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Variables generated for this change
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount ) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name ) | '174.194.140.1' |
Type of the user account (user_type ) | 'ip' |
Age of the user account (user_age ) | 0 |
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Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile ) | true |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app ) | false |
Page ID (page_id ) | 57644 |
Page namespace (page_namespace ) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title ) | 'Sofia' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle ) | 'Sofia' |
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Page age in seconds (page_age ) | 704760201 |
Action (action ) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary ) | '' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age ) | 384600 |
Old content model (old_content_model ) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model ) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{short description|Capital and largest city of Bulgaria}}
{{About|the capital and largest city of Bulgaria|the given names|Sofia (given name)|and|Sofija (given name)|and|Sofiya (given name)|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sofia
| native_name = {{Nobold|София}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline =
<!-- images and maps -----------> {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Russian church (37591925970).jpg
| caption1 = Panoramic view over central Sofia and the [[Vitosha Mountain]]
| image2 = Catedral de Alejandro Nevski -- 2019 -- Sofía, Bulgaria.jpg
| caption2 = [[Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]
| image3 = IvanVazov National Theatre 7.jpg
| caption3 = [[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]]
| image4 = Banya Bashi Mosque (37849692391) (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Banya Bashi Mosque]]
| image5 = Sofia bathroom.jpg
| caption5 = [[Sofia Central Mineral Baths]]
| image6 = St. George Rotunda, Sofia, Bulgaria (17680380465).jpg
| caption6 = [[Church of Saint George, Sofia|Church of Saint George]]
| image7 = Sofia '17 (24614482817).jpg
| caption7 = [[Statue of Sveta Sofia]]
}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag = BG Sofia flag.svg
| image_shield = BG_Sofia_coa.svg
| motto = "Ever growing, never aging"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia|title=Sofia through centuries|publisher=Sofia Municipality|access-date=16 October 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819151030/https://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia|archive-date=19 August 2009}}</ref><br /><small>("Расте, но не старее")</small>
| pushpin_map = Bulgaria#Balkans#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sofia
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|42.70|23.33|type:city|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Bulgaria
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Bulgaria|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sofia City Province|Sofia City]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Bulgaria|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Stolichna Municipality|Capital]]
| established_title = Cont. inhabited
| established_date = since 7000 BC<ref name="ghodsee">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod|url-access=registration|title=The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea|last1=Ghodsee|first1=Kristen|date=2005|publisher=[[Duke University]] Press|isbn=0822387174|page=[https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod/page/21 21]}}</ref>
| established_title2 = Neolithic settlement
| established_date2 = 5500–6000 BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/|title=Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia – Archaeology in Bulgaria|first=Ivan Dikov · in|last=Prehistory|date=7 December 2015|work=archaeologyinbulgaria.com|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083234/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| established_title3 = [[Thracians|Thracian]] settlement
| established_date3 = 1400 BC<ref name="Marazov, Ivan 1998">Marazov, Ivan (ed.). Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. {{ISBN|9780810919921}}.</ref><ref>Popov, Dimitar (ed.). The Thracians, Iztok – Zapad, Sofia, 2011. {{ISBN|9789543218691}}.</ref>
| established_title4 = Roman administration
| established_date4 = 46 AD (as ''Serdica''){{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=13}}
| established_title5 = Conquered by [[Krum]]
| established_date5 = 809 AD (as ''Sredets''){{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=13}}
| leader_party = [[PP-DB]]-[[Spasi Sofia]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Sofia|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Vasil Terziev]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="URBANISED AREAS"/>
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124181322/https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 500
| area_urban_km2 = 5723
| area_metro_km2 = 10,738
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787 |title=Nsi • National Register of Populated Places • |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711041145/https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 500–800
| elevation_ft = 1640–2293
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_total = 1286965
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Население по градове и пол {{!}} Национален статистически институт|url=http://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/население-по-градове-и-пол|website=www.nsi.bg|language=bg|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412205552/https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_urban = 1547779
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas">{{cite web|title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en}}</ref>
| population_metro = 1667314
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="European Metropolitan regions" />
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[wikt:Sofian|Sofian]] ([[English language|en]]) <br /> Софиянец/''Sofiyanets'' ([[Bulgarian language|bg]])
| blank_name_sec1 = [[GDP per capita]]
(2021)
| blank_info_sec1 = 45241.00 BGN
<ref name="Regional profiles">{{Cite web|title=Sofia (capital) |url=https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/regions/sofia-grad/}}</ref><br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.945<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}}
| timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +3
| postal_code = 1000
| area_code = (+359) 02
| blank3_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Bulgaria|Vehicle registration plate]]
| blank3_info = C, CA, CB
| website = {{URL|sofia.bg}}
}}
'''Sofia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|oʊ|f|i|ə|,_|ˈ|s|ɒ|f|-|,_|s|oʊ|ˈ|f|iː|ə}} {{respell|SOH|fee|ə|,_|SOF|-|}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> {{lang-bg|София|Sofiya}},<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|<!-- last1=Editors of Britannica| -->title=Sofia|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=12 February 2016|date=|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917174029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=9781615309870|date=1 June 2013|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221062712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|bg|ˈsɔfijɐ|IPA|Sofia.ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Bulgaria|largest city]] of [[Bulgaria]]. It is situated in the [[Sofia Valley]] at the foot of the [[Vitosha]] mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the [[Iskar (river)|Iskar]] river and has many mineral springs, such as the [[Sofia Central Mineral Baths]]. It has a [[humid continental climate]]. Being in the centre of the [[Balkans]], it is midway between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Adriatic Sea]] and closest to the [[Aegean Sea]].<ref name=tr>{{cite book|last1=Lauwerys|first1=Joseph|title=Education in Cities|date=1970|publisher=Evan's Brothers|isbn=0-415-39291-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711023915/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Clifford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|page=301|volume=1|isbn=9780195334036|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717164313/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301|url-status=live}}</ref>
Known as Serdica in [[Late antiquity|antiquity]] and Sredets in the [[Middle Ages]], Sofia has been an area of [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|human habitation]] since at least 7000 BC. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the [[Roman Republic]] in 29 BC from the [[Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe|Celtic]] tribe [[Serdi]]. During the decline of the [[Roman Empire]], the city was raided by [[Huns]], [[Visigoths]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], and [[Slavs]]. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] by [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Krum]] and became known as Sredets. In 1018, the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|reborn Bulgarian Empire]]. Sredets became a major administrative, economic, cultural and literary hub until its conquest by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1382. From 1530 to 1836, Sofia was the regional capital of [[Rumelia Eyalet]], the Ottoman Empire's key province in Europe. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. Sofia was selected as the capital of the [[Principality of Bulgaria|Third Bulgarian State]] in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth.
