Jump to content

Examine individual changes

This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.

Variables generated for this change

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
null
Name of the user account (user_name)
'103.77.43.127'
Type of the user account (user_type)
'ip'
Time email address was confirmed (user_emailconfirm)
null
Age of the user account (user_age)
0
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 6 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 7 => 'editmyoptions', 8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 9 => 'urlshortener-create-url', 10 => 'centralauth-merge', 11 => 'abusefilter-view', 12 => 'abusefilter-log', 13 => 'vipsscaler-test' ]
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
true
Global edit count of the user (global_user_editcount)
0
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Page ID (page_id)
517348
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Amir Khusrau'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Amir Khusrau'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'Gotitbro', 1 => 'GreenC bot', 2 => 'Citation bot', 3 => '5.219.222.12', 4 => '116.74.50.19', 5 => 'Sneezless', 6 => '117.98.124.86', 7 => 'ItsKhan Aman', 8 => 'SailorGardevoir', 9 => 'Pogenplain' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
641144404
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
''
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age)
825082
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Indian poet, writer, singer and scholar (1253–1325)}} {{Use British English|date=March 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Amir Khusrau | image = Amir Khusro.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] | birth_name = Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau | birth_date = 1253 | birth_place = [[Patiyali]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] <br /> (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]) | death_date = {{death year and age|1325|1253|10}} | death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] <br /> (now in [[Delhi]], [[India]]) | genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Qawwali]], [[Ruba'i]], [[Tarana]] | module = Influenced by Sufi saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] | occupation = Sufi, singer, poet, composer, author, scholar | years_active = }} {{Urdu literature}} '''Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau''' (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as '''Amīr Khusrau''', was an [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]]{{sfn|Sharma|2017}} [[Sufi]] singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived during the period of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He is an iconic figure in the cultural history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was a [[mysticism|mystic]] and a spiritual disciple of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] of [[Delhi]], India. He wrote poetry primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]], but also in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]. A vocabulary in verse, the ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'', containing Arabic, Persian and Hindavi terms is often attributed to him.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|title=Chasing Khusro|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3672990.ece|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|access-date=30 December 2023|location=Chennai, India|date=23 July 2012|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925124056/https://www.thehindu.com/books/chasing-khusro/article3672990.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khusrau is sometimes referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot of India" (''Tuti-e-Hind''), and has been called the "father of [[Urdu literature]]."<ref name=EB>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow|title=Amīr Khosrow &#124; Indian poet|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805011933/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|1980|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Bakshi|Mittra|2002|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}<ref name=sages>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages|last=Bhattacharya|first=Vivek Ranjan|date=1982|publisher=Sagar Publications|language=en|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180320/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sufism}} Khusrau is regarded as the "father of [[qawwali]]" (a devotional form of singing of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the [[ghazal]] style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Latif|1979|p=334}}{{sfn|Powers|Qureshi|1989|pp= 702–705}} Khusrau was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in [[Greater Iran|medieval Persia]], from [[Khaqani|Khāqānī's]] ''[[qasida]]s'' to [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami's]] ''khamsa''. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=Iranica>{{cite web|last1=Schimmel|first1=A|title=Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|publisher=Eisenbrauns Inc|access-date=30 December 2023|author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517004317/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato.jpg|thumb|''[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] Visits the Sage [[Plato]]'', from the ''Khamsa'' of Amir Khusrau]] ==Family background== Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 in [[Patiyali]], [[Kasganj district]], in modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, in what was then the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] extraction and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.<ref name=Iranica/> Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a [[Sunni]] Muslim. He grew up in [[Shahrisabz|Kesh]], a small town near [[Samarkand]] in what is now [[Uzbekistan]]. When he was a young man, the region was destroyed and ravaged by [[Genghis Khan]]'s invasion of [[Central Asia]], and much of the population fled to other lands, India being a favored destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and travelled to [[Balkh]] (now in northern Afghanistan), which was a relatively safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Sultan of distant [[Delhi]] seeking refuge. This was granted, and the group then travelled to Delhi. Sultan [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]], ruler of Delhi, was also Turkic like them; indeed, he had grown up in the same region of Central Asia and had undergone somewhat similar circumstances in earlier life. This was the reason the group had turned to him in the first place. Iltutmish not only welcomed the refugees to his court but also granted high offices and landed estates to some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was granted a [[fief]] in the district of [[Patiyali]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, the daughter of Rawat Arz, an Indian noble and war minister of [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]], the ninth Sultan of Delhi. Daulatnaz's family belonged to the [[Rajput]] community of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Bashiri">{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html|title=Amir Khusrau Dihlavi profile|website=[[Angelfire]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=20 May 2008|author=Iraj Bashiri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520114724/http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pickthall|Asad|1930|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} ==Early years== Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of four children: three sons (one of whom was Khusrau) and a daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years old.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} Through his father's influence, he imbibed Islam and Sufism coupled with proficiency in Turkish{{Clarify|date=May 2024|reason=The modern Turkish language was not spoken in the era of the poet}}, Persian, and Arabic languages.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} He was known by his sobriquet ''Tuti-i Hind'' ("Parrot of India"), which according to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' "compares the eloquent poet to the sweet-talking parrot, indicates his canonical status as a poet of Persian."{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} Khusrau's love and admiration for his motherland is transparent through his work.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=3}} Khusrau was an intelligent child. He started learning and writing poetry at the age of nine.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=3}} His first [[Diwan (poetry)|divan]], ''Tuhfat us-Sighr'' (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. In 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years old, died. ==Career== After Khusrau's grandfather's death, Khusrau joined the army of Malik Chajju, a nephew of the reigning Sultan, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]]. This brought his poetry to the attention of the Assembly of the Royal Court where he was honoured. [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan]], the second son of Balban, was invited to listen to Khusrau. He was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then appointed ruler of [[Bengal]], and Khusrau visited him in 1279 while writing his second divan, ''Wast ul-Hayat'' (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to Delhi. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in [[Multan]]), arrived in Delhi, and when he heard about Khusrau, he invited him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from [[Baghdad]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]] on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that: {{blockquote|I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.}} On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed in battle while fighting [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in grief of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to [[Awadh]] with another of his patrons, Amir Ali Hatim. At the age of eighty, Balban called his second son Bughra Khan back from Bengal, but Bughra Khan refused. After Balban's death in 1287, his grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]], Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Delhi at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's service for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first [[Masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]], ''Qiran us-Sa'dain'' (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), which was about Bughra Khan meeting his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. After Qaiqabad suffered a stroke in 1290, nobles appointed his three-year-old son [[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Shams ud-Din Kayumars]] as Sultan. A Turko-Afghan named [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]] then marched on Delhi, killed Qaiqabad and became Sultan, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and starting the [[Khalji dynasty]]. Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated poetry and invited many poets to his court. Khusrau was honoured and respected in his court and was given the title "Amir". He was given the job of "Mushaf-dar". Court life made Khusrau focus more on his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in quick succession were set to music and were sung by singing girls every night before the Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz: {{blockquote|The King of the world Jalal ud-Din, in reward for my infinite pain which I undertook in composing verses, bestowed upon me an unimaginable treasure of wealth.}} In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, ''Miftah ul-Futuh'' (Key to the Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third divan, ''Ghurrat ul-Kamaal'' (The Prime of Perfection), which consisted of poems composed between the ages of 34 and 41.<ref name=Iranica/> [[File:"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg|thumb|''Alexander is Lowered into the Sea'', from a ''Khamsa'' of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, attributed to Mukanda c. 1597–98, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|title=Alexander is Lowered into the Sea|website=metmuseum.org|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214214010/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|url-status=live}}</ref> ]] After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]] ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. Khusrau wrote the ''Khaza'in ul-Futuh'' (The Treasures of Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's construction works, wars and administrative services. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, known as ''Khamsa-e-Khusrau'' (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. The khamsa emulated that of the earlier poet of Persian epics, [[Nizami Ganjavi]]. The first masnavi in the khamsa was ''Matla ul-Anwar'' (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with ethical and Sufi themes. The second masnavi, ''Khusrau-Shirin'', consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, ''Laila-Majnun'', was a romance. The fourth voluminous masnavi was ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)|Ayina-i Iskandari]]'', which narrated the heroic deeds of [[Alexander the Great]] in 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'', which was based on legends about [[Bahram V]], the fifteenth king of the [[Sasanian Empire]]. All these works made Khusrau a leading luminary in the world of poetry. Ala ud-Din Khalji was highly pleased with his work and rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future successor [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji]] was born, Khusrau prepared the horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is included in the masnavi ''Saqiana''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a|title=Hazrat Mehboob-E-Elahi (RA)|website=hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214554/http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 years old, his mother and brother died. He wrote these lines in their honour: <poem style="margin-left:2em"> A double radiance left my star this year Gone are my brother and my mother, My two full moons have set and ceased to shine In one short week through this ill-luck of mine. </poem> Khusrau's homage to his mother on her death was: {{blockquote|Where ever the dust of your feet is found is like a relic of paradise for me.}} In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of [[Sufi]] saint of the [[Chishti Order]], [[Nizamuddin Auliya]].{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi ''Duval Rani - Khizr Khan'' ([[Deval Devi|Duval Rani]] and Khizr Khan), about the marriage of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.<ref name=Iranica/> After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi. Khusrau wrote a masnavi on Mubarak Shah Khalji called ''Nuh Sipihr'' (Nine Skies), which described the events of Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign. He classified his poetry in nine chapters, each part of which is considered a "sky". In the third chapter he wrote a vivid account of India and its environment, seasons, flora and fauna, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign by name of ''Ijaz-e-Khusravi'' (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled ''Baqia-Naqia'' (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote ''Afzal ul-Fawaid'' (Greatest of Blessings), a work of prose that contained the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.<ref name=Iranica/> In 1320, Mubarak Shah Khalji was killed by [[Khusro Khan]], who thus ended the Khalji dynasty and briefly became Sultan of Delhi. Within the same year, Khusro Khan was captured and beheaded by [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]], who became Sultan and thus began the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a historic masnavi named ''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs) about the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Bashiri"/> Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the death of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's tomb is next to that of his spiritual master in the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] in Delhi.<ref name=Iranica/> ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death. ===Shalimar Bagh Inscription=== A popular fable which has made its way into scholarship ascribes the following famous Persian verse to Khusrau: <poem style="margin-left:2em"> Agar Firdaus bar ru-ye zamin ast, Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast. </poem> In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | location=Chennai, India |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper | first=Anjana | last=Rajan | title=Window to Persia | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=30 December 2023 | archive-date=2 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181249/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerises Kashmir|newspaper=Business Standard, India|date=7 September 2013|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909124552/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms |work=The Times Of India |title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908102904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> This verse is believed to have been inscribed on several [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] structures, supposedly in reference to [[Kashmir]], specifically a particular building at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Garden]] in Srinagar, Kashmir (built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|title=Shalimar Garden {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India|language=en-US|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127175117/https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Blake|2002|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} However, recent scholarship has traced the verse to a time much later than that of Khusrau and to a place quite distant from Kashmir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this|title=Who really wrote the lines 'If there is Paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this'?|last=Safvi|first=Rana|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508021530/https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian Rana Safvi inspected all probable buildings in the Kashmir garden and found no such inscription attributed to Khusrau. According to her the verse was composed by Sa'adullah Khan, a leading noble and scholar in the court of Jahangir's successor and son Shah Jahan.<ref name=":2" /> Even in popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the phrase in praise of Kashmir.<ref name=":1" /> ==Contributions to Hindustani Music== === Qawwali === {{Further|Qawwali}} Khusrau is credited with fusing the [[Persian traditional music|Persian]], [[Arabic music|Arabic]], [[Turkish music|Turkic]], and [[Music of India|Indian]] singing traditions in the late 13th century to create [[qawwali]], a form of [[Sufi]] [[devotional song]].