majority the preparation of a [[Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia|law to ban bullfighting in Catalonia]], as a response to a popular initiative against bullfighting that gathered more than 180,000 signatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avui.cat/cat/notices/2009/12/llum_verda_a_la_supressio_de_les_corrides_de_toros_a_catalunya_81775.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221120744/http://www.avui.cat/cat/notices/2009/12/llum_verda_a_la_supressio_de_les_corrides_de_toros_a_catalunya_81775.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2009 |title=Llum verda a la supressió de les corrides de toros a Catalunya |publisher=Avui.cat |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> On {{Nowrap|28 July}} 2010, with the two main parties allowing their members a [[free vote]], the ban was passed 68 to 55, with 9 abstentions. This meant Catalonia became the second [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Community]] of Spain (first was [[Canary Islands]] in 1991), and the first on the [[Iberian Peninsula|mainland]], to ban bullfighting. The ban took effect on 1 January 2012, and affected only the one remaining functioning Catalan bullring, the [[La Monumental|Plaza de toros Monumental de Barcelona]].<ref name=BBC28Jul2010>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10784611|title=Catalonia bans bullfighting in landmark Spain vote|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=28 July 2010|access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/world/europe/29spain.html?ref=world |title=Spanish Region Bans Bullfighting |work=The New York Times|author= Raphael Minder |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref>
It did not affect the ''[[correbous]]'', a traditional game of the [[Ebro]] area (south of Catalonia) where lighted flares are attached to a bull's horns. The correbous are seen mainly in the municipalities in the south of [[Tarragona]], with the exceptions of a few other towns in other provinces of Catalonia. The name ''correbous'' is essentially [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]]; in other parts of Spain they have other names.<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_27265.shtml#ixzz10NKQxwpk Now Catalonia votes to protect the torture of bulls<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330053829/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_27265.shtml#ixzz10NKQxwpk |date=30 March 2012 }}</ref>
A movement emerged to revoke the ban in the Spanish congress, citing the value of bullfighting as "cultural heritage". The proposal was backed by the majority of parliamentarians in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congreso español admite a debate corridas de toros|url=http://www.tauromaquias.com/2013/02/congreso-espanol-admite-debate-corridas.html|work=Tauro Maquais|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>
In October 2016 the Spanish Constitutional Court ruled that the regional Catalan Parliament had no competence to ban any kind of spectacle that is legal in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2016/10/20/57f4cf5ee5fdea5e408b4611.html|title=El Constitucional anula la prohibición de los toros en Cataluña|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
==== Galicia ====
In Galicia, bullfighting has been banned in many cities by the local governments.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Bullfighting has never had an important following in the region.<ref>[http://www.farodevigo.es/opinion/2010/07/30/galicia-toros-mu/460200.html Galicia: de toros, ni mu] (in Spanish)</ref>
=== United States ===
Bullfighting was outlawed in [[California]] in 1957, but the law was amended in response to protests from the Portuguese community in [[Gustine, California|Gustine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/27/us/in-california-bullfights-the-final-deed-is-done-with-velcro.html|title=In California Bullfights, the Final Deed Is Done With Velcro|last=Brown|first=Patricia Leigh|date=2001-06-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Lawmakers determined that a form of "bloodless" bullfighting would be allowed to continue, in affiliation with certain Christian holidays. Though the bull is not killed as with traditional bullfighting, it is still intentionally irritated and provoked and its horns are shaved down to prevent injury to people and other animals present in the ring, but serious injuries still can and do occur and spectators are also at risk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lodinews.com/news/collection_c0b7fbce-9404-11e6-a8a7-a31ec7f1fc4d.html|title=Thornton's bloodless bullfight|website=Lodinews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2|title=Tradition of the Azores takes root in Central Valley bullrings|last=Marcum|first=Diana|date=2011-08-25|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920221031/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Humane Society of the United States]] has expressed opposition to bullfighting in all its forms since at least 1981.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/lens/california-bullfight-portuguese-americans.html|title=How to Have Bullfights in California? Use Velcro.|last=Silverman|first=Rena|date=2018-08-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[Puerto Rico]] banned bullfighting and the breeding of bulls for fights by Law no. 176 of 25 July 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/ley1998/LEX98176.htm |title=Ley Núm. 176 del 25 de julio de 1998: Prohibir las corridas de toros, crianza de toros para lidia y otras. |work=lexjuris.com |date=25 July 1998 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
== In literature, film, and the arts ==
<!--do not add trivia content-->
[[File:Bullfighting Statue at Shilpacharjo Zainul Abedin Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, Bangladesh..jpg|thumb|Bullfighting statue at [[Zainul Abedin|Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin]] Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, Bangladesh]]
* ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]'', [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s treatise on Spanish bullfighting
* ''[[The Dangerous Summer]]'', Ernest Hemingway's chronicle of the bullfighting rivalry between [[Luis Miguel Dominguín]] and his brother-in-law [[Antonio Ordóñez]]
* ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', a novel by Ernest Hemingway, includes many accounts of bullfighting.
* ''Bullfighter from Brooklyn'' (1953), autobiography by matador [[Sidney Franklin (bullfighter)|Sidney Franklin]]
* ''Into The Arena: The World Of The Spanish Bullfight'' (2011), book by [[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]] about his time in Spain as an aficionado in 2009 and as a bullfighter in 2010.{{ISBN|1847654290}}
*''The Wild Man'' (2001)'','' novel by [[Patricia Nell Warren]] about a non-conformist gay torero, set in 1960s Fascist Spain.
* ''[[Shadow of a Bull]]'' (1964), novel by [[Maia Wojciechowska]] about a bullfighter's son, Manolo Olivar
* ''The Story of a Matador'', [[David L. Wolper]]'s 1962 documentary about the life of matador [[Jaime Bravo]]
* ''[[Talk to Her]]'', film by [[Pedro Almodóvar]], contains subplot concerning female matador who is gored during a bullfight. The director was criticized for shooting footage of a bull being actually killed during a bullfight staged especially for the film.
* [[Ricardo Montalbán]] portrayed bullfighters in ''[[Santa (1943 film)|Santa]]'' (1943), ''[[The Hour of Truth]]'' (1945), ''[[Fiesta (1947 film)|Fiesta]]'' (1947), and ''[[Columbo]]'' episode "A Matter of Honor" (1976).
* ''[[Ferdinand (2017 film)|Ferdinand]]'', an animated film covering the adventures of Ferdinand the bull as he is raised and trained to become a bull in the ring.
* The opera ''[[Carmen (opera)|Carmen]]'' features a bullfighter as a major character, a well-known song about him, and a bullfight off-stage at the climax.
* ''Llanto por [[Ignacio Sánchez Mejías]]'' ("Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías", 1935), a poem by [[Federico García Lorca]].
* ''[[Blood_and_Sand_(1941_film)|Blood and Sand]]'', a movie starring Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth
* ''[[¡Que viva México!]]'', a film directed by [[Sergei Eisenstein]], has a segment featuring a bullfight.
* ''[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]'', music video revolved around famous bullfighter Madonna (1994).
* ''[[The Book of Life (2014 film)|The Book of Life]]'', an animated movie about a bullfighter who wants to be a musician
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Bullfighting}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bull-fighting}}
* [http://www.thelastarena.com The Last Arena: In Search Of The Spanish Bullfight]—Blog and online resource by British author and former bullfighter [[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]]
* David Villena, [https://www.ln.edu.hk/philoso/staff/villenasaldana/Villena_A-Critique-of-MVLLs-Putative-Justifications-of-Bullfighting.pdf A Critique of Mario Vargas Llosa’s Putative Justifications of Bullfighting], ''Journal of Animal Ethics''
{{Bullfighting|state=expanded}}
{{Animal rights}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bullfighting|*]]
[[Category:Animal welfare]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]
[[Category:Blood sports]]
[[Category:Animal killing]]
[[Category:Cruelty to animals]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Traditional sports]]
[[Category:Ritual slaughter]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | 'bull fighting is bullshit they be hurting bulls without any chance im not a animal activist but that shit is just cruel its not recomended watching' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,419 +1,1 @@
-{{Redirect|Bull fighting|the Taiwanese TV series|Bull Fighting (TV series)|the rodeo performer|bullfighter (rodeo)}}
-{{Redirect|Bullfight|the painting|The Bullfight}}
-{{distinguish|Bull wrestling}}
-{{short description|Spectacle of bulls fought by humans}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
-[[File:Toreador Bullfight Plaza de Toros cancun Mexico 2 102 (1077548273).jpg|thumb|A ''[[Torero#Matador de Toros|matador]]'' evading a bull in [[Cancún]], Mexico. 2012.|262px]]
-<!--[[File:Tauromaquia en España.PNG|thumb|Bullfighting in Spain (2014):
-{{Legend|#0000FF|Bullfighting banned and traditionally not practised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canarias fue la primera comunidad en prohibir los toros en 1991|website= rtve.es|date= 27 July 2010 |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20100727/canarias-fue-primera-comunidad-prohibir-toros-1991/342132.shtml|language=es}}</ref>}}
-{{Legend|#FF00FF|Bullfighting banned, but [[Bous al carrer|other]] [[Toro embolado|spectacles]] involving [[fighting cattle]] protected by law.<ref>''El Parlament blinda los 'correbous' dos meses después de prohibir los toros'' El Mundo, jueves 23 September 2010 http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/barcelona/1285150930.html</ref> A recent Constitutional Court ruling might make it legal again.<ref>El TC declara inconstitucional la prohibición de las corridas por el Parlamento de Cataluña http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2016/10/20/57f4cf5ee5fdea5e408b4611.html</ref>}}
-{{Legend|#F08080|Bullfighting legal in most places, but banned in some.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redeabolicion.info/|title=Rede de Municipios Galegos pola Abolicion|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>}}
-{{Legend|#228B22|Bullfighting legal, but traditionally not practised.}}
-{{Legend|#FF0000|Bullfighting legal.}}
-{{Legend|#B22222|Bullfighting legal and protected by law.<ref>''Madrid culmina la declaración como bien de interés cultural de la fiesta de los toros'', El País, 7 ABR 2011 http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/04/07/actualidad/1302164232_850215.html</ref><ref>''La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Bien de Interés Cultural en Castilla y León - See more at: http://www.salamanca24horas.com/toros/107982-la-tauromaquia-bien-de-interes-cultural-en-castilla-y-leon#sthash.fuW4NYYv.dpuf'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095056/http://www.salamanca24horas.com/toros/107982-la-tauromaquia-bien-de-interes-cultural-en-castilla-y-leon |date=24 September 2015 }} Salamanca24horas 03 Abril 2014 </ref>}}
-]]-->
-'''Bullfighting''' is a physical contest that involves a [[bullfighter]] and animals attempting to subdue, immobilize, or kill a [[bull]], usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations.
-
-There are several variations, including some forms which involve dancing around or leaping over a cow or bull or attempting to grasp an object tied to the animal's horns. The most well-known form of bullfighting is [[Spanish-style bullfighting]], practiced in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Southern France]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Peru]]. The [[Spanish Fighting Bull]] is bred for its aggression and physique, and is raised [[free-range]] with little human contact.
-
-The practice of bullfighting is controversial because of a range of concerns including animal welfare, funding, and religion. While some forms are considered a [[blood sport]], in some countries, for example Spain, it is defined as an art form or cultural event,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dle.rae.es/tauromaquia|title=tauromaquia {{!}} Diccionario de la lengua española|last1=ASALE|first1=RAE-|last2=RAE|website=«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario|language=es|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> and local regulations define it as a cultural event or heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2013/11/06/527ab20e684341e70a8b4576.html|title=La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Patrimonio Cultural|date=2013-11-06|website=ELMUNDO|language=es|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/las-corridas-de-toros-spanish-version|title=Las corridas de toros (Spanish version)|language=en|access-date=20 November 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054029/https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/las-corridas-de-toros-spanish-version|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bullfighting is illegal in most countries, but remains legal in most areas of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], as well as in some [[Hispanic America]]n countries and some parts of southern [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsi.org/issues/bullfighting/facts/bullfighting_europe.html|title=Bullfighting in Europe|website=Humane Society International|date=28 April 2011|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
-{{TOC limit|3}}
-
-==History==
-{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
-{{See also|Sacred bull}}
-[[File:Knossos Bull-Leaping Fresco.jpg|thumb|[[Bull-leaping]]: [[Bull-Leaping Fresco|Fresco]] from [[Knossos]], [[Crete]]]]
-Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric [[bull worship]] and [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] in Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean region. The first recorded bullfight may be the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]],'' which describes a scene in which Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought and killed the Bull of Heaven ("The Bull seemed indestructible, for hours they fought, till Gilgamesh dancing in front of the Bull, lured it with his tunic and bright weapons, and Enkidu thrust his sword, deep into the Bull's neck, and killed it").<ref>{{cite book|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic|year=2011|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801450358|page=[https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol/page/51 51]|url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol|url-access=registration|quote=Bullfight Gilgamesh.|author-link=Theodore Ziolkowski}}</ref> [[Bull-leaping]] was portrayed in Crete and myths related to bulls throughout Greece.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-Bullfighting and the killing of the sacred bull was commonly practised among [[Männerbund]] in [[ancient Iran]] and connected to the pre-Zoroastrian god [[Mithra]].<ref>Stig Wikander, ''Der arische Männerbund: Studien zur indo-iranischen Sprach- und Religionsgeschichte'', Uppsala 1938.</ref> The cosmic connotations of the ancient Iranian practice are reflected in [[Zoroaster]]'s [[Gathas]] and the [[Avesta]]. The killing of the sacred bull ([[tauroctony]]) is the essential central iconic act of [[Mithraic mysteries|Mithras]], which was commemorated in the [[mithraeum]] wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. The oldest representation of what seems to be a man facing a bull is on the [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] [[tombstone]] from [[Clunia]] and the [[cave painting]] ''El toro de hachos'', both found in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Guillaume ROUSSEL |url=http://www.arbre-celtique.com/encyclopedie/pierre-tombale-de-clunia-4473.htm |title=Pierre tombale de Clunia – 4473 – L'encyclopédie – L'Arbre Celtique |publisher=Arbre-celtique.com |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Toro de Lidia |url=http://www.cetnotorolidia.es/opencms_wf/opencms/toro_de_lidia/origen_e_historia/index.html |title=Toro de Lidia – Toro de lidia |publisher=Cetnotorolidia.es |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>
-
-Bullfighting is often linked to [[Roman Empire|Rome]], where many human-versus-animal events were held as competition and entertainment, the ''[[Venatio]]nes''. These hunting games spread to [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Europe]] during [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times. There are also theories that it was introduced into Hispania by the Emperor [[Claudius]], as a substitute for [[gladiator]]s, when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial combat. The latter theory was supported by [[Robert Graves]] ([[picador]]s are related to warriors who wielded the [[javelin]], but their role in the contest is now a minor one limited to "preparing" the bull for the matador.) Spanish colonists took the practice of breeding cattle and bullfighting to the American colonies, the Pacific, and Asia. In the 19th century, areas of southern and southwestern France adopted bullfighting, developing their distinctive form.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-[[File: Fresque Mithraeum Marino.jpg|thumb|Mithras killing a bull]]
-Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the local plaza, where noblemen would ride competing for royal favor, and the populace enjoyed the excitement. In the Middle Ages across Europe, knights would joust in competitions on horseback. In Spain, they began to fight bulls.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-In medieval Spain bullfighting was considered a noble sport and reserved for the rich, who could afford to supply and train their animals. The bull was released into a closed arena where a single fighter on horseback was armed with a lance. This spectacle was said to be enjoyed by [[Charlemagne]], [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X the Wise]] and the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad caliphs]], among others. The greatest Spanish performer of this art is said to have been the knight [[El Cid]]. According to a chronicle of the time, in 1128 "... when [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]] married [[Berengaria of Barcelona]] daughter of [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona]] at [[Saldaña, Palencia|Saldaña]] among other celebrations, there were also bullfights."<ref>Mariano José de Larra, [[:m:s:es:Corridas de toros|«Corridas de toros»]], en ''El Duende satírico del día'' (Madrid), 31 May 1828. {{in lang|es}}</ref>
-
-In the time of [[Emperor Charles V]], Pedro Ponce de Leon was the most famous bullfighter in Spain and a renovator of the technique of killing the bull on a horse with blindfolded eyes.<ref>Pascual Barea, Joaquín. “[https://www.academia.edu/30661142/_Benito_Arias_Montano_y_su_maestro_de_poes%C3%ADa_Juan_de_Quir%C3%B3s_Benito_Arias_Montano_y_los_humanistas_de_su_tiempo_M%C3%A9rida_Editora_Regional_de_Extremadura_2006_1_125-149 Benito Arias Montano y su maestro de poesía Juan de Quirós]”, ''Benito Arias Montano y los humanistas de su tiempo.'' Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2006, 1, 125-149 (129-131).</ref> Juan de Quirós, the best Sevillian poet of that time, dedicated to him a poem in Latin, of which Benito Arias Montano transmits some verses.<ref>Pascual Barea, Joaquín. ''Juan de Quirós: Poesía Latina y Cristopatía (La Pasión de Cristo). Introducción, edición, traducción e índices.'' Cádiz: Universidad, 2004, pp. 23-26, 51-55 y 142-143.</ref>
-
-[[Francisco Romero (bullfighter)|Francisco Romero]], from [[Ronda, Spain]], is generally regarded as having been the first to introduce the practice of fighting bulls on foot around 1726, using the [[muleta]] in the last stage of the fight and an [[estoc]] to kill the bull. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds. Thus the modern ''corrida'', or fight, began to take form, as riding noblemen were replaced by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the ''[[Plaza de Armas]]'', and later round, to discourage the cornering of the action.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-The modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to [[Juan Belmonte]], generally considered the greatest matador of all time. Belmonte introduced a daring and revolutionary style, in which he stayed within a few centimeters of the bull throughout the fight. Although extremely dangerous (Belmonte was gored on many occasions), his style is still seen by most matadors as the ideal to be emulated.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-==Styles==
-{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
-[[File:A bull fight, Barcelona, Spain-LCCN2001699358.jpg|thumb|A bull fight in Barcelona, Spain, ca.1900]]
-[[File:Bull, Ronda.JPG|thumb|Monument to a bull, Plaza de Toros de Ronda ([[Ronda]] bullring), Spain]]
-[[File:Vw1PlazaTorosDF.JPG|thumb|[[Plaza México]], with capacity of 48,000 seats, is the major bullring in the world by seating capacity.]]
-
-Originally, at least five distinct regional styles of bullfighting were practised in southwestern Europe: [[Andalusia]], [[Aragon]]–[[Navarre]], [[Alentejo]], [[Camargue]], [[Aquitaine]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Over time, these have evolved more or less into standardized national forms mentioned below.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The "classic" style of bullfighting, in which the rule is kill the bull is the style practiced in Spain and many Latin American countries.
-
-Bullfighting stadia are named "[[bullring]]s". There are many historic bullrings; the oldest are the 1700s Spanish plazas of [[Maestranza (Seville)|Sevilla]] and [[Plaza de Toros de Ronda|Ronda]]. The largest bullring is the [[Plaza México]] in [[Mexico|Mexican]] capital which seats 48,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/north_america/countries/mexico/central_mexico.shtml |title=www.worldstadiums.com |publisher=www.worldstadiums.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140518/http://www.worldstadiums.com/north_america/countries/mexico/central_mexico.shtml |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}</ref>
-
-===Spanish===
-{{Main|Spanish-style bullfighting}}
-Spanish-style bullfighting is called ''corrida de toros'' (literally "[[coursing]] of bulls") or ''la fiesta'' ("the festival"). In the traditional corrida, three ''[[matador]]es'' each fight two bulls, each of which is between four and six years old and weighs no less than 460 kg (1,014 lb).<ref>[http://legislacion.060.es/8532-ides-idweb.html Royal Decree 145/1996, of {{Nowrap|2 February}}, to modify and reword the Regulations of Taurine Spectacles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925213032/http://legislacion.060.es/8532-ides-idweb.html |date=25 September 2010 }}</ref> Each matador has six assistants: two ''[[picador]]es'' (lancers on horseback) mounted on horseback, three ''[[banderillero]]s'' – who along with the matadors are collectively known as ''[[torero]]s'' (bullfighters) – and a ''mozo de espadas'' (sword page). Collectively they comprise a ''cuadrilla'' (entourage). In Spanish the more general ''torero'' or ''diestro'' (literally 'right-hander') is used for the lead fighter, and only when needed to distinguish a man is the full title ''matador de toros'' used; in English, "matador" is generally used for the bullfighter.
-[[File:La muerte del picador.jpg|thumb|''Death of the [[Picador]]'' – [[Francisco de Goya]], c. 1793]]
-[[File:Juan Bautista corrida goyesque Feria du Riz Arles 2010.ogg|thumb|right|Start of ''tercio de muerte'': polished ''verónica'' and ''larga serpentina'' during a [[goyesca corrida]].]]
-[[File:José Arévalo en 2009 à Beaucaire.ogg|thumb|left|Welcoming of a toro" ''a porta gayola'' and series of ''verónica,'' terminated by a semi-verónica.]]
-
-====Structure====
-The modern corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct stages or ''tercios'' ("thirds"); the start of each being announced by a bugle sound. The participants enter the arena in a parade, called the ''paseíllo'', to salute the presiding dignitary, accompanied by band music. Torero costumes are inspired by 17th-century Andalusian clothing, and matadores are easily distinguished by the gold of their ''[[traje de luces]]'' ("suit of lights"), as opposed to the lesser banderilleros, who are also known as ''toreros de plata'' ("bullfighters of silver").{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-=====''Tercio de Varas''=====
-The bull is released into the ring, where he is tested for ferocity by the ''matador'' and ''banderilleros'' with the magenta and gold ''capote'' ("cape"). This is the first stage, the ''[[tercio de varas]]'' ("the lancing third"). The matador confronts the bull with the capote, performing a series of passes and observing the behavior and quirks of the bull.
-
-Next, a picador enters the arena on horseback armed with a ''vara'' (lance). To protect the horse from the bull's horns, the animal wears a protective, padded covering called ''peto''. Prior to 1930, the horses did not wear any protection. Often the bull would disembowel the horse during this stage. Until the use of protection was instituted, the number of horses killed during a fiesta generally exceeded the number of bulls killed.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84444/bullfighting "Bullfighting." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.] 14 January 2009</ref>
-
-At this point, the picador stabs just behind the ''morrillo'', a mound of muscle on the fighting bull's neck, weakening the neck muscles and leading to the animal's first loss of blood. The manner in which the bull charges the horse provides important clues to the matador about the bull such as which horn the bull favors. As a result of the injury and also the fatigue of striving to injure the armoured heavy horse, the bull holds its head and horns slightly lower during the following stages of the fight. This ultimately enables the matador to perform the killing thrust later in the performance. The encounter with the picador often fundamentally changes the behavior of a bull; distracted and unengaging bulls will become more focused and stay on a single target instead of charging at everything that moves, conserving their diminished energy reserves.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-=====''Tercio de Banderillas''=====
-In the next stage, the ''tercio de banderillas'' ("the third of banderillas"), each of the three banderilleros attempts to plant two ''banderillas'', sharp barbed sticks, into the bull's shoulders. These anger and agitate the bull reinvigorating him from the ''aplomado'' (literally 'leadened') state his attacks on the horse and injuries from the lance left him in. Sometimes a matador will place his own banderillas. If so, he usually embellishes this part of his performance and employs more varied maneuvers than the standard ''al cuarteo'' method commonly used by banderilleros.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-[[File:Matador.JPG|thumb|Plaza de Toros Las Ventas in Madrid]]
-
-=====''Tercio de Muerte''=====
-In the final stage, the ''tercio de muerte'' ("a third of death"), the matador re-enters the ring alone with a smaller red cloth, or ''[[muleta]]'', and a sword. It is a common misconception that the color red is supposed to anger the bull; the animals are functionally [[colorblind]] in this respect: the bull is incited to charge by the movement of the muleta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling |title=Longhorn_Information – handling |publisher=ITLA |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090201/http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling |archive-date=11 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf |title=Cattle – Basic Care |website=iacuc.tennessee.edu |access-date=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012822/http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> The muleta is thought to be red to mask the bull's blood, although the color is now a matter of tradition. The matador uses his muleta to attract the bull in a series of passes, which serve the dual purpose of wearing the animal down for the kill and creating sculptural forms between man and animal that can fascinate or thrill the audience, and which when linked together in a rhythm create a dance of passes, or ''faena''. The matador will often try to enhance the drama of the dance by bringing the bull's horns especially close to his body. The faena refers to the entire performance with the muleta.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-The faena is usually broken down into ''tandas'', or "series", of passes. The faena ends with a final series of passes in which the matador, using the cape, tries to maneuver the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades going over the horns and thus exposing his own body to the bull. The sword is called ''estoque,'' and the act of thrusting the sword is called an ''estocada''. During the initial series, while the matador in part is performing for the crowd, he uses a fake sword (''estoque simulado''). This is made of wood or aluminum, making it lighter and much easier to handle. The ''estoque de verdad'' (real sword) is made out of steel. At the end of the ''tercio de muerte'', when the matador has finished his faena, he will change swords to take up the steel one. He performs the ''estocada'' with the intent of piercing the heart or aorta, or severing other major blood vessels to induce a quick death if all goes according to plan. Often this does not happen and repeated efforts must be made to bring the bull down, sometimes the matador changing to the 'descabello', which resembles a sword, but is actually a heavy dagger blade at the end of a steel rod which is thrust between the cervical vertebrae to sever the spinal column and induce instant death. Even if the descabello is not required and the bull falls quickly from the sword one of the banderilleros will perform this function with an actual dagger to ensure the bull is dead.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
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-If the matador has performed particularly well, the crowd may petition the president by waving white handkerchiefs to award the matador an ear of the bull. If his performance was exceptional, the president will award two ears. In certain more rural rings, the practice includes an award of the bull's tail. Very rarely, if the public and the matador believe that the bull has fought extremely bravely – and the breeder of the bull agrees to have it return to the ranch – the event's president may grant a pardon (''indulto''). If the ''indulto'' is granted, the bull's life is spared; it leaves the ring alive and is returned to its home ranch for treatment and then to become a ''semental'', or seed-bull, for the rest of its life.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-<gallery mode="packed">
-File:Finito de Córdoba.jpg|First tercio: [[torero]] drawing a ''Verónica''.