Sofia is the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|14th-largest city in the European Union]]. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as [[Vitosha]] by the southern side, [[Lyulin Mountain|Lyulin]] by the western side, and the [[Balkan Mountains]] by the north, which makes it the [[List of capital cities by elevation|third highest European capital]] after [[Andorra la Vella]] and [[Madrid]]. Being Bulgaria's primary city, Sofia is home of many of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies.<ref>[http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/ Internet Hostel Sofia, Tourism in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228094553/http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/ |date=28 December 2011 }}. Internethostelsofia.hostel.com, Retrieved Jan 2012</ref> The city has been described as the "triangle of religious tolerance". This is because three temples of three major world religions—[[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]]—are situated close together: [[St Nedelya Church|Sveta Nedelya Church]], [[Banya Bashi Mosque]] and [[Sofia Synagogue]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)|title=Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) – iCulturalDiplomacy|website=www.i-c-d.de|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225057/http://i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)|url-status=live}}</ref> This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic [[Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia|Cathedral of St Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance|title=10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance|date=15 February 2017|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929203612/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for [[Startup company|startup businesses]] in the world, especially in information technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes|title=Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV|website=Bnt.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101247/http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Jayne|title=Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406151001/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Boyana Church]] in Sofia, constructed during the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] and holding much patrimonial symbolism to the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]], was included onto the [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage List]] in 1979. With its cultural significance in [[Southeast Europe]], Sofia is home to the [[National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria]], the [[National Palace of Culture]], the [[Vasil Levski National Stadium]], the [[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]], the [[National Archaeological Museum, Bulgaria|National Archaeological Museum]], and the [[Amphitheatre of Serdica|Serdica Amphitheatre]]. The [[Museum of Socialist Art, Sofia|Museum of Socialist Art]] includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|communist Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/|title=Museum of Socialist Art – National Gallery|language=en-US|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221115804/http://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing.<ref name=isotriq>{{cite web |title=История |url=http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10 |website=www.kmeta.bg |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214900/http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sofia hosts some 1.28 million<ref name="population"/> residents within a territory of 500 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref name="area total">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0|title=NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE – Information for the area of city of Sofia|website=Nsi.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005344/http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0|url-status=live}}</ref> a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54 million<ref name="Urban area populaton - Budapest">{{cite web|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en|title=Eurostat-Sofia urban area population|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> residents within 5723 km<sup>2</sup>, which comprises [[Sofia City Province]] and parts of [[Sofia Province]] ([[Dragoman Municipality|Dragoman]], [[:bg:Община Сливница|Slivnitsa]], [[:bg:Община Костинброд|Kostinbrod]], [[:bg:Община Божурище|Bozhurishte]], [[Svoge Municipality|Svoge]], [[:bg:Община Елин Пелин|Elin Pelin]], [[:bg:Община Горна Малина|Gorna Malina]], [[:bg:Община Ихтиман|Ihtiman]], [[Kostenets Municipality|Kostenets]]) and [[Pernik Province]] ([[:bg:Община Перник|Pernik]], [[:bg:Община Радомир|Radomir]]), representing 5.16% of the country territory.<ref name="URBANISED AREAS">{{cite journal |title=CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA |page=91 |url=http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/URBAN_ENG.pdf |journal=National Statistical Institute |access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093754/http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/URBAN_ENG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes [[Dimitrovgrad, Serbia|Dimitrovgrad]] in Serbia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Metropolitan areas in Europe |page=95 |url=http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf |issn=1868-0097 |journal= Der Markt für Wohn- und Wirtschaftsimmobilien in Deutschland Ergebnisse des BBSR-Expertenpanel Immobilienmarkt Nr|access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094519/http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66 million.<ref name="European Metropolitan regions">{{cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |website=appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055500/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Names==
[[File:Sredets seal 1878.jpg|thumb|left|The first seal of the city, from 1878, which calls it ''Sredets,'' its name in [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Bulgarian]]]]
For a long time, the city possessed<ref name=constantine>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Michael|title=The Emperor Constantine|date=211|publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80|isbn=9781780222806|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818184723/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Thracian language|Thracian]] name, '''Serdica''' ({{lang-grc|Σερδικη}}, ''Serdikē'', or {{lang|grc|Σαρδικη}}, ''Sardikē''; {{lang-la|Serdica}} or {{lang|la|Sardica}}), derived from the tribe {{lang|la|[[Serdi]]}}, who were either of [[Thracians|Thracian]],<ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name=tr/> [[Celts|Celtic]],<ref name="The Cambridge Ancient History 1992, page 600">"The Cambridge Ancient History", Volume 3, Part 2: ''The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC'' by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, {{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long been supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin"</ref> or mixed Thracian-Celtic origin.<ref>Mihailov, G., Thracians, Sofia, 1972, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, quote in Bulgarian: Името серди е засвидетелствано след келтската инвазия на Балканите. Сердите са от смесен трако-келтски произход.</ref><ref>Popov, D. Thracians, Sofia, p.h. Iztok – Zapad, 2005.</ref> The emperor [[Trajan|Marcus Ulpius Traianus]] (53–117 AD) gave the city the combinative name of ''[[Ulpia gens|Ulpia]] Serdica'';<ref name=world>{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples|date=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497|isbn=9780761479024|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818225324/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="books.google.bg">{{cite book|last1=Irina Florov, Nicholas Florov|title=Three-thousand-year-old Hat|date=2001|publisher=Golden Vine Publishers|location=[[University of Michigan|Michigan University]]|isbn=0968848702|page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928141824/https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Ulpia may be derived from an Umbrian cognate of the [[Latin]] word ''lupus'', meaning "wolf"<ref>Julian Bennett, ''Trajan: Optimus Princeps'' (Routledge, 1997), p. 1.</ref> or from the Latin ''vulpes'' (fox). It seems that the first written mention of ''Serdica'' was made during his reign and the last mention was in the 19th century in a Bulgarian text ({{lang|bg|Сардакіи}}, ''Sardaki''). Other names given to Sofia, such as '''Serdonpolis''' ([[Byzantine Greek language|Byzantine]] {{lang-grc-gre|Σερδών πόλις}}, "City of the Serdi") and '''Triaditza''' ({{lang|grc|Τριάδιτζα}}, "Trinity"), were mentioned by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Greek language|Greek]] sources or coins. The Slavic name '''Sredets''' ({{lang-cu|Срѣдецъ}}), which is related to "middle" ({{lang|cu|среда}}, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. The city was called ''Atralisa'' by the Arab traveller [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Idrisi]] and ''Strelisa'', ''Stralitsa'', or ''Stralitsion'' by the [[Crusaders]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erwin Anton Gutkind|title=International history of city development|year=1964|publisher=Free Press of Glencoe|location=[[University of Michigan|Michigan University]]|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820032648/https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
The name ''Sofia'' comes from the [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219041530/http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2007 |title=София |publisher=Мила Родино |language=bg |access-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref> as opposed to the prevailing [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] [[List of Bulgaria province name etymologies|origin of Bulgarian cities and towns]]. The origin is in the Greek word ''[[Sophia (wisdom)|sophía]]'' ({{lang|grc|σοφία}}, "wisdom"). The earliest works where this latest name is registered are the duplicate of the Gospel of Serdica, in a dialogue between two salesmen from [[Dubrovnik]] around 1359, in the 14th-century Vitosha Charter of Bulgarian tsar [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria|Ivan Shishman]] and in a [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] merchant's notes of 1376.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana|date=1999|publisher=Grolier Incorporated|location=[[Pennsylvania State University]]|isbn=0717201317|page=878|edition=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBhZAAAAYAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221234204/https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In these documents, the city is called ''Sofia'',{{clarify|date=March 2024}}<!--Church Slavonic or Middle Bulgarian? script?--> but, at the same time, the region and the city's inhabitants are still called ''Sredecheski'' ({{lang-chu|срѣдечьскои}}, "of Sredets"), which continued until the 20th century. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] came to favour the name '''Sofya''' ({{lang|ota|{{linktext|صوفيه}}}}). In 1879, there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, when the citizens created a committee of famous people, insisting for the Slavic name. Gradually, a compromise arose, officialisation of ''Sofia'' for the nationwide institutions, while legitimating the title ''Sredets'' for the administrative and church institutions, before the latter was abandoned through the years.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya|publisher=Capital Municipality|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=26 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226235940/http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[Sofia City Province]] has an area of 1344 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web |title=District Sofia-city |url=http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city |work=Guide Bulgaria |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133822/http://guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while the surrounding and much bigger [[Sofia Province]] is 7,059 km<sup>2</sup>. Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the [[Balkans]]. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the [[Vitosha]] mountain, in the [[Sofia Valley]] that is surrounded by the [[Balkan mountains]] to the north. The valley has an average altitude of {{convert|550|m}}. Sofia is the second highest capital of the [[European Union]] (after [[Madrid]]) and the third highest capital of Europe (after [[Andorra la Vella]] and Madrid). Unlike most European capitals, Sofia does not straddle any large river, but is surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides. Three [[mountain pass]]es lead to the city, which have been key roads since antiquity, Vitosha being the watershed between [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Aegean Sea]]s.
