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'{{Short description|Federal government of Australia}} {{About|the federal government of Australia|the political structure of Australia|Politics of Australia|the second level of government|States and territories of Australia|the third level|Local government in Australia}} {{Use Australian English|date=May 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{ Infobox executive government | border = federal | government_name = Government of the Commonwealth | image = Australian Government - Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | date_established = {{Start date and age|1901|01|01|df=yes}} | leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] ([[Anthony Albanese]]) | appointed = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] ([[David Hurley]]) | main_organ = {{Plainlist| * [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] ([[de jure]]) * [[Cabinet of Australia]] ([[de facto]]) }} | ministries = 16 [[List of Australian Government entities|government departments]] (2024) | responsible = [[Commonwealth Parliament]] | budget = {{Increase}} $668.1 billion (2023–24)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalmers |first=Jim |date=9 May 2023 |title=Budget Paper 1: Budget Strategy and Outlook |url=https://budget.gov.au/content/bp1/download/bp1_2023-24_230727.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Australian Government Budget 2023–24 |page=90}}</ref> | address = [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], [[Canberra]] | url = {{URL|directory.gov.au/portfolios|Government Directory}} | background_color = #00843d }} {{Politics of Australia sidebar}} The '''Australian Government''', also known as the '''Commonwealth Government''', is the [[Federal government|national government]] of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]. The executive government consists of the prime minister and other ministers that currently have the support of a majority of members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 19 - The House, government and opposition |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/infosheets/19 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Australian Parliament House}}</ref> (the ''lower house'') and in some contexts also includes the departments and other [[Executive (government)|executive bodies]] that ministers oversee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Government |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115011547/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Albanese government|current executive government]] consists of [[Anthony Albanese]] and other [[Australian Labor Party]] ministers, in place since the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]].{{Refn|Colloquially, all members of the parliamentary party that support the current government are described as ''members of the government'', however only ministers formally belong to the ''executive government''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2023 |title=Which members of the government are considered a part of the Executive government and the Cabinet? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/which-members-of-the-government-are-considered-a-part-of-the-executive-government-and-the-cabinet |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>}} The [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] is the [[head of the government]] and is appointed to the role by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] (the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]]'s representative).<ref name=":9" /> The governor-general normally appoints the [[parliamentary leader]] who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230312093248/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230227233931/https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref> By convention, the prime minister is a member of the lower house.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Prime Minister |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026065221/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Education Office}}</ref> The prime minister and cabinet ministers form the [[Cabinet of Australia|cabinet]], the key decision-making organ of the government that forms policy and decides the agenda of the government.<ref name=":7" /> Members of the government can exercise both [[legislative power]] (through their control of the parliament) and [[executive power]] (as ministers on behalf of the governor-general and the King).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministers and shadow ministers |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083041/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in accordance with [[responsible government]], this also requires the actions of the government in its executive capacity to be subject to scrutiny from parliament.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130413/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Education Office}}</ref> The government is based in the nation's capital, [[Canberra]], in the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. The head offices of all [[Australian Government#Departments|sixteen federal departments]] lie in Canberra, along with [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] and the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200526201310/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/181094/20200527-0017/www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory.html |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date= |website=Study Australia |publisher=[[Australian Trade and Investment Commission]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200415223930/https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |archive-date=2020-04-15 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=High Court of Australia |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government must act in accordance with law and the [[Australian Constitution]]. == Name == The name of the government in the [[Constitution of Australia]] is the "Government of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia}} s 4</ref> This was the name used in many early federal government publications.<ref name=":0" /> However, in 1965 [[Robert Menzies]] indicated his preference for the name "Australian Government" in order to prevent confusion with the new [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=20 October 1965 |title=Question: Commonwealth of Australia |url=https://www.historichansard.net/hofreps/1965/19651020_reps_25_hor48/ |magazine=House of Representatives Official Hansard |page=1976 |volume=1965 |issue=42}}</ref> The [[Whitlam government]] legislated the use of "Government of Australia" in 1973 in line with its policy of promoting national goals and aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curran |first=James |title=The Power of Speech, Australian Prime Ministers defining the national image |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0522850987 |pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1974 |title=The term 'Australian Government' |url=https://anzlaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/I75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40/View/FullText.html |journal=[[Australian Law Journal]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |url-access=subscription |via=Westlaw}}</ref> However, academic [[Anne Twomey (academic)|Anne Twomey]] argues that the government was also motivated by a desire to blur the differences between the Commonwealth and the states in an attempt to increase federal power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/chameleoncrownqu0000twom |title=The Chameleon Crown |publisher=Federation Press |year=2006 |location=Sydney |pages=113–14 |isbn=978-1-86287-629-3 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The Parliament of Australia website also notes that the name "Australian Government" is preferable in order to avoid confusion with the Commonwealth of Nations and the [[US federal government]] by those not familiar with Australia's system of government.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lundie |first1=Rob |last2=Horne |first2=Nicholas |date=22 July 2020 |title='What's the difference?': explaining parliamentary terms |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/ExplainingParliamentaryTerms#_Toc46233600 |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> This terminology remains preferred by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2023 |title=Government terms |url=https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/names-and-terms/government-terms |website=Australian Style Guide}}</ref> However, the terms Commonwealth Government and federal government are also common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1. Introduction to Australia and its system of government |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/1-introduction-to-australia-and-its-system-of-government |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> In some contexts, the term "government" refers to [[Politics of Australia|all public agencies that exercise the power of the State]], whether legislative, executive or judicial.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Quick |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft/page/699/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth |last2=Garran |first2=Robert |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1901 |location=Sydney |page=699 |language=en |author-link=John Quick (politician) |author-link2=Robert Garran |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |url= |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia |date=2020 |publisher=Lawbook Co |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |page=3 |language=en-AU |oclc=on1140000411}}</ref> ==Executive power== The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch. Unlike the other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes [[public servants]], police, government departments and independent [[Statutory body#Australia|statutory bodies]] who directly implement policy and laws.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Appleby |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-09-14 |title=Explainer: what is executive government and what does it have to do with the Voice to Parliament? |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=UNSW Newsroom |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042412/https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Executive power]] is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by [[John Locke]] as all government power not [[Legislative power|legislative]] or [[Judicial power|judicial]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameroon |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |publisher=ANU Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781760461553 |location=Canberra |page=10 |doi=10.22459/CS.11.2017 |jstor=j.ctt1zgwk12.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for [[Delegated legislation|statutory instruments]] and [[Henry VIII clauses]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills |date=September 2008 |website= |publisher= |isbn=978-0-642-71951-5 |publication-date=September 2008 |language=en |chapter=Inappropriate Delegation of Legislative Power |access-date= |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062252/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greentree |first=Catherine Dale |date=2020 |title=The Commonwealth Executive Power: Historical Constitutional Origins and the Future of the Prerogative |url=https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.53637/GJLF5868 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118072054/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the Constitution (primarily under [[Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia|section 51]]). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the [[royal prerogative]], such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from [[Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia|section 61 of the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=Peta |date=2018 |title=Nationhood and Section 61 of the Constitution |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |journal=University of Western Australia Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |via=[[Austlii]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101112/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These were defined by [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] Justice [[Anthony Mason (judge)|Anthony Mason]], as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation".<ref>{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Victoria v Commonwealth|source=HCA|num=52|year=1975|pinpoint=para 19 of Mason J's opinion|parallelcite=(1975) 134 CLR 338}}</ref> They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households [[Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|during a financial crisis]]<ref>{{cite AustLII|litigants=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|link=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation |year=2009|court=HCA|num=23|parallelcite=(2009) 238 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1}}</ref> and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" [[Ruddock v Vadarlis|from entering the country]].