-File:Rafael Cañada à la cape.jpg|First tercio: [[matador]] making another kind of Verónica.
-File:Banderillero Curro Molina.jpg|Second tercio: [[banderillero]].
-File:Madrid Bullfight.JPG|Third tercio: ''[[Spanish-style bullfighting#Stage 3: Tercio de Muerte|faena]]'' of ''[[muleta]]''.
-File:Uceda Leal.JPG|Third tercio: faena of ''muleta''.
-</gallery>
-
-====Recortes====
-{{see also|Bull-leaping}}
-[[File:Goya - Ligereza y atrevimiento de Juanito Apinani en la de Madrid (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Goya|Goya]]: The Speed and Daring of Juanito Apiñani in the Ring of Madrid 1815–16 (''[[La Tauromaquia|Tauromaquia]]'', Νο. 20). Etching and aquatint]]
-[[File:Course de taureaux à Séville - Cândido de Faria - 1907 - NL-EYE-EFG1914 A08568.jpg|thumb|Poster by [[Cândido de Faria]] for the silent film ''Course de taureaux à Séville'' (1907, Pathé Frères). [[Chromolithograph]]. [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]
-
-Recortes, a style of bullfighting practiced in [[Navarre]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], north of Castile and [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], has been much less popular than the traditional corridas. But recortes have undergone a revival in Spain and are sometimes broadcast on TV.
-
-This style was common in the early 19th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Etchings by painter [[Francisco Goya|Francisco de Goya]] depict these events.
-
-Recortes differ from a corrida in the following ways:{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-* The bull is not physically injured. Drawing blood is rare, and the bull is allowed to return to his pen at the end of the performance.
-* The men are dressed in common street clothes rather than traditional bullfighting dress.
-* Acrobatics are performed without the use of capes or other props. Performers attempt to evade the bull solely through the swiftness of their movements.
-* Rituals are less strict, so the men have the freedom to perform stunts as they please.
-* Men work in teams but with less role distinction than in a corrida.
-* Teams compete for points awarded by a jury.
-
-Since horses are not used, and performers are not professionals, recortes are less costly to produce.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-====Comic bullfighting====
-Comical spectacles based on bullfighting, called ''espectáculos cómico-taurinos'' or ''charlotadas'', are still popular in Spain and Mexico. Troupes include ''El empastre'' or ''El bombero torero''.<ref>[http://www.ganaderoslidia.com/webroot/rd-145-96.htm Bullfighting Spectacles: State Norms (in Spanish)] Example: ''Los espectáculos cómico-taurinos no podrán celebrarse conjuntamente con otros festejos taurinos en los que se dé muerte a las reses.''</ref>
-
-==== Encierros ====
-{{Main|Running of the Bulls}}
-
-An ''encierro'' or ''running of the bulls'' is an activity related to a bullfighting fiesta. Before the events that are held in the ring, people (usually young men) run in front of a small group of bulls that have been let loose, on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-====Toro embolado====
-{{Main|Toro embolado}}
-
-A ''toro embolado'' (in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), ''bou embolat'' (in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]), roughly meaning "bull with balls", is a festive activity held at night and typical of many towns in [[Spain]] (mainly in the [[Valencian Community]] and Southern [[Catalonia]]). Balls of flammable material are attached to a bull's horns. The balls are lit and the bull is set free in the streets at night; participants dodge the bull when it comes close. It can be considered a variant of an ''encierro'' (''correbous'' in Catalan). This activity is held in a number of [[Spain|Spanish]] towns during their [[Fiesta patronal|local festivals]].
-
-===Portuguese===
-{{Main|Portuguese-style bullfighting}}
-[[File:Portuguese bullfight.jpg|''Cavaleiro'' and bull|thumb]]
-Most Portuguese bullfights are held in two phases: the spectacle of the ''cavaleiro'', and the ''pega''. In the ''cavaleiro'', a horseman on a [[Lusitano|Portuguese Lusitano]] horse (specially trained for the fights) fights the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four ''bandeiras'' (small [[spear|javelins]]) into the back of the bull.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-In the second stage, called the ''pega'' ("holding"), the [[forcado]]s, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The frontman provokes the bull into a charge to perform a ''pega de cara'' or ''pega de caras'' (face grab). The frontman secures the animal's head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued.<ref>Isaacson, Andy, (2007), [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/08/12/TRU1RCGLG.DTL "California's 'bloodless bullfights' keep Portuguese tradition alive"], San Francisco Chronicle.</ref> Forcados are dressed in a traditional costume of [[damask]] or [[velvet]], with long knitted hats as worn by the ''campinos'' (bull headers) from [[Ribatejo]].
-
-The bull is not killed in the ring and, at the end of the ''corrida'', leading oxen are let into the arena, and two ''campinos'' on foot herd the bull among them back to its pen. The bull is usually killed out of sight of the audience by a professional butcher. It can happen that some bulls, after an exceptional performance, are healed, released to pasture until the end of their days, and used for breeding.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-In the Portuguese [[Azores]] islands, there is a form of bullfighting called ''[[tourada à corda]]'', in which a bull is led on a rope along a street, while players taunt and dodge the bull, who is not killed during or after the fight, but returned to pasture and used in later events.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-===French===
-[[File:Amfitheater.jpg|thumb|The Roman amphitheater at [[Arles]] being fitted for a corrida]]
-[[File: Bullfight incident, Arles.jpg|thumb|left|A bullfight in Arles in 1898.]]
-Since the 19th century, Spanish-style ''corridas'' have been increasingly popular in [[Southern France]] where they enjoy legal protection in areas where there is an uninterrupted tradition of such bull fights, particularly during holidays such as [[Whitsun]] or [[Easter]]. Among France's most important venues for bullfighting are the ancient Roman arenas of [[Nîmes]] and [[Arles]], although there are bull rings across the South from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coasts. Bullfights of this kind follow the Spanish tradition and even Spanish words are used for all Bullfighting related terms. Minor cosmetic differences exist such as music. This is not to be confused with the bloodless bullfights referred to below which are indigenous to France.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-====''Course camarguaise'' (''course libre'')====
-[[File: Bull and Raseteur at 75th Cocarde dOr.jpg|thumb|right|A raseteur takes a rosette]]
-A more indigenous genre of bullfighting is widely common in the [[Provence]] and [[Languedoc]] areas, and is known alternately as "''course libre''" or "''course camarguaise''". This is a bloodless spectacle (for the bulls) in which the objective is to snatch a rosette from the head of a young bull. The participants, or ''raseteurs'', begin training in their early teens against young bulls from the [[Camargue]] region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the ''course'', an ''abrivado''—a "running" of the bulls in the streets—takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The ''course'' itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15–20 minutes, the ''raseteurs'' compete to snatch rosettes (''cocarde'') tied between the bulls' horns. They do not take the rosette with their bare hands but with a claw-shaped metal instrument called a ''raset'' or ''crochet'' (''hook'') in their hands, hence their name. Afterward, the bulls are herded back to their pen by ''[[gardian]]s'' (Camarguais [[cowboy]]s) in a ''bandido'', amidst a great deal of ceremony. The stars of these spectacles are the bulls.<ref>''Vaches Pour Cash: L'Economie de L'Encierro Provençale'', Dr. Yves O'Malley, Nanterre University 1987.</ref>
-
-====''Course landaise''====
-Another type of French 'bullfighting' is the "[[course landaise]]", in which cows are used instead of bulls. This is a competition between teams named ''cuadrillas'', which belong to certain breeding estates. A cuadrilla is made up of a ''teneur de corde'', an ''entraîneur'', a ''sauteur'', and six ''écarteurs''. The cows are brought to the arena in crates and then taken out in order. The teneur de corde controls the dangling rope attached to the cow's horns and the entraîneur positions the cow to face and attack the player. The écarteurs will try, at the last possible moment, to dodge around the cow and the auteur will leap over it. Each team aims to complete a set of at least one hundred dodges and eight leaps. This is the main scheme of the "classic" form, the ''course landaise formelle''. However, different rules may be applied in some competitions. For example, competitions for Coupe Jeannot Lafittau are arranged with cows without ropes.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-At one point, it resulted in so many fatalities that the French government tried to ban it but had to back down in the face of local opposition. The bulls themselves are generally fairly small, much less imposing than the adult bulls employed in the ''corrida''. Nonetheless, the bulls remain dangerous due to their mobility and vertically formed horns. Participants and spectators share the risk; it is not unknown for angry bulls to smash their way through barriers and charge the surrounding crowd of spectators. The ''course landaise'' is not seen as a dangerous sport by many, but écarteur Jean-Pierre Rachou died in 2003 when a bull's horn tore his [[femoral artery]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-== Non-bloodsport variations ==
-[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|A youth trying to take control of a bull at a [[Jallikattu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]]]
-[[File:Thornton2012-141 (8114984422).jpg|thumb|right|In California, the lances are tipped with [[hook and loop fastener]]s (e.g. [[Velcro]]) and aimed at pads on the bull.]]
-* In [[Bolivia]], bulls are not killed nor injured with any sticks. The goal of Bolivian toreros is to provoke the bull with taunts without getting harmed themselves.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S10l5qPnXN8 |title=Bullfighting show is popular in El Alto, Bolivia but quite different to those in Spain |work=YouTube |publisher=Associated Press Archive |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
-* In [[El Seibo Province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] bullfights are not about killing or harming the animal, but taunting and evading it until it is tired.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://idominicanas.com/corridas-de-toros-en-el-seibo-del-1-al-10-de-mayo-en-las-fiestas-patronales/ |title=Corridas de Toros en El Seibo del 1 al 10 de Mayo durante sus fiestas Patronales |author=Amaury Mo |work=iDominicas.com |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
-* In [[Canada]], Portuguese-style bullfighting was introduced in 1989 by Portuguese immigrants in the town of [[Listowel, Ontario|Listowel]] in southern [[Ontario]]. Despite objections and concerns from local authorities and a humane society, the practice was allowed as the bulls were not killed or injured in this version.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/when-portuguese-bullfighting-came-to-ontario-30-years-ago-1.5154935 |title=When Portuguese bullfighting came to Ontario 30 years ago |work=CBC News |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In the nearby city of [[Brampton]], Portuguese immigrants from the [[Azores]] practice "tourada a corda" (bullfight by rope).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bullfighting-in-brampton-ontario-results-in-just-a-few-scrapes-and-bruises-for-man-and-bull/article25988583/ |title=Bullfighting in Brampton, Ont., results in just a few scrapes and bruises for man and bull |author=Chris Helgren |work=The Globe and Mail |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
-* [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional spectacle in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] as a part of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] celebrations on [[Mattu Pongal]] day. A breed of [[bos indicus]] (humped) bulls, called "Jellicut" are used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/nea/docs/AnGR_of_TN.pdf |title=Jellicut cattle breed |publisher=TANUVAS |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040211/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/nea/docs/AnGR_of_TN.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> During jallikattu, a bull is released into a group of people, and participants attempt to grab the bull's hump and hold onto it for a determined distance, length of time, or with the goal of taking a pack of money tied to the bull's horns. The goal of the activity is more similar to [[bull riding]] (staying on).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikattu-cheat-sheet-10-things-you-should-know-about-the-bull-taming-sport/articleshow/56664079.cms|title=Jallikattu cheat sheet: 10 things you should know about the bull-taming sport|first=Anulekha|last=Ray|date=January 19, 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
-* [[Rodeo clown#Freestyle Bullfighting|American Freestyle Bullfighting]] is a style of bullfighting developed in American [[rodeo]]. The style was developed by the [[rodeo clown]]s who protect [[bull riding|bull riders]] from being trampled or gored by a loose bull. Freestyle bullfighting is a 70-second competition in which the bullfighter (rodeo clown) avoids the bull by means of dodging, jumping, and use of a barrel.<ref name=pbr2005>{{cite web|title=The First Dickies National Championship Bullfighting Qualifier Kicks Off In Cheyenne|url=http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2005/7/the-first-dickies-national-championship-bullfighting-qualifier-kicks-off-in-cheyenne-.aspx|date=July 21, 2005|website=[[Professional Bull Riders]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203107/http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2005/7/the-first-dickies-national-championship-bullfighting-qualifier-kicks-off-in-cheyenne-.aspx|archive-date=December 25, 2017}}</ref>
-* Ultimate Freestyle Bullfighting competition combines American Freestyle Bullfighting with [[parkour]], displaying hardcore stunts and acrobatics. Both bullfighter and bull receive scores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pbr.com/news/2016/09/pbr-to-bring-ultimate-freestyle-bullfighting-to-pbr-finals-week/|title=PBR to bring Ultimate Freestyle Bullfighting to PBR Finals Week|date=September 28, 2016|website=[[Professional Bull Riders]]}}</ref>
-* In the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], California, US the historically Portuguese community has developed a form of bullfight in which the bull is taunted by a matador, but the lances are tipped with [[Hook and loop fastener|fabric hook and loop]] (e.g. [[Velcro]]) and they are aimed at hook-and-loop covered pads secured to the bull's shoulder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/lens/california-bullfight-portuguese-americans.html|title=How to Have Bullfights in California? Use Velcro.|date=August 15, 2018|first=Rena|last=Silverman|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Fights occur from May through October around traditional Portuguese holidays.<ref name="Rubin2005">{{cite book|author=Saul Rubin|title=Northern California Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities, and Other Offbeat Stuff|url=https://archive.org/details/northerncaliforn0000rubi|url-access=registration|access-date=15 September 2013|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0-7627-2899-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northerncaliforn0000rubi/page/154 154]–}}</ref> While California outlawed bullfighting in 1957, this type of bloodless bullfighting is still allowed if carried out during religious festivals or celebrations.<ref>Angel N. Velez. 2011. "[http://www.pennstatelawreview.org/115/2/115%20Penn%20St.%20L.%20Rev.%202.497.pdf Ole, Ole, Ole, Oh No!: Bullfighting in the United States and Reconciling Constitutional Rights with Animal Cruelty Statutes]." Penn State Law Review, 115(2): 497-516.</ref>
-* In [[Tanzania]], Bullfighting was introduced by the Portuguese to [[Zanzibar]] and to [[Pemba Island]], in modern Tanzania, where it is known as ''mchezo wa ngombe''. Similar to the Portuguese Azorean ''tourada a corda'', the bull is restrained by a rope, generally neither bull nor player is harmed, and the bull is not killed at the end of the fight.<ref name="Petterson2004">{{cite book|author=Donald Petterson|title=Revolution in Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBqBLjGCOpMC&pg=PA253|access-date=15 September 2013|date=1 September 2004|publisher=Westview|isbn=978-0-8133-4268-9|pages=253–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0115/RCMS%20162/Y304Q/6/2|title=Janus: Papers and photographs of Fergus Wilson|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
-
-==Hazards==
-{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
-[[File:Muerto del maestro.jpg|thumb|''Muerte del Maestro'' (''Death of the Master'') – [[José Villegas Cordero]], 1884]]
-[[File:Pfeiffer Donostia.jpg|thumb|[[Taxidermy|Stuffed]] bull head in a bar in [[San Sebastián]]]]
-
-Spanish-style bullfighting is normally fatal for the bull, but it is also dangerous for the matador. The danger for the bullfighter is essential; if there is no danger, it is not considered bullfighting in Spain. Matadors are usually gored every season, with picadors and banderilleros being gored less often. With the discovery of antibiotics and advances in surgical techniques, fatalities are now rare, although over the past three centuries 534 professional bullfighters have died in the ring or from injuries sustained there. Most recently, [[Iván Fandiño]] died of injuries he sustained after being gored by a bull on June 17, 2017 in Aire-sur-l'Adour, France.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-Some matadors, notably [[Juan Belmonte]], have been seriously gored many times: according to [[Ernest Hemingway]], Belmonte's legs were marred by many ugly scars. A special type of [[surgeon]] has developed, in Spain and elsewhere, to treat ''cornadas'', or horn-wounds.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-The bullring has a chapel where a matador can pray before the corrida, and where a [[priest]] can be found in case a [[sacrament]] is needed. The most relevant sacrament is now called "[[Anointing of the Sick]]"; it was formerly known as "Extreme Unction", or the "Last Rites".{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-The media often reports the more horrific of bullfighting injuries, such as the September 2011 goring of matador [[Juan José Padilla]]'s head by a bull in Zaragoza, resulting in the loss of his left eye, use of his right ear, and facial paralysis. He returned to bullfighting five months later with an eyepatch, multiple titanium plates in his skull, and the nickname 'The Pirate'.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fiske-Harrison|first=Alexander|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-09/13/juan-jose-padilla-matador-bullfighting-interview|title=The Last Matador|magazine=[[British GQ]]|date=13 September 2012|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>
-
-Until the early twentieth century, the horses were unprotected and were commonly gored and killed, or left close to death (intestines destroyed, for example). The horses used were old and worn-out, with little value. Starting in the twentieth-century horses were protected by thick blankets and wounds, though not unknown, were less common and less serious.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-==Cultural aspects==
-Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained, integral part of their national [[culture]]s; in Spain, bullfighting is nicknamed ''la fiesta nacional'' (''"the national fiesta"''. Notice that ''fiesta'' can be translated as ''celebration, festival, party'' among other words).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hoh|first=Anchi|date=2017-07-19|title=¡Olé! : Spain and Its "Fiesta Nacional" {{!}} 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2017/07/ol-spain-and-its-fiesta-nacional/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=blogs.loc.gov}}</ref> The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull. Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual of ancient origin, which is judged by ''aficionados'' based on artistic impression and command.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Hemer|first1=Susan R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_UeDQAAQBAJ&q=tercio+de+muerte&pg=PA78|title=Emotions, Senses, Spaces:: Ethnographic Engagements and Intersections|last2=Dundon|first2=Alison|date=2016-09-15|publisher=University of Adelaide Press|isbn=978-1-925261-27-1|language=en}}</ref> American author [[Ernest Hemingway]] said of it in his 1932 non-fiction book ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]'': "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honor."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govan|first=Fiona|date=2011-07-13|title=Hemingway's seminal writings on bullfighting|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8635415/Hemingways-seminal-writings-on-bullfighting.html|access-date=2020-06-30|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Bullfighting is seen by some as a symbol of [[Culture of Spain|Spanish national culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bullfightingfreeeurope.org/ |title=Art and Culture |website=For a BullFighting-Free Europe |access-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042443/http://www.bullfightingfreeeurope.org/ |archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
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-The bullfight is regarded as a demonstration of style, technique, and courage by its participants<ref name=":0" /> and as a demonstration of cruelty and cowardice by its critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-22|title=What I learned during a year on bullfighting breeding estates|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/is-bullfighting-cruel-what-i-learned-during-a-year-on-breeding-estates-a6783541.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> While there is usually no doubt about the outcome, the bull is not viewed by bullfighting supporters as a sacrificial victim — it is instead seen by the audience as a worthy adversary, deserving of respect in its own right.<ref name=":0" />
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-Those who oppose bullfighting maintain that the practice is a cowardly, sadistic tradition of torturing, humiliating and killing a bull amidst pomp and pageantry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laborde|first=Christian|title=Corrida, Basta!|year=2009|publisher=Editions Robert Laffont|location=Paris, France|pages=14–15, 17–19, 38, 40–42, 52–53}}</ref> Supporters of bullfights, called "[[Fan (person)|aficionados]]", claim they respect the bulls, that the bulls live better than other cattle, and that bullfighting is a grand tradition; a form of art important to their culture.<ref>{{harvnb|See Id. at 17-18}}</ref>
-
-==Women in bullfighting==
-{{Further|Spanish-style bullfighting#Women in bullfighting|List of female bullfighters}}
-
-[[Conchita Cintrón]] was a Peruvian female bullfighter who began her career in Portugal before being active in Mexican and other South American bullfights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conchita Cintrón {{!}} American Portuguese bullfighter|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Conchita-Cintron|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Patricia McCormick (bullfighter)|Patricia McCormick]] began bullfighting as a professional ''Matadora'' in January 1952, and was the first American to do so.<ref name="newyork">{{cite news|last=Mealer|first=Bryan|title=Patricia McCormick, Bullfighter Who Defied Convention, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/patricia-McCormick-a-pioneer-in-the-bullfighting-arena-dies-at-83.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref> [[Bette Ford]] was the first American woman to fight on foot in the [[Plaza México]], the world's largest bullfight arena.<ref>Muriel Feiner, ''Women in the Bullring'' (Gainesville, University Press of Florida) 2003, {{ISBN|0813026296}}</ref>
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-In 1974, Angela Hernandez (also known as Angela Hernandez Gomez and just Angela), of Spain, won a case in the Spanish Supreme Court allowing women to be bullfighters in Spain; a prohibition against women doing so was put in place in Spain in 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/matador/interview.php |title=Interview | Ella Es el Matador (She Is the Matador) | POV |date=14 January 2009 |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Campbell Lennie|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19731218&id=ZaArAAAAIBAJ&pg=4820,2694045&hl=en |title=Spanish Woman Wants To Be Matador; Ires Officials |publisher=The Telegraph|date=18 December 1973|access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> [[Cristina Sánchez de Pablos]], of Spain, was one of the first female bullfighters to gain prominence; she debuted as a bullfighter in Madrid on 13 February 1993.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
-
-==Popularity, controversy, and criticism==
-
-===Popularity===
-In Spain and Latin America, opposition to bullfighting is referred to as the ''antitaurino'' movement.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 2012, 70% of Mexicans said they wanted bullfighting to be prohibited.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2015/10/01/560c50e546163f59158b459e.html |title=¿Se acabarán los toros en México? |author=Javier Brandoli |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date=10 January 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
-
-==== France ====
-{| class="wikitable" align="right"
-!colspan="4"|'''Are you in favour of banning bullfighting in France or not?'''<ref name="IFOP survey 2018"/>
-|-
-|'''% response'''||'''Sep 2007'''||'''Aug 2010'''||'''Feb 2018'''
-|-
-|In favour||50||66||74
-|-
-|Not in favour||50||34||26
-|}
-A February 2018 study commissioned by the [[30 millions d'amis]] foundation carried out by the [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] (IFOP) found that 74% of the French wanted to prohibit bullfighting in France, while 26% were opposed. In September 2007, these percentages were still 50-50, with those favouring a ban growing to 66% in August 2010 and those opposed shrinking to 34%. The survey found a correlation between age and opinion: the younger the survey participant, the more likely they were to support a ban.<ref name="IFOP survey 2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ifop.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/3970-1-study_file.pdf |title=L'adhésion à l'interdiction des corridas en France |publisher=[[Institut français d'opinion publique]] |date=February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>
-
-==== Spain ====
-{{multiple image
- | width = 300px
- | image1 = Bullsinspainf19.png
- | alt1 =
- | caption1 = Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces during the 19th century.