A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the [[Boyanska reka|Boyanska]], [[Vladaya River|Vladayska]] and [[Perlovska]]. The [[Iskar (river)|Iskar River]] in its upper course flows near eastern Sofia. It takes its source in [[Rila]], Bulgaria's highest mountain,<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 537">{{harvnb|Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria|1980|p=537}}</ref> and enters Sofia Valley near the village of [[German, Bulgaria|German]]. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of [[Sofia Airport]], and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of [[Novi Iskar]], where the scenic [[Iskar Gorge]] begins.<ref name="Iskar 1">{{cite web|url=http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm|title=General Hydrological Data|publisher=Iskar River System|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013903/http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm|archive-date=7 December 2017|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
The city is known for its 49 [[Spring (hydrosphere)|mineral]] and [[Hot spring|thermal]] springs. Artificial and dam lakes were built in the twentieth century.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sofia Valley 1.png
| width1 = 250
| caption1 = A map of Sofia Valley. Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge.
| image2 = Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG
| width2 = 695
| caption2 = A view of the valley from the south. The Balkan Mountains and the beginning of the Iskar Gorge are visible in the distance.
| image3 = Sofia,_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg
| caption3 = [[Satellite imagery|Satellite photo]] of Sofia
| perrow = 2
| image4 = Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg
| caption4 = Winter panorama of Sofia with [[Vitosha]] in the background
}}
While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the [[2012 Pernik earthquake]] occurred west of Sofia with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (''Strong''). The [[2014 Aegean Sea earthquake]] was also noticed in the city.
===Climate===
Sofia has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''; ''Cfb'' if with −3 °C [[Isotherm (contour line)|isotherm]]) with an average annual temperature of {{convert|10.9|°C|1|abbr=on}}.
Winters are relatively cold and snowy. In the coldest days temperatures can drop below {{convert|-15|°C|0}}, most notably in January. The lowest recorded temperature is {{convert|-31.2|°C|0}} (16 January 1893).<ref>[https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/ Софийска голяма община – климат] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082818/https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/ |date=7 August 2020 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&q=31.2+++1893+ |title=Атанас Иширков, България. Географически бележки, Придворна печатница, 1910 година, стр. 78. |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083050/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&dq=31.2++16+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+1893+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=31.2+++1893+ |url-status=live |last1=Ishirkov |first1=Anastas |year=1910 }}</ref> On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of {{convert|98|cm|1|abbr=on}} and 56 days with snow cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_tuti.php?year=1991&month=01&day=01&station=156140&mode=m&submit1=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel|title=Архив-Бг3 » 01-1991 София|first=Иван|last=Николов|work=stringmeteo.com|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145520/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_tuti.php?year=1991&month=01&day=01&station=156140&mode=m&submit1=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel|url-status=live}}</ref> The snowiest recorded winter was 1939/1940 with a total snowfall of {{convert|169|cm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_3747/1939-11.pdf |title=Статистически Данни |website=stringmeteo.com |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> The record snow depth is {{convert|57|cm|1|abbr=on}} (25 December 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98|title=Времето София » 25.12.2001|first=Иван|last=Николов|work=stringmeteo.com|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113829/http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98|url-status=live}}</ref> The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of {{convert|-10.4|°C|0}} and an annual temperature of {{convert|8.2|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Вековен архив - София » 01.1887 - 12.2007|url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.stringmeteo.com|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517201047/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8|url-status=live}}</ref>
Summers are quite warm and sunny. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding {{convert|35|°C|0}} on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|40.2|°C|0}} (5 July 2000).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://novini247.com/novini/prez-2000-godina-na-5-yuli-e-bil-edin-ot_6535868.html | title=През 2000 година на 5 юли е бил един от | date=4 July 2023 }}</ref> The hottest recorded month was July 2012 with an average temperature of {{convert|24.8|°C|0}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_month.php?month=7&year=2012 | title=Времето-България » Мес. обобщ. температури }}</ref> The warmest year on record was 2023 with an annual temperature of {{convert|12.1|°C|0}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_year.php?year=2023&month=1&len=12&an_per=9120&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel | title=Архив-Бг » Год. обобщ. температури }}</ref>
Springs and autumns in Sofia are usually short with variable and dynamic weather.