<ref name="'Aaj rang hai'- Qawwali revisited">{{cite web|url = http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html|title = 'Aaj rang hai' - Qawwali revisited|publisher = TwoCircle.net|access-date = 8 March 2013|archive-date = 18 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214847/http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html|url-status = live}}, Retrieved 16 September 2015</ref> A well-punctuated chorus emphasising the theme and devotional refrain coupled with a lead singer utilising an ornate style of fast [[Taan (music)|taans]] and difficult [[svara]] combinations are the distinguishing characteristics of a qawwali.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=4}} Khusrau's disciples who specialised in Qawwali singing were later classified as Qawwals (they sang only Muslim devotional songs) and Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). The musical flow of some of his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.<ref name=Iranica/>{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=4}} === Tarana and Trivat === {{Further|Tarana}} Tarana and Trivat are also credited to Khusrau.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=25}} Musicologist and philosopher [[Jaideva Singh|Jaidev Singh]] has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian word meaning a song. Tillana is a corrupt form of this word. True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least from the time of Bharat. But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau introduced two innovations in this form of vocal music. Firstly, he introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense. He also introduced a few Hindi words to complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in such a way to yield some meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing so, and the tarana became as meaningless as the ancient Nirgit.{{sfn|Singh|1975|p=276}} It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style during his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened to Gopal Naik for six days, and on the seventh day, he reproduced Naik's rendition using meaningless words ([[Mridangam|mridang]] [[Bol (music)|bols]]) thus creating the tarana style.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=5}} === Sitar === Khusrau is credited for the invention of the sitar. At the time, there were many versions of the [[Veena]] in India. He modified the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a ''[[Setar]]'' (Persian for 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the ''[[sitar]]''.<ref name="Bashiri"/>{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=6}} ==Legacy== {{see also|Riddles of Amir Khusrow}} [[File:An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1.jpg|thumb|An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems.]] Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful [[Riddles of Amir Khusrow|riddles]], songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] poetry today.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} Through his literary output, Khusrau represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: {{transl|ar|italic=no|qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, [[tarana]] and [[khyal]]}}, but there is insufficient evidence for this.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/14848865|title=Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Music Practices of Pakistan|first=Yousuf|last=Saeed|website=academia.edu website|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180314/https://www.academia.edu/14848865|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|title=Amir Khusro & His Influence on Indian Classical Music|first=Abhik|last=Majumdar|date=30 June 2013|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203084333/http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Development of Hindavi=== {{see also|Rekhta}} Khusrau wrote primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Many [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (or [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]) verses are attributed to him, since there is no evidence for their composition by Khusrau before the 18th century.{{sfn|Dihlavī|2011|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}<ref>Khusrau's Hindvi Poetry, An Academic Riddle? Yousuf Saeed, 2003</ref> The language of the Hindustani verses appears to be relatively modern. He used the term 'Hindavi' (meaning 'of Hind or India' in Persian) for the Hindustani language,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |publisher=Elsevier |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |quote=Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]}}</ref> and gave shape to it in the Islamic literature, earning him the epithet "father of [[Urdu literature]]".<ref name=sages/> He also wrote a war ballad in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tariq |first=Rahman |title=Punjabi Language during British Rule |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915130644/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> In addition, he spoke [[Arabic]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Bashiri"/>{{sfn|Habib|2018|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Pickthall|Asad|1930|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Devy|2018|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} His poetry is still sung today at [[Sufi]] shrines throughout [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Iranica/> == In popular culture == The 1978 film [[Junoon (1978 film)|''Junoon'']] opens with a rendition of Khusrau's ''[[Aaj Rang Hai|Aaj Rung Hai]]'', and the film's plot sees the poem employed as a symbol of rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|title=How Amir Khusrau's 'rung' inspired the film and music culture of South Asia|website=Firstpost|date=26 November 2017|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328164255/https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Amir Khusro'', a documentary feature covering his life and works directed by Om Prakash Sharma released in 1974. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Film's Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Khusro|url=https://filmsdivision.org/archives/amir-khusro.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410122508/http://filmsdivision.org:80/archives/amir-khusro.html |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref> ''Amir Khusro'', an Indian television series based on Khusrau's life and works aired on [[DD National]], the national public broadcaster, in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=15 June 1988 |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amir Khusro |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |website=nettv4u |language=en |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014009/https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |url-status=live }}</ref> He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the 2018 Indian film ''[[Padmaavat]]'' by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Kashmir films have always been about the location – but are now making room for locals|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=9 April 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108004738/https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|url-status=live}}</ref> One of Khusro's poems on [[Basant (festival)|Basant]], ''Sakal bun phool rahi sarson'', was quoted in an episode of [[Saladin Ahmed|Saladin Ahmed's]] ''[[Kamala Khan|The Magnificent Ms. Marvel]].'' Various renditions of this poem have been recorded time and again, including one sung by [[Rizwan-Muazzam]] in Season 8 of ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]'', as well as another rendition by Pakistani singer [[Meesha Shafi]] in collaboration with the instrumental funk band [[Mughal-e-Funk]]. It was also recreated in the Netflix web series ''[[Heeramandi]]'', sung by [[Raja Hassan]]. == Works == [[File:Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Mughal miniature painting|Mughal]] illustrated page from the [[Hasht-Behesht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]] * ''Tuhfat us-Sighr'' (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18. * ''Wast ul-Hayat'' (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan. * ''Qiran us-Sa'dain'' (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's first masnavi, which detailed the historic meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. * ''Miftah ul-Futuh'' (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, in praise of the victories of Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji. * ''Ghurrat ul-Kamaal'' (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41. * ''Khaza'in ul-Futuh'' (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - details of Ala ud-Din Khalji's construction works, wars, and administrative services. * ''Khamsa-e-Khusrau'' (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of five masnavis: ''Matla ul-Anwar'', ''Khusrau-Shirin'', ''Laila-Majnun'', ''Aina-e-Sikandari'' and ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'' (which includes ''[[The Three Princes of Serendip]]''). * ''Saqiana'' - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji. * ''Duval Rani - Khizr Khan'' (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy about the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan. * ''Nuh Sipihr'' (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of India and its culture. * ''Ijaz-e-Khusravi'' (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an assortment of prose consisting of five volumes. * ''Baqia-Naqia'' (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau at the age of 64. * ''Afzal ul-Fawaid'' (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose containing the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya. *[[File:"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother" is a painting based on a story written by Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, but illustrated by Mughal Indian artist, Miskin, in 1597–98.]]''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty. * ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a few weeks before his death. * ''Ashiqa'' - Khusro pays a glowing tribute to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|title=Amir Khusro Dehlavi - The mystic Sufi poet|date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|archive-date=20 July 2019 |website=The Free Press Journal website|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref> It is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been backed by Isaami.{{sfn|Niazi|1992|p=5}} * ''Qissa Chahar Dervesh'' ([[The Tale of the Four Dervishes]]) - a ''dastan'' told by Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya. * ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'' - a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi words and phrases often attributed to Amir Khusrau. [[Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani]] argued that it was completed in 1622 in [[Gwalior]] by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.<ref>Shīrānī, Ḥāfiż Mahmūd. "Dībācha-ye duvum [Second Preface]." In Ḥifż 'al-Lisān (a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī), edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.</ref> * ''Jawahir-e-Khusravi'' - a divan often dubbed as Khusrau's Hindavi divan. == See also == *''[[Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni]]'' *''[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]'' *''[[Haft Peykar]]'' *[[Jahan-e-Khusrau]] *''[[Khamsa of Nizami]]'' *[[Indian literature]] *[[List of Persian poets and authors]] {{portalbar|Poetry}} == References == {{reflist|22em}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Mittra|first2=Sangh|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|isbn=978-81-7938-022-2}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&pg=PA44|title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739|first=Stephen P.|last=Blake|date=30 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52299-1|via=Google Books}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbGyZN1I4E0C&pg=PA92|title=Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation|first=G. N.|last=Devy|date=16 February 2018|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2022-6|via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last1=Dihlavī |first1=Amīr Khusraw |title=Amir Khusrau: memorial volume. |date=1975 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557663727 |oclc=2523104}} * {{cite book |last1=Dihlavī |first1=Amīr Khusraw |translator1-last=Losensky |translator1-first=Paul Edward |translator2-last=Sharma |translator2-first=Sunil |title=In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amīr Khusrau |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08236-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCHxfZxviXIC}} * {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIERAAAAMAAJ&q=amir+turkish+languages|title=Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi|first=Mohammad|last=Habib|date=16 February 2018|publisher=Islamic Book Service|via=Google Books}} * {{cite book | last = Latif | first = Syed Abdulla | title = An Outline of the Cultural History of India | publisher = Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) | orig-date = 1958 | year = 1979 | isbn = 81-7069-085-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10|title= Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|first1=Jaswant Lal |last1=Mehta|volume= 1|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year= 1980|isbn= 978-81-207-0617-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Susheela |title=Great Masters of Hindustani Music |date=1981 |publisher=Hem Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4uAAAAMAAJ&q=Great%20Masters%20of%20Hindustani%20Music}} * {{cite book |last1=Niazi |first1=Ghulam Sarwar Khan |title=The life and works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |date=1992 |publisher=Atlantic |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7156-362-3}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Pickthall |editor1-first=Marmaduke William |editor2-last=Asad |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=Islamic Culture |date=1930 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYFOgfXExOAC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Powers |first1=Harold S. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Regula Burckhardt |title=Sufi Music of India and Pakistan. Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=October 1989 |volume=109 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/604123|jstor=604123 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sunil |title=Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans and Sufis |date=May 2005 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofdjAAAAMAAJ}} * {{EI3|last=Sharma|first=Sunil|title=Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī|year=2017|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/amir-khusraw-dihlavi-COM_23805?s.num=10&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Ganja}} * {{Cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Thakur Jai Deva | chapter=Khusrau's Musical Compositions | editor=Ansari, Zoe | title=Life, Times & Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi | year=1975 | publisher=National Amir Khusrau Society | location=New Delhi }} {{refend}} == Further reading == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Browne |first1=Edward G. |title=A Literary History Of Persia, 4 Vols |date=1997 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-215-0753-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_At4PgAACAAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Rypka |first1=Jan|author-link=Jan Rypka |editor1-last=Jahn |editor1-first=Karl |translator1-last=van Popta-Hope |translator1-first=P. |title=History of Iranian Literature |date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-010-3479-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFPtCAAAQBAJ}} * R.M. Chopra, "The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", Iran Culture House New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata, 2nd Ed. 2013. * R.M. Chopra, "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, {{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}} * Zoe, Ansari, "Khusrau ka Zehni Safar", Anjuman Taraqqī-yi-Urdū, New Delhi, 1988. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012721/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/bio?anum=0020 Important Works of Amir Khusrau (Complete)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063316/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020&ct=0 The Khaza'inul Futuh (Treasures of Victory) of Hazarat Amir Khusrau of Delhi] English Translation by Muhammad Habib ([[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]]). 1931. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171014224914/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013&ct=0 Poems of Amir Khusrau] ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]: The Muhammadan Period'', by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. ''page 523-566''. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093652/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013%26ct%3D18 Táríkh-i 'Aláí; or, Khazáínu-l Futúh, of Amír Khusrú] ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period'', by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92. * For greater details refer to "Great Poets of Classical Persian" by R. M. Chopra, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, ({{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}}) *{{cite journal|first1=Omidvar|last1= Alimahmoudi |first2=Seyyed Mahdi|last2=Nourian|first3=Mohammad|last3=Fesharak|url=http://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767_a113e0ec0b67e803614ea1f7cf5b4631.pdf|title=The study of allusion and adapted Qur'anic and Hadith themes in Amir Khosrow Dehlawi's "Noh Sepehr Mathnavi (Mathnavi of the Nine Skies)"|journal=Literary Arts|year= 2017 |volume= 9 | issue=19|doi=10.22108/liar.2017.21767|issn=2008-8027|via=DOAJ |publisher=University of Isfahan|language=English,Arabic|oclc= 7655520386|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110232217/https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767.html|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}} {{refend}} == External links == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=3242}} * {{Librivox author |id=12656}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053432/http://www.wikidorj.com/0CBK.ashx Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrau] at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry *"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi. The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] {{Persian literature}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khusro, Amir}} [[Category:1253 births]] [[Category:1325 deaths]] [[Category:13th-century Indian musicians]] [[Category:13th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:Urdu-language poets]] [[Category:Indian Persian-language writers]] [[Category:13th-century Persian-language poets]] [[Category:14th-century Indian musicians]] [[Category:14th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:14th-century Persian-language poets]] [[Category:Turkic people]] [[Category:Chishti Order]] [[Category:Hindi-language poets]] [[Category:Indian male poets]] [[Category:Indian Sufis]] [[Category:Macaronic language]] [[Category:People from Etah district]] [[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]] [[Category:Performers of Sufi music]] [[Category:Poets from Delhi]] [[Category:Sufi poets]] [[Category:Students of Nizamuddin Auliya]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Indian poet, writer, singer and scholar (1253–1325)}} {{Use British English|date=March 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Naveen Upadhyay | image = Naveen Upadhyay.