- | image2 = Bullfighting in Spain by province.png
- | alt2 =
- | caption2 = Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces as of 2012.
-}}
-Despite its slow decrease in popularity among younger generations, it remains a widespread cultural activity with millions of followers throughout Spain. Polls have had mixed results over the years with wide fluctuations, but overall point to a widespread support for a complete ban on bullfighting. {{Citation needed|reason=the following text doesn't support such categoric statement|date=April 2020}} A poll in 2016 reported that 67% of Spaniards felt "little to not at all" proud of living in a country where bullfighting was a cultural tradition, with the number skyrocketing to 84% for people aged 16 to 24. According to the same poll only 10% of Spaniards aged 16 to 34 supported bullfighting.<ref name="infoLibre">{{Cite web|url=https://www.infolibre.es/noticias/politica/2016/01/21/el_los_jovenes_24_anos_esta_quot_poco_quot_quot_nada_quot_orgulloso_vivir_pais_con_toros_43668_1012.html|title=El 84% de los jóvenes de 16 a 24 años se avergüenza de vivir en un país con toros|last=infoLibre|date=2016-01-21|website=infoLibre.es|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> A survey made by the Spanish newspaper ''[[El País|El Pais]]'' suggested that only 37% of Spaniards were fans of the spectacle.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
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-Between 2007 and 2014, the number of corridas held in Spain decreased by 60%.<ref name="Tieleman">{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/4265667/2016/03/18/Toreador-vecht-nu-in-politieke-arena.dhtml |title=Toreador vecht nu in politieke arena |author=Alex Tieleman |work=[[Trouw]] |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |language=nl}}</ref> In 2007 there were 3,651 bullfighting and bull-related events in Spain, in 2018 the number of bullfights had decreased to 1,521 (a historic minimum).<ref name="Kassam">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/12/could-lockdown-be-the-death-of-bullfighting-in-spain |title=Could lockdown be the death of bullfighting in Spain? |author=Ashifa Kassam |work=The Guardian |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Valdivia"/> A Spanish government report published in September 2019 stated that only 8% of the population went to a bull-related spectacle in 2018; of this percentage, 5.9% attended a bullfight or 'corrida' while the rest went to other bull-related events such as the running of the bulls.<ref name="Valdivia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anagarciavaldivia/2020/12/30/will-bullfighting-survive-the-next-decade-in-spain/#2f2024cb45b3 |title=Will Bullfighting Survive The Next Decade In Spain? |author=Ana Garcia Valdivia |work=[[Forbes]] |date=30 December 2019 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> That same percentage of 5.9% expressed an interest of 9 or 10 out of 10 in bullfighting, while 65% of Spaniards showed an interest of 0 to 2 out of 10 in bullfighting; that last percentage was 72,1% amongst people aged 15–19 and 76,4% amongst people aged 20–24.<ref name="Valdivia"/> With the fall in spectator attendance, the bullfighting sector has come under financial stress, as many local authorities have also reduced subsidies to support the bullfights' continued existence due to public criticism.<ref name="Valdivia"/>
-
-{| class="wikitable" align="right"
-!colspan="2"|'''Should bullfighting be banned [in Spain]?'''<ref name="Machuca"/>
-|-
-|'''% response'''||'''May 2020'''
-|-
-|Yes||52
-|-
-|No||35
-|-
-|Don't know / Refused answer||10 / 2
-|}
-When the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Spain|COVID-19 pandemic hit Spain]] in January 2020 and the country entered into lockdown, all bullfighting events were cancelled for the foreseeable future, and it was likely that the entire 2020 season had to be cancelled. In mid-May 2020, when over 26,000 Spanish people had died due to the virus, the bullfighting industry demanded the government to compensate for their losses, estimated at 700 million euros. This prompted outrage across society, with over 100,000 people signing a petition launched by AnimaNaturalis not to bail out 'spectacles based on the abuse and mistreatment of animals' with taxpayer money in a time when people were struggling to survive and public finances were already heavily strained.<ref name="Kassam"/> A 29–31 May 2020 YouGov survey commissioned by ''HuffPost'' showed that 52% of the 1,001 Spaniards questioned wanted to ban bullfighting, 35% were opposed, 10% didn't know and 2% refused to answer. 78% said corridas should no longer be partially subsidised by the government, 12% said they should, and 10% were undecided. When asked whether bullfighting was culture or mistreatment, 40% of the Spanish said it was only mistreatment, 18% said it was only culture, 37% said it was both, 4% said it was neither, and 2% didn't know. 53% had never attended a corrida, the other 47% had.<ref name="Machuca">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/07/07/el-52-de-los-espanoles-cree-que-deberian-prohibirse-los-toros_a_23465923/ |title=El 52% de los españoles cree que deberían prohibirse los toros |author=Pablo Machuca |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
-
-===Animal welfare===
-[[File:Stier geveld5.jpg|thumb|Bull dying in a bullfight]]
-
-[[RSPCA]] assistant director for public affairs, David Bowles, said: "The RSPCA is strongly opposed to bullfighting. It is an inhumane and outdated practice that continues to lose support, including from those living in the countries where this takes place such as Spain, Portugal and France."<ref name="Huffpost">{{cite web|title=Peru running of the bulls event in Cusco leaves eight injured|work=The Huffington Post|author=Hartley, E.|access-date=5 April 2016|date=January 2016|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/01/06/peru-running-of-the-bulls-event-goes-wrong-as-eight-left-injured-_n_8920536.html}}</ref>
-
-Bullfighting guide ''The Bulletpoint Bullfight'' warns that bullfighting is "not for the squeamish", advising spectators to "Be prepared for blood." The guide details prolonged and profuse bleeding caused by horse-mounted lancers; the charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored horse who is "sometimes doped up, and unaware of the proximity of the bull"; the placing of barbed darts by banderilleros; followed by the matador's fatal sword thrust. The guide stresses that these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting and that death is rarely instantaneous. The guide further warns those attending bullfights to "Be prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down."<ref>''The Bulletpoint Bullfight'', p. 6, {{ISBN|978-1-4116-7400-4}}</ref>
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-[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]], "a postgraduate student of both philosophy and biology",<ref>France, Miranda, "[https://literaryreview.co.uk/blood-sweat-and-tears 'Blood, Sweat and Tears: ''Into the Arena: The World of the Spanish Bullfight'']", Literary Review, 389, July 2011</ref> who trained as a bullfighter to research for a book on the topic has argued that the fact that the bull lives three times as long as other cattle reared for meat and is reared wild in meadow and forest should be considered when weighing its impact on animal welfare as well as conservation. He has also speculated that the adrenalizing nature of the 30 minute spectacle (per bull) for the animal may arguably reduce the suffering even below that of the stress and anxiety of queuing in the abattoir.<ref>[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison|Fiske-Harrison, Alexander]], "[https://thelastarena.wordpress.com/2015/02/25/perhaps-bullfighting-is-not-a-moral-wrong-my-talk-at-the-edinburgh-international-book-festival/ Perhaps bullfighting is not a moral wrong: My talk at the Edinburgh International Book Festival]", The Last Arena: In Search Of The Spanish Bullfight blog. 25 July 2012</ref><ref>[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison|Fiske-Harrison, Alexander]], "[https://www.boisdale.co.uk/magazine/ 'For The Love Of ''Toreo'']", Boisdale Life magazine. Issue 13, Autumn 2018</ref> However, in the opinion of trained zoologist, [[Jordi Casamitjana]], the bulls do experience a high degree of suffering and "all aspects of any bullfight, from the transport to the death, are in themselves causes of suffering."<ref>{{cite web |website=www.english.stieren.net |title=The suffering of bullfighting bulls |url=http://english.stieren.net/index.php?id=390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126084718/http://english.stieren.net/index.php?id=390 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>
-
-===Funding===
-[[File:Ernest Hemingway Ticket Stub for Bullfight - NARA - 192658.tif|thumb|A ticket stub from 1926]]
-
-The question of public funding is particularly controversial in Spain, since widely disparaged claims have been made by supporters and opponents of bullfighting. According to government figures, bullfighting in Spain generates €1.6 billion a year and 200 000 jobs, 57 000 of which are directly linked to the industry. {{Citation needed|reason=the figures sound exaggerated|date=April 2020}} Furthermore, bullfighting is the cultural activity which generates the most tax revenue for the Spanish state (€45 million in [[Value added tax|VAT]] and over €12 million in social security).
-
-According to a poll, 73% of Spaniards oppose public funding for bullfighting activities.<ref name="infoLibre"/>
-
-Critics often claim that bullfighting is financed with public money. However, despite bullfighting involving around 25 million spectators annually, it represents just 0.01% of those state subsidies allocated to cultural activities, and always under 3% of the cultural budget of regional, provincial and local authorities. The bulk of subsidies are paid by local town halls where there is a historical tradition and support for bullfighting and related events, which are often held without charge to participants and spectators. The European Union does not subsidize bullfighting but it does subsidize cattle farming in general, which also benefits those who rear Spanish fighting bulls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-tauromaquia-industria-cultural-rentable-genera-mas-1600-millones-201603301753_noticia.html|title=La Tauromaquia, una industria cultural muy rentable que genera más de 1.600 millones al año|date=30 March 2016|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
-
-In 2015, 438 of 687 Members of the European Parliament (MEP) voted in favour of amending the 2016 E.U. budget to indicate that the "[[Common Agricultural Policy]] (CAP) appropriations or any other appropriations from the budget should not be used for the financing of lethal bullfighting activities".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/10/28/bullfighting-european-parliament-votes-end-eu-subsidies-farmers_n_8412542.html|title=Bullfighting: European Parliament Votes To End EU Subsidies For Farmers Raising Bulls To Fight In Spain: Animal Rights Groups Are One Step Closer To Ending 'Barbaric' Bullfighting|first=Kathryn |last=Snowdon (reporter)|work=The Huffington Post|location=UK|date=29 October 2015|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
-
-===Politics===
-In the late 19th and early 20th century, some Spanish ''[[regeneracionismo|regeneracionista]]'' intellectuals protested against what they called the policy of ''pan y toros'' ("bread and bulls"), an analogue of Roman ''[[panem et circenses]]''. Such belief was part of the wider current of thought known as ''anti-flamenquismo'' whereby they simultaneously campaigned against the popularity of both bullfighting and flamenco music, which they believed to be "oriental" elements of Spanish culture which were responsible for Spain's backwardness as compared to the rest of Europe. In [[Francoist Spain]], bullfights received great support from the State, since they were treated as a demonstration of greatness of the Spanish nation and received the name of ''fiesta nacional.'' {{Citation needed|reason=prove that the expression ''fiesta nacional'' was not preexistent to Franco|date=April 2020}} Bullfighting was therefore highly associated with the regime. After Spain's [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]], popular support for bullfighting declined. {{Citation needed|reason=prove that this has political motivation and it's not just linked to the availability of other leisure activities|date=April 2020}}
-
-As a general rule political parties in Spain are more likely to reject bullfighting the more leftist they are, and vice versa. The main centre-left political party in Spain, [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], has distanced itself from bullfighting but nonetheless refuses to ban it, while Spain's largest left-wing political party, [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], has repeatedly called for referendums on the matter and has shown dislike for the events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/epsocial/igualdad/noticia-sanchez-no-prohibira-toros-contra-maltrato-animal-todas-fiestas-populares-20140919104910.html|title=Sánchez no prohibirá los toros aunque está en contra del maltrato animal "en todas las fiestas populares"|last=Press|first=Europa|date=2014-09-19|website=www.europapress.es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3619557/0/podemos-plantea-referendum-sobre-tauromaquia-espana-quiere-animales-tordesillas/|title=Unidas Podemos plantea un referéndum sobre la tauromaquia: "España no es el Toro de Tordesillas"|last=20minutos|date=2019-04-19|website=www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> On the other hand, the largest conservative political party, [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], has shown great support for the activity and asked for large public subsidies to it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-esta-proposicion-pp-presentado-para-defender-tauromaquia-tras-ataques-psoe-201812071636_noticia.html|title=Esta es la proposición que el PP ha presentado para defender la tauromaquia tras los ataques del PSOE|date=2018-12-07|website=abc|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> The government of [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] was the first to be more opposed to bullfighting, prohibiting children under 14 from attending and limiting or prohibiting the broadcast of bullfights on national TV, although the latter measure was reversed after his party lost the elections in 2011.
-
-Despite its long history in Barcelona, in 2010 bullfighting was outlawed across the [[Catalonia]] region, following a campaign led by an animal rights civic platform called "Prou!" ("Enough!" in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). Critics have argued that the ban was motivated by issues of [[Catalan separatism]] and identity politics.<ref name=BBC28Jul2010/> In October 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that the regional Catalan Parliament did not have competence to ban any kinds of spectacle that are legal in Spain.
-
-The [[Spanish Royal Family]] is divided on the issue, from the Former Queen Consort of Spain, [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Sofía of Spain]] who does not hide her dislike for bullfights;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Queen_Sofia_of_Spain |title=Queen Sofia of Spain – Phantis |publisher=Wiki.phantis.com |date=2 July 2006 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> to the former King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] who occasionally presides over a bullfight from the royal box as part of his official duties;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casareal.es/noticias/news/20070522_Corrida_Toros_Prensa-ides-idweb.html |title=Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España |publisher=Casareal.es |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=gerrit schimmelpeninck |url=http://www.portaltaurino.com/corazon/casa_real.htm |title=Casa Real |publisher=Portaltaurino.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015161829/http://www.portaltaurino.com/corazon/casa_real.htm |archive-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.las-ventas.com/cronicas2005/0608/portada.htm |title=Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas |publisher=Las-ventas.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430233657/http://www.las-ventas.com/cronicas2005/0608/portada.htm |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to their daughter Princess [[Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo|Elena]] who is well known for her liking of bullfights and who often accompanies the king in the presiding box or attends privately in the general seating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7 |title=Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas |publisher=Asp.las-ventas.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713184540/http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7 |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref>
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-Pro-bullfighting supporters include the former Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] and his party (Partido Popular), as well as most leaders of the major left-leaning opposition [[PSOE]] Party, including former Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez and the current Presidents of Andalusia, Extremadura and Castilla–La Mancha. Nevertheless, former PSOE Prime Minister Zapatero was more lukewarm towards the Fiesta, and under his government there was a 6-year ban on live bullfights broadcast on the state-run national TV channel. This has been lifted since his government was voted out in 2011. Live bullfights are shown at the traditional 6 p.m. time on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] as of September 2012.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news
- | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19487931
- | title = Live bullfights return to Spanish TV after six-year ban
- | access-date = 7 September 2012
- | work=BBC News
- | date=5 September 2012}}</ref>
-
-===Religion===
-[[File:Bulla S.D. N. Pii Pape V.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Pius V]]'s bull against bullfighting and other blood sports involving wild animals (1567)]]
-Bullfighting is thought to be involved in festivities since prehistoric times, as a trend that once extended through the entire [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean coast]] and has just survived in Iberia and part of France.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Bullfighting - History|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/bullfighting|access-date=May 10, 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> During the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Arab rule of Iberia]], the ruling class tried to ban the practice of bullfighting, considering it a [[Paganism|pagan celebration]] and [[heresy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schulz|first=Andrew|date=2008|title=Moors and the Bullfight: History and National Identity in Goya's "Tauromaquia"|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|pages=195–217|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786390|issn=0004-3079|jstor=20619602|s2cid=161407961}}</ref> In the 16th century [[Pope Pius V]] banned bullfighting for its ties to [[paganism]] and for the danger it posed to the participants.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=A papal bull against bullfighting {{!}} Lillian Goldman Law Library|url=https://library.law.yale.edu/news/papal-bull-against-bullfighting|access-date=2020-05-16|website=library.law.yale.edu}}</ref> Anyone who would sponsor, watch or participate in a bullfight was to be [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by the Church.<ref name=":22" /> Spanish and Portuguese bullfighters kept the tradition alive covertly, and his successor, [[Pope Gregory XIII]], took efforts to relax this penalty.<ref>EXCOMUNIÓN A PERPETUIDAD San Pío V: Bula «DE SALUTIS GREGIS DOMINICI» (1567) «Bullarum Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio», Vol VII, Augustae Taurinorum 1862, pages 630-631</ref> Still, Pope Gregory advised bullfighters to not use the sport as way to honor Jesus Christ or the Saints, as was typical in Spain and Portugal.<ref name=":22" /> Indeed, bullfighting has been seen as intertwined with religion and religious folklore in Spain at a popular level, particularly in the areas where it is most popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-30-04-2004/sevilla/Andalucia/tauromaquia-y-religion_9621233689660.html|title=Tauromaquia y religión - Andalucía - Toros - Abc.es|last=ABCDESEVILA|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cetnotorolidia.es/opencms_wf/opencms/system/modules/es.jcyl.ita.site.torodelidia/elements/galleries/galeria_downloads/Reportajes/Religion_y_Toros_Web.pdf|title=La Religión y los Toros|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> Bullfighting events are celebrated during festivities celebrating local patron saints, alongside a range of other activities (games, sports, musical festivals, dancing, etc.). On the other hand, the bullfighting world is also inextricably linked to religious iconography involved with religious devotion in Spain, with bullfighters seeking the protection of various incarnations of [[St Mary]] and often being members of religious brotherhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aportagayola.wordpress.com/2009/07/16/la-religion-en-el-mundo-de-los-toros/|title=LA RELIGIÓN EN EL MUNDO DE LOS TOROS|date=16 July 2009|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/25/bullfighting-spain-national-fiesta-now-divides-its-people|title=It was Spain's 'national fiesta'. Now bullfighting divides its people|first=Duncan|last=Wheeler|date=24 October 2015|access-date=21 January 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref>
-
-===Media prohibitions===
-State-run Spanish [[Televisión Española|TVE]] had cancelled live coverage of bullfights in August 2007 until September 2012, claiming that the coverage was too violent for children who might be watching, and that live coverage violated a voluntary, industry-wide code attempting to limit "sequences that are particularly crude or brutal".<ref>[http://www.news1130.com/news/international/article.jsp?content=w082258A No more 'ole'? Matadors miffed as Spain removes bullfighting from state TV] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015231912/http://www.news1130.com/news/international/article.jsp?content=w082258A |date=15 October 2007 }}</ref> In October 2008, in a statement to Congress, Luis Fernández, the President of Spanish State Broadcaster TVE, confirmed that the station will no longer broadcast live bullfights due to the high cost of production and a rejection of the events by advertisers. However the station will continue to broadcast ''Tendido Cero'', a bullfighting magazine programme.<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18648.shtml TVE explains the decision not to broadcast bullfighting is a financial one] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102065003/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18648.shtml |date=2 November 2008 }}</ref> Having the national Spanish TV stop broadcasting it, after 50 years of history, was considered a big step towards its abolition. Nevertheless, other regional and private channels keep broadcasting it with good audiences.<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP/ |url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-22-08-2007/abc/Nacional/las-corridas-de-toros-corren-peligro-en-tve-_164480243859.html |title=Las corridas de toros corren peligro en TVE – Nacional – Nacional |publisher=Abc.es |date=22 August 2007 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>
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-The former Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] and his government lifted the ban on live bullfights being shown on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] and live bullfights are now shown at the traditional 6 p.m. time on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] as of September 2012.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>
-
-A television station in Costa Rica stopped the broadcast of bullfights in January 2008, on the grounds that they were too violent for minors.<ref>{{cite web |author=ASANDA |url=http://www.asanda.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=646 |title=¡PROHÍBEN CORRIDAS DE TOROS PARA NIÑOS! (EN COSTA RICA) :: ASANDA :: Asociación Andaluza para la Defensa de los Animales |publisher=ASANDA |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231031731/http://www.asanda.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=646 |archive-date=31 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2021}}
-
-===Declaration as cultural patrimony===
-A growing list of Spanish, Portuguese and South American cities and regions have started to formally declare their celebrations of bullfighting part of their protected cultural patrimony or heritage. Most of these declarations have come into place as a counter-reaction in the aftermath of the 2010 ban in Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web|author=AIT/ |url=http://tauromaquia.org/proyecto-unesco/118-continuan-de-forma-incesante-declaraciones-de-patrimonio-cultural-inmaterial-a-favor-de-los-toros.html |title=CONTINÚAN DE FORMA INCESANTE DECLARACIONES DE PATRIMONIO CULTURAL INMATERIAL A FAVOR DE LOS TOROS |publisher=tauromaquia.org |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref>
-
-As of April 2012, the latest addition to this list is the Andalusian city of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aplausos Magazine/ |url=http://www.aplausos.es/noticia/11153/Noticias/sevilla-blinda-toros.html |title=Sevilla blinda los toros |publisher=aplausos.es |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=4 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402025219/http://www.aplausos.es/noticia/11153/Noticias/sevilla-blinda-toros.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>
-
-{{anchor|Bans}}
-
-== Laws ==
-
-=== Pre-20th century ===
-[[File:Bullring-lima.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Plaza de toros de Acho]] in [[Lima]], [[Peru]]—the oldest bullring in South America, dating back to 1766]]
-In November 1567, [[Pope Pius V]] issued a [[papal bull]] titled ''De Salute Gregis'' forbidding the fighting of bulls and other beasts as a voluntary risk to life which endangered the soul of the combatants. However it was rescinded eight years later by his successor, [[Pope Gregory XIII]], at the request of King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].
-
-Chile banned bullfighting shortly after gaining independence in 1818, but the [[Chilean rodeo]] (which involves horseriders in an [[medialuna|oval arena]] blocking a female cow against the wall without killing it) is still legal and has even been declared a national sport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/over-85-000-people-sign-petition-to-end-bullfighting-in-northwest-mexico/50000263-2886502 |title=Over 85,000 people sign petition to end bullfighting in northwest Mexico |work=Agencia EFE |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
-
-Bullfighting was introduced in [[Uruguay]] in 1776 by Spain and abolished by [[Uruguayan law]] in February 1912; thus the [[Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos]], built in 1910, only operated for two years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burford |first=Tim |date=2010 |title=The Bradt Travel Guide Uruguay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eZ9-u6OqKwC&pg=PA255 |location=Chalfont St Peter |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=255 |isbn=9781841623160 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Bullfighting was also introduced in [[Argentina]] by Spain, but after Argentina's independence, the event drastically diminished in popularity and was abolished in 1899 under law 2786.<ref>{{cite web|author=Veronica Cerrato |url=http://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883 |title=Desde 1899, Argentina sin Corridas de Toros // |publisher=Animanaturalis.org |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>
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-Bullfighting was present in [[Cuba]] during its colonial period from 1514 to 1898, but was abolished by the United States military under the pressure of civic associations in 1899, right after the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898. The prohibition was maintained after Cuba gained independence in 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.taurologia.com/cuatro-siglos-historia-taurina-cuba-2211.htm |title=Cuatro siglos de historia taurina en Cuba |author=Plácido González Hermoso |work=Taurologia.com |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref> Bullfighting was also banned for a period in Mexico in 1890; consequently some Spanish bullfighters moved to the United States to transfer their skills to the American [[rodeos]].<ref name="Hudson2003">{{cite book|author=Simon Hudson|title=Sport and Adventure Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00robe_0|url-access=registration|access-date=15 September 2013|year=2003|publisher=Haworth Hospitality Press|isbn=978-0-7890-1276-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00robe_0/page/n55 44]–}}</ref>
-
-During the 18th and 19th centuries, bullfighting in Spain was banned at several occasions {{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} (for instance by [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]), but always reinstituted later by other governments.