The city receives an average precipitation of {{convert|625.7|mm|2|abbr=on}} a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when [[thunderstorms]] are common. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of {{convert|304.6|mm|2|abbr=on}}, while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of {{convert|1066.6|mm|2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |title=Век. месечен архив Бг |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807085034/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |title=Архив-Бг » Год. обобщ. валежи |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807084615/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Sofia (NIMH−[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|BAS]]) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 18
| Feb record high C = 22.2
| Mar record high C = 31
| Apr record high C = 30.6
| May record high C = 34.1
| Jun record high C = 37.2
| Jul record high C = 40.2
| Aug record high C = 39
| Sep record high C = 37.1
| Oct record high C = 33.6
| Nov record high C = 25.8
| Dec record high C = 21.3
| year record high C = 40.2
| Jan high C = 6.1
| Feb high C = 8.7
| Mar high C = 13.1
| Apr high C = 17.7
| May high C = 22.1
| Jun high C = 26.5
| Jul high C = 29.3
| Aug high C = 29.2
| Sep high C = 24.7
| Oct high C = 18.6
| Nov high C = 12.3
| Dec high C = 6.7
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 1.1
| Feb mean C = 3.1
| Mar mean C = 7.1
| Apr mean C = 11.9
| May mean C = 16.5
| Jun mean C = 20.4
| Jul mean C = 23.6
| Aug mean C = 23.5
| Sep mean C = 18.8
| Oct mean C = 12.4
| Nov mean C = 6.9
| Dec mean C = 1.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -2.7
| Feb low C = -1.3
| Mar low C = 2.5
| Apr low C = 6.7
| May low C = 12.1
| Jun low C = 15.7
| Jul low C = 17.1
| Aug low C = 17.3
| Sep low C = 13.2
| Oct low C = 7.2
| Nov low C = 3.7
| Dec low C = -0.7
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -31.2
| Feb record low C = -24.1
| Mar record low C = -18
| Apr record low C = -5.9
| May record low C = -2.2
| Jun record low C = 2.5
| Jul record low C = 5.3
| Aug record low C = 3.5
| Sep record low C = -2
| Oct record low C = -5.6
| Nov record low C = -15.3
| Dec record low C = -21.1
| year record low C = -31.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 35.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 45.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 52.3
| May precipitation mm = 73.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 81.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 64.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 53.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 52.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 53.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 38.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 39.9
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan snow cm = 24.9
| Feb snow cm = 21
| Mar snow cm = 15.4
| Apr snow cm = 3
| May snow cm = 0
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 1.5
| Nov snow cm = 10.7
| Dec snow cm = 21
| year snow cm =
| Jan precipitation days = 10.7
| Feb precipitation days = 9.4
| Mar precipitation days = 10.9
| Apr precipitation days = 10.7
| May precipitation days = 13.9
| Jun precipitation days = 12
| Jul precipitation days = 8.1
| Aug precipitation days = 7.1
| Sep precipitation days = 8.2
| Oct precipitation days = 8.4
| Nov precipitation days = 8.1
| Dec precipitation days = 10.7
| year precipitation days =
| Jan snow days = 5.5
| Feb snow days = 3.5
| Mar snow days = 2.2
| Apr snow days = 0.5
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.5
| Nov snow days = 1.7
| Dec snow days = 3.4
| year snow days =
| Jan sun = 87.9
| Feb sun = 117.2
| Mar sun = 169
| Apr sun = 225.1
| May sun = 276
| Jun sun = 305.1
| Jul sun = 321.9
| Aug sun = 317.3
| Sep sun = 225.1
| Oct sun = 166.8
| Nov sun = 107.7
| Dec sun = 69.1
| year sun =
| Jan uv =1
| Feb uv =2
| Mar uv =4
| Apr uv =5
| May uv =7
| Jun uv =9
| Jul uv =9
| Aug uv =8
| Sep uv =6
| Oct uv =4
| Nov uv =2
| Dec uv =1
| source = [[NOAA]]/[[WMO]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/ | title=Index of /Archive/Arc0216/0253808/2.2/Data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT |title=Station Name: Sofia |publisher=United States [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent.php?year=2020&month=12&stat=15614&an_per=no_an&sty=1991&endy=2020&t_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel | title=Век. месечен архив Бг |work=Stringmeteo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2010&month=12&stat=2064&sty=1991&endy=2010&prm_in=on&ssh_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel | title=Век. месечен архив Бг |work=Stringmeteo.com}}</ref><ref>https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fclimate_bg%2FAbsolute_Maximum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK {{Bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fclimate_bg%2FAbsolute_Minimum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK {{Bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>https://web.uni-plovdiv.net/vedrin/sg/sg-bg-1947-1948.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2021&month=11&day=05&city=15614&int=1&submit=%CF%CE%CA%C0%C6%C8 | title=Времето София » 05.11.2021 }}</ref> Climatebase.ru<ref>{{cite web | url=http://climatebase.ru/station/15614/from2000?lang=en | title=Browser Check Page }}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate |title=Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309081520/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
=== Environment ===
The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and [[nitrogen oxide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html|title="Дружба", "Надежда" и "Павлово" са с най-мръсен въздух в София – Mediapool.bg|work=mediapool.bg|date=16 March 2012 |access-date=13 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121659/http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. Smog thus persists over the city as [[Inversion (meteorology)|temperature inversions]] and the mountains surrounding the city prevent the circulation of air masses.<ref name="SG1"/><ref name="AFP"/> As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|first=Danny|last=Hakim|title=Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|archive-date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723155416/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Particulate matter]] concentrations are consistently above the norm.<ref name="AFP">{{cite AV media |date=20 December 2015 |title=Environment: Sofia, most polluted capital of Europe |medium=News report |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCQPxk8uBSM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/HCQPxk8uBSM| archive-date=2021-10-30|access-date=26 October 2018|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During the October 2017 – March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;<ref name="SG1">{{cite web|url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/|title=Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter|publisher=The Sofia Globe|date=4 April 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222412/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/|url-status=live}}</ref> on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632 μg/m<sup>3</sup>,<ref name="SG2">{{cite web|url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/|title=Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018|publisher=The Sofia Globe|date=6 January 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222458/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> some twelve times the EU norm of 50 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm|title=Air Quality Standards|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022181400/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Even areas with few sources of air pollution, like [[Gorna Banya]], had PM2.5 and PM10 levels above safe thresholds.<ref name="SG2"/> In response to hazardous spikes in air pollution, the Municipal Council implemented a variety of measures in January 2018, like more frequent washing of streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution|title=Sofia Municipal Council Adopted Measures to Tackle Air Pollution|publisher=[[Bulgarian National Television]]|date=25 January 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061521/https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a report by the [[European Court of Auditors]] issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. The report also noted that no industrial pollution monitoring stations operate in Sofia, even though industrial facilities are active in the city. A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html|title=Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollutionКопирано от fidget.bg|newspaper=Standard|date=12 September 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061542/http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017.<ref name="SG1"/> The [[European Commission]] has taken Bulgaria to court over its failure to curb air pollution.<ref name="AFP"/>
==History==
{{Main|History of Sofia}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Bronze coin of Serdi Celts.jpg|thumb|right|
'''[[Obverse and reverse|O]]''': head of [[river-god]] [[Strymon (mythology)|Strymon]]; '''[[Obverse and reverse|R]]''': [[trident]].<br />
This coin imitates [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] issue from 187 to 168 BC. It was struck by [[Serdi]] tribe as their own currency.]]