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Naveen Upadhyay and teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] | birth_name = Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau | birth_date = 1253 | birth_place = [[Patiyali]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] <br /> (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]) | death_date = {{death year and age|1325|1253|10}} | death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] <br /> (now in [[Delhi]], [[India]]) | genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Qawwali]], [[Ruba'i]], [[Tarana]] | module = Influenced by Sufi saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] | occupation = Sufi, singer, poet, composer, author, scholar | years_active = }} {{Urdu literature}} '''Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau''' (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as '''Amīr Khusrau''', was an [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]]{{sfn|Sharma|2017}} [[Sufi]] singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived during the period of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He is an iconic figure in the cultural history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was a [[mysticism|mystic]] and a spiritual disciple of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] of [[Delhi]], India. He wrote poetry primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]], but also in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]. A vocabulary in verse, the ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'', containing Arabic, Persian and Hindavi terms is often attributed to him.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|title=Chasing Khusro|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3672990.ece|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|access-date=30 December 2023|location=Chennai, India|date=23 July 2012|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925124056/https://www.thehindu.com/books/chasing-khusro/article3672990.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khusrau is sometimes referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot of India" (''Tuti-e-Hind''), and has been called the "father of [[Urdu literature]]."<ref name=EB>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow|title=Amīr Khosrow &#124; Indian poet|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805011933/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|1980|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Bakshi|Mittra|2002|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}<ref name=sages>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages|last=Bhattacharya|first=Vivek Ranjan|date=1982|publisher=Sagar Publications|language=en|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180320/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sufism}} Khusrau is regarded as the "father of [[qawwali]]" (a devotional form of singing of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the [[ghazal]] style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Latif|1979|p=334}}{{sfn|Powers|Qureshi|1989|pp= 702–705}} Khusrau was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in [[Greater Iran|medieval Persia]], from [[Khaqani|Khāqānī's]] ''[[qasida]]s'' to [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami's]] ''khamsa''. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=Iranica>{{cite web|last1=Schimmel|first1=A|title=Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|publisher=Eisenbrauns Inc|access-date=30 December 2023|author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517004317/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato.jpg|thumb|''[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] Visits the Sage [[Plato]]'', from the ''Khamsa'' of Amir Khusrau]] ==Family background== Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 in [[Patiyali]], [[Kasganj district]], in modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, in what was then the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] extraction and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.<ref name=Iranica/> Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a [[Sunni]] Muslim. He grew up in [[Shahrisabz|Kesh]], a small town near [[Samarkand]] in what is now [[Uzbekistan]]. When he was a young man, the region was destroyed and ravaged by [[Genghis Khan]]'s invasion of [[Central Asia]], and much of the population fled to other lands, India being a favored destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and travelled to [[Balkh]] (now in northern Afghanistan), which was a relatively safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Sultan of distant [[Delhi]] seeking refuge. This was granted, and the group then travelled to Delhi. Sultan [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]], ruler of Delhi, was also Turkic like them; indeed, he had grown up in the same region of Central Asia and had undergone somewhat similar circumstances in earlier life. This was the reason the group had turned to him in the first place. Iltutmish not only welcomed the refugees to his court but also granted high offices and landed estates to some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was granted a [[fief]] in the district of [[Patiyali]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, the daughter of Rawat Arz, an Indian noble and war minister of [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]], the ninth Sultan of Delhi. Daulatnaz's family belonged to the [[Rajput]] community of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Bashiri">{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html|title=Amir Khusrau Dihlavi profile|website=[[Angelfire]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=20 May 2008|author=Iraj Bashiri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520114724/http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pickthall|Asad|1930|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} ==Early years== Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of four children: three sons (one of whom was Khusrau) and a daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years old.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} Through his father's influence, he imbibed Islam and Sufism coupled with proficiency in Turkish{{Clarify|date=May 2024|reason=The modern Turkish language was not spoken in the era of the poet}}, Persian, and Arabic languages.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} He was known by his sobriquet ''Tuti-i Hind'' ("Parrot of India"), which according to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' "compares the eloquent poet to the sweet-talking parrot, indicates his canonical status as a poet of Persian."{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} Khusrau's love and admiration for his motherland is transparent through his work.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=3}} Khusrau was an intelligent child. He started learning and writing poetry at the age of nine.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=3}} His first [[Diwan (poetry)|divan]], ''Tuhfat us-Sighr'' (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. In 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years old, died. ==Career== After Khusrau's grandfather's death, Khusrau joined the army of Malik Chajju, a nephew of the reigning Sultan, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]]. This brought his poetry to the attention of the Assembly of the Royal Court where he was honoured. [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan]], the second son of Balban, was invited to listen to Khusrau. He was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then appointed ruler of [[Bengal]], and Khusrau visited him in 1279 while writing his second divan, ''Wast ul-Hayat'' (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to Delhi. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in [[Multan]]), arrived in Delhi, and when he heard about Khusrau, he invited him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from [[Baghdad]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]] on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that: {{blockquote|I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.}} On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed in battle while fighting [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in grief of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to [[Awadh]] with another of his patrons, Amir Ali Hatim. At the age of eighty, Balban called his second son Bughra Khan back from Bengal, but Bughra Khan refused. After Balban's death in 1287, his grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]], Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Delhi at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's service for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first [[Masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]], ''Qiran us-Sa'dain'' (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), which was about Bughra Khan meeting his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. After Qaiqabad suffered a stroke in 1290, nobles appointed his three-year-old son [[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Shams ud-Din Kayumars]] as Sultan. A Turko-Afghan named [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]] then marched on Delhi, killed Qaiqabad and became Sultan, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and starting the [[Khalji dynasty]]. Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated poetry and invited many poets to his court. Khusrau was honoured and respected in his court and was given the title "Amir". He was given the job of "Mushaf-dar". Court life made Khusrau focus more on his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in quick succession were set to music and were sung by singing girls every night before the Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz: {{blockquote|The King of the world Jalal ud-Din, in reward for my infinite pain which I undertook in composing verses, bestowed upon me an unimaginable treasure of wealth.}} In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, ''Miftah ul-Futuh'' (Key to the Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third divan, ''Ghurrat ul-Kamaal'' (The Prime of Perfection), which consisted of poems composed between the ages of 34 and 41.<ref name=Iranica/> [[File:"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg|thumb|''Alexander is Lowered into the Sea'', from a ''Khamsa'' of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, attributed to Mukanda c. 1597–98, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|title=Alexander is Lowered into the Sea|website=metmuseum.org|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214214010/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|url-status=live}}</ref> ]] After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]] ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. Khusrau wrote the ''Khaza'in ul-Futuh'' (The Treasures of Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's construction works, wars and administrative services. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, known as ''Khamsa-e-Khusrau'' (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. The khamsa emulated that of the earlier poet of Persian epics, [[Nizami Ganjavi]]. The first masnavi in the khamsa was ''Matla ul-Anwar'' (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with ethical and Sufi themes. The second masnavi, ''Khusrau-Shirin'', consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, ''Laila-Majnun'', was a romance. The fourth voluminous masnavi was ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)|Ayina-i Iskandari]]'', which narrated the heroic deeds of [[Alexander the Great]] in 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'', which was based on legends about [[Bahram V]], the fifteenth king of the [[Sasanian Empire]]. All these works made Khusrau a leading luminary in the world of poetry. Ala ud-Din Khalji was highly pleased with his work and rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future successor [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji]] was born, Khusrau prepared the horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is included in the masnavi ''Saqiana''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a|title=Hazrat Mehboob-E-Elahi (RA)|website=hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214554/http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 years old, his mother and brother died. He wrote these lines in their honour: <poem style="margin-left:2em"> A double radiance left my star this year Gone are my brother and my mother, My two full moons have set and ceased to shine In one short week through this ill-luck of mine. </poem> Khusrau's homage to his mother on her death was: {{blockquote|Where ever the dust of your feet is found is like a relic of paradise for me.}} In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of [[Sufi]] saint of the [[Chishti Order]], [[Nizamuddin Auliya]].{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi ''Duval Rani - Khizr Khan'' ([[Deval Devi|Duval Rani]] and Khizr Khan), about the marriage of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.<ref name=Iranica/> After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi. Khusrau wrote a masnavi on Mubarak Shah Khalji called ''Nuh Sipihr'' (Nine Skies), which described the events of Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign. He classified his poetry in nine chapters, each part of which is considered a "sky". In the third chapter he wrote a vivid account of India and its environment, seasons, flora and fauna, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign by name of ''Ijaz-e-Khusravi'' (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled ''Baqia-Naqia'' (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote ''Afzal ul-Fawaid'' (Greatest of Blessings), a work of prose that contained the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.<ref name=Iranica/> In 1320, Mubarak Shah Khalji was killed by [[Khusro Khan]], who thus ended the Khalji dynasty and briefly became Sultan of Delhi. Within the same year, Khusro Khan was captured and beheaded by [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]], who became Sultan and thus began the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a historic masnavi named ''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs) about the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Bashiri"/> Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the death of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's tomb is next to that of his spiritual master in the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] in Delhi.<ref name=Iranica/> ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death. ===Shalimar Bagh Inscription=== A popular fable which has made its way into scholarship ascribes the following famous Persian verse to Khusrau: <poem style="margin-left:2em"> Agar Firdaus bar ru-ye zamin ast, Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast. </poem> In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | location=Chennai, India |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper | first=Anjana | last=Rajan | title=Window to Persia | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=30 December 2023 | archive-date=2 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181249/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerises Kashmir|newspaper=Business Standard, India|date=7 September 2013|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909124552/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms |work=The Times Of India |title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908102904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> This verse is believed to have been inscribed on several [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] structures, supposedly in reference to [[Kashmir]], specifically a particular building at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Garden]] in Srinagar, Kashmir (built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|title=Shalimar Garden {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India|language=en-US|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127175117/https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Blake|2002|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} However, recent scholarship has traced the verse to a time much later than that of Khusrau and to a place quite distant from Kashmir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this|title=Who really wrote the lines 'If there is Paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this'?|last=Safvi|first=Rana|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508021530/https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian Rana Safvi inspected all probable buildings in the Kashmir garden and found no such inscription attributed to Khusrau. According to her the verse was composed by Sa'adullah Khan, a leading noble and scholar in the court of Jahangir's successor and son Shah Jahan.<ref name=":2" /> Even in popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the phrase in praise of Kashmir.<ref name=":1" /> ==Contributions to Hindustani Music== === Qawwali === {{Further|Qawwali}} Khusrau is credited with fusing the [[Persian traditional music|Persian]], [[Arabic music|Arabic]], [[Turkish music|Turkic]], and [[Music of India|Indian]] singing traditions in the late 13th century to create [[qawwali]], a form of [[Sufi]] [[devotional song]].<ref name="'Aaj rang hai'- Qawwali revisited">{{cite web|url = http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html|title = 'Aaj rang hai' - Qawwali revisited|publisher = TwoCircle.net|access-date = 8 March 2013|archive-date = 18 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214847/http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html|url-status = live}}, Retrieved 16 September 2015</ref> A well-punctuated chorus emphasising the theme and devotional refrain coupled with a lead singer utilising an ornate style of fast [[Taan (music)|taans]] and difficult [[svara]] combinations are the distinguishing characteristics of a qawwali.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=4}} Khusrau's disciples who specialised in Qawwali singing were later classified as Qawwals (they sang only Muslim devotional songs) and Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). The musical flow of some of his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.<ref name=Iranica/>{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=4}} === Tarana and Trivat === {{Further|Tarana}} Tarana and Trivat are also credited to Khusrau.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=25}} Musicologist and philosopher [[Jaideva Singh|Jaidev Singh]] has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian word meaning a song. Tillana is a corrupt form of this word. True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least from the time of Bharat. But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau introduced two innovations in this form of vocal music. Firstly, he introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense. He also introduced a few Hindi words to complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in such a way to yield some meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing so, and the tarana became as meaningless as the ancient Nirgit.