-
-Bullfighting had some popularity in the [[Philippines during Spanish rule]], though foreign commentators derided the quality of local bulls and toreros.<ref name="Wolff1961">{{cite book|author=Leon Wolff|title=Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA22|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1961|publisher=Wolff Productions|isbn=978-1-58288-209-3|pages=22–}}</ref><ref name="Stickney1899">{{cite book|author=Joseph L. Stickney|title=War in the Philippines: and Life and glorious deeds of Admiral Dewey. A thrilling account of our conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcc6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA205|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1899|publisher=Monarch|pages=205–}}</ref> Bullfighting was noted in the [[Philippines]] as early as 1619, when it was among the festivities in celebration of [[Pope Urban III]]'s authorisation of the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="Fernandez1996">{{cite book|author=Doreen Fernandez|title=Palabas: Essays on Philippine Theater History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Spac9d20uG8C&pg=PA53|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1996|publisher=[[Ateneo University Press]]|isbn=978-971-550-188-0|pages=53–}}</ref> Following the Spanish–American War, the Americans suppressed the custom in the Philippines under the tenure of Governor General [[Leonard Wood]], and it was replaced with a now-popular Filipino sport, [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The National Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EABQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA89|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1898|publisher=[[National Temperance Society]]|pages=2–}}</ref><!-- I'M SEEING MENTION OF BULLFIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AS LATE AS 1950; THERE'S PROBABLY A LARGER STORY HERE -->
-
-=== 20th century onwards ===
-{{World bullfighting bans}}
-Bullfighting is now banned in many countries; people taking part in such activity would be liable for terms of imprisonment for [[animal cruelty]]. "Bloodless" variations, though, are often permitted and have attracted a following in [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[France]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | title = Bloodless bullfights animate California's San Joaquin Valley | url = http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-trw-californiabullfighting29jul29 | date=26 July 2007}}</ref> In southern France, however, the traditional form of the corrida still exists and it is protected by French law. However, in June 2015 the Paris Court of Appeals removed bullfighting/"la corrida" from France's cultural heritage list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedodo.com/french-court-bullfighting-removed-cultural-heritage-list-1186121724.html|title=France Will No Longer Support 'Tradition' Of Bullfighting|first=Carole Raphaelle|last=Davis|date=10 July 2015|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/fr|title=France - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/France-Monde/Actualite/24-Heures/n/Contenus/Articles/2015/06/06/La-corrida-n-est-plus-inscrite-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-la-France-2356104|title=La corrida n'est plus inscrite au patrimoine culturel immatériel de la France - 06/06/2015 - La Nouvelle République France-Monde|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> While it is not very popular in Texas, bloodless forms of bullfighting occur at rodeos in small Texas towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc13.com/archive/6200136/|title=Bullfighting is coming to Ft. Bend County|first=Laura|last=Whitley|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
-
-Several cities around the world (especially in [[Catalonia]]) have symbolically declared themselves to be [[Anti-Bullfighting City|Anti-Bullfighting Cities]], including Barcelona in 2006.
-
-=== Colombia ===
-Bullfighting with killing bulls in the ring is legal in Colombia.<ref name="Cusack">{{Cite book |last=Cusack |first=Carmen M. |date=2017 |title=Animals and Criminal Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj8rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |location=Abigdon/New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=35–36 |isbn=9781351531702 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> In 2013, [[Gustavo Petro]], then mayor of the Colombian capital city of [[Bogotá]], had ''de facto'' prohibited bullfighting by refusing to lease out bullrings to bullfighting organisers. But the [[Constitutional Court of Colombia]] ruled that this violated the right to expression of the bullfighters, and ordered the bullrings to be reopened. The first bullfight in Bogotá in four years happened on 22 January 2017 amid clashes between antitaurino protesters and police.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/01/23/inenglish/1485174555_407393.html |title=After four-year ban, bullfighting returns to Colombian city of Bogota |author=Rosa Jiménez Cano |work=El País |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
-
-=== Costa Rica ===
-In Costa Rica the law prohibits the killing of bulls and other animals in public and private shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuerzapublica.go.cr/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Reglamento-Actividades-Taurinas-N%C2%B0-19183-G-S-.pdf |title=Reglamento Actividades Taurinas, No. 19183-GS |date=15 July 1968 |access-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904005151/http://www.fuerzapublica.go.cr/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Reglamento-Actividades-Taurinas-N%C2%B0-19183-G-S-.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2014 }}</ref> However, there are still bullfights, called "Toros a la Tica", that are televised from Palmares and Zapote at the end and beginning of the year. Volunteer amateur bullfighters (''improvisados'') confront a bull in a ring and try to provoke him into charging and then run away.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ticotimes.net/2019/11/12/costa-rica-prepares-for-50th-anniversary-of-fiestas-de-zapote |title=Costa Rica prepares for 50th anniversary of Fiestas de Zapote |work=[[The Tico Times]] |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In a December 2016 survey, 46.4% of respondents wanted to outlaw bullfights while 50.1% thought they should continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacion.com/vivir/bienestar/Toros-tica-dividen-opinion-costarricenses_0_1602239821.html|title=Mitad de los ticos está en contra de prohibir las corridas de toros|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The bullfights do not include spears or any other device to harm the bull and resemble the [[running of the bulls]] in [[Pamplona]], the difference being that the Costa Rican event takes place in an arena rather than in the streets, as in Pamplona.
-
-=== Ecuador ===
-Ecuador staged bullfights to the death for over three centuries as a Spanish colony. On 12 December 2010, [[Ecuador]]'s president [[Rafael Correa]] announced that in an [[2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation|upcoming referendum]], the country would be asked whether to ban bullfighting;<ref>[http://www4.elcomercio.com/2010-12-17/Home/Noticia-Principal/corridas-toros-referendum-%281%29.aspx "Las corridas de toros irán a referendum"] by ''[[El Comercio (Ecuador)|El Comercio]]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220010929/http://www4.elcomercio.com/2010-12-17/Home/Noticia-Principal/corridas-toros-referendum-%281%29.aspx |date=20 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/actualidad/noticia/archive/actualidad/2010/12/17/Correa-anuncia-consulta-popular-sobre-corridas-de-toros.aspx "Correa anuncia consulta popular sobre corridas de toros" by ''El Telegrafo'']</ref><ref>[http://www.eluniverso.com/2010/12/17/1/1355/correa-anuncia-consulta-popular-sobre-seguridad-justicia-corridas-toros.html?p=1354&m=27 "Correa anuncia consulta popular sobre seguridad, justicia y corridas de toros"] by ''[[El Universo]]''</ref> in the referendum, held in May 2011, the Ecuadorians agreed on banning the final killing of the bull that happens in a corrida.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0509/1224296491068.html | work=The Irish Times | first=Tom | last=Hennigan | title=Ecuador votes to end 500 years of bullfighting | date=9 May 2011}}</ref> This means the bull is no longer killed before the public, and is instead taken back inside the barn to be killed at the end of the event. The other parts of the corrida are still performed the same way as before in the cities that celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quaker-animals.co.uk/?p=2650|title=ANALYSIS OF THE ECUADOR REFERENDUM – BULLFIGHT - Quaker Concern For Animals|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> This part of the referendum is applied on a regional level, meaning that in regions where the population voted against the ban, which are the same regions where bullfighting is celebrated the most, killing the animal publicly in the bullfighting plaza is still performed. The main bullfighting celebration of the country, the Fiesta Brava in Quito was still allowed to take place in December 2011 after the referendum under these new rules.<ref>[http://www.elcomercio.com/fiesta-brava/toros-quito_0_597540438.html ''Los toros en Quito 2011'']. ElComercio.com. Gonzalo Ruiz Álvarez Comentarista Sábado 26 November 2011</ref>
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-=== France ===
-In 1951,<ref name="Kruk"/> bullfighting in France was legalised by §7 of Article 521-1 of the [[Code pénal (France)|French penal code]] in areas where there was an 'unbroken local tradition'.<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=F5FD5F1ED5D047E56561EED4E786A415.tplgfr31s_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006149860&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20200606 Article 521-1 of the French penal code]</ref> This exemption applies to [[Nîmes]], [[Arles]], [[Alès]], [[Bayonne]], [[Carcassonne]], and [[Fréjus]], amongst others.<ref name="Kruk">{{Cite news |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/stierenvechten-stuit-op-toenemend-frans-verzet~a1b72350/ |title=Stierenvechten stuit op toenemend Frans verzet |author=Marijn Kruk |work=[[Trouw]] |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> In 2011, the [[French Ministry of Culture]] added corrida to the list of 'intangible heritage' of France, but after much controversy silently removed it from its website again. Animal rights activists launched a lawsuit to make sure it was completely removed from the heritage list and thus not given extra legal protection; the Administrative Appeals Court of Paris ruled in their favour in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20150605/france-cuts-bullfighting-from-cultural-heritage-list |title=France cuts bullfighting from cultural heritage list |author=Ben McPartland |work=The Local France |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In a separate case, the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] ruled on 21 September 2012 that bullfighting did not violate the French Constitution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/stierenvechten-mag-van-de-franse-grondwet~ad328e95/ |title=Stierenvechten mag van de Franse grondwet |work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>
-
-=== Honduras ===
-In Honduras, under Article 11 of 'Decree no. 115-2015 ─ Animal Protection and Welfare Act' that went into effect in 2016, dog and cat fights and duck races are prohibited, while 'bullfighting shows and cockfights are part of the National Folklore and as such allowed'. However, 'in bullfighting shows, the use of spears, swords, fire or other objects that cause pain to the animal is prohibited.'<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/hon168198.pdf |title=Decreto Nº 115-2015 ─ Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal |publisher=Ecolex |date=2016 |access-date=9 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
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-=== India ===
-{{Main|Jallikattu}}
-{{See also|2017 pro-jallikattu protests}}
-Jallikattu, a type of bull-taming or bull-riding event, is practiced in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. A bull is released into a crowd of people. Participants attempt to grab the bull's hump and either hold on for a determined distance or length of time or attempt to liberate a packet of money tied to the bull's horns. The practice was banned in 2014 by India's Supreme Court over concerns that bulls are sometimes mistreated prior to jallikattu events. Animal welfare investigations into the practice revealed that some bulls are poked with sticks and scythes, some have their tails twisted, some are force-fed alcohol to disorient them, and in some cases chili powder and other irritants are applied to bulls' eyes and genitals to agitate the animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/plea-against-jallikattu-to-be-heard-by-supreme-court-today-1264686|title=Plea Against Jallikattu To Be Heard By Supreme Court Today|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> The 2014 ban was suspended and reinstated several times over the years. In January 2017, the Supreme Court upheld their previous ban and various protests arose in response. Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the Governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of jallikattu events.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mariappan, Julie |date=21 January 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor signs ordinance for jallikattu |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124034249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bi-partisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting jallikattu from the Prevention of Cruelity to Animals Act (1960).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sivakumar, B. |date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124035945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2017|01}} Jallikattu is legal in Tamil Nadu,<ref name ="FP-legal">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu legalised in Tamil Nadu: State Assembly passes bill without any opposition |newspaper=FirstPost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-legalised-in-tamil-nadu-state-assembly-passes-bill-without-any-opposition-2-3217098.html |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> but another organization may challenge the mechanism by which it was legalized,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|title=AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law|date=2017-01-26|newspaper=News Today|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115359/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> as the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] claims that the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] does not have the power to override [[Law of India|Indian federal law]], meaning that the state law could possibly once again be nullified and jallikattu banned.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jallikattu-supreme-court-tamil-nadu-government-law/1/866085.html|title=Tamil Nadu's new jallikattu law challenged in Supreme Court|last=Soni|first=Anusha|date=2017-01-25|work=India Today|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|title=Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body|date=2017-01-25|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>
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-=== Mexico ===
-Bullfighting has been banned in four [[Mexico|Mexican]] states: [[Sonora]] in 2013, [[Guerrero]] in 2014, [[Coahuila]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|last=Raúl|first=Arce-Contreras|title=Coahuila, Mexico Bans Bullfighting|url=http://www.hsi.org/news/press_releases/2015/08/coahuila-bans-bullfighting-082515.html|website=Humane Society International|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> and [[Quintana Roo]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://politica.expansion.mx/estados/2019/06/28/congreso-de-quintana-roo-prohibe-las-corridas-de-toros |access-date=9 October 2019 |agency=Expansión |date=28 June 2019}}</ref>
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-=== Panama ===
-Law 308 on the Protection of Animals was approved by the [[National Assembly (Panama)|National Assembly of Panama]] on 15 March 2012. Article 7 of the law states: 'Dog fights, animal races, bullfights – whether of the Spanish or Portuguese style – the breeding, entry, permanence and operation in the national territory of all kinds of circus or circus show that uses trained animals of any species, are prohibited.' Horse racing and cockfighting were exempt from the ban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/23744/panama_prohibe_las_corridas_de_toros |title=Panamá prohíbe las corridas de toros |publisher=Anima Naturalis |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
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-=== Nicaragua ===
-Nicaragua prohibited bullfighting under a new Animal Welfare Law in December 2010, with 74 votes in favour and 5 votes against in Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/11402/nicaragua_tambien_prohibe_las_corridas_de_toros |title=Nicaragua también prohíbe las corridas de toros |publisher=Anima Naturalis |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
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-=== Portugal ===
-{{Further|Portuguese-style bullfighting#Attempts at prohibition}}
-Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] prohibited bullfighting in 1836 with the argument that it was unbefitting for a civilised nation. The ban was lifted in 1921, but in 1928 a law was passed that forbade the killing of the bull during a fight. In practice, bulls still frequently die after a fight from their injuries or by being slaughtered by a butcher.<ref name="Bilefsky">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/world/europe/08iht-toro.4.7046878.html |title=Famous Portuguese matador broke the law by killing a bull |author=Dan Bilefsky |work=The New York Times |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>
-
-In 2001, matador Pedrito de Portugal controversially killed a bull at the end of a fight after spectators encouraged him to do so by chanting "Kill the bull! Kill the bull!"<ref name="Bilefsky"/> The crowds gave Pedrito a standing ovation, hoisted him on their shoulders and paraded him through the streets.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> Hours later the police arrested him and charged him with a fine, but they released him after crowds of angry fans surrounded the police station.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> A long court case ensued, finally resulting in Pedrito's conviction in 2007 with a fine of €100,000.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> In 2002, the Portuguese government gave [[Barrancos]], a village near the Spanish border where bullfighting fans stubbornly persisted in encouraging the killing of bulls during fights, a dispensation from the 1928 ban.<ref name="Bilefsky"/>
-
-Various attempts have been made to ban bullfighting in Portugal, both nationally (in 2012 and 2018) and locally, but so far unsuccessful. In July 2018, animalist party [[People–Animals–Nature|PAN]] presented a proposal at the Portuguese Parliament to abolish all types of bullfighting in the country. Left-wing party [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]] voted in favour of the proposal but criticised its lack of solutions to the foreseen consequences of the abolition. The proposal was however categorically rejected by all other parties, that cited freedom of choice and respect for tradition as arguments against it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/07/06/sociedade/noticia/projecto-do-pan-para-abolir-touradas-rejeitada-1837111 |title=Chumbada abolição de touradas |language=pt |newspaper=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |first=Sofia |last=Rodrigues |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/portugal/2018-07-06-As-touradas-vao-continuar.-Parlamento-chumba-proposta-do-PAN |title=As touradas vão continuar. Parlamento chumba proposta do PAN |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=[[Visão]] |first=Octávio |last=Lousada Oliveira |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>
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-=== Spain ===
-[[File:Tauromaquia en España.PNG|thumb|Legal situation of bullfighting in Spain in 2015 (overturned in 2016)ː
-{{Legend|#0000FF|Bullfighting banned.}}
-{{Legend|#228B22|Bullfighting legal, but traditionally not practiced.}}
-{{Legend|#FF00FF|Bullfighting banned, but other spectacles involving cattle protected by law.}}
-{{Legend|#F08080|Bullfighting legal, but banned in some places.}}
-{{Legend|#FF0000|Bullfighting legal.}}
-{{Legend|#B22222|Bullfighting legal and protected by law (declared as Cultural Interest or Intangible Cultural Heritage).}}]]
-The parliament of the Spanish region of Catalonia voted in favour of a ban on bullfighting in 2009, which went into effect in 2012.<ref name="Valdivia"/> The Spanish national parliament passed a law in 2013 stating that bullfighting is an 'indisputable' part of Spain's 'cultural heritage'; this law was used by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2016 to overturn the Catalan ban of 2012.<ref name="Valdivia"/> When the island of Mallorca adopted a law in 2017 that prohibited the killing of a bull during a fight, this law was also declared partially unconstitutional by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2018, as the judges ruled that the death of the bull was part of the essence of a corrida.<ref name="Valdivia"/>
-
-==== Canary Islands ====
-In 1991, the [[Canary Islands]] became the first Spanish [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Community]] to ban bullfighting,<ref name=BBC28Jul2010/> when they legislated to ban spectacles that involve cruelty to animals, with the exception of [[cockfighting]], which is traditional in some towns in the Islands;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/boc/1991/062/001.html |title=Canary Islands Government. Law 8/1991, dated April the 30th, for animal protection |language=es |publisher=Gobiernodecanarias.org |date=13 May 1991 |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> bullfighting was never popular in the Canary Islands. Some supporters of bullfighting and even [[Lorenzo Olarte Cullen]],<ref name="El Mundo Olarte">{{cite web |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/07/28/toros/1280350886.html |title=La prohibición de la tauromaquia: un capítulo del antiespañolismo catalán |publisher=[[El Mundo (Spanish newspaper)|El Mundo]] |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref> Canarian head of government at the time, have argued that the fighting bull is not a "domestic animal" and hence the law does not ban bullfighting.<ref name="Mundotoro Canarias">{{cite web |url=http://www.mundotoro.com/noticia/los-toros-no-estan-prohibidos-en-canarias/79708 |title=Los toros no están prohibidos en Canarias |publisher=Mundotoro |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802082334/http://www.mundotoro.com/noticia/los-toros-no-estan-prohibidos-en-canarias/79708 |archive-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The absence of spectacles since 1984 would be due to lack of demand. In the rest of Spain, national laws against cruelty to animals have abolished most [[blood sports]], but specifically exempt bullfighting.
-
-==== Catalonia ====
-{{Main|Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia}}
-{{Wikinews|Bull fighting banned in Catalonia}}
-On 18 December 2009, the [[parliament of Catalonia]], one of Spain's seventeen [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Communities]], approved by majority the preparation of a [[Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia|law to ban bullfighting in Catalonia]], as a response to a popular initiative against bullfighting that gathered more than 180,000 signatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avui.cat/cat/notices/2009/12/llum_verda_a_la_supressio_de_les_corrides_de_toros_a_catalunya_81775.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221120744/http://www.avui.cat/cat/notices/2009/12/llum_verda_a_la_supressio_de_les_corrides_de_toros_a_catalunya_81775.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2009 |title=Llum verda a la supressió de les corrides de toros a Catalunya |publisher=Avui.cat |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> On {{Nowrap|28 July}} 2010, with the two main parties allowing their members a [[free vote]], the ban was passed 68 to 55, with 9 abstentions. This meant Catalonia became the second [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Community]] of Spain (first was [[Canary Islands]] in 1991), and the first on the [[Iberian Peninsula|mainland]], to ban bullfighting. The ban took effect on 1 January 2012, and affected only the one remaining functioning Catalan bullring, the [[La Monumental|Plaza de toros Monumental de Barcelona]].<ref name=BBC28Jul2010>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10784611|title=Catalonia bans bullfighting in landmark Spain vote|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=28 July 2010|access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/world/europe/29spain.html?ref=world |title=Spanish Region Bans Bullfighting |work=The New York Times|author= Raphael Minder |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref>
-It did not affect the ''[[correbous]]'', a traditional game of the [[Ebro]] area (south of Catalonia) where lighted flares are attached to a bull's horns. The correbous are seen mainly in the municipalities in the south of [[Tarragona]], with the exceptions of a few other towns in other provinces of Catalonia. The name ''correbous'' is essentially [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]]; in other parts of Spain they have other names.<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_27265.shtml#ixzz10NKQxwpk Now Catalonia votes to protect the torture of bulls<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330053829/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_27265.shtml#ixzz10NKQxwpk |date=30 March 2012 }}</ref>
-
-A movement emerged to revoke the ban in the Spanish congress, citing the value of bullfighting as "cultural heritage". The proposal was backed by the majority of parliamentarians in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congreso español admite a debate corridas de toros|url=http://www.tauromaquias.com/2013/02/congreso-espanol-admite-debate-corridas.html|work=Tauro Maquais|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>
-
-In October 2016 the Spanish Constitutional Court ruled that the regional Catalan Parliament had no competence to ban any kind of spectacle that is legal in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2016/10/20/57f4cf5ee5fdea5e408b4611.html|title=El Constitucional anula la prohibición de los toros en Cataluña|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
-
-==== Galicia ====
-In Galicia, bullfighting has been banned in many cities by the local governments.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Bullfighting has never had an important following in the region.<ref>[http://www.farodevigo.es/opinion/2010/07/30/galicia-toros-mu/460200.html Galicia: de toros, ni mu] (in Spanish)</ref>
-
-=== United States ===
-Bullfighting was outlawed in [[California]] in 1957, but the law was amended in response to protests from the Portuguese community in [[Gustine, California|Gustine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/27/us/in-california-bullfights-the-final-deed-is-done-with-velcro.html|title=In California Bullfights, the Final Deed Is Done With Velcro|last=Brown|first=Patricia Leigh|date=2001-06-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Lawmakers determined that a form of "bloodless" bullfighting would be allowed to continue, in affiliation with certain Christian holidays. Though the bull is not killed as with traditional bullfighting, it is still intentionally irritated and provoked and its horns are shaved down to prevent injury to people and other animals present in the ring, but serious injuries still can and do occur and spectators are also at risk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lodinews.com/news/collection_c0b7fbce-9404-11e6-a8a7-a31ec7f1fc4d.html|title=Thornton's bloodless bullfight|website=Lodinews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2|title=Tradition of the Azores takes root in Central Valley bullrings|last=Marcum|first=Diana|date=2011-08-25|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920221031/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Humane Society of the United States]] has expressed opposition to bullfighting in all its forms since at least 1981.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/lens/california-bullfight-portuguese-americans.html|title=How to Have Bullfights in California? Use Velcro.|last=Silverman|first=Rena|date=2018-08-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-
-[[Puerto Rico]] banned bullfighting and the breeding of bulls for fights by Law no. 176 of 25 July 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/ley1998/LEX98176.htm |title=Ley Núm. 176 del 25 de julio de 1998: Prohibir las corridas de toros, crianza de toros para lidia y otras. |work=lexjuris.com |date=25 July 1998 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>
-
-== In literature, film, and the arts ==
-<!--do not add trivia content-->
-[[File:Bullfighting Statue at Shilpacharjo Zainul Abedin Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, Bangladesh..jpg|thumb|Bullfighting statue at [[Zainul Abedin|Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin]] Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, Bangladesh]]
-* ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]'', [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s treatise on Spanish bullfighting
-* ''[[The Dangerous Summer]]'', Ernest Hemingway's chronicle of the bullfighting rivalry between [[Luis Miguel Dominguín]] and his brother-in-law [[Antonio Ordóñez]]
-* ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', a novel by Ernest Hemingway, includes many accounts of bullfighting.
-* ''Bullfighter from Brooklyn'' (1953), autobiography by matador [[Sidney Franklin (bullfighter)|Sidney Franklin]]
-* ''Into The Arena: The World Of The Spanish Bullfight'' (2011), book by [[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]] about his time in Spain as an aficionado in 2009 and as a bullfighter in 2010.{{ISBN|1847654290}}
-*''The Wild Man'' (2001)'','' novel by [[Patricia Nell Warren]] about a non-conformist gay torero, set in 1960s Fascist Spain.
-* ''[[Shadow of a Bull]]'' (1964), novel by [[Maia Wojciechowska]] about a bullfighter's son, Manolo Olivar
-* ''The Story of a Matador'', [[David L. Wolper]]'s 1962 documentary about the life of matador [[Jaime Bravo]]
-* ''[[Talk to Her]]'', film by [[Pedro Almodóvar]], contains subplot concerning female matador who is gored during a bullfight. The director was criticized for shooting footage of a bull being actually killed during a bullfight staged especially for the film.
-* [[Ricardo Montalbán]] portrayed bullfighters in ''[[Santa (1943 film)|Santa]]'' (1943), ''[[The Hour of Truth]]'' (1945), ''[[Fiesta (1947 film)|Fiesta]]'' (1947), and ''[[Columbo]]'' episode "A Matter of Honor" (1976).
-* ''[[Ferdinand (2017 film)|Ferdinand]]'', an animated film covering the adventures of Ferdinand the bull as he is raised and trained to become a bull in the ring.
-* The opera ''[[Carmen (opera)|Carmen]]'' features a bullfighter as a major character, a well-known song about him, and a bullfight off-stage at the climax.
-* ''Llanto por [[Ignacio Sánchez Mejías]]'' ("Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías", 1935), a poem by [[Federico García Lorca]].
-* ''[[Blood_and_Sand_(1941_film)|Blood and Sand]]'', a movie starring Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth
-* ''[[¡Que viva México!]]'', a film directed by [[Sergei Eisenstein]], has a segment featuring a bullfight.
-* ''[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]'', music video revolved around famous bullfighter Madonna (1994).