[[File:Festung Serdica Sofia 20090405 006.JPG|thumb|The eastern gate of Serdica in the "Complex Ancient Serdica"]]
===Prehistory and antiquity===
The area has a history of nearly 7,000 years,<ref name=plants>{{cite book|last1=John G. Kelcey|last2=Norbert Müller|title=Plants and Habitats of European Cities|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|location=Czech Republic; Germany – University of Applied Sciences Erfurt|isbn=978-0-387-89684-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455|date=7 June 2011|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142929/https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455|url-status=live}}</ref> with the great attraction of the hot water springs that still flow abundantly in the centre of the city. The neolithic village in [[Slatina, Sofia|Slatina]] dating to the 5th–6th millennium BC is documented.<ref>Boev, Zlatozar. (2009). Avian Remains from an Early Neolithic Settlement of Slatina (Present Sofia City, Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 61. 151–156.</ref> Another neolithic settlement was founded in the 3rd–4th millennium BC near the site of the modern [[National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)|National Art Gallery]], which has been the traditional centre of the city ever since.<ref name="sofiaculture.bg">{{cite web|url=http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905032923/http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2017|title=София – 130 години столица на България|work=sofiaculture.bg}}</ref>
The earliest tribes who settled were the [[Thracians|Thracian]] [[Tilataei]].
In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the [[Odrysian kingdom]] from another Thracian tribe the [[Odrysses]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BulWTours|date=2015-07-20|title=Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans|url=https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Bulgaria Wine Tours|language=en-US|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209033300/https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 339 BC [[Philip II of Macedon]] destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time.<ref name=Routledge>{{cite book|last1=Trudy|first1=Ring|last2=Noelle|first2=Watson|last3=Paul|first3=Schellinger|title=Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661|publisher=Routledge|access-date=20 December 2015|date=5 November 2013|isbn=9781134259588|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819201317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe [[Serdi]] gave their name to the city.<ref>''The Cambridge Ancient History'', Volume 3, Part 2:, {{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, page 600</ref> The earliest mention of the city comes from an [[Athens|Athenian]] inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting ''Astiu ton Serdon'', i.e. city of the Serdi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kultura.bg/web/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0/ |title=Емил Коцев 24.04.2016 9:331205 ИЗГУБЕНАТА СТОЛИЦА |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204164315/http://kultura.bg/web/%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0-%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the inscription and to the writings of [[Dio Cassius]], the Roman general [[Crassus]] subdued the Serdi and behanded the captives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/51*.html |title=Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141028175826/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/51%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dio Cassius, [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Ptolemy]] say that in 27–29 BC Crassus attacked the region "Segetike", which is assumed to be Serdica, or the city of the Serdi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xoMAQAAMAAJ |title=Trakii︠a︡ – Том 12 – Страница 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden König Siras verbündete der Römer waren ergab dies den Vorwand für den Kriegszug von Crassus. Über die Segetike (wohl irrtümlich für Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es aus Dio Cass. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)" |year=1998 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214517/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=2xoMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aZTAAAAIAAJ |title=Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Akademai Klado, 1966. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. Hilfe, eroberte das Land der Serden (bei Dio Segetika) und kam plündernd ins." |year=1966 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214509/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=7aZTAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ Jenő Fitz. Limes. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1977 "As Macedonia itself was in danger, Crassus readily advanced as far as Segetika (-Serdica)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214458/https://books.google.bg/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ |date=12 October 2018 }}, {{ISBN|9789630513012}}</ref> The ancient city is located between [[TZUM (Sofia)|TZUM]], [[Sheraton Hotel]] and the Presidency.<ref name="sofiaculture.bg"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ivanov|first1=Rumen|title=Roman cities in Bulgaria|date=2006|publisher=Bulgarian Bestseller--National Museum of Bulgarian Books and Polygraphy |isbn=9789544630171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820020321/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It gradually became the most important Roman city of the region.<ref name=world/><ref name="books.google.bg"/> It became a ''municipium'' during the reign of Emperor [[Trajan]] (98–117). Serdica expanded, as [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s, protective walls, [[public bathing|public baths]], administrative and cult buildings, a civic [[basilica]], an [[amphitheatre]], a circus, the [[City council]] (Boulé), a large forum, a big circus (theatre), etc. were built. Serdica was a significant city on the Roman road [[Via Militaris]], connecting [[Singidunum]] and [[Byzantium]]. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of [[Dacia Aureliana]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last = Bowman|editor1-first = Alan K.|editor2-last = Garnsey|editor2-first = Peter|editor3-last = Cameron|editor3-first = Averil|last = Wilkes|first = John|chapter = Provinces and Frontiers|page = 253|title = The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC|publisher = Cambridge University Press|volume = 12|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-521-30199-2|access-date = 29 October 2015|archive-date = 10 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151110193202/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC|url-status = live}}</ref> and when Emperor [[Diocletian]] divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the [[Danube]]) and [[Dacia (Roman province)|Dacia Mediterranea]], Serdica became the capital of the latter. Serdica's citizens of [[Thracians|Thracian]] descent were referred to as [[Illyrians]]<ref name=Routledge/> probably because it was at some time the capital of [[Eastern Illyria]] ([[Second Illyria]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature|date=1827|location=University of Minnesota|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819154709/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:20140618 Sofia 09.jpg|thumb|Dated from the early 4th century, the [[Church of Saint George, Sofia|Church of Saint George]] is the oldest standing edifice in Sofia.]]
Roman emperors [[Aurelian]] (215–275)<ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Randall Titus|title=A biography of the Emperor Aurelian (AD 270–275)|pages=106–7|publisher=Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services|year=1992}}</ref> and [[Galerius]] (260–311)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22|title=Eutropius: Book IX|work=thelatinlibrary.com|access-date=16 February 2012|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910113513/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22|url-status=live}}</ref> were born in Serdica.
The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an [[State religion|official religion]] (under [[Galerius]]). The [[Edict of Toleration by Galerius]] was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of "[[religio licita]]", a worship recognised and accepted by the Roman Empire. It was the first edict legalising Christianity, preceding the [[Edict of Milan]] by two years.
Serdica was the capital of the [[Diocese of Dacia]] (337–602).
For [[Constantine the Great]] it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). He considered making Serdica the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire]] instead of Constantinople.<ref>Nikolova, Kapka [https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ |date=20 August 2020 }} University of Indiana. "''Emperor Constantine the Great even considered the possibility for Serdika to become the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire''"</ref> which was already not dissimilar to a [[Tetrarchy|tetrarchic]] capital of the Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Bernard|title=Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-03250-8|page=237|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142448/https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237|url-status=live}}</ref> In 343 AD, the [[Council of Sardica]] was held in the city, in a church located where the current 6th century [[Hagia Sophia Church (Sofia)|Church of Saint Sophia]] was later built.
The city was destroyed in the [[Theodosius II#Wars with the Huns, Vandals, and Persians|447 invasion]] of the [[Huns]] and laid in ruins for a century<ref name=Routledge/> It was rebuilt by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]]. During the reign of Justinian it flourished, being surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today.