{{sfn|Singh|1975|p=276}} It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style during his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened to Gopal Naik for six days, and on the seventh day, he reproduced Naik's rendition using meaningless words ([[Mridangam|mridang]] [[Bol (music)|bols]]) thus creating the tarana style.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=5}} === Sitar === Khusrau is credited for the invention of the sitar. At the time, there were many versions of the [[Veena]] in India. He modified the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a ''[[Setar]]'' (Persian for 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the ''[[sitar]]''.<ref name="Bashiri"/>{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=6}} ==Legacy== {{see also|Riddles of Amir Khusrow}} [[File:An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1.jpg|thumb|An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems.]] Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful [[Riddles of Amir Khusrow|riddles]], songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] poetry today.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} Through his literary output, Khusrau represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: {{transl|ar|italic=no|qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, [[tarana]] and [[khyal]]}}, but there is insufficient evidence for this.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/14848865|title=Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Music Practices of Pakistan|first=Yousuf|last=Saeed|website=academia.edu website|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180314/https://www.academia.edu/14848865|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|title=Amir Khusro & His Influence on Indian Classical Music|first=Abhik|last=Majumdar|date=30 June 2013|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203084333/http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Development of Hindavi=== {{see also|Rekhta}} Khusrau wrote primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Many [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (or [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]) verses are attributed to him, since there is no evidence for their composition by Khusrau before the 18th century.{{sfn|Dihlavī|2011|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}<ref>Khusrau's Hindvi Poetry, An Academic Riddle? Yousuf Saeed, 2003</ref> The language of the Hindustani verses appears to be relatively modern. He used the term 'Hindavi' (meaning 'of Hind or India' in Persian) for the Hindustani language,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |publisher=Elsevier |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |quote=Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]}}</ref> and gave shape to it in the Islamic literature, earning him the epithet "father of [[Urdu literature]]".<ref name=sages/> He also wrote a war ballad in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tariq |first=Rahman |title=Punjabi Language during British Rule |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915130644/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> In addition, he spoke [[Arabic]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Bashiri"/>{{sfn|Habib|2018|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Pickthall|Asad|1930|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Devy|2018|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} His poetry is still sung today at [[Sufi]] shrines throughout [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Iranica/> == In popular culture == The 1978 film [[Junoon (1978 film)|''Junoon'']] opens with a rendition of Khusrau's ''[[Aaj Rang Hai|Aaj Rung Hai]]'', and the film's plot sees the poem employed as a symbol of rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|title=How Amir Khusrau's 'rung' inspired the film and music culture of South Asia|website=Firstpost|date=26 November 2017|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328164255/https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Amir Khusro'', a documentary feature covering his life and works directed by Om Prakash Sharma released in 1974. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Film's Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Khusro|url=https://filmsdivision.org/archives/amir-khusro.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410122508/http://filmsdivision.org:80/archives/amir-khusro.html |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref> ''Amir Khusro'', an Indian television series based on Khusrau's life and works aired on [[DD National]], the national public broadcaster, in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=15 June 1988 |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amir Khusro |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |website=nettv4u |language=en |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014009/https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |url-status=live }}</ref> He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the 2018 Indian film ''[[Padmaavat]]'' by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Kashmir films have always been about the location – but are now making room for locals|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=9 April 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108004738/https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|url-status=live}}</ref> One of Khusro's poems on [[Basant (festival)|Basant]], ''Sakal bun phool rahi sarson'', was quoted in an episode of [[Saladin Ahmed|Saladin Ahmed's]] ''[[Kamala Khan|The Magnificent Ms. Marvel]].'' Various renditions of this poem have been recorded time and again, including one sung by [[Rizwan-Muazzam]] in Season 8 of ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]'', as well as another rendition by Pakistani singer [[Meesha Shafi]] in collaboration with the instrumental funk band [[Mughal-e-Funk]]. It was also recreated in the Netflix web series ''[[Heeramandi]]'', sung by [[Raja Hassan]]. == Works == [[File:Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Mughal miniature painting|Mughal]] illustrated page from the [[Hasht-Behesht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]] * ''Tuhfat us-Sighr'' (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18. * ''Wast ul-Hayat'' (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan. * ''Qiran us-Sa'dain'' (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's first masnavi, which detailed the historic meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. * ''Miftah ul-Futuh'' (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, in praise of the victories of Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji. * ''Ghurrat ul-Kamaal'' (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41. * ''Khaza'in ul-Futuh'' (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - details of Ala ud-Din Khalji's construction works, wars, and administrative services. * ''Khamsa-e-Khusrau'' (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of five masnavis: ''Matla ul-Anwar'', ''Khusrau-Shirin'', ''Laila-Majnun'', ''Aina-e-Sikandari'' and ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'' (which includes ''[[The Three Princes of Serendip]]''). * ''Saqiana'' - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji. * ''Duval Rani - Khizr Khan'' (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy about the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan. * ''Nuh Sipihr'' (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of India and its culture. * ''Ijaz-e-Khusravi'' (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an assortment of prose consisting of five volumes. * ''Baqia-Naqia'' (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau at the age of 64. * ''Afzal ul-Fawaid'' (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose containing the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya. *[[File:"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother" is a painting based on a story written by Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, but illustrated by Mughal Indian artist, Miskin, in 1597–98.]]''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty. * ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a few weeks before his death. * ''Ashiqa'' - Khusro pays a glowing tribute to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|title=Amir Khusro Dehlavi - The mystic Sufi poet|date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|archive-date=20 July 2019 |website=The Free Press Journal website|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref> It is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been backed by Isaami.{{sfn|Niazi|1992|p=5}} * ''Qissa Chahar Dervesh'' ([[The Tale of the Four Dervishes]]) - a ''dastan'' told by Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya. * ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'' - a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi words and phrases often attributed to Amir Khusrau. [[Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani]] argued that it was completed in 1622 in [[Gwalior]] by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.<ref>Shīrānī, Ḥāfiż Mahmūd. "Dībācha-ye duvum [Second Preface]." In Ḥifż 'al-Lisān (a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī), edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.</ref> * ''Jawahir-e-Khusravi'' - a divan often dubbed as Khusrau's Hindavi divan. == See also == *''[[Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni]]'' *''[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]'' *''[[Haft Peykar]]'' *[[Jahan-e-Khusrau]] *''[[Khamsa of Nizami]]'' *[[Indian literature]] *[[List of Persian poets and authors]] {{portalbar|Poetry}} == References == {{reflist|22em}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Mittra|first2=Sangh|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|isbn=978-81-7938-022-2}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&pg=PA44|title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739|first=Stephen P.|last=Blake|date=30 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52299-1|via=Google Books}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbGyZN1I4E0C&pg=PA92|title=Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation|first=G. N.|last=Devy|date=16 February 2018|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2022-6|via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last1=Dihlavī |first1=Amīr Khusraw |title=Amir Khusrau: memorial volume. |date=1975 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557663727 |oclc=2523104}} * {{cite book |last1=Dihlavī |first1=Amīr Khusraw |translator1-last=Losensky |translator1-first=Paul Edward |translator2-last=Sharma |translator2-first=Sunil |title=In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amīr Khusrau |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08236-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCHxfZxviXIC}} * {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIERAAAAMAAJ&q=amir+turkish+languages|title=Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi|first=Mohammad|last=Habib|date=16 February 2018|publisher=Islamic Book Service|via=Google Books}} * {{cite book | last = Latif | first = Syed Abdulla | title = An Outline of the Cultural History of India | publisher = Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) | orig-date = 1958 | year = 1979 | isbn = 81-7069-085-4}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10|title= Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|first1=Jaswant Lal |last1=Mehta|volume= 1|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year= 1980|isbn= 978-81-207-0617-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Susheela |title=Great Masters of Hindustani Music |date=1981 |publisher=Hem Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4uAAAAMAAJ&q=Great%20Masters%20of%20Hindustani%20Music}} * {{cite book |last1=Niazi |first1=Ghulam Sarwar Khan |title=The life and works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |date=1992 |publisher=Atlantic |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7156-362-3}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Pickthall |editor1-first=Marmaduke William |editor2-last=Asad |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=Islamic Culture |date=1930 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYFOgfXExOAC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Powers |first1=Harold S. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Regula Burckhardt |title=Sufi Music of India and Pakistan. Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=October 1989 |volume=109 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/604123|jstor=604123 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sunil |title=Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans and Sufis |date=May 2005 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofdjAAAAMAAJ}} * {{EI3|last=Sharma|first=Sunil|title=Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī|year=2017|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/amir-khusraw-dihlavi-COM_23805?s.num=10&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Ganja}} * {{Cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Thakur Jai Deva | chapter=Khusrau's Musical Compositions | editor=Ansari, Zoe | title=Life, Times & Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi | year=1975 | publisher=National Amir Khusrau Society | location=New Delhi }} {{refend}} == Further reading == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Browne |first1=Edward G. |title=A Literary History Of Persia, 4 Vols |date=1997 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-215-0753-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_At4PgAACAAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Rypka |first1=Jan|author-link=Jan Rypka |editor1-last=Jahn |editor1-first=Karl |translator1-last=van Popta-Hope |translator1-first=P. |title=History of Iranian Literature |date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-010-3479-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFPtCAAAQBAJ}} * R.M. Chopra, "The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", Iran Culture House New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata, 2nd Ed. 2013. * R.M. Chopra, "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, {{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}} * Zoe, Ansari, "Khusrau ka Zehni Safar", Anjuman Taraqqī-yi-Urdū, New Delhi, 1988. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012721/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/bio?anum=0020 Important Works of Amir Khusrau (Complete)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063316/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020&ct=0 The Khaza'inul Futuh (Treasures of Victory) of Hazarat Amir Khusrau of Delhi] English Translation by Muhammad Habib ([[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]]). 1931. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171014224914/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013&ct=0 Poems of Amir Khusrau] ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]: The Muhammadan Period'', by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. ''page 523-566''. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093652/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013%26ct%3D18 Táríkh-i 'Aláí; or, Khazáínu-l Futúh, of Amír Khusrú] ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period'', by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92. * For greater details refer to "Great Poets of Classical Persian" by R. M. Chopra, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, ({{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}}) *{{cite journal|first1=Omidvar|last1= Alimahmoudi |first2=Seyyed Mahdi|last2=Nourian|first3=Mohammad|last3=Fesharak|url=http://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767_a113e0ec0b67e803614ea1f7cf5b4631.pdf|title=The study of allusion and adapted Qur'anic and Hadith themes in Amir Khosrow Dehlawi's "Noh Sepehr Mathnavi (Mathnavi of the Nine Skies)"|journal=Literary Arts|year= 2017 |volume= 9 | issue=19|doi=10.22108/liar.2017.21767|issn=2008-8027|via=DOAJ |publisher=University of Isfahan|language=English,Arabic|oclc= 7655520386|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110232217/https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767.html|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}} {{refend}} == External links == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=3242}} * {{Librivox author |id=12656}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053432/http://www.wikidorj.com/0CBK.ashx Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrau] at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry *"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi. The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] {{Persian literature}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khusro, Amir}} [[Category:1253 births]] [[Category:1325 deaths]] [[Category:13th-century Indian musicians]] [[Category:13th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:Urdu-language poets]] [[Category:Indian Persian-language writers]] [[Category:13th-century Persian-language poets]] [[Category:14th-century Indian musicians]] [[Category:14th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:14th-century Persian-language poets]] [[Category:Turkic people]] [[Category:Chishti Order]] [[Category:Hindi-language poets]] [[Category:Indian male poets]] [[Category:Indian Sufis]] [[Category:Macaronic language]] [[Category:People from Etah district]] [[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]] [[Category:Performers of Sufi music]] [[Category:Poets from Delhi]] [[Category:Sufi poets]] [[Category:Students of Nizamuddin Auliya]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist -| name = Amir Khusrau -| image = Amir Khusro.jpg +| name = Naveen Upadhyay +| image = Naveen Upadhyay.jpg | image_size = 200px -| caption = Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] +| caption = Naveen Upadhyay and +teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] | birth_name = Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau | birth_date = 1253 '
New page size (new_size)
42579
Old page size (old_size)
42563
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
16
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => '| name = Naveen Upadhyay ', 1 => '| image = Naveen Upadhyay.jpg', 2 => '| caption = Naveen Upadhyay and ', 3 => 'teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '| name = Amir Khusrau', 1 => '| image = Amir Khusro.jpg', 2 => '| caption = Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]' ]