-* ''[[The Book of Life (2014 film)|The Book of Life]]'', an animated movie about a bullfighter who wants to be a musician
-
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-
-==External links==
-{{Commons category|Bullfighting}}
-{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bull-fighting}}
-* [http://www.thelastarena.com The Last Arena: In Search Of The Spanish Bullfight]—Blog and online resource by British author and former bullfighter [[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]]
-* David Villena, [https://www.ln.edu.hk/philoso/staff/villenasaldana/Villena_A-Critique-of-MVLLs-Putative-Justifications-of-Bullfighting.pdf A Critique of Mario Vargas Llosa’s Putative Justifications of Bullfighting], ''Journal of Animal Ethics''
-
-{{Bullfighting|state=expanded}}
-{{Animal rights}}
-
-{{Authority control}}
-
-[[Category:Bullfighting|*]]
-[[Category:Animal welfare]]
-[[Category:Animal rights]]
-[[Category:Blood sports]]
-[[Category:Animal killing]]
-[[Category:Cruelty to animals]]
-[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
-[[Category:Traditional sports]]
-[[Category:Ritual slaughter]]
+bull fighting is bullshit they be hurting bulls without any chance im not a animal activist but that shit is just cruel its not recomended watching
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0 => 'bull fighting is bullshit they be hurting bulls without any chance im not a animal activist but that shit is just cruel its not recomended watching'
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0 => '{{Redirect|Bull fighting|the Taiwanese TV series|Bull Fighting (TV series)|the rodeo performer|bullfighter (rodeo)}}',
1 => '{{Redirect|Bullfight|the painting|The Bullfight}}',
2 => '{{distinguish|Bull wrestling}}',
3 => '{{short description|Spectacle of bulls fought by humans}}',
4 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}',
5 => '[[File:Toreador Bullfight Plaza de Toros cancun Mexico 2 102 (1077548273).jpg|thumb|A ''[[Torero#Matador de Toros|matador]]'' evading a bull in [[Cancún]], Mexico. 2012.|262px]]',
6 => '<!--[[File:Tauromaquia en España.PNG|thumb|Bullfighting in Spain (2014): ',
7 => '{{Legend|#0000FF|Bullfighting banned and traditionally not practised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canarias fue la primera comunidad en prohibir los toros en 1991|website= rtve.es|date= 27 July 2010 |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20100727/canarias-fue-primera-comunidad-prohibir-toros-1991/342132.shtml|language=es}}</ref>}}',
8 => '{{Legend|#FF00FF|Bullfighting banned, but [[Bous al carrer|other]] [[Toro embolado|spectacles]] involving [[fighting cattle]] protected by law.<ref>''El Parlament blinda los 'correbous' dos meses después de prohibir los toros'' El Mundo, jueves 23 September 2010 http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/09/22/barcelona/1285150930.html</ref> A recent Constitutional Court ruling might make it legal again.<ref>El TC declara inconstitucional la prohibición de las corridas por el Parlamento de Cataluña http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2016/10/20/57f4cf5ee5fdea5e408b4611.html</ref>}}',
9 => '{{Legend|#F08080|Bullfighting legal in most places, but banned in some.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redeabolicion.info/|title=Rede de Municipios Galegos pola Abolicion|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>}}',
10 => '{{Legend|#228B22|Bullfighting legal, but traditionally not practised.}}',
11 => '{{Legend|#FF0000|Bullfighting legal.}} ',
12 => '{{Legend|#B22222|Bullfighting legal and protected by law.<ref>''Madrid culmina la declaración como bien de interés cultural de la fiesta de los toros'', El País, 7 ABR 2011 http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/04/07/actualidad/1302164232_850215.html</ref><ref>''La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Bien de Interés Cultural en Castilla y León - See more at: http://www.salamanca24horas.com/toros/107982-la-tauromaquia-bien-de-interes-cultural-en-castilla-y-leon#sthash.fuW4NYYv.dpuf'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095056/http://www.salamanca24horas.com/toros/107982-la-tauromaquia-bien-de-interes-cultural-en-castilla-y-leon |date=24 September 2015 }} Salamanca24horas 03 Abril 2014 </ref>}}',
13 => ']]--> ',
14 => ''''Bullfighting''' is a physical contest that involves a [[bullfighter]] and animals attempting to subdue, immobilize, or kill a [[bull]], usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations.',
15 => '',
16 => 'There are several variations, including some forms which involve dancing around or leaping over a cow or bull or attempting to grasp an object tied to the animal's horns. The most well-known form of bullfighting is [[Spanish-style bullfighting]], practiced in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Southern France]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Peru]]. The [[Spanish Fighting Bull]] is bred for its aggression and physique, and is raised [[free-range]] with little human contact.',
17 => '',
18 => 'The practice of bullfighting is controversial because of a range of concerns including animal welfare, funding, and religion. While some forms are considered a [[blood sport]], in some countries, for example Spain, it is defined as an art form or cultural event,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dle.rae.es/tauromaquia|title=tauromaquia {{!}} Diccionario de la lengua española|last1=ASALE|first1=RAE-|last2=RAE|website=«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario|language=es|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> and local regulations define it as a cultural event or heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2013/11/06/527ab20e684341e70a8b4576.html|title=La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Patrimonio Cultural|date=2013-11-06|website=ELMUNDO|language=es|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/las-corridas-de-toros-spanish-version|title=Las corridas de toros (Spanish version)|language=en|access-date=20 November 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054029/https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/las-corridas-de-toros-spanish-version|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bullfighting is illegal in most countries, but remains legal in most areas of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], as well as in some [[Hispanic America]]n countries and some parts of southern [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsi.org/issues/bullfighting/facts/bullfighting_europe.html|title=Bullfighting in Europe|website=Humane Society International|date=28 April 2011|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>',
19 => '{{TOC limit|3}}',
20 => '',
21 => '==History==',
22 => '{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}',
23 => '{{See also|Sacred bull}}',
24 => '[[File:Knossos Bull-Leaping Fresco.jpg|thumb|[[Bull-leaping]]: [[Bull-Leaping Fresco|Fresco]] from [[Knossos]], [[Crete]]]]',
25 => 'Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric [[bull worship]] and [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] in Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean region. The first recorded bullfight may be the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]],'' which describes a scene in which Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought and killed the Bull of Heaven ("The Bull seemed indestructible, for hours they fought, till Gilgamesh dancing in front of the Bull, lured it with his tunic and bright weapons, and Enkidu thrust his sword, deep into the Bull's neck, and killed it").<ref>{{cite book|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic|year=2011|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801450358|page=[https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol/page/51 51]|url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshamongus00ziol|url-access=registration|quote=Bullfight Gilgamesh.|author-link=Theodore Ziolkowski}}</ref> [[Bull-leaping]] was portrayed in Crete and myths related to bulls throughout Greece.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
26 => '',
27 => 'Bullfighting and the killing of the sacred bull was commonly practised among [[Männerbund]] in [[ancient Iran]] and connected to the pre-Zoroastrian god [[Mithra]].<ref>Stig Wikander, ''Der arische Männerbund: Studien zur indo-iranischen Sprach- und Religionsgeschichte'', Uppsala 1938.</ref> The cosmic connotations of the ancient Iranian practice are reflected in [[Zoroaster]]'s [[Gathas]] and the [[Avesta]]. The killing of the sacred bull ([[tauroctony]]) is the essential central iconic act of [[Mithraic mysteries|Mithras]], which was commemorated in the [[mithraeum]] wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. The oldest representation of what seems to be a man facing a bull is on the [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] [[tombstone]] from [[Clunia]] and the [[cave painting]] ''El toro de hachos'', both found in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Guillaume ROUSSEL |url=http://www.arbre-celtique.com/encyclopedie/pierre-tombale-de-clunia-4473.htm |title=Pierre tombale de Clunia – 4473 – L'encyclopédie – L'Arbre Celtique |publisher=Arbre-celtique.com |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Toro de Lidia |url=http://www.cetnotorolidia.es/opencms_wf/opencms/toro_de_lidia/origen_e_historia/index.html |title=Toro de Lidia – Toro de lidia |publisher=Cetnotorolidia.es |date=15 November 2006 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>',
28 => '',
29 => 'Bullfighting is often linked to [[Roman Empire|Rome]], where many human-versus-animal events were held as competition and entertainment, the ''[[Venatio]]nes''. These hunting games spread to [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Europe]] during [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times. There are also theories that it was introduced into Hispania by the Emperor [[Claudius]], as a substitute for [[gladiator]]s, when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial combat. The latter theory was supported by [[Robert Graves]] ([[picador]]s are related to warriors who wielded the [[javelin]], but their role in the contest is now a minor one limited to "preparing" the bull for the matador.) Spanish colonists took the practice of breeding cattle and bullfighting to the American colonies, the Pacific, and Asia. In the 19th century, areas of southern and southwestern France adopted bullfighting, developing their distinctive form.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
30 => '',
31 => '[[File: Fresque Mithraeum Marino.jpg|thumb|Mithras killing a bull]]',
32 => 'Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the local plaza, where noblemen would ride competing for royal favor, and the populace enjoyed the excitement. In the Middle Ages across Europe, knights would joust in competitions on horseback. In Spain, they began to fight bulls.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
33 => '',
34 => 'In medieval Spain bullfighting was considered a noble sport and reserved for the rich, who could afford to supply and train their animals. The bull was released into a closed arena where a single fighter on horseback was armed with a lance. This spectacle was said to be enjoyed by [[Charlemagne]], [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X the Wise]] and the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad caliphs]], among others. The greatest Spanish performer of this art is said to have been the knight [[El Cid]]. According to a chronicle of the time, in 1128 "... when [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]] married [[Berengaria of Barcelona]] daughter of [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona]] at [[Saldaña, Palencia|Saldaña]] among other celebrations, there were also bullfights."<ref>Mariano José de Larra, [[:m:s:es:Corridas de toros|«Corridas de toros»]], en ''El Duende satírico del día'' (Madrid), 31 May 1828. {{in lang|es}}</ref>',
35 => '',
36 => 'In the time of [[Emperor Charles V]], Pedro Ponce de Leon was the most famous bullfighter in Spain and a renovator of the technique of killing the bull on a horse with blindfolded eyes.<ref>Pascual Barea, Joaquín. “[https://www.academia.edu/30661142/_Benito_Arias_Montano_y_su_maestro_de_poes%C3%ADa_Juan_de_Quir%C3%B3s_Benito_Arias_Montano_y_los_humanistas_de_su_tiempo_M%C3%A9rida_Editora_Regional_de_Extremadura_2006_1_125-149 Benito Arias Montano y su maestro de poesía Juan de Quirós]”, ''Benito Arias Montano y los humanistas de su tiempo.'' Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2006, 1, 125-149 (129-131).</ref> Juan de Quirós, the best Sevillian poet of that time, dedicated to him a poem in Latin, of which Benito Arias Montano transmits some verses.<ref>Pascual Barea, Joaquín. ''Juan de Quirós: Poesía Latina y Cristopatía (La Pasión de Cristo). Introducción, edición, traducción e índices.'' Cádiz: Universidad, 2004, pp. 23-26, 51-55 y 142-143.</ref>',
37 => '',
38 => '[[Francisco Romero (bullfighter)|Francisco Romero]], from [[Ronda, Spain]], is generally regarded as having been the first to introduce the practice of fighting bulls on foot around 1726, using the [[muleta]] in the last stage of the fight and an [[estoc]] to kill the bull. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds. Thus the modern ''corrida'', or fight, began to take form, as riding noblemen were replaced by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the ''[[Plaza de Armas]]'', and later round, to discourage the cornering of the action.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
39 => '',
40 => 'The modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to [[Juan Belmonte]], generally considered the greatest matador of all time. Belmonte introduced a daring and revolutionary style, in which he stayed within a few centimeters of the bull throughout the fight. Although extremely dangerous (Belmonte was gored on many occasions), his style is still seen by most matadors as the ideal to be emulated.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
41 => '',
42 => '==Styles==',
43 => '{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}',
44 => '[[File:A bull fight, Barcelona, Spain-LCCN2001699358.jpg|thumb|A bull fight in Barcelona, Spain, ca.1900]]',
45 => '[[File:Bull, Ronda.JPG|thumb|Monument to a bull, Plaza de Toros de Ronda ([[Ronda]] bullring), Spain]]',
46 => '[[File:Vw1PlazaTorosDF.JPG|thumb|[[Plaza México]], with capacity of 48,000 seats, is the major bullring in the world by seating capacity.]]',
47 => '',
48 => 'Originally, at least five distinct regional styles of bullfighting were practised in southwestern Europe: [[Andalusia]], [[Aragon]]–[[Navarre]], [[Alentejo]], [[Camargue]], [[Aquitaine]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Over time, these have evolved more or less into standardized national forms mentioned below.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The "classic" style of bullfighting, in which the rule is kill the bull is the style practiced in Spain and many Latin American countries.',
49 => '',
50 => 'Bullfighting stadia are named "[[bullring]]s". There are many historic bullrings; the oldest are the 1700s Spanish plazas of [[Maestranza (Seville)|Sevilla]] and [[Plaza de Toros de Ronda|Ronda]]. The largest bullring is the [[Plaza México]] in [[Mexico|Mexican]] capital which seats 48,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/north_america/countries/mexico/central_mexico.shtml |title=www.worldstadiums.com |publisher=www.worldstadiums.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140518/http://www.worldstadiums.com/north_america/countries/mexico/central_mexico.shtml |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}</ref>',
51 => '',
52 => '===Spanish===',
53 => '{{Main|Spanish-style bullfighting}}',
54 => 'Spanish-style bullfighting is called ''corrida de toros'' (literally "[[coursing]] of bulls") or ''la fiesta'' ("the festival"). In the traditional corrida, three ''[[matador]]es'' each fight two bulls, each of which is between four and six years old and weighs no less than 460 kg (1,014 lb).<ref>[http://legislacion.060.es/8532-ides-idweb.html Royal Decree 145/1996, of {{Nowrap|2 February}}, to modify and reword the Regulations of Taurine Spectacles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925213032/http://legislacion.060.es/8532-ides-idweb.html |date=25 September 2010 }}</ref> Each matador has six assistants: two ''[[picador]]es'' (lancers on horseback) mounted on horseback, three ''[[banderillero]]s'' – who along with the matadors are collectively known as ''[[torero]]s'' (bullfighters) – and a ''mozo de espadas'' (sword page). Collectively they comprise a ''cuadrilla'' (entourage). In Spanish the more general ''torero'' or ''diestro'' (literally 'right-hander') is used for the lead fighter, and only when needed to distinguish a man is the full title ''matador de toros'' used; in English, "matador" is generally used for the bullfighter.',
55 => '[[File:La muerte del picador.jpg|thumb|''Death of the [[Picador]]'' – [[Francisco de Goya]], c. 1793]]',
56 => '[[File:Juan Bautista corrida goyesque Feria du Riz Arles 2010.ogg|thumb|right|Start of ''tercio de muerte'': polished ''verónica'' and ''larga serpentina'' during a [[goyesca corrida]].]]',
57 => '[[File:José Arévalo en 2009 à Beaucaire.ogg|thumb|left|Welcoming of a toro" ''a porta gayola'' and series of ''verónica,'' terminated by a semi-verónica.]]',
58 => '',
59 => '====Structure====',
60 => 'The modern corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct stages or ''tercios'' ("thirds"); the start of each being announced by a bugle sound. The participants enter the arena in a parade, called the ''paseíllo'', to salute the presiding dignitary, accompanied by band music. Torero costumes are inspired by 17th-century Andalusian clothing, and matadores are easily distinguished by the gold of their ''[[traje de luces]]'' ("suit of lights"), as opposed to the lesser banderilleros, who are also known as ''toreros de plata'' ("bullfighters of silver").{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
61 => '',
62 => '=====''Tercio de Varas''=====',
63 => 'The bull is released into the ring, where he is tested for ferocity by the ''matador'' and ''banderilleros'' with the magenta and gold ''capote'' ("cape"). This is the first stage, the ''[[tercio de varas]]'' ("the lancing third"). The matador confronts the bull with the capote, performing a series of passes and observing the behavior and quirks of the bull.',
64 => '',
65 => 'Next, a picador enters the arena on horseback armed with a ''vara'' (lance). To protect the horse from the bull's horns, the animal wears a protective, padded covering called ''peto''. Prior to 1930, the horses did not wear any protection. Often the bull would disembowel the horse during this stage. Until the use of protection was instituted, the number of horses killed during a fiesta generally exceeded the number of bulls killed.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84444/bullfighting "Bullfighting." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.] 14 January 2009</ref>',
66 => '',
67 => 'At this point, the picador stabs just behind the ''morrillo'', a mound of muscle on the fighting bull's neck, weakening the neck muscles and leading to the animal's first loss of blood. The manner in which the bull charges the horse provides important clues to the matador about the bull such as which horn the bull favors. As a result of the injury and also the fatigue of striving to injure the armoured heavy horse, the bull holds its head and horns slightly lower during the following stages of the fight. This ultimately enables the matador to perform the killing thrust later in the performance. The encounter with the picador often fundamentally changes the behavior of a bull; distracted and unengaging bulls will become more focused and stay on a single target instead of charging at everything that moves, conserving their diminished energy reserves.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
68 => '',
69 => '=====''Tercio de Banderillas''=====',
70 => 'In the next stage, the ''tercio de banderillas'' ("the third of banderillas"), each of the three banderilleros attempts to plant two ''banderillas'', sharp barbed sticks, into the bull's shoulders. These anger and agitate the bull reinvigorating him from the ''aplomado'' (literally 'leadened') state his attacks on the horse and injuries from the lance left him in. Sometimes a matador will place his own banderillas. If so, he usually embellishes this part of his performance and employs more varied maneuvers than the standard ''al cuarteo'' method commonly used by banderilleros.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
71 => '',
72 => '[[File:Matador.JPG|thumb|Plaza de Toros Las Ventas in Madrid]]',
73 => '',
74 => '=====''Tercio de Muerte''=====',
75 => 'In the final stage, the ''tercio de muerte'' ("a third of death"), the matador re-enters the ring alone with a smaller red cloth, or ''[[muleta]]'', and a sword. It is a common misconception that the color red is supposed to anger the bull; the animals are functionally [[colorblind]] in this respect: the bull is incited to charge by the movement of the muleta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling |title=Longhorn_Information – handling |publisher=ITLA |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090201/http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling |archive-date=11 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf |title=Cattle – Basic Care |website=iacuc.tennessee.edu |access-date=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012822/http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> The muleta is thought to be red to mask the bull's blood, although the color is now a matter of tradition. The matador uses his muleta to attract the bull in a series of passes, which serve the dual purpose of wearing the animal down for the kill and creating sculptural forms between man and animal that can fascinate or thrill the audience, and which when linked together in a rhythm create a dance of passes, or ''faena''. The matador will often try to enhance the drama of the dance by bringing the bull's horns especially close to his body. The faena refers to the entire performance with the muleta.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
76 => '',
77 => 'The faena is usually broken down into ''tandas'', or "series", of passes. The faena ends with a final series of passes in which the matador, using the cape, tries to maneuver the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades going over the horns and thus exposing his own body to the bull. The sword is called ''estoque,'' and the act of thrusting the sword is called an ''estocada''. During the initial series, while the matador in part is performing for the crowd, he uses a fake sword (''estoque simulado''). This is made of wood or aluminum, making it lighter and much easier to handle. The ''estoque de verdad'' (real sword) is made out of steel. At the end of the ''tercio de muerte'', when the matador has finished his faena, he will change swords to take up the steel one. He performs the ''estocada'' with the intent of piercing the heart or aorta, or severing other major blood vessels to induce a quick death if all goes according to plan. Often this does not happen and repeated efforts must be made to bring the bull down, sometimes the matador changing to the 'descabello', which resembles a sword, but is actually a heavy dagger blade at the end of a steel rod which is thrust between the cervical vertebrae to sever the spinal column and induce instant death. Even if the descabello is not required and the bull falls quickly from the sword one of the banderilleros will perform this function with an actual dagger to ensure the bull is dead.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
78 => '',
79 => 'If the matador has performed particularly well, the crowd may petition the president by waving white handkerchiefs to award the matador an ear of the bull. If his performance was exceptional, the president will award two ears. In certain more rural rings, the practice includes an award of the bull's tail. Very rarely, if the public and the matador believe that the bull has fought extremely bravely – and the breeder of the bull agrees to have it return to the ranch – the event's president may grant a pardon (''indulto''). If the ''indulto'' is granted, the bull's life is spared; it leaves the ring alive and is returned to its home ranch for treatment and then to become a ''semental'', or seed-bull, for the rest of its life.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
80 => '',
81 => '<gallery mode="packed">',
82 => 'File:Finito de Córdoba.jpg|First tercio: [[torero]] drawing a ''Verónica''.',
83 => 'File:Rafael Cañada à la cape.jpg|First tercio: [[matador]] making another kind of Verónica.',
84 => 'File:Banderillero Curro Molina.jpg|Second tercio: [[banderillero]].',
85 => 'File:Madrid Bullfight.JPG|Third tercio: ''[[Spanish-style bullfighting#Stage 3: Tercio de Muerte|faena]]'' of ''[[muleta]]''.',
86 => 'File:Uceda Leal.JPG|Third tercio: faena of ''muleta''.',
87 => '</gallery>',
88 => '',
89 => '====Recortes====',
90 => '{{see also|Bull-leaping}}',
91 => '[[File:Goya - Ligereza y atrevimiento de Juanito Apinani en la de Madrid (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Francisco de Goya|Goya]]: The Speed and Daring of Juanito Apiñani in the Ring of Madrid 1815–16 (''[[La Tauromaquia|Tauromaquia]]'', Νο. 20). Etching and aquatint]]',
92 => '[[File:Course de taureaux à Séville - Cândido de Faria - 1907 - NL-EYE-EFG1914 A08568.jpg|thumb|Poster by [[Cândido de Faria]] for the silent film ''Course de taureaux à Séville'' (1907, Pathé Frères). [[Chromolithograph]]. [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]',
93 => '',
94 => 'Recortes, a style of bullfighting practiced in [[Navarre]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], north of Castile and [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], has been much less popular than the traditional corridas. But recortes have undergone a revival in Spain and are sometimes broadcast on TV.',
95 => '',
96 => 'This style was common in the early 19th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Etchings by painter [[Francisco Goya|Francisco de Goya]] depict these events.',
97 => '',
98 => 'Recortes differ from a corrida in the following ways:{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
99 => '* The bull is not physically injured. Drawing blood is rare, and the bull is allowed to return to his pen at the end of the performance.',
100 => '* The men are dressed in common street clothes rather than traditional bullfighting dress.',
101 => '* Acrobatics are performed without the use of capes or other props. Performers attempt to evade the bull solely through the swiftness of their movements.',
102 => '* Rituals are less strict, so the men have the freedom to perform stunts as they please.',
103 => '* Men work in teams but with less role distinction than in a corrida.',
104 => '* Teams compete for points awarded by a jury.',
105 => '',
106 => 'Since horses are not used, and performers are not professionals, recortes are less costly to produce.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
107 => '',
108 => '====Comic bullfighting====',
109 => 'Comical spectacles based on bullfighting, called ''espectáculos cómico-taurinos'' or ''charlotadas'', are still popular in Spain and Mexico. Troupes include ''El empastre'' or ''El bombero torero''.<ref>[http://www.ganaderoslidia.com/webroot/rd-145-96.htm Bullfighting Spectacles: State Norms (in Spanish)] Example: ''Los espectáculos cómico-taurinos no podrán celebrarse conjuntamente con otros festejos taurinos en los que se dé muerte a las reses.''</ref>',
110 => '',
111 => '==== Encierros ====',
112 => '{{Main|Running of the Bulls}}',
113 => '',
114 => 'An ''encierro'' or ''running of the bulls'' is an activity related to a bullfighting fiesta. Before the events that are held in the ring, people (usually young men) run in front of a small group of bulls that have been let loose, on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
115 => '',
116 => '====Toro embolado====',
117 => '{{Main|Toro embolado}}',
118 => '',
119 => 'A ''toro embolado'' (in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), ''bou embolat'' (in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]), roughly meaning "bull with balls", is a festive activity held at night and typical of many towns in [[Spain]] (mainly in the [[Valencian Community]] and Southern [[Catalonia]]). Balls of flammable material are attached to a bull's horns. The balls are lit and the bull is set free in the streets at night; participants dodge the bull when it comes close. It can be considered a variant of an ''encierro'' (''correbous'' in Catalan). This activity is held in a number of [[Spain|Spanish]] towns during their [[Fiesta patronal|local festivals]].',
120 => '',
121 => '===Portuguese===',
122 => '{{Main|Portuguese-style bullfighting}}',
123 => '[[File:Portuguese bullfight.jpg|''Cavaleiro'' and bull|thumb]]',
124 => 'Most Portuguese bullfights are held in two phases: the spectacle of the ''cavaleiro'', and the ''pega''. In the ''cavaleiro'', a horseman on a [[Lusitano|Portuguese Lusitano]] horse (specially trained for the fights) fights the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four ''bandeiras'' (small [[spear|javelins]]) into the back of the bull.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
125 => '',
126 => 'In the second stage, called the ''pega'' ("holding"), the [[forcado]]s, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The frontman provokes the bull into a charge to perform a ''pega de cara'' or ''pega de caras'' (face grab). The frontman secures the animal's head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued.<ref>Isaacson, Andy, (2007), [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/08/12/TRU1RCGLG.DTL "California's 'bloodless bullfights' keep Portuguese tradition alive"], San Francisco Chronicle.</ref> Forcados are dressed in a traditional costume of [[damask]] or [[velvet]], with long knitted hats as worn by the ''campinos'' (bull headers) from [[Ribatejo]].',