<ref>{{Cite AustLII|FCA|1329|2001|litigants=Ruddock v Vadarlis|link=Ruddock v Vadarlis|date=18 September 2001|courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court (Full Court)]] (Australia)|parallelcite=(2001) 110 FCR 491}}</ref> There are times when the government acts in a [[Caretaker government of Australia|caretaker capacity]], principally in the period before and immediately following a general election.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Caretaker Conventions in Australia |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |journal=Australian Prime Ministers Centre: Prime Minister Facts |publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] |issue=63 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104939/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===The role of the King and the governor-general=== {{main|Monarchy of Australia|Governor-General of Australia}} The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Parliament of Australia |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111623/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |url-status=live }}</ref> belonging (according to the [[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot]] formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut00bage/page/72 |title=The English constitution: and Other Political Essays |publisher=Appleton & Company |year=1895 |location=New York |language=en |ol=24399357M |author-link=Walter Bagehot |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia |publisher=Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters) |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |pages=283–6}}</ref> While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|62}}</ref> (but since the appointing of [[Sir Isaac Isaacs|Sir Isaacs Isaacs]] in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?la=en&hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |publisher=Department of the House of Representatives |isbn=978-1-74366-654-8 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=B. C. |edition=7th |location=Canberra, Australia |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Governor-General |editor-last2=Fowler |editor-first2=P. E. |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About%20Parliament/House%20of%20Representatives/Powers%20practice%20and%20procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter1/7chap01_2_3.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051505/https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C&la=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia|64}}</ref>{{Refn|In a similar vein, the phrase ''His/Her Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth of Australia'' was historically used occasionally in formal legal contexts to refer to the federal government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 1944 |title=Australian - New Zealand Agreement 1944 |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-07/26-australian-new-zealand-agreement-1944 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref><ref>''Van Heyningen v Netherlands-Indies Government'' [1949] St R Qd 54.</ref><ref>''Trade Agreement between the Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland'' [https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/other/dfat/treaties/ATS/1955/10.html?context=1;query=%22Her%20majesty%27s%20government%22;mask_path=au/other/dfat/treaties {{bracket|1955}} ATS 5]</ref>}} As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in cabinet, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is presided over by the governor-general. Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require [[royal assent]] before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution}} s 1; {{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|58}}</ref> However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers, the King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref> Reserve powers are rarely exercised, with the most notable example of their use occurring in [[the Dismissal]] of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|Sir John Kerr]] dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are reserve powers? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Powers and the Whitlam dismissal |url=https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220318123154/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rule of Law Education Centre |language=en-AU}}</ref> The validity of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested. === Federal Executive council === {{main|Federal Executive Council (Australia)}} The Federal Executive Council is the body that formally advises the governor-general in the exercise of executive power. Decisions of the body give legal effect to decisions already deliberated at cabinet. All current and formers ministers are members of the council, although only current ministers are summoned to meetings. The [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the [[Vice-President of the Executive Council |vice-president of the Executive Council]] presides at the meeting of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Executive Council Handbook 2021 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230303084148/https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president has been senator [[Katy Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Katy Gallagher, ACT |url=https://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230311033920/http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=OpenAustralia.org |publisher=[[OpenAustralia Foundation]] |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Cabinet=== {{main|Cabinet of Australia}} The cabinet of Australia is the de facto highest executive body of the government. It consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a [[cabinet reshuffle]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Cabinet |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312021339/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Ministers not part of cabinet belong to the outer ministry. Additionally, there are also assistant ministers (formally ''parliamentary secretaries''<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|mosa1952217|Ministers of State Act 1952|4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Appointments revoked, appointments made by the Governor-General |url=https://www.prod.legislation.gov.au/C2023G00600/asmade/text |website=Federal Register of Legislation |publisher=Australian Government |id=Gazette ID: C2023G00600}}</ref>), responsible for a specific policy area, reporting directly to a cabinet minister.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= York |first=Barry |date=2015-09-24 |title=The Cabinet |url=https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626063125/https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] at Old Parliament House |language=en |url-status=deviated }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Albanese Government full Ministry |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/albanese-government-full-ministry |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Prime Minister of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |isbn=978-1-74366-656-2 |edition=7th |at=Parliamentary Secretaries |language=en |chapter=The Ministry |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The%20Ministry}}</ref> The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is it that the Prime Minister and Cabinet are not mentioned in the Australian Constitution? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626070043/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> All members of the cabinet are members of the Executive Council. A senior member of the cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Federal Executive Council |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230627030548/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the [[front bench]]. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Whitlam government]].<ref name=":4" /> The prime minister makes all cabinet and ministerial appointments at their discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<ref name=":3" /> When [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson assumed the right to choose members of his cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Australian Labor Party Caucus|Caucus]], and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Ministry |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230428104209/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the [[2007 Australian general election|2007 general election]], the then Leader of the Opposition, [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Worsley |first=Ben |date=11 September 2007 |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071015011332/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/76826/20071014-2203/www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.html |archive-date=2007-10-15}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2007 |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120653/http://www.abc.net.au:80/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |archive-date=2007-11-23}}</ref> There are [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in [[1 Bligh Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Commonwealth Parliament Offices (CPOs) |url=https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626051933/https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-date=26 June 2023 |website=Ministerial and Parliamentary Services |access-date=5 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Departments=== {{see also|List of Australian Government entities}} {{As of|2024|3|12}}, there are 16 departments of the Australian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Administrative Arrangements Order |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2022Q00008/latest/text |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Federal Register of Legislation |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> * [[Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)|Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]] * [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]] * [[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]] * [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] * [[Department of Education (Australia)|Department of Education]] * [[Department of Employment and Workplace Relations]] * [[Department of Finance (Australia)|Department of Finance]] * [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] * [[Department of Health and Aged Care]] * [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Department of Home Affairs]] * [[Department of Industry, Science and Resources]] * [[Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts]] * [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] * [[Department of Social Services (Australia)|Department of Social Services]] * [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]] * [[Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)|Department of Veterans' Affairs]] Additionally, there are four departments which support the [[Parliament of Australia]]:<ref name="parldepts">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Departments|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210605134005/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|archive-date=2021-06-05|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Parliament of Australia]]|publisher=Parliament of Australia|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> * [[Department of Parliamentary Services]] * [[Australian House of Representatives|Department of the House of Representatives]] * [[Department of the Senate]] * [[Parliamentary Budget Office]] ==Publicly owned entities== ===Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament=== The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament: * [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|abca1983361|Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983}}</ref> * [[Clean Energy Finance Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|cefca2012297|Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012}}</ref> * [[Special Broadcasting Service]]<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|sbsa1991254|Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991}}</ref> ===Government Business Enterprises=== {{As of|2024|3}}, the following Corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs):<ref name="gbe">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Government Business Enterprises |url=https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises |website=Department of Finance |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> * [[Australia Post]] * [[Defence Housing Australia]] The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs:<ref name="gbe"/> * [[ASC Pty Ltd|Australian Submarine Corporation]] * Australian Naval Infrastructure * [[Australian Rail Track Corporation]] * National Intermodal Corporation * [[NBN Co]] * [[Snowy Hydro Limited|Snowy Hydro]] * [[Western Sydney Airport]] ===Other public non-financial corporations=== * [[Airservices Australia]] ==See also== * [[Australian Public Service]] * [[Referendums in Australia]] * [[States and territories of Australia]] * [[Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia]] {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=government of Australia}} * {{URL|directory.gov.au|Australian government directory}} * {{URL|aph.gov.au|Parliament of Australia website}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Australian Government |list = {{Australia topic|title=Government of Australia|prefix=Government of}} {{Governments of Australia}} {{Oceania topic|Government of|title=Governments of Oceania}} {{Australia topics}} {{Australian Government Departments}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Government}} [[Category:Government of Australia| ]] [[Category:Westminster system governments|Australia]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'What the sigma, look behind you. HAHHAHAHAHA there was nothing right? == Name == The name of the government in the [[Constitution of Australia]] is the "Government of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia}} s 4</ref> This was the name used in many early federal government publications.