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian poet, writer, singer and scholar (1253–1325)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="">Naveen Upadhyay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Naveen_Upadhyay.jpg" class="new" title="File:Naveen Upadhyay.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="200">Naveen Upadhyay and teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by Sultan Husayn Bayqara</span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Naveen Upadhyay and teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Bayqara" title="Sultan Husayn Bayqara">Sultan Husayn Bayqara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1253<br /><a href="/wiki/Patiyali" title="Patiyali">Patiyali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> <br /> (now in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1325 (aged&#160;71&#8211;72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> <br /> (now in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba&#39;i">Ruba'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Sufi, singer, poet, composer, author, scholar</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Influenced by Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1229112069"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc;">Urdu literature<br /> ادبیاتِ اُردُو</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:230px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza_Ghalib_(circa_1860-1869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mirza_Ghalib_%28circa_1860-1869%29.jpg/230px-Mirza_Ghalib_%28circa_1860-1869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mirza_Ghalib_%28circa_1860-1869%29.jpg/345px-Mirza_Ghalib_%28circa_1860-1869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mirza_Ghalib_%28circa_1860-1869%29.jpg/460px-Mirza_Ghalib_%28circa_1860-1869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu_literature" title="Category:Urdu literature">By category</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccc;">Major figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amir Khusrau</a> (father of Urdu literature) - <a href="/wiki/Wali_Mohammed_Wali" title="Wali Mohammed Wali">Wali Dakhani</a> (father of Urdu poetry) - <a href="/wiki/Mir_Taqi_Mir" title="Mir Taqi Mir">Mir Taqi Mir</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a> - <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Abdul Haq</a> (Baba-e-Urdu)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccc;">Urdu writers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu-language_writers" title="Category:Urdu-language writers">Writers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu-language_novelists" title="Category:Urdu-language novelists">Novelists</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu-language_poets" title="Category:Urdu-language poets">Poets</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccc;">Forms</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_ghazal" title="Urdu ghazal">Ghazal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu-language_fiction" title="Category:Urdu-language fiction">Fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccc;">Institutions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Anjuman-i_Taraqqi-i_Urdu" title="Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu">Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu_literary_awards" title="Category:Urdu literary awards">Literary Prizes</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#ccc;">Related Portals<br /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature Portal</a> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a> <br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urdu_literature" title="Template:Urdu literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urdu_literature" title="Template talk:Urdu literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urdu_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urdu literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau</b> (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as <b>Amīr Khusrau</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2017-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. </p><p> He is an iconic figure in the cultural history of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> and a spiritual disciple of <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India. He wrote poetry primarily in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindavi</a>. A vocabulary in verse, the <i>Ḳhāliq Bārī</i>, containing Arabic, Persian and Hindavi terms is often attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> Khusrau is sometimes referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot of India" (<i>Tuti-e-Hind</i>), and has been called the "father of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta1980&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshiMittra2002&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshiMittra2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sages_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sages-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228898189">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma&#39;rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Anasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba &#39;Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelveti" title="Jelveti">Jelveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Maizbhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1lar" title="Süleymancılar">Sülaymaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihiyya" title="Salihiyya">Salihiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeemiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeemiyya">Azeemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shattari">Shattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwaisi" title="Uwaisi">Uwaisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni&#39;matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuqtavi" title="Nuqtavi">Nuqtavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahabiya" title="Zahabiya">Zahabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_Anjuman" title="Haqqani Anjuman">Haqqani Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayati_Order" title="Inayati Order">Inayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aissawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aissawa">Issawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madariyya" title="Madariyya">Madari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikri">Zikri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of sufis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Notable early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_singers" title="List of Sufi singers">Singers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics in Sufism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma&#39;rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufi_art" title="Category:Sufi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism" title="Template:Sufism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism" title="Template talk:Sufism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Khusrau is regarded as the "father of <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a>" (a devotional form of singing of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatif1979334_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatif1979334-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowersQureshi1989702–705_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowersQureshi1989702–705-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> Khusrau was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">medieval Persia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khāqānī's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">qasidas</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami's</a> <i>khamsa</i>. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg/220px-Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg/330px-Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg/440px-Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> Visits the Sage <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></i>, from the <i>Khamsa</i> of Amir Khusrau</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Family_background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Family background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Shalimar_Bagh_Inscription"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shalimar Bagh Inscription</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Contributions_to_Hindustani_Music"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Contributions to Hindustani Music</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Qawwali"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Qawwali</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Tarana_and_Trivat"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tarana and Trivat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sitar"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sitar</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Development_of_Hindavi"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Development of Hindavi</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"title="Edit section: Family background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 in <a href="/wiki/Patiyali" title="Patiyali">Patiyali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasganj_district" title="Kasganj district">Kasganj district</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India, in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> extraction and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslim. He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Kesh</a>, a small town near <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. When he was a young man, the region was destroyed and ravaged by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and much of the population fled to other lands, India being a favored destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> (now in northern Afghanistan), which was a relatively safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Sultan of distant <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> seeking refuge. This was granted, and the group then travelled to Delhi. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Shams ud-Din Iltutmish</a>, ruler of Delhi, was also Turkic like them; indeed, he had grown up in the same region of Central Asia and had undergone somewhat similar circumstances in earlier life. This was the reason the group had turned to him in the first place. Iltutmish not only welcomed the refugees to his court but also granted high offices and landed estates to some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was granted a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Patiyali" title="Patiyali">Patiyali</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, the daughter of Rawat Arz, an Indian noble and war minister of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud-Din Balban</a>, the ninth Sultan of Delhi. Daulatnaz's family belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> community of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bashiri_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashiri-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"title="Edit section: Early years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of four children: three sons (one of whom was Khusrau) and a daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19812_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19812-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> Through his father's influence, he imbibed Islam and Sufism coupled with proficiency in Turkish<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The modern Turkish language was not spoken in the era of the poet (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>, Persian, and Arabic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19812_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19812-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> He was known by his sobriquet <i>Tuti-i Hind</i> ("Parrot of India"), which according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> "compares the eloquent poet to the sweet-talking parrot, indicates his canonical status as a poet of Persian."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2017&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> Khusrau's love and admiration for his motherland is transparent through his work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19813_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19813-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Khusrau was an intelligent child. He started learning and writing poetry at the age of nine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19813_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19813-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> His first <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a>, <i>Tuhfat us-Sighr</i> (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. In 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years old, died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After Khusrau's grandfather's death, Khusrau joined the army of Malik Chajju, a nephew of the reigning Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud-Din Balban</a>. This brought his poetry to the attention of the Assembly of the Royal Court where he was honoured. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Bughra_Khan" title="Nasiruddin Bughra Khan">Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan</a>, the second son of Balban, was invited to listen to Khusrau. He was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then appointed ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and Khusrau visited him in 1279 while writing his second divan, <i>Wast ul-Hayat</i> (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to Delhi. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>), arrived in Delhi, and when he heard about Khusrau, he invited him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.</p></blockquote> <p>On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed in battle while fighting <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in grief of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> with another of his patrons, Amir Ali Hatim. At the age of eighty, Balban called his second son Bughra Khan back from Bengal, but Bughra Khan refused. After Balban's death in 1287, his grandson <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad</a>, Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Delhi at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's service for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first <a href="/wiki/Masnavi_(poetic_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masnavi (poetic form)">masnavi</a>, <i>Qiran us-Sa'dain</i> (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), which was about Bughra Khan meeting his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. After Qaiqabad suffered a stroke in 1290, nobles appointed his three-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Shams ud-Din Kayumars</a> as Sultan. A Turko-Afghan named <a href="/wiki/Jalal_ud_din_Firuz_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji">Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji</a> then marched on Delhi, killed Qaiqabad and became Sultan, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and starting the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>. </p><p>Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated poetry and invited many poets to his court. Khusrau was honoured and respected in his court and was given the title "Amir". He was given the job of "Mushaf-dar". Court life made Khusrau focus more on his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in quick succession were set to music and were sung by singing girls every night before the Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The King of the world Jalal ud-Din, in reward for my infinite pain which I undertook in composing verses, bestowed upon me an unimaginable treasure of wealth.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, <i>Miftah ul-Futuh</i> (Key to the Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third divan, <i>Ghurrat ul-Kamaal</i> (The Prime of Perfection), which consisted of poems composed between the ages of 34 and 41.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg/220px-%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg/330px-%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg/440px-%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption><i>Alexander is Lowered into the Sea</i>, from a <i>Khamsa</i> of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, attributed to Mukanda c. 1597–98, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Ala ud-Din Khalji</a> ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. Khusrau wrote the <i>Khaza'in ul-Futuh</i> (The Treasures of Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's construction works, wars and administrative services. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, known as <i>Khamsa-e-Khusrau</i> (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. The khamsa emulated that of the earlier poet of Persian epics, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a>. The first masnavi in the khamsa was <i>Matla ul-Anwar</i> (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with ethical and Sufi themes. The second masnavi, <i>Khusrau-Shirin</i>, consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, <i>Laila-Majnun</i>, was a romance. The fourth voluminous masnavi was <i><a href="/wiki/Ayina-i_Iskandari_(Amir_Khusrau)" title="Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)">Ayina-i Iskandari</a></i>, which narrated the heroic deeds of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was <i><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(poem)" title="Hasht-Bihisht (poem)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></i>, which was based on legends about <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a>, the fifteenth king of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. All these works made Khusrau a leading luminary in the world of poetry. Ala ud-Din Khalji was highly pleased with his work and rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future successor <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud_din_Mubarak_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah">Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji</a> was born, Khusrau prepared the horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is included in the masnavi <i>Saqiana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 years old, his mother and brother died. He wrote these lines in their honour: </p> <div style="margin-left:2em" class="poem"> <p>A double radiance left my star this year<br /> Gone are my brother and my mother,<br /> My two full moons have set and ceased to shine<br /> In one short week through this ill-luck of mine. </p> </div> <p>Khusrau's homage to his mother on her death was: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where ever the dust of your feet is found is like a relic of paradise for me.