=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Kalojan desislava.jpg|left|thumb|The 13th century lord of Sredets [[Kaloyan and Desislava|Kaloyan]] and his wife Desislava, [[Boyana Church]]]]
Serdica became part of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during the reign of Khan [[Krum]] in 809, after a long [[Siege of Serdica (809)|siege]]. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Nikephoros I]], which led to his demise at the hands of the [[Medieval Bulgarian army|Bulgarian army]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|pp=127–128}}</ref> In the aftermath of the war, the city was permanently integrated in Bulgaria and became known by the Slavic name of Sredets. It grew into an important fortress and administrative centre under Krum's successor Khan [[Omurtag of Bulgaria|Omurtag]], who made it a centre of Sredets province (Sredetski komitat, Средецки комитат). The Bulgarian patron saint [[John of Rila]] was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor [[Peter I of Bulgaria|Peter I]] in the mid 10th century.<ref name="stancheva120">{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=120–121}}</ref> After the conquest of the Bulgarian capital [[Preslav]] by [[Sviatoslav I|Sviatoslav I of Kyiv]] and [[John I Tzimiskes]]' armies in 970–971, the [[Patriarch of All Bulgaria|Bulgarian Patriarch]] Damyan chose Sredets for his seat in the next year and the capital of Bulgaria was temporarily moved there.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slaviani|date=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818220338/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second half of 10th century the city was ruled by [[Nicholas (komes)|Komit Nikola]] and his sons, known as the "[[Cometopuli dynasty|Komitopuli]]". One of them was [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuil]], who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. In 986, the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] laid siege to Sredets but after 20 days of fruitless assaults the garrison broke out and forced the Byzantines to abandon the campaign. On his way to Constantinople, Basil II was ambushed and soundly defeated by the Bulgarians in the [[battle of the Gates of Trajan]].<ref name="stancheva120"/><ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|p=319}}</ref>
The city eventually fell to the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1018, following the [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]]. Sredets joined the [[uprising of Peter Delyan]] in 1040–1041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko.<ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|pp=400–401}}</ref> During the 11th century many [[Pechenegs]] were settled down in Sofia region as Byzantine federats.
It was once again incorporated into the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|restored Bulgarian Empire]] in 1194 at the time of Emperor [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria|Ivan Asen I]] and became a major administrative and cultural centre.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=123–124}}</ref> Several of the city's governors were members of the Bulgarian imperial family and held the title of ''[[sebastokrator]]'', the second highest at the time, after the [[tsar]]. Some known holders of the title were [[Kaloyan (sebastocrator)|Kaloyan]], [[Peter (sevastokrator)|Peter]] and their relative Aleksandar Asen (d. after 1232), a son of [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria]] ({{reign|1189|1196}}). In the 13th and 14th centuries Sredets was an important spiritual and literary hub with a cluster of 14 monasteries in its vicinity, that were eventually destroyed by the Ottomans. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=131, 139}}</ref>
In 1382/1383 or 1385, Sredets was seized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the course of the [[Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars|Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars]] by [[Lala Şahin Pasha]], following a [[Siege of Sofia|three-month siege]].<ref name=":0">Ivanova, Svetlana, "Ṣofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 23 January 2018.</ref> The Ottoman commander left the following description of the city garrison: "Inside the fortress [Sofia] there is a large and elite army, its soldiers are heavily built, moustached and look war-hardened, but are used to consume wine and [[rakia]]—in a word, jolly fellows."<ref>Cited in Халенбаков, О. ''Детска енциклопедия България: Залезът на царете'', с. 18</ref>
=== Early modern history ===
From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. It became the capital of the [[beylerbey]]lik of [[Rumelia]] ([[Rumelia Eyalet]]), the [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire|province]] that administered the Ottoman lands in [[Europe]] (the [[Balkans]]), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of [[Anatolia]]. It was the capital of the important [[Sanjak of Sofia]] as well, including the whole of [[Thrace]] with [[Plovdiv]] and [[Edirne]], and part of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] with [[Thessaloniki]] and [[Skopje]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Godisnjak | publisher=Drustvo Istoricara Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ | year=1950 | page=174 | quote=Санџак Софија Овај је санџак основан око г. 1393. | access-date=27 June 2019 | archive-date=18 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818181152/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>
During the initial stages of the [[Crusade of Varna]] in 1443, it was occupied by Hungarian forces for a short time in 1443, and the Bulgarian population celebrated a mass [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]]. Following the defeat of the crusader forces in 1444, the city's Christians faced persecution. In 1530 Sofia became the capital of the [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman province]] (beylerbeylik) of [[Rumelia]] for about three centuries. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the [[Republic of Ragusa]]. In the 15th and 16th century, Sofia was expanded by Ottoman building activity. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. Amongst others, the population consisted of [[Muslim]]s, [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] speaking [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], [[Armenians]], [[Georgians]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Ragusans, Jews ([[Romaniote Jews|Romaniote]], [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi]]), and [[Romani people]].<ref name=":0" /> The 16th century was marked by a wave of persecutions against the Bulgarian Christians, a total of nine became [[New Martyrs]] in Sofia and were sainted by the Orthodox Church, including [[George of Kratovo|George the New]] (1515), Sophronius of Sofia (1515), George the Newest (1530), [[St. Nicholas of Sofia|Nicholas of Sofia]] (1555) and Terapontius of Sofia (1555).<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=165, 167–169}}</ref>
[[File:Sofia-oberbauer.png|thumb|alt=Sofia with the clock tower|Sofia in mid-19th-century]]
When it comes to the cityscape, 16th century sources mention eight [[Jama Masjid|Friday mosques]], three public libraries, numerous schools, 12 churches, three synagogues, and the largest [[bedesten]] (market) of the Balkans.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, there were fountains and ''[[Turkish bath|hammams]]'' (bathhouses). Most prominent churches such as Saint Sofia and Saint George were converted into mosques, and a number of new ones were constructed, including [[Banya Bashi Mosque]] built by the renowned Ottoman architect [[Mimar Sinan]]. In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=154–155}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sofia – Trip around Sofia|url=http://old.omda.bg/biblioteka/obikolka_sofia_1968/obikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm|publisher=Balkan tourist, 1968|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050426/http://old.omda.bg/biblioteka/obikolka_sofia_1968/obikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1610 the [[Catholic Church|Vatican]] established the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv|See of Sofia]] for Catholics of [[Rumelia]], which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated.<ref>{{Catholic|title=Sardica|url=http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Sardica}}</ref> There was an important uprising against Ottoman rule in Sofia, [[Samokov]] and Western Bulgaria in 1737.
Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. 1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 42% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the [[kaza]] of Sofia and the amount of middle-class and poor Christians were equal.<ref>[[Kemal Karpat]] (1985), [https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7 Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010124553/https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7 |date=10 October 2019 }}, [[The University of Wisconsin Press]], p. 36</ref> Since the 18th century the ''[[beylerbey]]s'' of Rumelia often stayed in [[Bitola]], which became the official capital of the province in 1826. Sofia remained the seat of a [[sanjak]] (district). By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the [[Bulgarian National Revival]]. In 1858 [[Nedelya Petkova]] created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. In 1867 was inaugurated the first ''[[chitalishte]]'' in Sofia – a Bulgarian cultural institution. In 1870 the Bulgarian revolutionary [[Vasil Levski]] established a [[Internal Revolutionary Organization|revolutionary committee]] in the city and in the neighbouring villages. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans.