<ref name=":0" /> However, in 1965 [[Robert Menzies]] indicated his preference for the name "Australian Government" in order to prevent confusion with the new [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=20 October 1965 |title=Question: Commonwealth of Australia |url=https://www.historichansard.net/hofreps/1965/19651020_reps_25_hor48/ |magazine=House of Representatives Official Hansard |page=1976 |volume=1965 |issue=42}}</ref> The [[Whitlam government]] legislated the use of "Government of Australia" in 1973 in line with its policy of promoting national goals and aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curran |first=James |title=The Power of Speech, Australian Prime Ministers defining the national image |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0522850987 |pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1974 |title=The term 'Australian Government' |url=https://anzlaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/I75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40/View/FullText.html |journal=[[Australian Law Journal]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |url-access=subscription |via=Westlaw}}</ref> However, academic [[Anne Twomey (academic)|Anne Twomey]] argues that the government was also motivated by a desire to blur the differences between the Commonwealth and the states in an attempt to increase federal power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/chameleoncrownqu0000twom |title=The Chameleon Crown |publisher=Federation Press |year=2006 |location=Sydney |pages=113–14 |isbn=978-1-86287-629-3 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The Parliament of Australia website also notes that the name "Australian Government" is preferable in order to avoid confusion with the Commonwealth of Nations and the [[US federal government]] by those not familiar with Australia's system of government.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lundie |first1=Rob |last2=Horne |first2=Nicholas |date=22 July 2020 |title='What's the difference?': explaining parliamentary terms |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/ExplainingParliamentaryTerms#_Toc46233600 |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> This terminology remains preferred by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2023 |title=Government terms |url=https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/names-and-terms/government-terms |website=Australian Style Guide}}</ref> However, the terms Commonwealth Government and federal government are also common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1. Introduction to Australia and its system of government |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/1-introduction-to-australia-and-its-system-of-government |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> In some contexts, the term "government" refers to [[Politics of Australia|all public agencies that exercise the power of the State]], whether legislative, executive or judicial.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Quick |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft/page/699/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth |last2=Garran |first2=Robert |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1901 |location=Sydney |page=699 |language=en |author-link=John Quick (politician) |author-link2=Robert Garran |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |url= |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia |date=2020 |publisher=Lawbook Co |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |page=3 |language=en-AU |oclc=on1140000411}}</ref> ==Executive power== The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch. Unlike the other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes [[public servants]], police, government departments and independent [[Statutory body#Australia|statutory bodies]] who directly implement policy and laws.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Appleby |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-09-14 |title=Explainer: what is executive government and what does it have to do with the Voice to Parliament? |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=UNSW Newsroom |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042412/https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Executive power]] is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by [[John Locke]] as all government power not [[Legislative power|legislative]] or [[Judicial power|judicial]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameroon |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |publisher=ANU Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781760461553 |location=Canberra |page=10 |doi=10.22459/CS.11.2017 |jstor=j.ctt1zgwk12.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for [[Delegated legislation|statutory instruments]] and [[Henry VIII clauses]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills |date=September 2008 |website= |publisher= |isbn=978-0-642-71951-5 |publication-date=September 2008 |language=en |chapter=Inappropriate Delegation of Legislative Power |access-date= |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062252/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greentree |first=Catherine Dale |date=2020 |title=The Commonwealth Executive Power: Historical Constitutional Origins and the Future of the Prerogative |url=https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.53637/GJLF5868 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118072054/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the Constitution (primarily under [[Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia|section 51]]). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the [[royal prerogative]], such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from [[Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia|section 61 of the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=Peta |date=2018 |title=Nationhood and Section 61 of the Constitution |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |journal=University of Western Australia Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |via=[[Austlii]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101112/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These were defined by [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] Justice [[Anthony Mason (judge)|Anthony Mason]], as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation".<ref>{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Victoria v Commonwealth|source=HCA|num=52|year=1975|pinpoint=para 19 of Mason J's opinion|parallelcite=(1975) 134 CLR 338}}</ref> They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households [[Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|during a financial crisis]]<ref>{{cite AustLII|litigants=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|link=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation |year=2009|court=HCA|num=23|parallelcite=(2009) 238 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1}}</ref> and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" [[Ruddock v Vadarlis|from entering the country]].<ref>{{Cite AustLII|FCA|1329|2001|litigants=Ruddock v Vadarlis|link=Ruddock v Vadarlis|date=18 September 2001|courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court (Full Court)]] (Australia)|parallelcite=(2001) 110 FCR 491}}</ref> There are times when the government acts in a [[Caretaker government of Australia|caretaker capacity]], principally in the period before and immediately following a general election.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Caretaker Conventions in Australia |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |journal=Australian Prime Ministers Centre: Prime Minister Facts |publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] |issue=63 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104939/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===The role of the King and the governor-general=== {{main|Monarchy of Australia|Governor-General of Australia}} The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Parliament of Australia |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111623/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |url-status=live }}</ref> belonging (according to the [[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot]] formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut00bage/page/72 |title=The English constitution: and Other Political Essays |publisher=Appleton & Company |year=1895 |location=New York |language=en |ol=24399357M |author-link=Walter Bagehot |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia |publisher=Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters) |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |pages=283–6}}</ref> While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|62}}</ref> (but since the appointing of [[Sir Isaac Isaacs|Sir Isaacs Isaacs]] in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?la=en&hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |publisher=Department of the House of Representatives |isbn=978-1-74366-654-8 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=B. C. |edition=7th |location=Canberra, Australia |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Governor-General |editor-last2=Fowler |editor-first2=P. E. |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About%20Parliament/House%20of%20Representatives/Powers%20practice%20and%20procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter1/7chap01_2_3.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051505/https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C&la=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia|64}}</ref>{{Refn|In a similar vein, the phrase ''His/Her Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth of Australia'' was historically used occasionally in formal legal contexts to refer to the federal government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 1944 |title=Australian - New Zealand Agreement 1944 |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-07/26-australian-new-zealand-agreement-1944 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref><ref>''Van Heyningen v Netherlands-Indies Government'' [1949] St R Qd 54.</ref><ref>''Trade Agreement between the Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland'' [https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/other/dfat/treaties/ATS/1955/10.html?context=1;query=%22Her%20majesty%27s%20government%22;mask_path=au/other/dfat/treaties {{bracket|1955}} ATS 5]</ref>}} As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in cabinet, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is presided over by the governor-general. Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require [[royal assent]] before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution}} s 1; {{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|58}}</ref> However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers, the King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref> Reserve powers are rarely exercised, with the most notable example of their use occurring in [[the Dismissal]] of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|Sir John Kerr]] dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are reserve powers? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Powers and the Whitlam dismissal |url=https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220318123154/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rule of Law Education Centre |language=en-AU}}</ref> The validity of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested. === Federal Executive council === {{main|Federal Executive Council (Australia)}} The Federal Executive Council is the body that formally advises the governor-general in the exercise of executive power. Decisions of the body give legal effect to decisions already deliberated at cabinet. All current and formers ministers are members of the council, although only current ministers are summoned to meetings. The [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the [[Vice-President of the Executive Council |vice-president of the Executive Council]] presides at the meeting of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Executive Council Handbook 2021 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230303084148/https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president has been senator [[Katy Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Katy Gallagher, ACT |url=https://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230311033920/http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=OpenAustralia.org |publisher=[[OpenAustralia Foundation]] |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Cabinet=== {{main|Cabinet of Australia}} The cabinet of Australia is the de facto highest executive body of the government. It consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a [[cabinet reshuffle]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Cabinet |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312021339/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Ministers not part of cabinet belong to the outer ministry. Additionally, there are also assistant ministers (formally ''parliamentary secretaries''<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|mosa1952217|Ministers of State Act 1952|4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Appointments revoked, appointments made by the Governor-General |url=https://www.prod.legislation.gov.au/C2023G00600/asmade/text |website=Federal Register of Legislation |publisher=Australian Government |id=Gazette ID: C2023G00600}}</ref>), responsible for a specific policy area, reporting directly to a cabinet minister.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= York |first=Barry |date=2015-09-24 |title=The Cabinet |url=https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626063125/https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] at Old Parliament House |language=en |url-status=deviated }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Albanese Government full Ministry |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/albanese-government-full-ministry |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Prime Minister of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |isbn=978-1-74366-656-2 |edition=7th |at=Parliamentary Secretaries |language=en |chapter=The Ministry |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The%20Ministry}}</ref> The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is it that the Prime Minister and Cabinet are not mentioned in the Australian Constitution? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626070043/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> All members of the cabinet are members of the Executive Council. A senior member of the cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Federal Executive Council |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230627030548/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the [[front bench]]. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Whitlam government]].<ref name=":4" /> The prime minister makes all cabinet and ministerial appointments at their discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<ref name=":3" /> When [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson assumed the right to choose members of his cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Australian Labor Party Caucus|Caucus]], and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Ministry |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230428104209/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the [[2007 Australian general election|2007 general election]], the then Leader of the Opposition, [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Worsley |first=Ben |date=11 September 2007 |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071015011332/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/76826/20071014-2203/www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.html |archive-date=2007-10-15}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2007 |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120653/http://www.abc.net.au:80/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |archive-date=2007-11-23}}</ref> There are [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in [[1 Bligh Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Commonwealth Parliament Offices (CPOs) |url=https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626051933/https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-date=26 June 2023 |website=Ministerial and Parliamentary Services |access-date=5 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Departments=== {{see also|List of Australian Government entities}} {{As of|2024|3|12}}, there are 16 departments of the Australian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Administrative Arrangements Order |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2022Q00008/latest/text |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Federal Register of Legislation |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> * [[Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)|Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]] * [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]] * [[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]] * [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] * [[Department of Education (Australia)|Department of Education]] * [[Department of Employment and Workplace Relations]] * [[Department of Finance (Australia)|Department of Finance]] * [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] * [[Department of Health and Aged Care]] * [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Department of Home Affairs]] * [[Department of Industry, Science and Resources]] * [[Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts]] * [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] * [[Department of Social Services (Australia)|Department of Social Services]] * [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]] * [[Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)|Department of Veterans' Affairs]] Additionally, there are four departments which support the [[Parliament of Australia]]:<ref name="parldepts">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Departments|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210605134005/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|archive-date=2021-06-05|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Parliament of Australia]]|publisher=Parliament of Australia|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> * [[Department of Parliamentary Services]] * [[Australian House of Representatives|Department of the House of Representatives]] * [[Department of the Senate]] * [[Parliamentary Budget Office]] ==Publicly owned entities== ===Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament=== The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament: * [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|abca1983361|Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983}}</ref> * [[Clean Energy Finance Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|cefca2012297|Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012}}</ref> * [[Special Broadcasting Service]]<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|sbsa1991254|Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991}}</ref> ===Government Business Enterprises=== {{As of|2024|3}}, the following Corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs):<ref name="gbe">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Government Business Enterprises |url=https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises |website=Department of Finance |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> * [[Australia Post]] * [[Defence Housing Australia]] The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs:<ref name="gbe"/> * [[ASC Pty Ltd|Australian Submarine Corporation]] * Australian Naval Infrastructure * [[Australian Rail Track Corporation]] * National Intermodal Corporation * [[NBN Co]] * [[Snowy Hydro Limited|Snowy Hydro]] * [[Western Sydney Airport]] ===Other public non-financial corporations=== * [[Airservices Australia]] ==See also== * [[Australian Public Service]] * [[Referendums in Australia]] * [[States and territories of Australia]] * [[Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia]] {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=government of Australia}} * {{URL|directory.gov.au|Australian government directory}} * {{URL|aph.gov.au|Parliament of Australia website}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Australian Government |list = {{Australia topic|title=Government of Australia|prefix=Government of}} {{Governments of Australia}} {{Oceania topic|Government of|title=Governments of Oceania}} {{Australia topics}} {{Australian Government Departments}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Government}} [[Category:Government of Australia| ]] [[Category:Westminster system governments|Australia]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,34 +1,3 @@ -{{Short description|Federal government of Australia}} -{{About|the federal government of Australia|the political structure of Australia|Politics of Australia|the second level of government|States and territories of Australia|the third level|Local government in Australia}} -{{Use Australian English|date=May 2020}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} -{{ Infobox executive government - | border = federal - | government_name = Government of the Commonwealth - | image = Australian Government - Logo.svg - | image_size = 250px - | date_established = {{Start date and age|1901|01|01|df=yes}} - | leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] ([[Anthony Albanese]]) - | appointed = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] ([[David Hurley]]) - | main_organ = {{Plainlist| -* [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] ([[de jure]]) -* [[Cabinet of Australia]] ([[de facto]]) -}} - | ministries = 16 [[List of Australian Government entities|government departments]] (2024) - | responsible = [[Commonwealth Parliament]] - | budget = {{Increase}} $668.1 billion (2023–24)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalmers |first=Jim |date=9 May 2023 |title=Budget Paper 1: Budget Strategy and Outlook |url=https://budget.gov.au/content/bp1/download/bp1_2023-24_230727.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Australian Government Budget 2023–24 |page=90}}</ref> - | address = [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], [[Canberra]] - | url = {{URL|directory.gov.au/portfolios|Government Directory}} - | background_color = #00843d - }} -{{Politics of Australia sidebar}} - -The '''Australian Government''', also known as the '''Commonwealth Government''', is the [[Federal government|national government]] of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]. The executive government consists of the prime minister and other ministers that currently have the support of a majority of members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 19 - The House, government and opposition |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/infosheets/19 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Australian Parliament House}}</ref> (the ''lower house'') and in some contexts also includes the departments and other [[Executive (government)|executive bodies]] that ministers oversee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Government |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115011547/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Albanese government|current executive government]] consists of [[Anthony Albanese]] and other [[Australian Labor Party]] ministers, in place since the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]].{{Refn|Colloquially, all members of the parliamentary party that support the current government are described as ''members of the government'', however only ministers formally belong to the ''executive government''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2023 |title=Which members of the government are considered a part of the Executive government and the Cabinet? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/which-members-of-the-government-are-considered-a-part-of-the-executive-government-and-the-cabinet |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>}} - -The [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] is the [[head of the government]] and is appointed to the role by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] (the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]]'s representative).<ref name=":9" /> The governor-general normally appoints the [[parliamentary leader]] who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230312093248/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230227233931/https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref> By convention, the prime minister is a member of the lower house.