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saint of the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19812_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19812-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi <i>Duval Rani - Khizr Khan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Deval_Devi" title="Deval Devi">Duval Rani</a> and Khizr Khan), about the marriage of the <a href="/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty" title="Vaghela dynasty">Vaghela</a> princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi. Khusrau wrote a masnavi on Mubarak Shah Khalji called <i>Nuh Sipihr</i> (Nine Skies), which described the events of Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign. He classified his poetry in nine chapters, each part of which is considered a "sky". In the third chapter he wrote a vivid account of India and its environment, seasons, flora and fauna, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign by name of <i>Ijaz-e-Khusravi</i> (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled <i>Baqia-Naqia</i> (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote <i>Afzal ul-Fawaid</i> (Greatest of Blessings), a work of prose that contained the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 1320, Mubarak Shah Khalji was killed by <a href="/wiki/Khusro_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khusro Khan">Khusro Khan</a>, who thus ended the Khalji dynasty and briefly became Sultan of Delhi. Within the same year, Khusro Khan was captured and beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq</a>, who became Sultan and thus began the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a>. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a historic masnavi named <i>Tughlaq Nama</i> (Book of the Tughlaqs) about the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bashiri_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashiri-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the death of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's tomb is next to that of his spiritual master in the <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamuddin Dargah">Nizamuddin Dargah</a> in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> <i>Nihayat ul-Kamaal</i> (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shalimar_Bagh_Inscription">Shalimar Bagh Inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"title="Edit section: Shalimar Bagh Inscription" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A popular fable which has made its way into scholarship ascribes the following famous Persian verse to Khusrau: </p> <div style="margin-left:2em" class="poem"> <p>Agar Firdaus bar ru-ye zamin ast,<br /> Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast. </p> </div> <p>In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> This verse is believed to have been inscribed on several <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> structures, supposedly in reference to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, specifically a particular building at the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Garden</a> in Srinagar, Kashmir (built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake2002&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>However, recent scholarship has traced the verse to a time much later than that of Khusrau and to a place quite distant from Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> Historian Rana Safvi inspected all probable buildings in the Kashmir garden and found no such inscription attributed to Khusrau. According to her the verse was composed by Sa'adullah Khan, a leading noble and scholar in the court of Jahangir's successor and son Shah Jahan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> Even in popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the phrase in praise of Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_Hindustani_Music">Contributions to Hindustani Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"title="Edit section: Contributions to Hindustani Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qawwali">Qawwali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6"title="Edit section: Qawwali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></div> <p>Khusrau is credited with fusing the <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish music">Turkic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian</a> singing traditions in the late 13th century to create <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Devotional_song" title="Devotional song">devotional song</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-&#39;Aaj_rang_hai&#39;-_Qawwali_revisited_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-&#39;Aaj_rang_hai&#39;-_Qawwali_revisited-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> A well-punctuated chorus emphasising the theme and devotional refrain coupled with a lead singer utilising an ornate style of fast <a href="/wiki/Taan_(music)" title="Taan (music)">taans</a> and difficult <a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">svara</a> combinations are the distinguishing characteristics of a qawwali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19814_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19814-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> Khusrau's disciples who specialised in Qawwali singing were later classified as Qawwals (they sang only Muslim devotional songs) and Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). The musical flow of some of his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19814_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19814-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarana_and_Trivat">Tarana and Trivat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7"title="Edit section: Tarana and Trivat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a></div> <p>Tarana and Trivat are also credited to Khusrau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra198125_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra198125-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> Musicologist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jaideva_Singh" title="Jaideva Singh">Jaidev Singh</a> has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian word meaning a song. Tillana is a corrupt form of this word. True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least from the time of Bharat. But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau introduced two innovations in this form of vocal music. Firstly, he introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense. He also introduced a few Hindi words to complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in such a way to yield some meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing so, and the tarana became as meaningless as the ancient Nirgit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1975276_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1975276-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style during his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened to Gopal Naik for six days, and on the seventh day, he reproduced Naik's rendition using meaningless words (<a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridang</a> <a href="/wiki/Bol_(music)" title="Bol (music)">bols</a>) thus creating the tarana style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19815_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19815-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sitar">Sitar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8"title="Edit section: Sitar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Khusrau is credited for the invention of the sitar. At the time, there were many versions of the <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a> in India. He modified the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a <i><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></i> (Persian for 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bashiri_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashiri-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19816_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19816-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9"title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Riddles_of_Amir_Khusrow" title="Riddles of Amir Khusrow">Riddles of Amir Khusrow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg/220px-An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg/330px-An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg/440px-An_illustrated_manuscript_of_one_of_Amir_Khusrau%27s_poems_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful <a href="/wiki/Riddles_of_Amir_Khusrow" title="Riddles of Amir Khusrow">riddles</a>, songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindavi</a> poetry today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200579_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200579-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200579_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200579-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200579_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200579-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> Through his literary output, Khusrau represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, <a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">tarana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">khyal</a></span></span>, but there is insufficient evidence for this.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Hindavi">Development of Hindavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10"title="Edit section: Development of Hindavi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></div> <p>Khusrau wrote primarily in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) verses are attributed to him, since there is no evidence for their composition by Khusrau before the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī2011&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihlavī2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup> The language of the Hindustani verses appears to be relatively modern. He used the term 'Hindavi' (meaning 'of Hind or India' in Persian) for the Hindustani language,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> and gave shape to it in the Islamic literature, earning him the epithet "father of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-sages_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sages-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote a war ballad in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> In addition, he spoke <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bashiri_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bashiri-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabib2018&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevy2018&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevy2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> His poetry is still sung today at <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> shrines throughout <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11"title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The 1978 film <a href="/wiki/Junoon_(1978_film)" title="Junoon (1978 film)"><i>Junoon</i></a> opens with a rendition of Khusrau's <i><a href="/wiki/Aaj_Rang_Hai" title="Aaj Rang Hai">Aaj Rung Hai</a></i>, and the film's plot sees the poem employed as a symbol of rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><i>Amir Khusro</i>, a documentary feature covering his life and works directed by Om Prakash Sharma released in 1974. It was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Film's Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><i>Amir Khusro</i>, an Indian television series based on Khusrau's life and works aired on <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a>, the national public broadcaster, in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> in the 2018 Indian film <i><a href="/wiki/Padmaavat" title="Padmaavat">Padmaavat</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Leela_Bhansali" title="Sanjay Leela Bhansali">Sanjay Leela Bhansali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>One of Khusro's poems on <a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a>, <i>Sakal bun phool rahi sarson</i>, was quoted in an episode of <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Ahmed" title="Saladin Ahmed">Saladin Ahmed's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Khan" title="Kamala Khan">The Magnificent Ms. Marvel</a>.</i> Various renditions of this poem have been recorded time and again, including one sung by <a href="/wiki/Rizwan-Muazzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizwan-Muazzam">Rizwan-Muazzam</a> in Season 8 of <i><a href="/wiki/Coke_Studio_Pakistan" title="Coke Studio Pakistan">Coke Studio Pakistan</a></i>, as well as another rendition by Pakistani singer <a href="/wiki/Meesha_Shafi" title="Meesha Shafi">Meesha Shafi</a> in collaboration with the instrumental funk band <a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Funk" title="Mughal-e-Funk">Mughal-e-Funk</a>. It was also recreated in the Netflix web series <i><a href="/wiki/Heeramandi" title="Heeramandi">Heeramandi</a></i>, sung by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Hassan">Raja Hassan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12"title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg/180px-Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg/270px-Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg/360px-Hasht-Bihisht_Amir_Khusro_Met_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature painting">Mughal</a> illustrated page from the <a href="/wiki/Hasht-Behesht_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Behesht (poem)">Hasht-Bihisht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Tuhfat us-Sighr</i> (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18.</li> <li><i>Wast ul-Hayat</i> (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan.</li> <li><i>Qiran us-Sa'dain</i> (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's first masnavi, which detailed the historic meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity.</li> <li><i>Miftah ul-Futuh</i> (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, in praise of the victories of Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.</li> <li><i>Ghurrat ul-Kamaal</i> (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41.</li> <li><i>Khaza'in ul-Futuh</i> (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - details of Ala ud-Din Khalji's construction works, wars, and administrative services.</li> <li><i>Khamsa-e-Khusrau</i> (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of five masnavis: <i>Matla ul-Anwar</i>, <i>Khusrau-Shirin</i>, <i>Laila-Majnun</i>, <i>Aina-e-Sikandari</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(poem)" title="Hasht-Bihisht (poem)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></i> (which includes <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Princes_of_Serendip" title="The Three Princes of Serendip">The Three Princes of Serendip</a></i>).</li> <li><i>Saqiana</i> - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji.</li> <li><i>Duval Rani - Khizr Khan</i> (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy about the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan.</li> <li><i>Nuh Sipihr</i> (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of India and its culture.</li> <li><i>Ijaz-e-Khusravi</i> (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an assortment of prose consisting of five volumes.</li> <li><i>Baqia-Naqia</i> (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau at the age of 64.</li> <li><i>Afzal ul-Fawaid</i> (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose containing the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22,_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_(Quintet)_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_%28Quintet%29_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg/180px-%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_%28Quintet%29_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_%28Quintet%29_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg/270px-%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_%28Quintet%29_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_%28Quintet%29_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg/360px-%22A_King_Offers_to_Make_Amends_to_a_Bereaved_Mother%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Khamsa_%28Quintet%29_of_Amir_Khusrau_Dihlavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother" is a painting based on a story written by Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, but illustrated by Mughal Indian artist, Miskin, in 1597–98.</figcaption></figure><i>Tughlaq Nama</i> (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty.</li> <li><i>Nihayat ul-Kamaal</i> (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a few weeks before his death.</li> <li><i>Ashiqa</i> - Khusro pays a glowing tribute to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> It is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been backed by Isaami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiazi19925_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiazi19925-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup></li> <li><i>Qissa Chahar Dervesh</i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Four_Dervishes" title="The Tale of the Four Dervishes">The Tale of the Four Dervishes</a>) - a <i>dastan</i> told by Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya.</li> <li><i>Ḳhāliq Bārī</i> - a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi words and phrases often attributed to Amir Khusrau. <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mehmood_Khan_Shirani" title="Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani">Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani</a> argued that it was completed in 1622 in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup></li> <li><i>Jawahir-e-Khusravi</i> - a divan often dubbed as Khusrau's Hindavi divan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13"title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chhaap_Tilak_Sab_Chheeni" title="Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni">Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_Dam_Mast_Qalandar" title="Dama Dam Mast Qalandar">Dama Dam Mast Qalandar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haft_Peykar" title="Haft Peykar">Haft Peykar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahan-e-Khusrau" title="Jahan-e-Khusrau">Jahan-e-Khusrau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Khamsa of Nizami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_poets_and_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Persian poets and authors">List of Persian poets and authors</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/19px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/29px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/38px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2017">Sharma 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHindu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRashid2012" class="citation news cs1">Rashid, Omar (23 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925124056/https://www.thehindu.com/books/chasing-khusro/article3672990.ece">"Chasing Khusro"</a>. <i>The Hindu newspaper</i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3672990.ece">the original</a> on 25 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+newspaper&amp;rft.atitle=Chasing+Khusro&amp;rft.date=2012-07-23&amp;rft.aulast=Rashid&amp;rft.aufirst=Omar&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farts%2Fbooks%2Farticle3672990.