===Modern and contemporary history===
During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]], [[Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman general)|Suleiman Pasha]] threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, [[Vito Positano]], Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Many Bulgarian residents of Sofia armed themselves and sided with the Russian forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://militera.lib.ru/h/genov/09.html|title=ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Генов Ц. Русско-турецкая война 1877–1878 гг. и подвиг освободителей|work=lib.ru|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025341/http://militera.lib.ru/h/genov/09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sofia was relieved (see [[Battle of Sofia]]) from [[Ottoman rule of Bulgaria|Ottoman rule]] by [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian forces]] under Gen. [[Iosif Gurko]] on 4 January 1878. It was proposed as a capital by [[Marin Drinov]] and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. By the time of its liberation the population of the city was 11,649.<ref>Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). "Sofia. 125 years a capital. 1879–2004". "Guttenberg". {{ISBN|978-954-617-011-8}}</ref>
Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers.{{Sfn | Crampton | 2006 | p = 114}}<ref>{{Citation | last = Crampton | first = RJ | title = A Concise History of Bulgaria | place = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2006 | orig-year = 1997 | isbn = 0-521-85085-1}}</ref> Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif|thumb|The [[Bombing of Sofia in World War II|allied bombing of Sofia in World War II]] in 1944]]
For a few decades after the liberation, Sofia experienced large population growth, mainly by migration from other regions of the Principality (Kingdom since 1908) of Bulgaria, and from the still Ottoman [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace]].
In 1900, the first electric lightbulb in the city was turned on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html |title=E-novinar.com – Новините на едно място |language=bg |trans-title=Mohailova, Tihomria. In 1900 the first electric lamp lit the streets of Sofia. Novinar |work=novinar.bg |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618064512/http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the [[Second Balkan War]], Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. When the [[Romanian Army]] entered [[Vrazhdebna]] in 1913, then a village {{convert|7|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip}} from Sofia, now a suburb,<ref name="Hall97">Hall (2000), p. 97.</ref> this prompted the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Tsardom of Bulgaria]] to capitulate.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} During the war, Sofia was flown by the [[Romanian Air Corps]], which engaged on photoreconnaissance operations and threw propaganda pamphlets to the city. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.<ref name="Hall118">Hall (2000), p. 118.</ref>
During the [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Second World War]], Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the [[Bombing of Sofia in World War II|US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia]]. As a consequence of the bombings thousands of buildings were destroyed or damaged including the Capital Library and thousands of books. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet [[Red Army]] and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany.
In 1945, the communist [[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland Front]] took power. The transformations of Bulgaria into the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin.
During the [[Bulgarian Communist Party|Communist Party]] rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.<ref>L. Ivanov. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal 1991 Sofia street naming proposal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025182101/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal |date=25 October 2017 }} Sofia City Place-names Commission, 22 January 1991.</ref>
The [[Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum]], where [[Georgi Dimitrov|Dimitrov's]] body had been preserved in a similar way to the [[Lenin mausoleum]], was demolished in 1999.
==Cityscape==
[[File:Cathedral Saint Alexander Nevsky (23997168458).jpg|thumb|left|A view over central Sofia, with the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] in the foreground and [[Vitosha]] in the distance]]
In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. Until 1949, 13,114 buildings were constructed and between 10,000 and 20,000 in each following decade.<ref name=book/> Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. These vary from Christian Roman architecture and medieval Bulgarian fortresses to Neoclassicism and prefabricated Socialist-era apartment blocks, as well as newer glass buildings and international architecture. A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings are preserved in the centre of the city. These include the 4th century [[Church of St. George, Sofia|Rotunda of St. George]], the walls of the Serdica fortress and the partially preserved [[Amphitheatre of Serdica]].
After the Liberation War, knyaz [[Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria|Alexander Battenberg]] invited architects from [[Austria-Hungary]] to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.<ref name="Fig. Arts">{{cite book |last=Collective |title=Encyclopedia of Figurative Arts in Bulgaria, volume 1 |publisher=[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1980 |location=Sofia |pages=209–210}}</ref>
Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were [[Friedrich Grünanger]], Adolf Václav Kolář, and [[Viktor Rumpelmayer]], who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite.<ref name="Fig. Arts"/> Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]], Neo-[[Rococo]], [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Neo-Renaissance]] and [[Neoclassicism]], with the [[Vienna Secession]] also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European.
After World War II and the establishment of a [[Communist state|Communist government]] in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist Gothic]] public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around [[Largo, Sofia|The Largo]], Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete [[tower block]]s, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of [[Brutalist architecture]].
After the abolition of [[Communism]] in 1989, Sofia witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skyscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. The {{convert|126|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Capital Fort]] Business Centre is the first skyscraper in Bulgaria, with its 36 floors. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today.
[[File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg|Interior of the ancient [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]]|thumb]]
[[File:Sofia '17 (24614289157) ver 2.jpg|[[Neoclassical architecture]], Polygraphia office center|thumb]]
===Green areas===
[[File:Borisova gradina autumn.jpg|thumb|left|[[Borisova gradina]]]]
The city has an extensive [[green belt]]. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. There are four principal parks – [[Borisova gradina]] in the city centre and the ''Southern'', ''Western'' and ''Northern'' parks. Several smaller parks, among which the [[Vazrazhdane Park]], [[Zaimov Park]], [[City Garden (Sofia)|City Garden]] and the [[Doctors' Garden]], are located in central Sofia. The [[Vitosha]] Nature Park (the oldest [[national park]] in the [[Balkans]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?>ype=21 |title=National parks in the world |publisher=journey.bg |access-date=24 May 2008 |language=bg |archive-date=23 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523163142/http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?>ype=21 |url-status=live }}</ref> includes most of [[Vitosha]] mountain and covers an area of {{convert|266|km²|0|abbr=out}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vitoshamount.hit.bg/ |title=Vitosha Mountain |publisher=vitoshamount.hit.bg |access-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20040620025050/http://www.vitoshamount.hit.bg/ |archive-date=20 June 2004 }}</ref> with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. Vitosha mountain is a popular hiking destination due to its proximity and ease of access via car and public transport. Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. The mountain offers favourable skiing conditions during the winter. During the 1970s and the 1980s multiple ski slopes of varying difficulty were made available. Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work.