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Prime Minister |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026065221/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Education Office}}</ref> - -The prime minister and cabinet ministers form the [[Cabinet of Australia|cabinet]], the key decision-making organ of the government that forms policy and decides the agenda of the government.<ref name=":7" /> Members of the government can exercise both [[legislative power]] (through their control of the parliament) and [[executive power]] (as ministers on behalf of the governor-general and the King).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministers and shadow ministers |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083041/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in accordance with [[responsible government]], this also requires the actions of the government in its executive capacity to be subject to scrutiny from parliament.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130413/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Education Office}}</ref> - -The government is based in the nation's capital, [[Canberra]], in the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. The head offices of all [[Australian Government#Departments|sixteen federal departments]] lie in Canberra, along with [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] and the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200526201310/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/181094/20200527-0017/www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory.html |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date= |website=Study Australia |publisher=[[Australian Trade and Investment Commission]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200415223930/https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |archive-date=2020-04-15 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=High Court of Australia |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government must act in accordance with law and the [[Australian Constitution]]. +What the sigma, look behind you. 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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Federal government of Australia}}', 1 => '{{About|the federal government of Australia|the political structure of Australia|Politics of Australia|the second level of government|States and territories of Australia|the third level|Local government in Australia}}', 2 => '{{Use Australian English|date=May 2020}}', 3 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}', 4 => '{{ Infobox executive government', 5 => ' | border = federal', 6 => ' | government_name = Government of the Commonwealth', 7 => ' | image = Australian Government - Logo.svg', 8 => ' | image_size = 250px', 9 => ' | date_established = {{Start date and age|1901|01|01|df=yes}}', 10 => ' | leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] ([[Anthony Albanese]])', 11 => ' | appointed = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] ([[David Hurley]])', 12 => ' | main_organ = {{Plainlist|', 13 => '* [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] ([[de jure]])', 14 => '* [[Cabinet of Australia]] ([[de facto]])', 15 => '}}', 16 => ' | ministries = 16 [[List of Australian Government entities|government departments]] (2024)', 17 => ' | responsible = [[Commonwealth Parliament]]', 18 => ' | budget = {{Increase}} $668.1 billion (2023–24)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalmers |first=Jim |date=9 May 2023 |title=Budget Paper 1: Budget Strategy and Outlook |url=https://budget.gov.au/content/bp1/download/bp1_2023-24_230727.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Australian Government Budget 2023–24 |page=90}}</ref>', 19 => ' | address = [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], [[Canberra]]', 20 => ' | url = {{URL|directory.gov.au/portfolios|Government Directory}}', 21 => ' | background_color = #00843d', 22 => ' }}', 23 => '{{Politics of Australia sidebar}}', 24 => '', 25 => 'The '''Australian Government''', also known as the '''Commonwealth Government''', is the [[Federal government|national government]] of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]. The executive government consists of the prime minister and other ministers that currently have the support of a majority of members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 19 - The House, government and opposition |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/infosheets/19 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Australian Parliament House}}</ref> (the ''lower house'') and in some contexts also includes the departments and other [[Executive (government)|executive bodies]] that ministers oversee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Government |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115011547/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Albanese government|current executive government]] consists of [[Anthony Albanese]] and other [[Australian Labor Party]] ministers, in place since the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]].{{Refn|Colloquially, all members of the parliamentary party that support the current government are described as ''members of the government'', however only ministers formally belong to the ''executive government''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2023 |title=Which members of the government are considered a part of the Executive government and the Cabinet? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/which-members-of-the-government-are-considered-a-part-of-the-executive-government-and-the-cabinet |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>}}', 26 => '', 27 => 'The [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] is the [[head of the government]] and is appointed to the role by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] (the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]]'s representative).<ref name=":9" /> The governor-general normally appoints the [[parliamentary leader]] who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230312093248/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230227233931/https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref> By convention, the prime minister is a member of the lower house.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Prime Minister |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026065221/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Education Office}}</ref>', 28 => '', 29 => 'The prime minister and cabinet ministers form the [[Cabinet of Australia|cabinet]], the key decision-making organ of the government that forms policy and decides the agenda of the government.<ref name=":7" /> Members of the government can exercise both [[legislative power]] (through their control of the parliament) and [[executive power]] (as ministers on behalf of the governor-general and the King).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministers and shadow ministers |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083041/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in accordance with [[responsible government]], this also requires the actions of the government in its executive capacity to be subject to scrutiny from parliament.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130413/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Parliamentary Education Office}}</ref>', 30 => '', 31 => 'The government is based in the nation's capital, [[Canberra]], in the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. The head offices of all [[Australian Government#Departments|sixteen federal departments]] lie in Canberra, along with [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] and the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200526201310/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/181094/20200527-0017/www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory.html |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date= |website=Study Australia |publisher=[[Australian Trade and Investment Commission]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200415223930/https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |archive-date=2020-04-15 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=High Court of Australia |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government must act in accordance with law and the [[Australian Constitution]].' ]
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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>What the sigma, look behind you. HAHHAHAHAHA there was nothing right? </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Executive_power"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Executive power</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_role_of_the_King_and_the_governor-general"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The role of the King and the governor-general</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Federal_Executive_council"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Federal Executive council</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Cabinet"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cabinet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Departments"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Departments</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Publicly_owned_entities"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Publicly owned entities</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Corporations_prescribed_by_acts_of_parliament"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Government_Business_Enterprises"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Government Business Enterprises</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_public_non-financial_corporations"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other public non-financial corporations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>The name of the government in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> is the "Government of the Commonwealth".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> This was the name used in many early federal government publications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1965 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> indicated his preference for the name "Australian Government" in order to prevent confusion with the new <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> legislated the use of "Government of Australia" in 1973 in line with its policy of promoting national goals and aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> However, academic <a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Anne Twomey</a> argues that the government was also motivated by a desire to blur the differences between the Commonwealth and the states in an attempt to increase federal power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> The Parliament of Australia website also notes that the name "Australian Government" is preferable in order to avoid confusion with the Commonwealth of Nations and the <a href="/wiki/US_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US federal government">US federal government</a> by those not familiar with Australia's system of government.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> This terminology remains preferred by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> However, the terms Commonwealth Government and federal government are also common.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In some contexts, the term "government" refers to <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">all public agencies that exercise the power of the State</a>, whether legislative, executive or judicial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Executive_power">Executive power</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"title="Edit section: Executive power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <p>The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch. </p><p>Unlike the other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes <a href="/wiki/Public_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Public servants">public servants</a>, police, government departments and independent <a href="/wiki/Statutory_body#Australia" title="Statutory body">statutory bodies</a> who directly implement policy and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> as all government power not <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judicial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial power">judicial</a> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for <a href="/wiki/Delegated_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated legislation">statutory instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_clauses" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII clauses">Henry VIII clauses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the Constitution (primarily under <a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">section 51</a>). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from <a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">section 61 of the Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> These were defined by <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mason_(judge)" title="Anthony Mason (judge)">Anthony Mason</a>, as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households <a href="/wiki/Pape_v_Commissioner_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pape v Commissioner of Taxation">during a financial crisis</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" <a href="/wiki/Ruddock_v_Vadarlis" title="Ruddock v Vadarlis">from entering the country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>There are times when the government acts in a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Australia" title="Caretaker government of Australia">caretaker capacity</a>, principally in the period before and immediately following a general election.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_role_of_the_King_and_the_governor-general">The role of the King and the governor-general</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"title="Edit section: The role of the King and the governor-general" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a></div> <p>The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> belonging (according to the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a> formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> (but since the appointing of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Isaacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Isaacs">Sir Isaacs Isaacs</a> in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in cabinet, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a>, which is presided over by the governor-general. </p><p>Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers, the King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> Reserve powers are rarely exercised, with the most notable example of their use occurring in <a href="/wiki/The_Dismissal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dismissal">the Dismissal</a> of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(Governor-General)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kerr (Governor-General)">Sir John Kerr</a> dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> The validity of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_Executive_council">Federal Executive council</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"title="Edit section: Federal Executive council" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council (Australia)</a></div> <p>The Federal Executive Council is the body that formally advises the governor-general in the exercise of executive power. Decisions of the body give legal effect to decisions already deliberated at cabinet. All current and formers ministers are members of the council, although only current ministers are summoned to meetings. The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council">vice-president of the Executive Council</a> presides at the meeting of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president has been senator <a href="/wiki/Katy_Gallagher" title="Katy Gallagher">Katy Gallagher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cabinet">Cabinet</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"title="Edit section: Cabinet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a></div> <p>The cabinet of Australia is the de facto highest executive body of the government. It consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_reshuffle" title="Cabinet reshuffle">cabinet reshuffle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Ministers not part of cabinet belong to the outer ministry. Additionally, there are also assistant ministers (formally <i>parliamentary secretaries</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup>), responsible for a specific policy area, reporting directly to a cabinet minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a>, which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> All members of the cabinet are members of the Executive Council. A senior member of the cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the <a href="/wiki/Front_bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Front bench">front bench</a>. This practice has been continued by all governments except the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The prime minister makes all cabinet and ministerial appointments at their discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> and its predecessors (the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Australia">Nationalist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>) have been in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party</a> or its predecessor the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a>, the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> first held office under <a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a>, Watson assumed the right to choose members of his cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_Caucus" title="Australian Labor Party Caucus">Caucus</a>, and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Australian general election">2007 general election</a>, the then Leader of the Opposition, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>, said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliament_Offices,_Sydney" title="Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney">Commonwealth Parliament Offices</a> in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in <a href="/wiki/1_Bligh_Street" title="1 Bligh Street">1 Bligh Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Departments">Departments</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6"title="Edit section: Departments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Government_entities" title="List of Australian Government entities">List of Australian Government entities</a></div> <p>As of 12&#160;March&#160;2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, there are 16 departments of the Australian Government.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Forestry_(Australia)" title="Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)">Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General%27s_Department_(Australia)" title="Attorney-General&#39;s Department (Australia)">Attorney-General's Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Climate_Change,_Energy,_the_Environment_and_Water" title="Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water">Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(Australia)" title="Department of Defence (Australia)">Department of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Australia)" title="Department of Education (Australia)">Department of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Workplace_Relations" title="Department of Employment and Workplace Relations">Department of Employment and Workplace Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Australia)" title="Department of Finance (Australia)">Department of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care" title="Department of Health and Aged Care">Department of Health and Aged Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Department of Home Affairs (Australia)">Department of Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Industry,_Science_and_Resources" title="Department of Industry, Science and Resources">Department of Industry, Science and Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure,_Transport,_Regional_Development,_Communications_and_the_Arts" title="Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts">Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)">Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Services_(Australia)" title="Department of Social Services (Australia)">Department of Social Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Treasury_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Treasury (Australia)">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Veterans%27_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Department of Veterans&#39; Affairs (Australia)">Department of Veterans' Affairs</a></li></ul> <p>Additionally, there are four departments which support the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-parldepts_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parldepts-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Parliamentary_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Parliamentary Services">Department of Parliamentary Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Department of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Senate">Department of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Office" title="Parliamentary Budget Office">Parliamentary Budget Office</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Publicly_owned_entities">Publicly owned entities</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7"title="Edit section: Publicly owned entities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Corporations_prescribed_by_acts_of_parliament">Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8"title="Edit section: Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p>The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_Finance_Corporation" title="Clean Energy Finance Corporation">Clean Energy Finance Corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_Business_Enterprises">Government Business Enterprises</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9"title="Edit section: Government Business Enterprises" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <p>As of March&#160;2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the following Corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs):<sup id="cite_ref-gbe_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbe-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Australia" title="Defence Housing Australia">Defence Housing Australia</a></li></ul> <p>The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs:<sup id="cite_ref-gbe_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbe-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASC_Pty_Ltd" title="ASC Pty Ltd">Australian Submarine Corporation</a></li> <li>Australian Naval Infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Rail_Track_Corporation" title="Australian Rail Track Corporation">Australian Rail Track Corporation</a></li> <li>National Intermodal Corporation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBN_Co" title="NBN Co">NBN Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_Hydro_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowy Hydro Limited">Snowy Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney_Airport" title="Western Sydney Airport">Western Sydney Airport</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_public_non-financial_corporations">Other public non-financial corporations</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10"title="Edit section: Other public non-financial corporations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airservices_Australia" title="Airservices Australia">Airservices Australia</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11"title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Australian Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_expansion_of_federal_powers_in_Australia" title="Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia">Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/">Constitution of Australia</a></i> (Cth) s 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anzlaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/I75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40/View/FullText.html">"The term 'Australian Government'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Law_Journal" title="Australian Law Journal">Australian Law Journal</a></i>. <b>48</b> (1): 1–3. 1974 &#8211; via Westlaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Law+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=The+term+%27Australian+Government%27&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-3&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanzlaw.thomsonreuters.com%2FDocument%2FI75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40%2FView%2FFullText.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historichansard.net/hofreps/1965/19651020_reps_25_hor48/">"Question: Commonwealth of Australia"</a>. <i>House of Representatives Official Hansard</i>. Vol.&#160;1965, no.&#160;42. 20 October 1965. p.&#160;1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=House+of+Representatives+Official+Hansard&amp;rft.atitle=Question%3A+Commonwealth+of+Australia&amp;rft.volume=1965&amp;rft.issue=42&amp;rft.pages=1976&amp;rft.date=1965-10-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historichansard.net%2Fhofreps%2F1965%2F19651020_reps_25_hor48%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2004" class="citation book cs1">Curran, James (2004). <i>The Power of Speech, Australian Prime Ministers defining the national image</i>. Melbourne University Press. pp.&#160;89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0522850987" title="Special:BookSources/0522850987"><bdi>0522850987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Speech%2C+Australian+Prime+Ministers+defining+the+national+image&amp;rft.pages=89-90&amp;rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0522850987&amp;rft.aulast=Curran&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2006" class="citation book cs1">Twomey, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chameleoncrownqu0000twom"><i>The Chameleon Crown</i></a>. Sydney: Federation Press. pp.