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150805011933/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow">"Amīr Khosrow &#124; Indian poet"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow">the original</a> on 5 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.atitle=Am%C4%ABr+Khosrow+%26%23124%3B+Indian+poet&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAmir-Khosrow&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta1980&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta1980">Mehta 1980</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakshiMittra2002&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakshiMittra2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakshiMittra2002">Bakshi &amp; Mittra 2002</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sages-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sages_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sages_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya1982" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Vivek Ranjan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180320/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow"><i>Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages</i></a>. Sagar Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow">the original</a> on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Famous+Indian+sages%3A+their+immortal+messages&amp;rft.pub=Sagar+Publications&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&amp;rft.aufirst=Vivek+Ranjan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKnXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfather%2Bof%2BUrdu%2Bliterature%2Bamir%2Bkhusrow&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatif1979334-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatif1979334_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatif1979">Latif 1979</a>, p.&#160;334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowersQureshi1989702–705-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowersQureshi1989702–705_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowersQureshi1989">Powers &amp; Qureshi 1989</a>, pp.&#160;702–705.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, A</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517004317/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet">"Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>. Eisenbrauns Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet">the original</a> on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&amp;rft.atitle=Am%C4%ABr+%E1%B8%B4osrow+Dehlav%C4%AB&amp;rft.aulast=Schimmel&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famir-kosrow-poet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashiri-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bashiri_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bashiri_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bashiri_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bashiri_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIraj_Bashiri" class="citation web cs1">Iraj Bashiri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html">"Amir Khusrau Dihlavi profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Angelfire" title="Angelfire">Angelfire</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520114724/http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Angelfire&amp;rft.atitle=Amir+Khusrau+Dihlavi+profile&amp;rft.au=Iraj+Bashiri&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Frnb%2Fbashiri%2FPoets%2FDihlavi.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickthallAsad1930[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPickthallAsad1930">Pickthall &amp; Asad 1930</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19812-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19812_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19812_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19812_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1981">Misra 1981</a>, p.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2017&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2017">Sharma 2017</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19813-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19813_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19813_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1981">Misra 1981</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&amp;pg=8&amp;ao=on&amp;ft=mughal+empire&amp;pos=145">"Alexander is Lowered into the Sea"</a>. <i>metmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214214010/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&amp;pg=8&amp;ao=on&amp;ft=mughal+empire&amp;pos=145">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&amp;rft.atitle=Alexander+is+Lowered+into+the+Sea&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F140003774%3Frpp%3D20%26pg%3D8%26ao%3Don%26ft%3Dmughal%2Bempire%26pos%3D145&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214554/http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a">"Hazrat Mehboob-E-Elahi (RA)"</a>. <i>hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a">the original</a> on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org&amp;rft.atitle=Hazrat+Mehboob-E-Elahi+%28RA%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org%2Fchapter-IV-1.htm%23a&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRajan2011" class="citation news cs1">Rajan, Anjana (29 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181249/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece">"Window to Persia"</a>. <i>The Hindu newspaper</i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece">the original</a> on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+newspaper&amp;rft.atitle=Window+to+Persia&amp;rft.date=2011-04-29&amp;rft.aulast=Rajan&amp;rft.aufirst=Anjana&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2Fwindow-to-persia%2Farticle1930559.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html">"Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerises Kashmir"</a>. <i>Business Standard, India</i>. Press Trust of India. 7 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909124552/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span> &#8211; via Business Standard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Standard%2C+India&amp;rft.atitle=Zubin+Mehta%27s+concert+mesmerises+Kashmir&amp;rft.date=2013-09-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fzubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908102904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms">"Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - The Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times Of India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms">the original</a> on 8 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times+Of+India&amp;rft.atitle=Zubin+Mehta%27s+concert+mesmerizes+Kashmir+-+The+Times+of+India&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FZubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir%2Farticleshow%2F22397384.cms&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/">"Shalimar Garden | District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127175117/https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Shalimar+Garden+%7C+District+Srinagar%2C+Government+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir%2C+India&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrinagar.nic.in%2Ftourist-place%2Fshalimar-garden%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2002&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlake2002">Blake 2002</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSafvi" class="citation web cs1">Safvi, Rana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508021530/https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this">"Who really wrote the lines 'If there is Paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this'?"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this">the original</a> on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&amp;rft.atitle=Who+really+wrote+the+lines+%27If+there+is+Paradise+on+earth%2C+it+is+this%2C+it+is+this%2C+it+is+this%27%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Safvi&amp;rft.aufirst=Rana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F942273%2Fwho-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&#39;Aaj_rang_hai&#39;-_Qawwali_revisited-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-&#39;Aaj_rang_hai&#39;-_Qawwali_revisited_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Aaj rang hai' - Qawwali revisited"</a>. TwoCircle.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214847/http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27Aaj+rang+hai%27+-+Qawwali+revisited&amp;rft.pub=TwoCircle.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwocircles.net%2F2013mar07%2F%25E2%2580%2598aaj_rang_hai%25E2%2580%2599_qawwali_revisited.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span>, Retrieved 16 September 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19814-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19814_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19814_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1981">Misra 1981</a>, p.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra198125-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra198125_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1981">Misra 1981</a>, p.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1975276-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1975276_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1975">Singh 1975</a>, p.&#160;276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19815-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19815_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1981">Misra 1981</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra19816-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra19816_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1981">Misra 1981</a>, p.&#160;6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200579-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200579_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200579_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200579_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma2005">Sharma 2005</a>, p.&#160;79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed" class="citation web cs1">Saeed, Yousuf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180314/https://www.academia.edu/14848865">"Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Music Practices of Pakistan"</a>. <i>academia.edu website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14848865">the original</a> on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=academia.edu+website&amp;rft.atitle=Amir+Khusrau+and+the+Indo-Muslim+Identity+in+the+Art+Music+Practices+of+Pakistan&amp;rft.aulast=Saeed&amp;rft.aufirst=Yousuf&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14848865&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2013" class="citation web cs1">Majumdar, Abhik (30 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/">"Amir Khusro &amp; His Influence on Indian Classical Music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203084333/http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Amir+Khusro+%26+His+Influence+on+Indian+Classical+Music&amp;rft.date=2013-06-30&amp;rft.aulast=Majumdar&amp;rft.aufirst=Abhik&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbr-olderissues.com%2F2013%2F07%2Famir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihlavī2011&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDihlavī2011">Dihlavī 2011</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khusrau's Hindvi Poetry, An Academic Riddle? Yousuf Saeed, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_BrownSarah_Ogilvie2008" class="citation book cs1">Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>. <q>Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&amp;rft.au=Keith+Brown&amp;rft.au=Sarah+Ogilvie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTariq" class="citation journal cs1">Tariq, Rahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915130644/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf">"Punjabi Language during British Rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Punjab Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Punjabi+Language+during+British+Rule&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Tariq&amp;rft.aufirst=Rahman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2F14.1_Rahman.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib2018&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabib2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabib2018">Habib 2018</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihlavī1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDihlavī1975">Dihlavī 1975</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevy2018&#91;&#91;Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022&#93;&#93;&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;&#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Citing_sources&#124;&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;&#93;&#93;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevy2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]&lt;sup_class=&quot;noprint_Inline-Template_&quot;_style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|&lt;span_title=&quot;This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&amp;#32;(February_2022)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/sup&gt;_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevy2018">Devy 2018</a>, p.&#160;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html">"How Amir Khusrau's 'rung' inspired the film and music culture of South Asia"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 26 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328164255/https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Firstpost&amp;rft.atitle=How+Amir+Khusrau%27s+%27rung%27+inspired+the+film+and+music+culture+of+South+Asia&amp;rft.date=2017-11-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fliving%2Fhow-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmsdivision.org/archives/amir-khusro.html">"Amir Khusro"</a>. <i>filmsdivision.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410122508/http://filmsdivision.org:80/archives/amir-khusro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=filmsdivision.org&amp;rft.atitle=Amir+Khusro&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmsdivision.org%2Farchives%2Famir-khusro.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1988" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, M. (15 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15">"Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=India+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Rajbans+Khanna%27s+TV+serial+Amir+Khusrau+attempts+to+clear+communal+misconceptions&amp;rft.date=1988-06-15&amp;rft.aulast=Rahman&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fsociety-the-arts%2Ffilms%2Fstory%2F19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro">"Amir Khusro"</a>. <i>nettv4u</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014009/https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nettv4u&amp;rft.atitle=Amir+Khusro&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnettv4u.com%2Fabout%2FHindi%2Ftv-serials%2Famir-khusro&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRamnath2019" class="citation web cs1">Ramnath, Nandini (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals">"Kashmir films have always been about the location – but are now making room for locals"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108004738/https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&amp;rft.atitle=Kashmir+films+have+always+been+about+the+location+%E2%80%93+but+are+now+making+room+for+locals&amp;rft.date=2019-04-09&amp;rft.aulast=Ramnath&amp;rft.aufirst=Nandini&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Freel%2F919267%2Fkashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw">"Amir Khusro Dehlavi - The mystic Sufi poet"</a>. <i>The Free Press Journal website</i>. 12 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw">the original</a> on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Free+Press+Journal+website&amp;rft.atitle=Amir+Khusro+Dehlavi+-+The+mystic+Sufi+poet&amp;rft.date=2014-07-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Fmind-matters%2Fthe-mystic-poet%23bypass-sw&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiazi19925-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiazi19925_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiazi1992">Niazi 1992</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shīrānī, Ḥāfiż Mahmūd. "Dībācha-ye duvum [Second Preface]." In Ḥifż 'al-Lisān (a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī), edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15"title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBakshiMittra2002" class="citation book cs1">Bakshi, Shiri Ram; Mittra, Sangh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow"><i>Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti</i></a>. Criterion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7938-022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7938-022-2"><bdi>978-81-7938-022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hazart+Nizam-Ud-Din+Auliya+and+Hazrat+Khwaja+Muinuddin+Chisti&amp;rft.pub=Criterion&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7938-022-2&amp;rft.aulast=Bakshi&amp;rft.aufirst=Shiri+Ram&amp;rft.au=Mittra%2C+Sangh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZslAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfather%2Bof%2BUrdu%2Bliterature%2Bamir%2Bkhusrow&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2002" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Stephen P. (30 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&amp;pg=PA44"><i>Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52299-1"><bdi>978-0-521-52299-1</bdi></a> &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shahjahanabad%3A+The+Sovereign+City+in+Mughal+India+1639-1739&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002-04-30&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-52299-1&amp;rft.aulast=Blake&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJ0e0kfgttUC%26pg%3DPA44&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDevy2018" class="citation book cs1">Devy, G. N. (16 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbGyZN1I4E0C&amp;pg=PA92"><i>Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2022-6"><bdi>978-81-250-2022-6</bdi></a> &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Literary+Criticism%3A+Theory+and+Interpretation&amp;rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&amp;rft.date=2018-02-16&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-250-2022-6&amp;rft.aulast=Devy&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMbGyZN1I4E0C%26pg%3DPA92&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDihlavī1975" class="citation book cs1">Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557663727"><i>Amir Khusrau: memorial volume</i></a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2523104">2523104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Amir+Khusrau%3A+memorial+volume.&amp;rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Govt.