127 => '',
128 => 'The bull is not killed in the ring and, at the end of the ''corrida'', leading oxen are let into the arena, and two ''campinos'' on foot herd the bull among them back to its pen. The bull is usually killed out of sight of the audience by a professional butcher. It can happen that some bulls, after an exceptional performance, are healed, released to pasture until the end of their days, and used for breeding.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
129 => '',
130 => 'In the Portuguese [[Azores]] islands, there is a form of bullfighting called ''[[tourada à corda]]'', in which a bull is led on a rope along a street, while players taunt and dodge the bull, who is not killed during or after the fight, but returned to pasture and used in later events.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
131 => '',
132 => '===French===',
133 => '[[File:Amfitheater.jpg|thumb|The Roman amphitheater at [[Arles]] being fitted for a corrida]]',
134 => '[[File: Bullfight incident, Arles.jpg|thumb|left|A bullfight in Arles in 1898.]]',
135 => 'Since the 19th century, Spanish-style ''corridas'' have been increasingly popular in [[Southern France]] where they enjoy legal protection in areas where there is an uninterrupted tradition of such bull fights, particularly during holidays such as [[Whitsun]] or [[Easter]]. Among France's most important venues for bullfighting are the ancient Roman arenas of [[Nîmes]] and [[Arles]], although there are bull rings across the South from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coasts. Bullfights of this kind follow the Spanish tradition and even Spanish words are used for all Bullfighting related terms. Minor cosmetic differences exist such as music. This is not to be confused with the bloodless bullfights referred to below which are indigenous to France.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
136 => '',
137 => '====''Course camarguaise'' (''course libre'')====',
138 => '[[File: Bull and Raseteur at 75th Cocarde dOr.jpg|thumb|right|A raseteur takes a rosette]]',
139 => 'A more indigenous genre of bullfighting is widely common in the [[Provence]] and [[Languedoc]] areas, and is known alternately as "''course libre''" or "''course camarguaise''". This is a bloodless spectacle (for the bulls) in which the objective is to snatch a rosette from the head of a young bull. The participants, or ''raseteurs'', begin training in their early teens against young bulls from the [[Camargue]] region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the ''course'', an ''abrivado''—a "running" of the bulls in the streets—takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The ''course'' itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15–20 minutes, the ''raseteurs'' compete to snatch rosettes (''cocarde'') tied between the bulls' horns. They do not take the rosette with their bare hands but with a claw-shaped metal instrument called a ''raset'' or ''crochet'' (''hook'') in their hands, hence their name. Afterward, the bulls are herded back to their pen by ''[[gardian]]s'' (Camarguais [[cowboy]]s) in a ''bandido'', amidst a great deal of ceremony. The stars of these spectacles are the bulls.<ref>''Vaches Pour Cash: L'Economie de L'Encierro Provençale'', Dr. Yves O'Malley, Nanterre University 1987.</ref>',
140 => '',
141 => '====''Course landaise''====',
142 => 'Another type of French 'bullfighting' is the "[[course landaise]]", in which cows are used instead of bulls. This is a competition between teams named ''cuadrillas'', which belong to certain breeding estates. A cuadrilla is made up of a ''teneur de corde'', an ''entraîneur'', a ''sauteur'', and six ''écarteurs''. The cows are brought to the arena in crates and then taken out in order. The teneur de corde controls the dangling rope attached to the cow's horns and the entraîneur positions the cow to face and attack the player. The écarteurs will try, at the last possible moment, to dodge around the cow and the auteur will leap over it. Each team aims to complete a set of at least one hundred dodges and eight leaps. This is the main scheme of the "classic" form, the ''course landaise formelle''. However, different rules may be applied in some competitions. For example, competitions for Coupe Jeannot Lafittau are arranged with cows without ropes.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
143 => '',
144 => 'At one point, it resulted in so many fatalities that the French government tried to ban it but had to back down in the face of local opposition. The bulls themselves are generally fairly small, much less imposing than the adult bulls employed in the ''corrida''. Nonetheless, the bulls remain dangerous due to their mobility and vertically formed horns. Participants and spectators share the risk; it is not unknown for angry bulls to smash their way through barriers and charge the surrounding crowd of spectators. The ''course landaise'' is not seen as a dangerous sport by many, but écarteur Jean-Pierre Rachou died in 2003 when a bull's horn tore his [[femoral artery]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
145 => '',
146 => '== Non-bloodsport variations ==',
147 => '[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|A youth trying to take control of a bull at a [[Jallikattu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]]]',
148 => '[[File:Thornton2012-141 (8114984422).jpg|thumb|right|In California, the lances are tipped with [[hook and loop fastener]]s (e.g. [[Velcro]]) and aimed at pads on the bull.]]',
149 => '* In [[Bolivia]], bulls are not killed nor injured with any sticks. The goal of Bolivian toreros is to provoke the bull with taunts without getting harmed themselves.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S10l5qPnXN8 |title=Bullfighting show is popular in El Alto, Bolivia but quite different to those in Spain |work=YouTube |publisher=Associated Press Archive |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>',
150 => '* In [[El Seibo Province]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] bullfights are not about killing or harming the animal, but taunting and evading it until it is tired.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://idominicanas.com/corridas-de-toros-en-el-seibo-del-1-al-10-de-mayo-en-las-fiestas-patronales/ |title=Corridas de Toros en El Seibo del 1 al 10 de Mayo durante sus fiestas Patronales |author=Amaury Mo |work=iDominicas.com |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
151 => '* In [[Canada]], Portuguese-style bullfighting was introduced in 1989 by Portuguese immigrants in the town of [[Listowel, Ontario|Listowel]] in southern [[Ontario]]. Despite objections and concerns from local authorities and a humane society, the practice was allowed as the bulls were not killed or injured in this version.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/when-portuguese-bullfighting-came-to-ontario-30-years-ago-1.5154935 |title=When Portuguese bullfighting came to Ontario 30 years ago |work=CBC News |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In the nearby city of [[Brampton]], Portuguese immigrants from the [[Azores]] practice "tourada a corda" (bullfight by rope).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bullfighting-in-brampton-ontario-results-in-just-a-few-scrapes-and-bruises-for-man-and-bull/article25988583/ |title=Bullfighting in Brampton, Ont., results in just a few scrapes and bruises for man and bull |author=Chris Helgren |work=The Globe and Mail |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>',
152 => '* [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional spectacle in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] as a part of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] celebrations on [[Mattu Pongal]] day. A breed of [[bos indicus]] (humped) bulls, called "Jellicut" are used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/nea/docs/AnGR_of_TN.pdf |title=Jellicut cattle breed |publisher=TANUVAS |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040211/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/nea/docs/AnGR_of_TN.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> During jallikattu, a bull is released into a group of people, and participants attempt to grab the bull's hump and hold onto it for a determined distance, length of time, or with the goal of taking a pack of money tied to the bull's horns. The goal of the activity is more similar to [[bull riding]] (staying on).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikattu-cheat-sheet-10-things-you-should-know-about-the-bull-taming-sport/articleshow/56664079.cms|title=Jallikattu cheat sheet: 10 things you should know about the bull-taming sport|first=Anulekha|last=Ray|date=January 19, 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>',
153 => '* [[Rodeo clown#Freestyle Bullfighting|American Freestyle Bullfighting]] is a style of bullfighting developed in American [[rodeo]]. The style was developed by the [[rodeo clown]]s who protect [[bull riding|bull riders]] from being trampled or gored by a loose bull. Freestyle bullfighting is a 70-second competition in which the bullfighter (rodeo clown) avoids the bull by means of dodging, jumping, and use of a barrel.<ref name=pbr2005>{{cite web|title=The First Dickies National Championship Bullfighting Qualifier Kicks Off In Cheyenne|url=http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2005/7/the-first-dickies-national-championship-bullfighting-qualifier-kicks-off-in-cheyenne-.aspx|date=July 21, 2005|website=[[Professional Bull Riders]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203107/http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2005/7/the-first-dickies-national-championship-bullfighting-qualifier-kicks-off-in-cheyenne-.aspx|archive-date=December 25, 2017}}</ref>',
154 => '* Ultimate Freestyle Bullfighting competition combines American Freestyle Bullfighting with [[parkour]], displaying hardcore stunts and acrobatics. Both bullfighter and bull receive scores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pbr.com/news/2016/09/pbr-to-bring-ultimate-freestyle-bullfighting-to-pbr-finals-week/|title=PBR to bring Ultimate Freestyle Bullfighting to PBR Finals Week|date=September 28, 2016|website=[[Professional Bull Riders]]}}</ref>',
155 => '* In the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], California, US the historically Portuguese community has developed a form of bullfight in which the bull is taunted by a matador, but the lances are tipped with [[Hook and loop fastener|fabric hook and loop]] (e.g. [[Velcro]]) and they are aimed at hook-and-loop covered pads secured to the bull's shoulder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/lens/california-bullfight-portuguese-americans.html|title=How to Have Bullfights in California? Use Velcro.|date=August 15, 2018|first=Rena|last=Silverman|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Fights occur from May through October around traditional Portuguese holidays.<ref name="Rubin2005">{{cite book|author=Saul Rubin|title=Northern California Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities, and Other Offbeat Stuff|url=https://archive.org/details/northerncaliforn0000rubi|url-access=registration|access-date=15 September 2013|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0-7627-2899-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northerncaliforn0000rubi/page/154 154]–}}</ref> While California outlawed bullfighting in 1957, this type of bloodless bullfighting is still allowed if carried out during religious festivals or celebrations.<ref>Angel N. Velez. 2011. "[http://www.pennstatelawreview.org/115/2/115%20Penn%20St.%20L.%20Rev.%202.497.pdf Ole, Ole, Ole, Oh No!: Bullfighting in the United States and Reconciling Constitutional Rights with Animal Cruelty Statutes]." Penn State Law Review, 115(2): 497-516.</ref>',
156 => '* In [[Tanzania]], Bullfighting was introduced by the Portuguese to [[Zanzibar]] and to [[Pemba Island]], in modern Tanzania, where it is known as ''mchezo wa ngombe''. Similar to the Portuguese Azorean ''tourada a corda'', the bull is restrained by a rope, generally neither bull nor player is harmed, and the bull is not killed at the end of the fight.<ref name="Petterson2004">{{cite book|author=Donald Petterson|title=Revolution in Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBqBLjGCOpMC&pg=PA253|access-date=15 September 2013|date=1 September 2004|publisher=Westview|isbn=978-0-8133-4268-9|pages=253–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0115/RCMS%20162/Y304Q/6/2|title=Janus: Papers and photographs of Fergus Wilson|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>',
157 => '',
158 => '==Hazards==',
159 => '{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}',
160 => '[[File:Muerto del maestro.jpg|thumb|''Muerte del Maestro'' (''Death of the Master'') – [[José Villegas Cordero]], 1884]]',
161 => '[[File:Pfeiffer Donostia.jpg|thumb|[[Taxidermy|Stuffed]] bull head in a bar in [[San Sebastián]]]]',
162 => '',
163 => 'Spanish-style bullfighting is normally fatal for the bull, but it is also dangerous for the matador. The danger for the bullfighter is essential; if there is no danger, it is not considered bullfighting in Spain. Matadors are usually gored every season, with picadors and banderilleros being gored less often. With the discovery of antibiotics and advances in surgical techniques, fatalities are now rare, although over the past three centuries 534 professional bullfighters have died in the ring or from injuries sustained there. Most recently, [[Iván Fandiño]] died of injuries he sustained after being gored by a bull on June 17, 2017 in Aire-sur-l'Adour, France.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
164 => '',
165 => 'Some matadors, notably [[Juan Belmonte]], have been seriously gored many times: according to [[Ernest Hemingway]], Belmonte's legs were marred by many ugly scars. A special type of [[surgeon]] has developed, in Spain and elsewhere, to treat ''cornadas'', or horn-wounds.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
166 => '',
167 => 'The bullring has a chapel where a matador can pray before the corrida, and where a [[priest]] can be found in case a [[sacrament]] is needed. The most relevant sacrament is now called "[[Anointing of the Sick]]"; it was formerly known as "Extreme Unction", or the "Last Rites".{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
168 => '',
169 => 'The media often reports the more horrific of bullfighting injuries, such as the September 2011 goring of matador [[Juan José Padilla]]'s head by a bull in Zaragoza, resulting in the loss of his left eye, use of his right ear, and facial paralysis. He returned to bullfighting five months later with an eyepatch, multiple titanium plates in his skull, and the nickname 'The Pirate'.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fiske-Harrison|first=Alexander|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-09/13/juan-jose-padilla-matador-bullfighting-interview|title=The Last Matador|magazine=[[British GQ]]|date=13 September 2012|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>',
170 => '',
171 => 'Until the early twentieth century, the horses were unprotected and were commonly gored and killed, or left close to death (intestines destroyed, for example). The horses used were old and worn-out, with little value. Starting in the twentieth-century horses were protected by thick blankets and wounds, though not unknown, were less common and less serious.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
172 => '',
173 => '==Cultural aspects==',
174 => 'Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained, integral part of their national [[culture]]s; in Spain, bullfighting is nicknamed ''la fiesta nacional'' (''"the national fiesta"''. Notice that ''fiesta'' can be translated as ''celebration, festival, party'' among other words).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hoh|first=Anchi|date=2017-07-19|title=¡Olé! : Spain and Its "Fiesta Nacional" {{!}} 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2017/07/ol-spain-and-its-fiesta-nacional/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=blogs.loc.gov}}</ref> The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull. Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual of ancient origin, which is judged by ''aficionados'' based on artistic impression and command.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Hemer|first1=Susan R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_UeDQAAQBAJ&q=tercio+de+muerte&pg=PA78|title=Emotions, Senses, Spaces:: Ethnographic Engagements and Intersections|last2=Dundon|first2=Alison|date=2016-09-15|publisher=University of Adelaide Press|isbn=978-1-925261-27-1|language=en}}</ref> American author [[Ernest Hemingway]] said of it in his 1932 non-fiction book ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]'': "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honor."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govan|first=Fiona|date=2011-07-13|title=Hemingway's seminal writings on bullfighting|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8635415/Hemingways-seminal-writings-on-bullfighting.html|access-date=2020-06-30|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Bullfighting is seen by some as a symbol of [[Culture of Spain|Spanish national culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bullfightingfreeeurope.org/ |title=Art and Culture |website=For a BullFighting-Free Europe |access-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042443/http://www.bullfightingfreeeurope.org/ |archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=":1" />',
175 => '',
176 => 'The bullfight is regarded as a demonstration of style, technique, and courage by its participants<ref name=":0" /> and as a demonstration of cruelty and cowardice by its critics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-22|title=What I learned during a year on bullfighting breeding estates|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/is-bullfighting-cruel-what-i-learned-during-a-year-on-breeding-estates-a6783541.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> While there is usually no doubt about the outcome, the bull is not viewed by bullfighting supporters as a sacrificial victim — it is instead seen by the audience as a worthy adversary, deserving of respect in its own right.<ref name=":0" />',
177 => '',
178 => 'Those who oppose bullfighting maintain that the practice is a cowardly, sadistic tradition of torturing, humiliating and killing a bull amidst pomp and pageantry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laborde|first=Christian|title=Corrida, Basta!|year=2009|publisher=Editions Robert Laffont|location=Paris, France|pages=14–15, 17–19, 38, 40–42, 52–53}}</ref> Supporters of bullfights, called "[[Fan (person)|aficionados]]", claim they respect the bulls, that the bulls live better than other cattle, and that bullfighting is a grand tradition; a form of art important to their culture.<ref>{{harvnb|See Id. at 17-18}}</ref>',
179 => '',
180 => '==Women in bullfighting==',
181 => '{{Further|Spanish-style bullfighting#Women in bullfighting|List of female bullfighters}}',
182 => '',
183 => '[[Conchita Cintrón]] was a Peruvian female bullfighter who began her career in Portugal before being active in Mexican and other South American bullfights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conchita Cintrón {{!}} American Portuguese bullfighter|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Conchita-Cintron|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Patricia McCormick (bullfighter)|Patricia McCormick]] began bullfighting as a professional ''Matadora'' in January 1952, and was the first American to do so.<ref name="newyork">{{cite news|last=Mealer|first=Bryan|title=Patricia McCormick, Bullfighter Who Defied Convention, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/patricia-McCormick-a-pioneer-in-the-bullfighting-arena-dies-at-83.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref> [[Bette Ford]] was the first American woman to fight on foot in the [[Plaza México]], the world's largest bullfight arena.<ref>Muriel Feiner, ''Women in the Bullring'' (Gainesville, University Press of Florida) 2003, {{ISBN|0813026296}}</ref>',
184 => '',
185 => 'In 1974, Angela Hernandez (also known as Angela Hernandez Gomez and just Angela), of Spain, won a case in the Spanish Supreme Court allowing women to be bullfighters in Spain; a prohibition against women doing so was put in place in Spain in 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/matador/interview.php |title=Interview | Ella Es el Matador (She Is the Matador) | POV |date=14 January 2009 |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Campbell Lennie|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19731218&id=ZaArAAAAIBAJ&pg=4820,2694045&hl=en |title=Spanish Woman Wants To Be Matador; Ires Officials |publisher=The Telegraph|date=18 December 1973|access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> [[Cristina Sánchez de Pablos]], of Spain, was one of the first female bullfighters to gain prominence; she debuted as a bullfighter in Madrid on 13 February 1993.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
186 => '',
187 => '==Popularity, controversy, and criticism==',
188 => '',
189 => '===Popularity===',
190 => 'In Spain and Latin America, opposition to bullfighting is referred to as the ''antitaurino'' movement.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 2012, 70% of Mexicans said they wanted bullfighting to be prohibited.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2015/10/01/560c50e546163f59158b459e.html |title=¿Se acabarán los toros en México? |author=Javier Brandoli |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date=10 January 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
191 => '',
192 => '==== France ====',
193 => '{| class="wikitable" align="right"',
194 => '!colspan="4"|'''Are you in favour of banning bullfighting in France or not?'''<ref name="IFOP survey 2018"/>',
195 => '|-',
196 => '|'''% response'''||'''Sep 2007'''||'''Aug 2010'''||'''Feb 2018'''',
197 => '|-',
198 => '|In favour||50||66||74',
199 => '|-',
200 => '|Not in favour||50||34||26',
201 => '|}',
202 => 'A February 2018 study commissioned by the [[30 millions d'amis]] foundation carried out by the [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] (IFOP) found that 74% of the French wanted to prohibit bullfighting in France, while 26% were opposed. In September 2007, these percentages were still 50-50, with those favouring a ban growing to 66% in August 2010 and those opposed shrinking to 34%. The survey found a correlation between age and opinion: the younger the survey participant, the more likely they were to support a ban.<ref name="IFOP survey 2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ifop.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/3970-1-study_file.pdf |title=L'adhésion à l'interdiction des corridas en France |publisher=[[Institut français d'opinion publique]] |date=February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>',
203 => '',
204 => '==== Spain ====',
205 => '{{multiple image',
206 => ' | width = 300px',
207 => ' | image1 = Bullsinspainf19.png',
208 => ' | alt1 = ',
209 => ' | caption1 = Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces during the 19th century.',
210 => ' | image2 = Bullfighting in Spain by province.png',
211 => ' | alt2 = ',
212 => ' | caption2 = Prevalence of bullfighting across Spanish provinces as of 2012.',
213 => '}}',
214 => 'Despite its slow decrease in popularity among younger generations, it remains a widespread cultural activity with millions of followers throughout Spain. Polls have had mixed results over the years with wide fluctuations, but overall point to a widespread support for a complete ban on bullfighting. {{Citation needed|reason=the following text doesn't support such categoric statement|date=April 2020}} A poll in 2016 reported that 67% of Spaniards felt "little to not at all" proud of living in a country where bullfighting was a cultural tradition, with the number skyrocketing to 84% for people aged 16 to 24. According to the same poll only 10% of Spaniards aged 16 to 34 supported bullfighting.<ref name="infoLibre">{{Cite web|url=https://www.infolibre.es/noticias/politica/2016/01/21/el_los_jovenes_24_anos_esta_quot_poco_quot_quot_nada_quot_orgulloso_vivir_pais_con_toros_43668_1012.html|title=El 84% de los jóvenes de 16 a 24 años se avergüenza de vivir en un país con toros|last=infoLibre|date=2016-01-21|website=infoLibre.es|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> A survey made by the Spanish newspaper ''[[El País|El Pais]]'' suggested that only 37% of Spaniards were fans of the spectacle.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}',
215 => '',
216 => 'Between 2007 and 2014, the number of corridas held in Spain decreased by 60%.<ref name="Tieleman">{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/4265667/2016/03/18/Toreador-vecht-nu-in-politieke-arena.dhtml |title=Toreador vecht nu in politieke arena |author=Alex Tieleman |work=[[Trouw]] |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |language=nl}}</ref> In 2007 there were 3,651 bullfighting and bull-related events in Spain, in 2018 the number of bullfights had decreased to 1,521 (a historic minimum).<ref name="Kassam">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/12/could-lockdown-be-the-death-of-bullfighting-in-spain |title=Could lockdown be the death of bullfighting in Spain? |author=Ashifa Kassam |work=The Guardian |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Valdivia"/> A Spanish government report published in September 2019 stated that only 8% of the population went to a bull-related spectacle in 2018; of this percentage, 5.9% attended a bullfight or 'corrida' while the rest went to other bull-related events such as the running of the bulls.<ref name="Valdivia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anagarciavaldivia/2020/12/30/will-bullfighting-survive-the-next-decade-in-spain/#2f2024cb45b3 |title=Will Bullfighting Survive The Next Decade In Spain? |author=Ana Garcia Valdivia |work=[[Forbes]] |date=30 December 2019 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> That same percentage of 5.9% expressed an interest of 9 or 10 out of 10 in bullfighting, while 65% of Spaniards showed an interest of 0 to 2 out of 10 in bullfighting; that last percentage was 72,1% amongst people aged 15–19 and 76,4% amongst people aged 20–24.<ref name="Valdivia"/> With the fall in spectator attendance, the bullfighting sector has come under financial stress, as many local authorities have also reduced subsidies to support the bullfights' continued existence due to public criticism.<ref name="Valdivia"/>',
217 => '',
218 => '{| class="wikitable" align="right"',
219 => '!colspan="2"|'''Should bullfighting be banned [in Spain]?'''<ref name="Machuca"/>',
220 => '|-',
221 => '|'''% response'''||'''May 2020'''',
222 => '|-',
223 => '|Yes||52',
224 => '|-',
225 => '|No||35',
226 => '|-',
227 => '|Don't know / Refused answer||10 / 2',
228 => '|}',
229 => 'When the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Spain|COVID-19 pandemic hit Spain]] in January 2020 and the country entered into lockdown, all bullfighting events were cancelled for the foreseeable future, and it was likely that the entire 2020 season had to be cancelled. In mid-May 2020, when over 26,000 Spanish people had died due to the virus, the bullfighting industry demanded the government to compensate for their losses, estimated at 700 million euros. This prompted outrage across society, with over 100,000 people signing a petition launched by AnimaNaturalis not to bail out 'spectacles based on the abuse and mistreatment of animals' with taxpayer money in a time when people were struggling to survive and public finances were already heavily strained.<ref name="Kassam"/> A 29–31 May 2020 YouGov survey commissioned by ''HuffPost'' showed that 52% of the 1,001 Spaniards questioned wanted to ban bullfighting, 35% were opposed, 10% didn't know and 2% refused to answer. 78% said corridas should no longer be partially subsidised by the government, 12% said they should, and 10% were undecided. When asked whether bullfighting was culture or mistreatment, 40% of the Spanish said it was only mistreatment, 18% said it was only culture, 37% said it was both, 4% said it was neither, and 2% didn't know. 53% had never attended a corrida, the other 47% had.<ref name="Machuca">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/07/07/el-52-de-los-espanoles-cree-que-deberian-prohibirse-los-toros_a_23465923/ |title=El 52% de los españoles cree que deberían prohibirse los toros |author=Pablo Machuca |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
230 => '',
231 => '===Animal welfare===',
232 => '[[File:Stier geveld5.jpg|thumb|Bull dying in a bullfight]]',
233 => '',
234 => '[[RSPCA]] assistant director for public affairs, David Bowles, said: "The RSPCA is strongly opposed to bullfighting. It is an inhumane and outdated practice that continues to lose support, including from those living in the countries where this takes place such as Spain, Portugal and France."<ref name="Huffpost">{{cite web|title=Peru running of the bulls event in Cusco leaves eight injured|work=The Huffington Post|author=Hartley, E.|access-date=5 April 2016|date=January 2016|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/01/06/peru-running-of-the-bulls-event-goes-wrong-as-eight-left-injured-_n_8920536.html}}</ref>',
235 => '',