&#160;113–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-629-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-629-3"><bdi>978-1-86287-629-3</bdi></a> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chameleon+Crown&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pages=113-14&amp;rft.pub=Federation+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-86287-629-3&amp;rft.aulast=Twomey&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchameleoncrownqu0000twom&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLundieHorne2020" class="citation web cs1">Lundie, Rob; Horne, Nicholas (22 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/ExplainingParliamentaryTerms#_Toc46233600">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'What's the difference?': explaining parliamentary terms"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&amp;rft.atitle=%27What%27s+the+difference%3F%27%3A+explaining+parliamentary+terms&amp;rft.date=2020-07-22&amp;rft.aulast=Lundie&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft.au=Horne%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp2021%2FExplainingParliamentaryTerms%23_Toc46233600&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/names-and-terms/government-terms">"Government terms"</a>. <i>Australian Style Guide</i>. 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Style+Guide&amp;rft.atitle=Government+terms&amp;rft.date=2023-03-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stylemanual.gov.au%2Fgrammar-punctuation-and-conventions%2Fnames-and-terms%2Fgovernment-terms&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/1-introduction-to-australia-and-its-system-of-government">"1. Introduction to Australia and its system of government"</a>. <i>Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&amp;rft.atitle=1.+Introduction+to+Australia+and+its+system+of+government&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Fcorporate%2Fprotocol-guidelines%2F1-introduction-to-australia-and-its-system-of-government&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuickGarran1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Quick_(politician)" title="John Quick (politician)">Quick, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garran" title="Robert Garran">Garran, Robert</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft/page/699/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth</i></a>. Sydney: Angus &amp; Robertson. p.&#160;699 &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Constitution+of+the+Australian+Commonwealth&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pages=699&amp;rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&amp;rft.date=1901&amp;rft.aulast=Quick&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Garran%2C+Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedconstit00quicuoft%2Fpage%2F699%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). <i>Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. p.&#160;3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1140000411">1140000411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+constitutional+law+in+Australia&amp;rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Lawbook+Co&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1140000411&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&amp;rft.aulast=Pyke&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/">"Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&amp;rft.atitle=Separation+of+powers%3A+Parliament%2C+Executive+and+Judiciary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fsystem-of-government%2Fseparation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2023" class="citation web cs1">Appleby, Gabrielle (2023-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament">"Explainer: what is executive government and what does it have to do with the Voice to Parliament?"</a>. <i>UNSW Newsroom</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042412/https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=UNSW+Newsroom&amp;rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+what+is+executive+government+and+what+does+it+have+to+do+with+the+Voice+to+Parliament%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-09-14&amp;rft.aulast=Appleby&amp;rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.unsw.edu.au%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-law%2Fexplainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Cameroon (2017). <i>Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force</i>. Canberra: ANU Press. p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FCS.11.2017">10.22459/CS.11.2017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760461553" title="Special:BookSources/9781760461553"><bdi>9781760461553</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zgwk12.6">j.ctt1zgwk12.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Crown+and+Sword%3A+Executive+Power+and+the+Use+of+Force+by+the+Australian+Defence+Force&amp;rft.place=Canberra&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=ANU+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1zgwk12.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FCS.11.2017&amp;rft.isbn=9781760461553&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=Cameroon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05">"Inappropriate Delegation of Legislative Power"</a>. <i>Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills</i>. September 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-71951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-71951-5"><bdi>978-0-642-71951-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062252/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Inappropriate+Delegation+of+Legislative+Power&amp;rft.btitle=Senate+Standing+Committee+for+the+Scrutiny+of+Bills&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-642-71951-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentary_Business%2FCommittees%2FSenate%2FScrutiny_of_Bills%2FCompleted_inquiries%2Fwork41%2Fc05&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreentree2020" class="citation journal cs1">Greentree, Catherine Dale (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf">"The Commonwealth Executive Power: Historical Constitutional Origins and the Future of the Prerogative"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of New South Wales Law Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53637%2FGJLF5868">10.53637/GJLF5868</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118072054/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+New+South+Wales+Law+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Commonwealth+Executive+Power%3A+Historical+Constitutional+Origins+and+the+Future+of+the+Prerogative&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53637%2FGJLF5868&amp;rft.aulast=Greentree&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine+Dale&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2F06-GREENTREE.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stephenson, Peta (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf">"Nationhood and Section 61 of the Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Western Australia Law Review</i>. <b>43</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101112/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Austlii" class="mw-redirect" title="Austlii">Austlii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Western+Australia+Law+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Nationhood+and+Section+61+of+the+Constitution&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.aulast=Stephenson&amp;rft.aufirst=Peta&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FUWALawRw%2F2018%2F21.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Victoria v Commonwealth</i>&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1975/52.html">&#91;1975&#93; HCA 52</a>&#32;at para 19 of Mason J's opinion, (1975) 134 CLR 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Pape_v_Commissioner_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pape v Commissioner of Taxation">Pape v Commissioner of Taxation</a></i>&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2009/23.html">&#91;2009&#93; HCA 23</a>, (2009) 238 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ruddock_v_Vadarlis" title="Ruddock v Vadarlis">Ruddock v Vadarlis</a></i>&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2001/1329.html">&#91;2001&#93; FCA 1329</a>, (2001) 110 FCR 491&#32;(18 September 2001), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court (Full Court)</a> (Australia)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf">"The Caretaker Conventions in Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Prime Ministers Centre: Prime Minister Facts</i> (63). <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Australian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Australian Democracy">Museum of Australian Democracy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104939/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Prime+Ministers+Centre%3A+Prime+Minister+Facts&amp;rft.atitle=The+Caretaker+Conventions+in+Australia&amp;rft.issue=63&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.moadoph.gov.au%2Fophgovau%2Fmedia%2Fimages%2Fapmc%2Fdocs%2F63-Caretaker-role.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government">"Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111623/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&amp;rft.atitle=Infosheet+20+-+The+Australian+system+of+government&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FHouse_of_Representatives%2FPowers_practice_and_procedure%2F00_-_Infosheets%2FInfosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBagehot1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot, Walter</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut00bage/page/72"><i>The English constitution: and Other Political Essays</i></a>. New York: Appleton &amp; Company. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24399357M">24399357M</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+English+constitution%3A+and+Other+Political+Essays&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Appleton+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=1895&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24399357M%23id-name%3DOL&amp;rft.aulast=Bagehot&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishconstitut00bage%2Fpage%2F72&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). <i>Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters). pp.&#160;283–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+Constitutional+Law+in+Australia&amp;rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&amp;rft.pages=283-6&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Lawbook+Co+%28Thomas+Reuters%29&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&amp;rft.aulast=Pyke&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s62.html">s&#160;62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWrightFowler2018" class="citation book cs1">Wright, B. C.; Fowler, P. E., eds. (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About%20Parliament/House%20of%20Representatives/Powers%20practice%20and%20procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter1/7chap01_2_3.html">"Governor-General"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?la=en&amp;hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C"><i>House of Representatives Practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (7th&#160;ed.). Canberra, Australia: Department of the House of Representatives. p.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74366-654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74366-654-8"><bdi>978-1-74366-654-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051505/https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C&amp;la=en">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Governor-General&amp;rft.btitle=House+of+Representatives+Practice&amp;rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=Department+of+the+House+of+Representatives&amp;rft.date=2018-06&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-74366-654-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout%2520Parliament%2FHouse%2520of%2520Representatives%2FPowers%2520practice%2520and%2520procedure%2FPractice7%2FHTML%2FChapter1%2F7chap01_2_3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution of Australia</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s64.html">s&#160;64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-07/26-australian-new-zealand-agreement-1944">"Australian - New Zealand Agreement 1944"</a>. <i>Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</i>. Australian Government. 