+of+India&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2523104&amp;rft.aulast=Dihlav%C4%AB&amp;rft.aufirst=Am%C4%ABr+Khusraw&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F557663727&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDihlavī2011" class="citation book cs1">Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCHxfZxviXIC"><i>In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amīr Khusrau</i></a>. Translated by Losensky, Paul Edward; Sharma, Sunil. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08236-0"><bdi>978-0-670-08236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Bazaar+of+Love%3A+The+Selected+Poetry+of+Am%C4%ABr+Khusrau&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-670-08236-0&amp;rft.aulast=Dihlav%C4%AB&amp;rft.aufirst=Am%C4%ABr+Khusraw&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCHxfZxviXIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2018" class="citation web cs1">Habib, Mohammad (16 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIERAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=amir+turkish+languages">"Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi"</a>. Islamic Book Service &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hazrat+Amir+Khusrau+of+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Service&amp;rft.date=2018-02-16&amp;rft.aulast=Habib&amp;rft.aufirst=Mohammad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIERAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Damir%2Bturkish%2Blanguages&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLatif1979" class="citation book cs1">Latif, Syed Abdulla (1979) [1958]. <i>An Outline of the Cultural History of India</i>. Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7069-085-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7069-085-4"><bdi>81-7069-085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+Cultural+History+of+India&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Indo-Middle+East+Cultural+Studies+%28reprinted+by+Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers%29&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=81-7069-085-4&amp;rft.aulast=Latif&amp;rft.aufirst=Syed+Abdulla&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1980" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&amp;pg=PA10"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Vol.&#160;1. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&amp;rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&amp;rft.aulast=Mehta&amp;rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMisra1981" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Susheela (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4uAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Great%20Masters%20of%20Hindustani%20Music"><i>Great Masters of Hindustani Music</i></a>. Hem Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Masters+of+Hindustani+Music&amp;rft.pub=Hem+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.aulast=Misra&amp;rft.aufirst=Susheela&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLi4uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DGreat%2520Masters%2520of%2520Hindustani%2520Music&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNiazi1992" class="citation book cs1">Niazi, Ghulam Sarwar Khan (1992). <i>The life and works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji</i>. New Delhi: Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-362-3"><bdi>978-81-7156-362-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+life+and+works+of+Sultan+Alauddin+Khalji&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Atlantic&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7156-362-3&amp;rft.aulast=Niazi&amp;rft.aufirst=Ghulam+Sarwar+Khan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPickthallAsad1930" class="citation book cs1">Pickthall, Marmaduke William; Asad, Muhammad, eds. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYFOgfXExOAC"><i>Islamic Culture</i></a>. Islamic Culture Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Islamic+Culture&amp;rft.pub=Islamic+Culture+Board&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYFOgfXExOAC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPowersQureshi1989" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Harold S.; Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt (October 1989). "Sufi Music of India and Pakistan. Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>109</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604123">10.2307/604123</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604123">604123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Sufi+Music+of+India+and+Pakistan.+Sound%2C+Context+and+Meaning+in+Qawwali&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=1989-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604123&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Powers&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold+S.&amp;rft.au=Qureshi%2C+Regula+Burckhardt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Sunil (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofdjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans and Sufis</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-362-8"><bdi>978-1-85168-362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Amir+Khusraw%3A+The+Poet+of+Sultans+and+Sufis&amp;rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&amp;rft.date=2005-05&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85168-362-8&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Sunil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofdjAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sharma, Sunil (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/amir-khusraw-dihlavi-COM_23805?s.num=10&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&amp;s.q=Ganja">"Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd&#160;ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Am%C4%ABr+Khusraw+Dihlav%C4%AB&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Online&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.issn=1873-9830&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Sunil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Famir-khusraw-dihlavi-COM_23805%3Fs.num%3D10%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DGanja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1975" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Thakur Jai Deva (1975). "Khusrau's Musical Compositions". In Ansari, Zoe (ed.). <i>Life, Times &amp; Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi</i>. New Delhi: National Amir Khusrau Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Khusrau%27s+Musical+Compositions&amp;rft.btitle=Life%2C+Times+%26+Works+of+Amir+Khusrau+Dehlavi&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=National+Amir+Khusrau+Society&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.aulast=Singh&amp;rft.aufirst=Thakur+Jai+Deva&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16"title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1997" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Edward G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_At4PgAACAAJ"><i>A Literary History Of Persia, 4 Vols</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0753-0"><bdi>978-81-215-0753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+Of+Persia%2C+4+Vols&amp;rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Limited&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-215-0753-0&amp;rft.aulast=Browne&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_At4PgAACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRypka2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Rypka" title="Jan Rypka">Rypka, Jan</a> (11 November 2013). Jahn, Karl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFPtCAAAQBAJ"><i>History of Iranian Literature</i></a>. Translated by van Popta-Hope, P. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-3479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-3479-1"><bdi>978-94-010-3479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Iranian+Literature&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2013-11-11&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-010-3479-1&amp;rft.aulast=Rypka&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFPtCAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>R.M. Chopra, "The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", Iran Culture House New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata, 2nd Ed. 2013.</li> <li>R.M. Chopra, "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-75-5">978-81-89140-75-5</a></li> <li>Zoe, Ansari, "Khusrau ka Zehni Safar", Anjuman Taraqqī-yi-Urdū, New Delhi, 1988.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012721/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/bio?anum=0020">Important Works of Amir Khusrau (Complete)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063316/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020&amp;ct=0">The Khaza'inul Futuh (Treasures of Victory) of Hazarat Amir Khusrau of Delhi</a> English Translation by Muhammad Habib (<a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">AMU</a>). 1931.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014224914/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013&amp;ct=0">Poems of Amir Khusrau</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</a>: The Muhammadan Period</i>, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. <i>page 523-566</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093652/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013%26ct%3D18">Táríkh-i 'Aláí; or, Khazáínu-l Futúh, of Amír Khusrú</a> <i>The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period</i>, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92.</li> <li>For greater details refer to "Great Poets of Classical Persian" by R. M. Chopra, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-75-5">978-81-89140-75-5</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlimahmoudiNourianFesharak2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alimahmoudi, Omidvar; Nourian, Seyyed Mahdi; Fesharak, Mohammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767_a113e0ec0b67e803614ea1f7cf5b4631.pdf">"The study of allusion and adapted Qur'anic and Hadith themes in Amir Khosrow Dehlawi's "Noh Sepehr Mathnavi (Mathnavi of the Nine Skies)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Literary Arts</i> (in English and Arabic). <b>9</b> (19). University of Isfahan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22108%2Fliar.2017.21767">10.22108/liar.2017.21767</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2008-8027">2008-8027</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7655520386">7655520386</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110232217/https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017 &#8211; via DOAJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Literary+Arts&amp;rft.atitle=The+study+of+allusion+and+adapted+Qur%27anic+and+Hadith+themes+in+Amir+Khosrow+Dehlawi%27s+%22Noh+Sepehr+Mathnavi+%28Mathnavi+of+the+Nine+Skies%29%22&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7655520386&amp;rft.issn=2008-8027&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22108%2Fliar.2017.21767&amp;rft.aulast=Alimahmoudi&amp;rft.aufirst=Omidvar&amp;rft.au=Nourian%2C+Seyyed+Mahdi&amp;rft.au=Fesharak%2C+Mohammad&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliar.ui.ac.ir%2Farticle_21767_a113e0ec0b67e803614ea1f7cf5b4631.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Khusrau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrau&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17"title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amir_Khusrow" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3242">Works by Amir Khusrau</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12656">Works by Amir Khusrau</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053432/http://www.wikidorj.com/0CBK.ashx">Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrau</a> at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry</li> <li>"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228936124">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I&#39;s inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka&#39;ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li>Anthology of Zadspram</li> <li>Warshtmansr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasif" title="Muhammad ibn Wasif">Muhammad ibn Wasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal&#39;ami">Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa&#39;d Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As&#39;ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu&#39;l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu&#39;izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(poet)" title="Iranshah (poet)">Iranshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am&#39;aq">Am'aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> <small>(1142–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.1220</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li> <li>Faramarz-e Khodadad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li> <li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amir Khusrau</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa&#39;di">Golestān</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu&#39;l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yamin" title="Ibn Yamin">Ibn Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li> <li>Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Savaji" title="Salman Savaji">Salman Savaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Faghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Faghani">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhtasham_Kashani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhtasham Kashani">Muhtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="&#39;Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir-e_Esfahani" title="Asir-e Esfahani">Asir-e Esfahani</a> <small>(c. 1620–1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li> <li>Saba Kashani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw&#39;i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qoli_Salim_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani">Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani</a></li> <li>Rasa Salim Tehrani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatef_Esfahani" title="Hatef Esfahani">Hatef Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Bigdeli" title="Azar Bigdeli">Azar Bigdeli</a> <small>(1722–1781)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshat_Esfahani" title="Neshat Esfahani">Neshat Esfahani</a></li> <li>Abbas Foroughi Bastami <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797–1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_Shirvani" title="Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani">Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani</a> <small>(1779–1837)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a> <small>(1800–1871)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Taqi_Sepehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr">Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr</a> <small>(1801–1880)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a> <small>(1808–1854)</small></li> <li>Mahmud Saba Kashani <small>(1813–1893)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li>Hormoz Alipour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li> <li>Parviz Eslampour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E&#39;tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li>Manouchehr Sheybani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a> (<a href="/wiki/She%27r-e_Nimaa%27i" title="She&#39;r-e Nimaa&#39;i">She'r-e Nimaa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satim_Ulugzade" title="Satim Ulugzade">Satim Ulugzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassem_Hashemi_Nezhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad">Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudabeh_Fazaeli" title="Soudabeh Fazaeli">Soudabeh Fazaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_(Iranian_writer)" title="Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)">Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li>Aboutorab Khosravi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Koushan" title="Mansour Koushan">Mansour Koushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li>Shamim Bahar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Etessami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolhassan Etessami">Abolhassan Etessami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Mojabi" title="Javad Mojabi">Javad Mojabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa&#39;edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li> <li>Mohsen Yalfani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Reza_Koohestani" title="Amir Reza Koohestani">Amir Reza Koohestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa&#39;edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li> <li>Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saeed Aghighi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E&#39;temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amrollah Abjadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Behrangi" title="Samad Behrangi">Samad Behrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Hasanzadeh" title="Farhad Hasanzadeh">Farhad Hasanzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Ali Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207817#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207817#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804467/">FAST</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1823140/">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000101240717">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76503034">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMgrP4RK8hWtmWvgDcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90636968">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13929460p">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13929460p">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11884783X">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV121957">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007257630605171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065219">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp350lp91mvtq2b">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000183791&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jo2010582232&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=skuk0002904&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35006030">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202000208">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000169490&amp;local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071406948">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810601339405606">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/278512">Vatican</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11991406?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b8ee65ce-8592-4b22-9e07-37fe233bdf29">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11884783X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/786889">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6057qd8">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073341630">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/emir-husrev-i-dihlevi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1720062825'