236 => 'Bullfighting guide ''The Bulletpoint Bullfight'' warns that bullfighting is "not for the squeamish", advising spectators to "Be prepared for blood." The guide details prolonged and profuse bleeding caused by horse-mounted lancers; the charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored horse who is "sometimes doped up, and unaware of the proximity of the bull"; the placing of barbed darts by banderilleros; followed by the matador's fatal sword thrust. The guide stresses that these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting and that death is rarely instantaneous. The guide further warns those attending bullfights to "Be prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down."<ref>''The Bulletpoint Bullfight'', p. 6, {{ISBN|978-1-4116-7400-4}}</ref>',
237 => '',
238 => '[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]], "a postgraduate student of both philosophy and biology",<ref>France, Miranda, "[https://literaryreview.co.uk/blood-sweat-and-tears 'Blood, Sweat and Tears: ''Into the Arena: The World of the Spanish Bullfight'']", Literary Review, 389, July 2011</ref> who trained as a bullfighter to research for a book on the topic has argued that the fact that the bull lives three times as long as other cattle reared for meat and is reared wild in meadow and forest should be considered when weighing its impact on animal welfare as well as conservation. He has also speculated that the adrenalizing nature of the 30 minute spectacle (per bull) for the animal may arguably reduce the suffering even below that of the stress and anxiety of queuing in the abattoir.<ref>[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison|Fiske-Harrison, Alexander]], "[https://thelastarena.wordpress.com/2015/02/25/perhaps-bullfighting-is-not-a-moral-wrong-my-talk-at-the-edinburgh-international-book-festival/ Perhaps bullfighting is not a moral wrong: My talk at the Edinburgh International Book Festival]", The Last Arena: In Search Of The Spanish Bullfight blog. 25 July 2012</ref><ref>[[Alexander Fiske-Harrison|Fiske-Harrison, Alexander]], "[https://www.boisdale.co.uk/magazine/ 'For The Love Of ''Toreo'']", Boisdale Life magazine. Issue 13, Autumn 2018</ref> However, in the opinion of trained zoologist, [[Jordi Casamitjana]], the bulls do experience a high degree of suffering and "all aspects of any bullfight, from the transport to the death, are in themselves causes of suffering."<ref>{{cite web |website=www.english.stieren.net |title=The suffering of bullfighting bulls |url=http://english.stieren.net/index.php?id=390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126084718/http://english.stieren.net/index.php?id=390 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>',
239 => '',
240 => '===Funding===',
241 => '[[File:Ernest Hemingway Ticket Stub for Bullfight - NARA - 192658.tif|thumb|A ticket stub from 1926]]',
242 => '',
243 => 'The question of public funding is particularly controversial in Spain, since widely disparaged claims have been made by supporters and opponents of bullfighting. According to government figures, bullfighting in Spain generates €1.6 billion a year and 200 000 jobs, 57 000 of which are directly linked to the industry. {{Citation needed|reason=the figures sound exaggerated|date=April 2020}} Furthermore, bullfighting is the cultural activity which generates the most tax revenue for the Spanish state (€45 million in [[Value added tax|VAT]] and over €12 million in social security).',
244 => '',
245 => 'According to a poll, 73% of Spaniards oppose public funding for bullfighting activities.<ref name="infoLibre"/>',
246 => '',
247 => 'Critics often claim that bullfighting is financed with public money. However, despite bullfighting involving around 25 million spectators annually, it represents just 0.01% of those state subsidies allocated to cultural activities, and always under 3% of the cultural budget of regional, provincial and local authorities. The bulk of subsidies are paid by local town halls where there is a historical tradition and support for bullfighting and related events, which are often held without charge to participants and spectators. The European Union does not subsidize bullfighting but it does subsidize cattle farming in general, which also benefits those who rear Spanish fighting bulls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-tauromaquia-industria-cultural-rentable-genera-mas-1600-millones-201603301753_noticia.html|title=La Tauromaquia, una industria cultural muy rentable que genera más de 1.600 millones al año|date=30 March 2016|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>',
248 => '',
249 => 'In 2015, 438 of 687 Members of the European Parliament (MEP) voted in favour of amending the 2016 E.U. budget to indicate that the "[[Common Agricultural Policy]] (CAP) appropriations or any other appropriations from the budget should not be used for the financing of lethal bullfighting activities".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/10/28/bullfighting-european-parliament-votes-end-eu-subsidies-farmers_n_8412542.html|title=Bullfighting: European Parliament Votes To End EU Subsidies For Farmers Raising Bulls To Fight In Spain: Animal Rights Groups Are One Step Closer To Ending 'Barbaric' Bullfighting|first=Kathryn |last=Snowdon (reporter)|work=The Huffington Post|location=UK|date=29 October 2015|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>',
250 => '',
251 => '===Politics===',
252 => 'In the late 19th and early 20th century, some Spanish ''[[regeneracionismo|regeneracionista]]'' intellectuals protested against what they called the policy of ''pan y toros'' ("bread and bulls"), an analogue of Roman ''[[panem et circenses]]''. Such belief was part of the wider current of thought known as ''anti-flamenquismo'' whereby they simultaneously campaigned against the popularity of both bullfighting and flamenco music, which they believed to be "oriental" elements of Spanish culture which were responsible for Spain's backwardness as compared to the rest of Europe. In [[Francoist Spain]], bullfights received great support from the State, since they were treated as a demonstration of greatness of the Spanish nation and received the name of ''fiesta nacional.'' {{Citation needed|reason=prove that the expression ''fiesta nacional'' was not preexistent to Franco|date=April 2020}} Bullfighting was therefore highly associated with the regime. After Spain's [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]], popular support for bullfighting declined. {{Citation needed|reason=prove that this has political motivation and it's not just linked to the availability of other leisure activities|date=April 2020}}',
253 => '',
254 => 'As a general rule political parties in Spain are more likely to reject bullfighting the more leftist they are, and vice versa. The main centre-left political party in Spain, [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], has distanced itself from bullfighting but nonetheless refuses to ban it, while Spain's largest left-wing political party, [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], has repeatedly called for referendums on the matter and has shown dislike for the events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europapress.es/epsocial/igualdad/noticia-sanchez-no-prohibira-toros-contra-maltrato-animal-todas-fiestas-populares-20140919104910.html|title=Sánchez no prohibirá los toros aunque está en contra del maltrato animal "en todas las fiestas populares"|last=Press|first=Europa|date=2014-09-19|website=www.europapress.es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3619557/0/podemos-plantea-referendum-sobre-tauromaquia-espana-quiere-animales-tordesillas/|title=Unidas Podemos plantea un referéndum sobre la tauromaquia: "España no es el Toro de Tordesillas"|last=20minutos|date=2019-04-19|website=www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> On the other hand, the largest conservative political party, [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], has shown great support for the activity and asked for large public subsidies to it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-esta-proposicion-pp-presentado-para-defender-tauromaquia-tras-ataques-psoe-201812071636_noticia.html|title=Esta es la proposición que el PP ha presentado para defender la tauromaquia tras los ataques del PSOE|date=2018-12-07|website=abc|language=es|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> The government of [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] was the first to be more opposed to bullfighting, prohibiting children under 14 from attending and limiting or prohibiting the broadcast of bullfights on national TV, although the latter measure was reversed after his party lost the elections in 2011.',
255 => '',
256 => 'Despite its long history in Barcelona, in 2010 bullfighting was outlawed across the [[Catalonia]] region, following a campaign led by an animal rights civic platform called "Prou!" ("Enough!" in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). Critics have argued that the ban was motivated by issues of [[Catalan separatism]] and identity politics.<ref name=BBC28Jul2010/> In October 2016, the Constitutional Court ruled that the regional Catalan Parliament did not have competence to ban any kinds of spectacle that are legal in Spain.',
257 => '',
258 => 'The [[Spanish Royal Family]] is divided on the issue, from the Former Queen Consort of Spain, [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Sofía of Spain]] who does not hide her dislike for bullfights;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Queen_Sofia_of_Spain |title=Queen Sofia of Spain – Phantis |publisher=Wiki.phantis.com |date=2 July 2006 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref> to the former King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] who occasionally presides over a bullfight from the royal box as part of his official duties;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casareal.es/noticias/news/20070522_Corrida_Toros_Prensa-ides-idweb.html |title=Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España |publisher=Casareal.es |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=gerrit schimmelpeninck |url=http://www.portaltaurino.com/corazon/casa_real.htm |title=Casa Real |publisher=Portaltaurino.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015161829/http://www.portaltaurino.com/corazon/casa_real.htm |archive-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.las-ventas.com/cronicas2005/0608/portada.htm |title=Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas |publisher=Las-ventas.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430233657/http://www.las-ventas.com/cronicas2005/0608/portada.htm |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to their daughter Princess [[Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo|Elena]] who is well known for her liking of bullfights and who often accompanies the king in the presiding box or attends privately in the general seating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7 |title=Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas |publisher=Asp.las-ventas.com |access-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713184540/http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7 |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref>',
259 => '',
260 => 'Pro-bullfighting supporters include the former Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] and his party (Partido Popular), as well as most leaders of the major left-leaning opposition [[PSOE]] Party, including former Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez and the current Presidents of Andalusia, Extremadura and Castilla–La Mancha. Nevertheless, former PSOE Prime Minister Zapatero was more lukewarm towards the Fiesta, and under his government there was a 6-year ban on live bullfights broadcast on the state-run national TV channel. This has been lifted since his government was voted out in 2011. Live bullfights are shown at the traditional 6 p.m. time on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] as of September 2012.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news',
261 => ' | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19487931',
262 => ' | title = Live bullfights return to Spanish TV after six-year ban',
263 => ' | access-date = 7 September 2012',
264 => ' | work=BBC News',
265 => ' | date=5 September 2012}}</ref>',
266 => '',
267 => '===Religion===',
268 => '[[File:Bulla S.D. N. Pii Pape V.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Pius V]]'s bull against bullfighting and other blood sports involving wild animals (1567)]]',
269 => 'Bullfighting is thought to be involved in festivities since prehistoric times, as a trend that once extended through the entire [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean coast]] and has just survived in Iberia and part of France.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Bullfighting - History|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/bullfighting|access-date=May 10, 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> During the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Arab rule of Iberia]], the ruling class tried to ban the practice of bullfighting, considering it a [[Paganism|pagan celebration]] and [[heresy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schulz|first=Andrew|date=2008|title=Moors and the Bullfight: History and National Identity in Goya's "Tauromaquia"|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|pages=195–217|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786390|issn=0004-3079|jstor=20619602|s2cid=161407961}}</ref> In the 16th century [[Pope Pius V]] banned bullfighting for its ties to [[paganism]] and for the danger it posed to the participants.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=A papal bull against bullfighting {{!}} Lillian Goldman Law Library|url=https://library.law.yale.edu/news/papal-bull-against-bullfighting|access-date=2020-05-16|website=library.law.yale.edu}}</ref> Anyone who would sponsor, watch or participate in a bullfight was to be [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by the Church.<ref name=":22" /> Spanish and Portuguese bullfighters kept the tradition alive covertly, and his successor, [[Pope Gregory XIII]], took efforts to relax this penalty.<ref>EXCOMUNIÓN A PERPETUIDAD San Pío V: Bula «DE SALUTIS GREGIS DOMINICI» (1567) «Bullarum Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurinensis editio», Vol VII, Augustae Taurinorum 1862, pages 630-631</ref> Still, Pope Gregory advised bullfighters to not use the sport as way to honor Jesus Christ or the Saints, as was typical in Spain and Portugal.<ref name=":22" /> Indeed, bullfighting has been seen as intertwined with religion and religious folklore in Spain at a popular level, particularly in the areas where it is most popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-30-04-2004/sevilla/Andalucia/tauromaquia-y-religion_9621233689660.html|title=Tauromaquia y religión - Andalucía - Toros - Abc.es|last=ABCDESEVILA|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cetnotorolidia.es/opencms_wf/opencms/system/modules/es.jcyl.ita.site.torodelidia/elements/galleries/galeria_downloads/Reportajes/Religion_y_Toros_Web.pdf|title=La Religión y los Toros|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> Bullfighting events are celebrated during festivities celebrating local patron saints, alongside a range of other activities (games, sports, musical festivals, dancing, etc.). On the other hand, the bullfighting world is also inextricably linked to religious iconography involved with religious devotion in Spain, with bullfighters seeking the protection of various incarnations of [[St Mary]] and often being members of religious brotherhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aportagayola.wordpress.com/2009/07/16/la-religion-en-el-mundo-de-los-toros/|title=LA RELIGIÓN EN EL MUNDO DE LOS TOROS|date=16 July 2009|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/25/bullfighting-spain-national-fiesta-now-divides-its-people|title=It was Spain's 'national fiesta'. Now bullfighting divides its people|first=Duncan|last=Wheeler|date=24 October 2015|access-date=21 January 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref>',
270 => '',
271 => '===Media prohibitions===',
272 => 'State-run Spanish [[Televisión Española|TVE]] had cancelled live coverage of bullfights in August 2007 until September 2012, claiming that the coverage was too violent for children who might be watching, and that live coverage violated a voluntary, industry-wide code attempting to limit "sequences that are particularly crude or brutal".<ref>[http://www.news1130.com/news/international/article.jsp?content=w082258A No more 'ole'? Matadors miffed as Spain removes bullfighting from state TV] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015231912/http://www.news1130.com/news/international/article.jsp?content=w082258A |date=15 October 2007 }}</ref> In October 2008, in a statement to Congress, Luis Fernández, the President of Spanish State Broadcaster TVE, confirmed that the station will no longer broadcast live bullfights due to the high cost of production and a rejection of the events by advertisers. However the station will continue to broadcast ''Tendido Cero'', a bullfighting magazine programme.<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18648.shtml TVE explains the decision not to broadcast bullfighting is a financial one] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102065003/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18648.shtml |date=2 November 2008 }}</ref> Having the national Spanish TV stop broadcasting it, after 50 years of history, was considered a big step towards its abolition. Nevertheless, other regional and private channels keep broadcasting it with good audiences.<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP/ |url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-22-08-2007/abc/Nacional/las-corridas-de-toros-corren-peligro-en-tve-_164480243859.html |title=Las corridas de toros corren peligro en TVE – Nacional – Nacional |publisher=Abc.es |date=22 August 2007 |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>',
273 => '',
274 => 'The former Spanish Prime Minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] and his government lifted the ban on live bullfights being shown on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] and live bullfights are now shown at the traditional 6 p.m. time on [[Televisión Española|TVE]] as of September 2012.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>',
275 => '',
276 => 'A television station in Costa Rica stopped the broadcast of bullfights in January 2008, on the grounds that they were too violent for minors.<ref>{{cite web |author=ASANDA |url=http://www.asanda.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=646 |title=¡PROHÍBEN CORRIDAS DE TOROS PARA NIÑOS! (EN COSTA RICA) :: ASANDA :: Asociación Andaluza para la Defensa de los Animales |publisher=ASANDA |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231031731/http://www.asanda.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=646 |archive-date=31 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2021}}',
277 => '',
278 => '===Declaration as cultural patrimony===',
279 => 'A growing list of Spanish, Portuguese and South American cities and regions have started to formally declare their celebrations of bullfighting part of their protected cultural patrimony or heritage. Most of these declarations have come into place as a counter-reaction in the aftermath of the 2010 ban in Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web|author=AIT/ |url=http://tauromaquia.org/proyecto-unesco/118-continuan-de-forma-incesante-declaraciones-de-patrimonio-cultural-inmaterial-a-favor-de-los-toros.html |title=CONTINÚAN DE FORMA INCESANTE DECLARACIONES DE PATRIMONIO CULTURAL INMATERIAL A FAVOR DE LOS TOROS |publisher=tauromaquia.org |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref>',
280 => '',
281 => 'As of April 2012, the latest addition to this list is the Andalusian city of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aplausos Magazine/ |url=http://www.aplausos.es/noticia/11153/Noticias/sevilla-blinda-toros.html |title=Sevilla blinda los toros |publisher=aplausos.es |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=4 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402025219/http://www.aplausos.es/noticia/11153/Noticias/sevilla-blinda-toros.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref>',
282 => '',
283 => '{{anchor|Bans}}',
284 => '',
285 => '== Laws ==',
286 => '',
287 => '=== Pre-20th century ===',
288 => '[[File:Bullring-lima.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Plaza de toros de Acho]] in [[Lima]], [[Peru]]—the oldest bullring in South America, dating back to 1766]]',
289 => 'In November 1567, [[Pope Pius V]] issued a [[papal bull]] titled ''De Salute Gregis'' forbidding the fighting of bulls and other beasts as a voluntary risk to life which endangered the soul of the combatants. However it was rescinded eight years later by his successor, [[Pope Gregory XIII]], at the request of King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].',
290 => '',
291 => 'Chile banned bullfighting shortly after gaining independence in 1818, but the [[Chilean rodeo]] (which involves horseriders in an [[medialuna|oval arena]] blocking a female cow against the wall without killing it) is still legal and has even been declared a national sport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/over-85-000-people-sign-petition-to-end-bullfighting-in-northwest-mexico/50000263-2886502 |title=Over 85,000 people sign petition to end bullfighting in northwest Mexico |work=Agencia EFE |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> ',
292 => '',
293 => 'Bullfighting was introduced in [[Uruguay]] in 1776 by Spain and abolished by [[Uruguayan law]] in February 1912; thus the [[Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos]], built in 1910, only operated for two years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burford |first=Tim |date=2010 |title=The Bradt Travel Guide Uruguay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eZ9-u6OqKwC&pg=PA255 |location=Chalfont St Peter |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=255 |isbn=9781841623160 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Bullfighting was also introduced in [[Argentina]] by Spain, but after Argentina's independence, the event drastically diminished in popularity and was abolished in 1899 under law 2786.<ref>{{cite web|author=Veronica Cerrato |url=http://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883 |title=Desde 1899, Argentina sin Corridas de Toros // |publisher=Animanaturalis.org |access-date=28 March 2010}}</ref>',
294 => '',
295 => 'Bullfighting was present in [[Cuba]] during its colonial period from 1514 to 1898, but was abolished by the United States military under the pressure of civic associations in 1899, right after the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898. The prohibition was maintained after Cuba gained independence in 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.taurologia.com/cuatro-siglos-historia-taurina-cuba-2211.htm |title=Cuatro siglos de historia taurina en Cuba |author=Plácido González Hermoso |work=Taurologia.com |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref> Bullfighting was also banned for a period in Mexico in 1890; consequently some Spanish bullfighters moved to the United States to transfer their skills to the American [[rodeos]].<ref name="Hudson2003">{{cite book|author=Simon Hudson|title=Sport and Adventure Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00robe_0|url-access=registration|access-date=15 September 2013|year=2003|publisher=Haworth Hospitality Press|isbn=978-0-7890-1276-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00robe_0/page/n55 44]–}}</ref>',
296 => '',
297 => 'During the 18th and 19th centuries, bullfighting in Spain was banned at several occasions {{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} (for instance by [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]), but always reinstituted later by other governments.',
298 => '',
299 => 'Bullfighting had some popularity in the [[Philippines during Spanish rule]], though foreign commentators derided the quality of local bulls and toreros.<ref name="Wolff1961">{{cite book|author=Leon Wolff|title=Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA22|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1961|publisher=Wolff Productions|isbn=978-1-58288-209-3|pages=22–}}</ref><ref name="Stickney1899">{{cite book|author=Joseph L. Stickney|title=War in the Philippines: and Life and glorious deeds of Admiral Dewey. A thrilling account of our conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcc6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA205|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1899|publisher=Monarch|pages=205–}}</ref> Bullfighting was noted in the [[Philippines]] as early as 1619, when it was among the festivities in celebration of [[Pope Urban III]]'s authorisation of the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="Fernandez1996">{{cite book|author=Doreen Fernandez|title=Palabas: Essays on Philippine Theater History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Spac9d20uG8C&pg=PA53|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1996|publisher=[[Ateneo University Press]]|isbn=978-971-550-188-0|pages=53–}}</ref> Following the Spanish–American War, the Americans suppressed the custom in the Philippines under the tenure of Governor General [[Leonard Wood]], and it was replaced with a now-popular Filipino sport, [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The National Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EABQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA89|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1898|publisher=[[National Temperance Society]]|pages=2–}}</ref><!-- I'M SEEING MENTION OF BULLFIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AS LATE AS 1950; THERE'S PROBABLY A LARGER STORY HERE -->',
300 => '',
301 => '=== 20th century onwards ===',
302 => '{{World bullfighting bans}}',
303 => 'Bullfighting is now banned in many countries; people taking part in such activity would be liable for terms of imprisonment for [[animal cruelty]]. "Bloodless" variations, though, are often permitted and have attracted a following in [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[France]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | title = Bloodless bullfights animate California's San Joaquin Valley | url = http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-trw-californiabullfighting29jul29 | date=26 July 2007}}</ref> In southern France, however, the traditional form of the corrida still exists and it is protected by French law. However, in June 2015 the Paris Court of Appeals removed bullfighting/"la corrida" from France's cultural heritage list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedodo.com/french-court-bullfighting-removed-cultural-heritage-list-1186121724.html|title=France Will No Longer Support 'Tradition' Of Bullfighting|first=Carole Raphaelle|last=Davis|date=10 July 2015|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/fr|title=France - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/France-Monde/Actualite/24-Heures/n/Contenus/Articles/2015/06/06/La-corrida-n-est-plus-inscrite-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-la-France-2356104|title=La corrida n'est plus inscrite au patrimoine culturel immatériel de la France - 06/06/2015 - La Nouvelle République France-Monde|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> While it is not very popular in Texas, bloodless forms of bullfighting occur at rodeos in small Texas towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc13.com/archive/6200136/|title=Bullfighting is coming to Ft. Bend County|first=Laura|last=Whitley|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>',
304 => '',
305 => 'Several cities around the world (especially in [[Catalonia]]) have symbolically declared themselves to be [[Anti-Bullfighting City|Anti-Bullfighting Cities]], including Barcelona in 2006.',
306 => '',
307 => '=== Colombia ===',
308 => 'Bullfighting with killing bulls in the ring is legal in Colombia.<ref name="Cusack">{{Cite book |last=Cusack |first=Carmen M. |date=2017 |title=Animals and Criminal Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj8rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |location=Abigdon/New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=35–36 |isbn=9781351531702 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> In 2013, [[Gustavo Petro]], then mayor of the Colombian capital city of [[Bogotá]], had ''de facto'' prohibited bullfighting by refusing to lease out bullrings to bullfighting organisers. But the [[Constitutional Court of Colombia]] ruled that this violated the right to expression of the bullfighters, and ordered the bullrings to be reopened. The first bullfight in Bogotá in four years happened on 22 January 2017 amid clashes between antitaurino protesters and police.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/01/23/inenglish/1485174555_407393.html |title=After four-year ban, bullfighting returns to Colombian city of Bogota |author=Rosa Jiménez Cano |work=El País |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>',
309 => '',
310 => '=== Costa Rica ===',