21 January 1944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&amp;rft.atitle=Australian+-+New+Zealand+Agreement+1944&amp;rft.date=1944-01-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical-documents%2FPages%2Fvolume-07%2F26-australian-new-zealand-agreement-1944&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Van Heyningen v Netherlands-Indies Government</i> [1949] St R Qd 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trade Agreement between the Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/other/dfat/treaties/ATS/1955/10.html?context=1;query=%22Her%20majesty%27s%20government%22;mask_path=au/other/dfat/treaties">&#91;1955&#93; ATS 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a similar vein, the phrase <i>His/Her Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth of Australia</i> was historically used occasionally in formal legal contexts to refer to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/">Constitution</a></i> (Cth) s 1; <i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s58.html">s&#160;58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/">"Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister?"</a>. <i>The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Parliamentary+Education+Office+%28PEO%29&amp;rft.atitle=Who+has+more+power%2C+the+Governor-General+or+the+Prime+Minister%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/">"What are reserve powers?"</a>. <i>The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=House+of+Representatives+Practice+%287th+edition%29&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+Executive+Council&amp;rft.date=2018-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FHouse_of_Representatives%2FPowers_practice_and_procedure%2FPractice7%2FHTML%2FChapter2%2FFederal_Executive_Council&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry">"The Ministry"</a>. <i>House of Representatives Practice (7th edition)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=House+of+Representatives+Practice+%287th+edition%29&amp;rft.atitle=The+Ministry&amp;rft.date=2018-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FHouse_of_Representatives%2FPowers_practice_and_procedure%2FPractice7%2FHTML%2FChapter2%2FThe_Ministry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley2007" class="citation news cs1">Worsley, Ben (11 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071015011332/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/76826/20071014-2203/www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.html">"Rudd seizes power from factions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Rudd+seizes+power+from+factions&amp;rft.date=2007-09-11&amp;rft.aulast=Worsley&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F09%2F29%2F2046939.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120653/http://www.abc.net.au:80/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm">"Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 21 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm">the original</a> on 2007-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Cutting+bureaucracy+won%27t+hurt+services%3A+Rudd&amp;rft.date=2007-11-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F11%2F21%2F2097424.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos">"Commonwealth Parliament Offices (CPOs)"</a>. <i>Ministerial and Parliamentary Services</i>. 2020-09-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626051933/https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ministerial+and+Parliamentary+Services&amp;rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Parliament+Offices+%28CPOs%29&amp;rft.date=2020-09-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.finance.gov.au%2Fcommonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2022Q00008/latest/text">"Administrative Arrangements Order"</a>. <i>Federal Register of Legislation</i>. Australian Government. 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&amp;rft.atitle=Administrative+Arrangements+Order&amp;rft.date=2023-08-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FC2022Q00008%2Flatest%2Ftext&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parldepts-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parldepts_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments">"Parliamentary Departments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></i>. Parliament of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210605134005/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2021</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&amp;rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Departments&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/abca1983361/">Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983</a></i> (Cth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cefca2012297/">Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012</a></i> (Cth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sbsa1991254/">Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991</a></i> (Cth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbe-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gbe_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gbe_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises">"Government Business Enterprises"</a>. <i>Department of Finance</i>. Australian Government. 27 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Department+of+Finance&amp;rft.atitle=Government+Business+Enterprises&amp;rft.date=2023-09-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finance.gov.au%2Fgovernment%2Fgovernment-business-enterprises&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+Government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Government&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13"title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </h2> <style 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href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Mainland territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jervis_Bay_Territory#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">External territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Antarctic_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Coral_Sea_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governments_of_Australia" title="Template:Governments of Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governments_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Governments of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governments_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governments of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governments of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barton_government" title="Barton government">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1903%E2%80%931904)" title="Deakin government (1903–1904)">Deakin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_government" title="Watson government">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_government" title="Reid government">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1905%E2%80%931908)" title="Deakin government (1905–1908)">Deakin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1908%E2%80%931909)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1908–1909)">Fisher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1909%E2%80%931910)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deakin government (1909–1910)">Deakin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1910%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1910–1913)">Fisher II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook government">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1914%E2%80%931915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1914–1915)">Fisher III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes government">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce government">Bruce</a></li> <li>Scullin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_government" title="Lyons government">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1939%E2%80%931941)" title="Menzies government (1939–1941)">Menzies I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadden_government" title="Fadden government">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_government" title="Gorton government">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_government" title="McMahon government">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keating_government" title="Keating government">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2007%E2%80%932010)" title="Rudd government (2007–2010)">Rudd I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillard_government" title="Gillard government">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2013)" title="Rudd government (2013)">Rudd II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbull_government" title="Turnbull government">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For information about the caretaker governments led by <a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a> (1939), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a> (1945) and <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a> (1967–1968), see their respective biographical articles.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Government of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_American_Samoa" title="Government of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Clipperton_Island&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Clipperton Island (page does not exist)">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guam" title="Government of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hawaii" title="Government of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Australia since 1945">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBT rights in Australia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Australia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Australia" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Australian_Government_departments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Government_Departments" title="Template:Australian Government Departments"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Government_Departments" title="Template talk:Australian Government Departments"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Government_Departments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Government Departments"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Australian_Government_departments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Government_entities" title="List of Australian Government entities">List of Australian Government departments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian Government</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General%27s_Department_(Australia)" title="Attorney-General&#39;s Department (Australia)">Attorney-General's Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Forestry_(Australia)" title="Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)">Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Climate_Change,_Energy,_the_Environment_and_Water" title="Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water">Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(Australia)" title="Department of Defence (Australia)">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Australia)" title="Department of Education (Australia)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Workplace_Relations_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (Australia)">Employment and Workplace Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Australia)" title="Department of Finance (Australia)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care" title="Department of Health and Aged Care">Health and Aged Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Department of Home Affairs (Australia)">Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Industry,_Science_and_Resources" title="Department of Industry, Science and Resources">Industry, Science and Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure,_Transport,_Regional_Development,_Communications_and_the_Arts" title="Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts">Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Parliamentary_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Parliamentary Services">Parliamentary Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Services_(Australia)" title="Department of Social Services (Australia)">Social Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_the_House_of_Representatives&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of the House of Representatives (page does not exist)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)">Prime Minister and Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Treasury_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Treasury (Australia)">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Veterans%27_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Department of Veterans&#39; Affairs (Australia)">Veterans' Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Office" title="Parliamentary Budget Office">Parliamentary Budget Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991162#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991162#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991162#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000101242253">ISNI</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/3700">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1715083126'