311 => 'In Costa Rica the law prohibits the killing of bulls and other animals in public and private shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuerzapublica.go.cr/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Reglamento-Actividades-Taurinas-N%C2%B0-19183-G-S-.pdf |title=Reglamento Actividades Taurinas, No. 19183-GS |date=15 July 1968 |access-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904005151/http://www.fuerzapublica.go.cr/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/Reglamento-Actividades-Taurinas-N%C2%B0-19183-G-S-.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2014 }}</ref> However, there are still bullfights, called "Toros a la Tica", that are televised from Palmares and Zapote at the end and beginning of the year. Volunteer amateur bullfighters (''improvisados'') confront a bull in a ring and try to provoke him into charging and then run away.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ticotimes.net/2019/11/12/costa-rica-prepares-for-50th-anniversary-of-fiestas-de-zapote |title=Costa Rica prepares for 50th anniversary of Fiestas de Zapote |work=[[The Tico Times]] |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In a December 2016 survey, 46.4% of respondents wanted to outlaw bullfights while 50.1% thought they should continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacion.com/vivir/bienestar/Toros-tica-dividen-opinion-costarricenses_0_1602239821.html|title=Mitad de los ticos está en contra de prohibir las corridas de toros|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The bullfights do not include spears or any other device to harm the bull and resemble the [[running of the bulls]] in [[Pamplona]], the difference being that the Costa Rican event takes place in an arena rather than in the streets, as in Pamplona.',
312 => '',
313 => '=== Ecuador ===',
314 => 'Ecuador staged bullfights to the death for over three centuries as a Spanish colony. On 12 December 2010, [[Ecuador]]'s president [[Rafael Correa]] announced that in an [[2011 Ecuadorian referendum and popular consultation|upcoming referendum]], the country would be asked whether to ban bullfighting;<ref>[http://www4.elcomercio.com/2010-12-17/Home/Noticia-Principal/corridas-toros-referendum-%281%29.aspx "Las corridas de toros irán a referendum"] by ''[[El Comercio (Ecuador)|El Comercio]]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220010929/http://www4.elcomercio.com/2010-12-17/Home/Noticia-Principal/corridas-toros-referendum-%281%29.aspx |date=20 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/actualidad/noticia/archive/actualidad/2010/12/17/Correa-anuncia-consulta-popular-sobre-corridas-de-toros.aspx "Correa anuncia consulta popular sobre corridas de toros" by ''El Telegrafo'']</ref><ref>[http://www.eluniverso.com/2010/12/17/1/1355/correa-anuncia-consulta-popular-sobre-seguridad-justicia-corridas-toros.html?p=1354&m=27 "Correa anuncia consulta popular sobre seguridad, justicia y corridas de toros"] by ''[[El Universo]]''</ref> in the referendum, held in May 2011, the Ecuadorians agreed on banning the final killing of the bull that happens in a corrida.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0509/1224296491068.html | work=The Irish Times | first=Tom | last=Hennigan | title=Ecuador votes to end 500 years of bullfighting | date=9 May 2011}}</ref> This means the bull is no longer killed before the public, and is instead taken back inside the barn to be killed at the end of the event. The other parts of the corrida are still performed the same way as before in the cities that celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quaker-animals.co.uk/?p=2650|title=ANALYSIS OF THE ECUADOR REFERENDUM – BULLFIGHT - Quaker Concern For Animals|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> This part of the referendum is applied on a regional level, meaning that in regions where the population voted against the ban, which are the same regions where bullfighting is celebrated the most, killing the animal publicly in the bullfighting plaza is still performed. The main bullfighting celebration of the country, the Fiesta Brava in Quito was still allowed to take place in December 2011 after the referendum under these new rules.<ref>[http://www.elcomercio.com/fiesta-brava/toros-quito_0_597540438.html ''Los toros en Quito 2011'']. ElComercio.com. Gonzalo Ruiz Álvarez Comentarista Sábado 26 November 2011</ref>',
315 => '',
316 => '=== France ===',
317 => 'In 1951,<ref name="Kruk"/> bullfighting in France was legalised by §7 of Article 521-1 of the [[Code pénal (France)|French penal code]] in areas where there was an 'unbroken local tradition'.<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid=F5FD5F1ED5D047E56561EED4E786A415.tplgfr31s_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006149860&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20200606 Article 521-1 of the French penal code]</ref> This exemption applies to [[Nîmes]], [[Arles]], [[Alès]], [[Bayonne]], [[Carcassonne]], and [[Fréjus]], amongst others.<ref name="Kruk">{{Cite news |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/stierenvechten-stuit-op-toenemend-frans-verzet~a1b72350/ |title=Stierenvechten stuit op toenemend Frans verzet |author=Marijn Kruk |work=[[Trouw]] |date=10 May 2008 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> In 2011, the [[French Ministry of Culture]] added corrida to the list of 'intangible heritage' of France, but after much controversy silently removed it from its website again. Animal rights activists launched a lawsuit to make sure it was completely removed from the heritage list and thus not given extra legal protection; the Administrative Appeals Court of Paris ruled in their favour in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20150605/france-cuts-bullfighting-from-cultural-heritage-list |title=France cuts bullfighting from cultural heritage list |author=Ben McPartland |work=The Local France |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In a separate case, the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] ruled on 21 September 2012 that bullfighting did not violate the French Constitution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/stierenvechten-mag-van-de-franse-grondwet~ad328e95/ |title=Stierenvechten mag van de Franse grondwet |work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>',
318 => '',
319 => '=== Honduras ===',
320 => 'In Honduras, under Article 11 of 'Decree no. 115-2015 ─ Animal Protection and Welfare Act' that went into effect in 2016, dog and cat fights and duck races are prohibited, while 'bullfighting shows and cockfights are part of the National Folklore and as such allowed'. However, 'in bullfighting shows, the use of spears, swords, fire or other objects that cause pain to the animal is prohibited.'<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/hon168198.pdf |title=Decreto Nº 115-2015 ─ Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal |publisher=Ecolex |date=2016 |access-date=9 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
321 => '',
322 => '=== India ===',
323 => '{{Main|Jallikattu}}',
324 => '{{See also|2017 pro-jallikattu protests}}',
325 => 'Jallikattu, a type of bull-taming or bull-riding event, is practiced in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. A bull is released into a crowd of people. Participants attempt to grab the bull's hump and either hold on for a determined distance or length of time or attempt to liberate a packet of money tied to the bull's horns. The practice was banned in 2014 by India's Supreme Court over concerns that bulls are sometimes mistreated prior to jallikattu events. Animal welfare investigations into the practice revealed that some bulls are poked with sticks and scythes, some have their tails twisted, some are force-fed alcohol to disorient them, and in some cases chili powder and other irritants are applied to bulls' eyes and genitals to agitate the animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/plea-against-jallikattu-to-be-heard-by-supreme-court-today-1264686|title=Plea Against Jallikattu To Be Heard By Supreme Court Today|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> The 2014 ban was suspended and reinstated several times over the years. In January 2017, the Supreme Court upheld their previous ban and various protests arose in response. Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the Governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of jallikattu events.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mariappan, Julie |date=21 January 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu Governor signs ordinance for jallikattu |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124034249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-governor-signs-ordinance-for-jallikattu/articleshow/56703340.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bi-partisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting jallikattu from the Prevention of Cruelity to Animals Act (1960).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sivakumar, B. |date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124035945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms |archive-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2017|01}} Jallikattu is legal in Tamil Nadu,<ref name ="FP-legal">{{Cite news|date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu legalised in Tamil Nadu: State Assembly passes bill without any opposition |newspaper=FirstPost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-legalised-in-tamil-nadu-state-assembly-passes-bill-without-any-opposition-2-3217098.html |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> but another organization may challenge the mechanism by which it was legalized,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|title=AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law|date=2017-01-26|newspaper=News Today|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115359/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law|archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> as the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] claims that the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] does not have the power to override [[Law of India|Indian federal law]], meaning that the state law could possibly once again be nullified and jallikattu banned.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jallikattu-supreme-court-tamil-nadu-government-law/1/866085.html|title=Tamil Nadu's new jallikattu law challenged in Supreme Court|last=Soni|first=Anusha|date=2017-01-25|work=India Today|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|title=Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body|date=2017-01-25|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>',
326 => '',
327 => '=== Mexico ===',
328 => 'Bullfighting has been banned in four [[Mexico|Mexican]] states: [[Sonora]] in 2013, [[Guerrero]] in 2014, [[Coahuila]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|last=Raúl|first=Arce-Contreras|title=Coahuila, Mexico Bans Bullfighting|url=http://www.hsi.org/news/press_releases/2015/08/coahuila-bans-bullfighting-082515.html|website=Humane Society International|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> and [[Quintana Roo]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://politica.expansion.mx/estados/2019/06/28/congreso-de-quintana-roo-prohibe-las-corridas-de-toros |access-date=9 October 2019 |agency=Expansión |date=28 June 2019}}</ref>',
329 => '',
330 => '=== Panama ===',
331 => 'Law 308 on the Protection of Animals was approved by the [[National Assembly (Panama)|National Assembly of Panama]] on 15 March 2012. Article 7 of the law states: 'Dog fights, animal races, bullfights – whether of the Spanish or Portuguese style – the breeding, entry, permanence and operation in the national territory of all kinds of circus or circus show that uses trained animals of any species, are prohibited.' Horse racing and cockfighting were exempt from the ban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/23744/panama_prohibe_las_corridas_de_toros |title=Panamá prohíbe las corridas de toros |publisher=Anima Naturalis |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
332 => '',
333 => '=== Nicaragua ===',
334 => 'Nicaragua prohibited bullfighting under a new Animal Welfare Law in December 2010, with 74 votes in favour and 5 votes against in Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.animanaturalis.org/n/11402/nicaragua_tambien_prohibe_las_corridas_de_toros |title=Nicaragua también prohíbe las corridas de toros |publisher=Anima Naturalis |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
335 => '',
336 => '=== Portugal ===',
337 => '{{Further|Portuguese-style bullfighting#Attempts at prohibition}}',
338 => 'Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] prohibited bullfighting in 1836 with the argument that it was unbefitting for a civilised nation. The ban was lifted in 1921, but in 1928 a law was passed that forbade the killing of the bull during a fight. In practice, bulls still frequently die after a fight from their injuries or by being slaughtered by a butcher.<ref name="Bilefsky">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/08/world/europe/08iht-toro.4.7046878.html |title=Famous Portuguese matador broke the law by killing a bull |author=Dan Bilefsky |work=The New York Times |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>',
339 => '',
340 => 'In 2001, matador Pedrito de Portugal controversially killed a bull at the end of a fight after spectators encouraged him to do so by chanting "Kill the bull! Kill the bull!"<ref name="Bilefsky"/> The crowds gave Pedrito a standing ovation, hoisted him on their shoulders and paraded him through the streets.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> Hours later the police arrested him and charged him with a fine, but they released him after crowds of angry fans surrounded the police station.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> A long court case ensued, finally resulting in Pedrito's conviction in 2007 with a fine of €100,000.<ref name="Bilefsky"/> In 2002, the Portuguese government gave [[Barrancos]], a village near the Spanish border where bullfighting fans stubbornly persisted in encouraging the killing of bulls during fights, a dispensation from the 1928 ban.<ref name="Bilefsky"/>',
341 => '',
342 => 'Various attempts have been made to ban bullfighting in Portugal, both nationally (in 2012 and 2018) and locally, but so far unsuccessful. In July 2018, animalist party [[People–Animals–Nature|PAN]] presented a proposal at the Portuguese Parliament to abolish all types of bullfighting in the country. Left-wing party [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]] voted in favour of the proposal but criticised its lack of solutions to the foreseen consequences of the abolition. The proposal was however categorically rejected by all other parties, that cited freedom of choice and respect for tradition as arguments against it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/07/06/sociedade/noticia/projecto-do-pan-para-abolir-touradas-rejeitada-1837111 |title=Chumbada abolição de touradas |language=pt |newspaper=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |first=Sofia |last=Rodrigues |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/portugal/2018-07-06-As-touradas-vao-continuar.-Parlamento-chumba-proposta-do-PAN |title=As touradas vão continuar. Parlamento chumba proposta do PAN |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=[[Visão]] |first=Octávio |last=Lousada Oliveira |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>',
343 => '',
344 => '=== Spain ===',
345 => '[[File:Tauromaquia en España.PNG|thumb|Legal situation of bullfighting in Spain in 2015 (overturned in 2016)ː',
346 => '{{Legend|#0000FF|Bullfighting banned.}}',
347 => '{{Legend|#228B22|Bullfighting legal, but traditionally not practiced.}}',
348 => '{{Legend|#FF00FF|Bullfighting banned, but other spectacles involving cattle protected by law.}}',
349 => '{{Legend|#F08080|Bullfighting legal, but banned in some places.}}',
350 => '{{Legend|#FF0000|Bullfighting legal.}}',
351 => '{{Legend|#B22222|Bullfighting legal and protected by law (declared as Cultural Interest or Intangible Cultural Heritage).}}]]',
352 => 'The parliament of the Spanish region of Catalonia voted in favour of a ban on bullfighting in 2009, which went into effect in 2012.<ref name="Valdivia"/> The Spanish national parliament passed a law in 2013 stating that bullfighting is an 'indisputable' part of Spain's 'cultural heritage'; this law was used by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2016 to overturn the Catalan ban of 2012.<ref name="Valdivia"/> When the island of Mallorca adopted a law in 2017 that prohibited the killing of a bull during a fight, this law was also declared partially unconstitutional by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2018, as the judges ruled that the death of the bull was part of the essence of a corrida.<ref name="Valdivia"/>',
353 => '',
354 => '==== Canary Islands ====',
355 => 'In 1991, the [[Canary Islands]] became the first Spanish [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Community]] to ban bullfighting,<ref name=BBC28Jul2010/> when they legislated to ban spectacles that involve cruelty to animals, with the exception of [[cockfighting]], which is traditional in some towns in the Islands;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/boc/1991/062/001.html |title=Canary Islands Government. Law 8/1991, dated April the 30th, for animal protection |language=es |publisher=Gobiernodecanarias.org |date=13 May 1991 |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> bullfighting was never popular in the Canary Islands. Some supporters of bullfighting and even [[Lorenzo Olarte Cullen]],<ref name="El Mundo Olarte">{{cite web |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/07/28/toros/1280350886.html |title=La prohibición de la tauromaquia: un capítulo del antiespañolismo catalán |publisher=[[El Mundo (Spanish newspaper)|El Mundo]] |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref> Canarian head of government at the time, have argued that the fighting bull is not a "domestic animal" and hence the law does not ban bullfighting.<ref name="Mundotoro Canarias">{{cite web |url=http://www.mundotoro.com/noticia/los-toros-no-estan-prohibidos-en-canarias/79708 |title=Los toros no están prohibidos en Canarias |publisher=Mundotoro |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802082334/http://www.mundotoro.com/noticia/los-toros-no-estan-prohibidos-en-canarias/79708 |archive-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The absence of spectacles since 1984 would be due to lack of demand. In the rest of Spain, national laws against cruelty to animals have abolished most [[blood sports]], but specifically exempt bullfighting.',
356 => '',
357 => '==== Catalonia ====',
358 => '{{Main|Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia}}',
359 => '{{Wikinews|Bull fighting banned in Catalonia}}',
360 => 'On 18 December 2009, the [[parliament of Catalonia]], one of Spain's seventeen [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Communities]], approved by majority the preparation of a [[Ban on bullfighting in Catalonia|law to ban bullfighting in Catalonia]], as a response to a popular initiative against bullfighting that gathered more than 180,000 signatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avui.cat/cat/notices/2009/12/llum_verda_a_la_supressio_de_les_corrides_de_toros_a_catalunya_81775.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221120744/http://www.avui.cat/cat/notices/2009/12/llum_verda_a_la_supressio_de_les_corrides_de_toros_a_catalunya_81775.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2009 |title=Llum verda a la supressió de les corrides de toros a Catalunya |publisher=Avui.cat |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> On {{Nowrap|28 July}} 2010, with the two main parties allowing their members a [[free vote]], the ban was passed 68 to 55, with 9 abstentions. This meant Catalonia became the second [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Community]] of Spain (first was [[Canary Islands]] in 1991), and the first on the [[Iberian Peninsula|mainland]], to ban bullfighting. The ban took effect on 1 January 2012, and affected only the one remaining functioning Catalan bullring, the [[La Monumental|Plaza de toros Monumental de Barcelona]].<ref name=BBC28Jul2010>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10784611|title=Catalonia bans bullfighting in landmark Spain vote|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=28 July 2010|access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/world/europe/29spain.html?ref=world |title=Spanish Region Bans Bullfighting |work=The New York Times|author= Raphael Minder |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref>',
361 => 'It did not affect the ''[[correbous]]'', a traditional game of the [[Ebro]] area (south of Catalonia) where lighted flares are attached to a bull's horns. The correbous are seen mainly in the municipalities in the south of [[Tarragona]], with the exceptions of a few other towns in other provinces of Catalonia. The name ''correbous'' is essentially [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]]; in other parts of Spain they have other names.<ref>[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_27265.shtml#ixzz10NKQxwpk Now Catalonia votes to protect the torture of bulls<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330053829/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_27265.shtml#ixzz10NKQxwpk |date=30 March 2012 }}</ref>',
362 => '',
363 => 'A movement emerged to revoke the ban in the Spanish congress, citing the value of bullfighting as "cultural heritage". The proposal was backed by the majority of parliamentarians in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congreso español admite a debate corridas de toros|url=http://www.tauromaquias.com/2013/02/congreso-espanol-admite-debate-corridas.html|work=Tauro Maquais|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>',
364 => '',
365 => 'In October 2016 the Spanish Constitutional Court ruled that the regional Catalan Parliament had no competence to ban any kind of spectacle that is legal in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2016/10/20/57f4cf5ee5fdea5e408b4611.html|title=El Constitucional anula la prohibición de los toros en Cataluña|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>',
366 => '',
367 => '==== Galicia ====',
368 => 'In Galicia, bullfighting has been banned in many cities by the local governments.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Bullfighting has never had an important following in the region.<ref>[http://www.farodevigo.es/opinion/2010/07/30/galicia-toros-mu/460200.html Galicia: de toros, ni mu] (in Spanish)</ref>',
369 => '',
370 => '=== United States ===',
371 => 'Bullfighting was outlawed in [[California]] in 1957, but the law was amended in response to protests from the Portuguese community in [[Gustine, California|Gustine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/27/us/in-california-bullfights-the-final-deed-is-done-with-velcro.html|title=In California Bullfights, the Final Deed Is Done With Velcro|last=Brown|first=Patricia Leigh|date=2001-06-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Lawmakers determined that a form of "bloodless" bullfighting would be allowed to continue, in affiliation with certain Christian holidays. Though the bull is not killed as with traditional bullfighting, it is still intentionally irritated and provoked and its horns are shaved down to prevent injury to people and other animals present in the ring, but serious injuries still can and do occur and spectators are also at risk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lodinews.com/news/collection_c0b7fbce-9404-11e6-a8a7-a31ec7f1fc4d.html|title=Thornton's bloodless bullfight|website=Lodinews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2|title=Tradition of the Azores takes root in Central Valley bullrings|last=Marcum|first=Diana|date=2011-08-25|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920221031/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Humane Society of the United States]] has expressed opposition to bullfighting in all its forms since at least 1981.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/lens/california-bullfight-portuguese-americans.html|title=How to Have Bullfights in California? Use Velcro.|last=Silverman|first=Rena|date=2018-08-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>',
372 => '',
373 => '[[Puerto Rico]] banned bullfighting and the breeding of bulls for fights by Law no. 176 of 25 July 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/ley1998/LEX98176.htm |title=Ley Núm. 176 del 25 de julio de 1998: Prohibir las corridas de toros, crianza de toros para lidia y otras. |work=lexjuris.com |date=25 July 1998 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref>',
374 => '',
375 => '== In literature, film, and the arts ==',
376 => '<!--do not add trivia content-->',
377 => '[[File:Bullfighting Statue at Shilpacharjo Zainul Abedin Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, Bangladesh..jpg|thumb|Bullfighting statue at [[Zainul Abedin|Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin]] Folk Arts and Crafts Museum, Bangladesh]]',
378 => '* ''[[Death in the Afternoon]]'', [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s treatise on Spanish bullfighting',
379 => '* ''[[The Dangerous Summer]]'', Ernest Hemingway's chronicle of the bullfighting rivalry between [[Luis Miguel Dominguín]] and his brother-in-law [[Antonio Ordóñez]]',
380 => '* ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', a novel by Ernest Hemingway, includes many accounts of bullfighting.',
381 => '* ''Bullfighter from Brooklyn'' (1953), autobiography by matador [[Sidney Franklin (bullfighter)|Sidney Franklin]]',
382 => '* ''Into The Arena: The World Of The Spanish Bullfight'' (2011), book by [[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]] about his time in Spain as an aficionado in 2009 and as a bullfighter in 2010.{{ISBN|1847654290}}',
383 => '*''The Wild Man'' (2001)'','' novel by [[Patricia Nell Warren]] about a non-conformist gay torero, set in 1960s Fascist Spain.',
384 => '* ''[[Shadow of a Bull]]'' (1964), novel by [[Maia Wojciechowska]] about a bullfighter's son, Manolo Olivar',
385 => '* ''The Story of a Matador'', [[David L. Wolper]]'s 1962 documentary about the life of matador [[Jaime Bravo]]',
386 => '* ''[[Talk to Her]]'', film by [[Pedro Almodóvar]], contains subplot concerning female matador who is gored during a bullfight. The director was criticized for shooting footage of a bull being actually killed during a bullfight staged especially for the film.',
387 => '* [[Ricardo Montalbán]] portrayed bullfighters in ''[[Santa (1943 film)|Santa]]'' (1943), ''[[The Hour of Truth]]'' (1945), ''[[Fiesta (1947 film)|Fiesta]]'' (1947), and ''[[Columbo]]'' episode "A Matter of Honor" (1976).',
388 => '* ''[[Ferdinand (2017 film)|Ferdinand]]'', an animated film covering the adventures of Ferdinand the bull as he is raised and trained to become a bull in the ring.',
389 => '* The opera ''[[Carmen (opera)|Carmen]]'' features a bullfighter as a major character, a well-known song about him, and a bullfight off-stage at the climax.',
390 => '* ''Llanto por [[Ignacio Sánchez Mejías]]'' ("Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías", 1935), a poem by [[Federico García Lorca]].',
391 => '* ''[[Blood_and_Sand_(1941_film)|Blood and Sand]]'', a movie starring Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth',
392 => '* ''[[¡Que viva México!]]'', a film directed by [[Sergei Eisenstein]], has a segment featuring a bullfight.',
393 => '* ''[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]'', music video revolved around famous bullfighter Madonna (1994).',
394 => '* ''[[The Book of Life (2014 film)|The Book of Life]]'', an animated movie about a bullfighter who wants to be a musician',
395 => '',
396 => '==References==',
397 => '{{Reflist|30em}}',
398 => '',
399 => '==External links==',
400 => '{{Commons category|Bullfighting}}',
401 => '{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bull-fighting}}',
402 => '* [http://www.thelastarena.com The Last Arena: In Search Of The Spanish Bullfight]—Blog and online resource by British author and former bullfighter [[Alexander Fiske-Harrison]]',
403 => '* David Villena, [https://www.ln.edu.hk/philoso/staff/villenasaldana/Villena_A-Critique-of-MVLLs-Putative-Justifications-of-Bullfighting.pdf A Critique of Mario Vargas Llosa’s Putative Justifications of Bullfighting], ''Journal of Animal Ethics''',
404 => '',
405 => '{{Bullfighting|state=expanded}}',
406 => '{{Animal rights}}',
407 => '',
408 => '{{Authority control}}',
409 => '',
410 => '[[Category:Bullfighting|*]]',
411 => '[[Category:Animal welfare]]',
412 => '[[Category:Animal rights]]',
413 => '[[Category:Blood sports]]',
414 => '[[Category:Animal killing]]',
415 => '[[Category:Cruelty to animals]]',
416 => '[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]',
417 => '[[Category:Traditional sports]]',
418 => '[[Category:Ritual slaughter]]'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links ) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links ) | [
0 => '//doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.2008.10786390',
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2 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/20619602',
3 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/20619602',
4 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079',
5 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079',
6 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235',
7 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235',
8 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331',
9 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331',
10 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035',
11 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035',
12 => 'http://abc13.com/archive/6200136/',
13 => 'http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/25/local/la-me-forcados-20110825/2',
14 => 'http://asp.las-ventas.com/noticias/noticia_detalle.asp?codigo=1126&codigo_seccion=7',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>bull fighting is bullshit they be hurting bulls without any chance im not a animal activist but that shit is just cruel its not recomended watching
</p>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1635972204 |