==Government and law==
===Local government===
{{bar box
|title=Composition of the [[Sofia City Council|City Council]]
|titlebar=#DDD
|float =right
|left1=Party
|right2=61 Seats
|width=375px
|bars=
{{bar pixel|'''[[PP-DB]]'''|#4d00ff|23}}
{{bar pixel|'''[[Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria|GERB]]'''|lightblue|14}}
{{bar pixel|'''[[Bulgarian Socialist Party]]'''|#FF0000|9}}
{{bar pixel|'''[[Revival (Bulgarian political party)|Revival]]'''|#C09F62|7}}
{{bar pixel|'''[[Conservative Union of the Right|KOD]]'''|darkblue|3}}
{{bar pixel|'''[[There is Such a People|ITN]]'''|#4BB9DE|3}}
{{bar pixel|'''[[VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement|IMRO]]'''|black|1}}
{{bar pixel|'''Independent'''|gray|1}}
|caption='''Total''' votes: 329 027<br />[[2023 Bulgarian local elections]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sofia Council - Общински съветници 2023-2027|url=https://council.sofia.bg/web/guest/councilors2023-2027|access-date=2024-07-02|website=council.sofia.bg}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Sofia districts.svg|thumb|A map of the 24 districts of Sofia]]
[[Sofia Capital Municipality|Sofia Municipality]] is identical to [[Sofia City Province]], which is distinct from [[Sofia Province]], which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages.<ref name="District Mayors">{{cite web
|url=http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council
|title=District Mayors
|publisher=Sofia Municipality
|access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220184844/http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council
|archive-date=20 December 2009 }}</ref> Districts and settlements have their own mayor who is elected in a popular election. The assembly members are chosen every four years. The common head of Sofia Municipality and all the 38 settlements is the [[List of mayors of Sofia|mayor of Sofia]].<ref name="District Mayors"/> The mayor [[Vasil Terziev]] is serving his first term, having won the [[2023 Sofia mayoral election|2023 election]] as the nominee of the [[PP-DB]] coalition and the local [[Spasi Sofia|Save Sofia]] party. After winning the first round of the election without receiving the majority of votes, Terziev entered a tight runoff against [[Bulgarian Socialist Party|BSP]] candidate [[Vanya Grigorova]], which he won with 175,044 votes, compared to Grigorova’s 170,258. <ref>https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur1/rezultati/2246.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur2/rezultati/2246.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! District
! km<sup>2</sup>
! Pop.
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
! Extent
! Mayor
|-
| 1 || [[Sredets, Sofia|Sredets]] || 3 || 32,423 || 10,807 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 2 || [[Krasno selo]] || 7 || 83,552 || 11,936 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 3 || [[Vazrazhdane]] || 3 || 37,303 || 12,434 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 4 || [[Oborishte, Sofia|Oborishte]] || 3 || 31,060 || 10,353 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 5 || [[Serdika]] || 18 || 46,949 || 2,608 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 6 || [[Poduyane]] || 11 || 76,672 || 6,970 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 7 || [[Slatina, Sofia|Slatina]] || 13 || 66,702 || 5,130 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 8 || [[Izgrev, Sofia|Izgrev]] || 5 || 30,896 || 6,179 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 9 || [[Lozenets, Sofia|Lozenets]] || 9 || 53,080 || 5,897 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 10 || [[Triaditsa, Sofia|Triaditsa]] || 10 || 63,451 || 6,345 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 11 || [[Krasna polyana]] || 9 || 58,234 || 6,470 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 12 || [[Ilinden, Sofia|Ilinden]] || 3 || 33,236 || 11,078 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 13 || [[Nadezhda, Sofia|Nadezhda]] || 19 || 67,905 || 3,573 || City ||[[GERB]]
|-
| 14 || [[Iskar, Sofia|Iskar]] || 26 || 63,248 || 2,432 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 15 || [[Mladost, Sofia|Mladost]] || 17 || 102,899 || 6,052 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 16 || [[Studentski grad (Sofia)|Studentski]] || 9 || 71,961 || 7,995 || City ||Independent
|-
| 17 || [[Vitosha, Sofia|Vitosha]] || 123 || 61,467 || 499 || City/satellites || [[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 18 || [[Ovcha kupel]] || 42 || 54,320 || 1,293 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 19 || [[Lyulin, Sofia|Lyulin]] || 22 || 114,910 || 5,223 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 20 || [[Vrabnitsa, Sofia|Vrabnitsa]] || 44 || 47,969 || 1,090 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 21 || [[Novi Iskar]] || 220 || 28,991 || 131 || Satellites ||Independent
|-
| 22 || [[Kremikovtsi]] || 256 || 23,641 || 92 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 23 || [[Pancharevo]] || 407 || 28,586 || 70 || Satellites ||[[GERB]]
|-
| 24 || [[Bankya]] || 53 || 12,136 || 228 || Satellites ||[[GERB]]
|-
| || TOTAL || 1342|| 1,291,591|| 962 ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=bTV |url=https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/rezultatite-v-sofija-eto-koi-sa-vsichki-kmetove-na-rajonite-i-kmetstvata.html}}</ref>
|}
===National government===
Sofia is the seat of the executive ([[Government of Bulgaria|Council of Ministers]]), [[legislative]] ([[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]]) and [[judiciary]] ([[Supreme Court of Bulgaria|Supreme Court]] and [[Constitutional Court of Bulgaria|Constitutional Court]]) bodies of Bulgaria, as well as all government agencies, ministries, the [[Bulgarian National Bank|National Bank]], and the delegation of the [[European Commission]]. The [[President of Bulgaria|President]], along with the Council of Ministers, is located on [[Largo, Sofia|Independence Square]], also known as The Largo or ''The Triangle of Power''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite|title="Триъгълникът на властта" или Ларгото: Как се е променял през годините|trans-title=The Triangle of Power or The Largo: How It Changed Throughout the Years|publisher=Bulgarian National Television|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606210152/https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the three buildings in the architectural ensemble, the former [[Bulgarian Communist Party]] headquarters, is due to become the seat of the Parliament. A refurbishment project is due to be completed in mid-2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bnt.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati|title=Как ще изглежда новата пленарна зала на българските депутати?|trans-title=What will the new Parliament hall look like?|publisher=Bulgarian National Television|date=2 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145527/https://bntnews.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Bulgaria National Assembly Building|old National Assembly]] building will become a museum or will only host ceremonial political events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html|title=Народното събрание – музей?|trans-title=The National Assembly – a Museum?|publisher=BTV Novinite|date=7 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008140007/https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:National Assembly main building, Sofia, October 2016 02.jpg|The [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]] building|thumb]]
[[File:Party House, Sofia (by Pudelek).JPG|The [[Government of Bulgaria|Council of Ministers]] (left), [[President of Bulgaria|Presidency]] (right) and the former Communist Party House|thumb]]
Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the [[23rd Multi-member Constituency|23rd]], [[24th Multi-member Constituency|24th]] and [[25th Multi-member Constituency|25th Multi-member Constituencies]], which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27|title=РЕШЕНИЕ № 4149-НС София, 27.01.2017|trans-title=Resolution No. 4149-NS Sofia|publisher=Central Electoral Commission|date=27 January 2017|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404155706/https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Crime ===
With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people ({{As of|2009|lc=y}}) Sofia is a relatively safe capital city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide|title=Where are world's deadliest major cities?|first=Mona|last=Chalabi|date=30 November 2012|work=theguardian.com|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123211112/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including [[Bulgarian mafia]] killings, caused problems in the city,<ref name="CoulbyCowen2013">{{cite book|author1=David Coulby|author2=Robert Cowen|author3=Crispin Jones|title=World Yearbook of Education 2000: Education in Times of Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ai3MC8X1qYC&pg=PA10|date=17 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-16603-7|page=10|quote=crime rates have exploded in Sofia as well as in Moscow and St Petersburg.|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418021743/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ai3MC8X1qYC&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref> where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,<ref name="Noutcheva2012">{{cite book|author=Gergana Noutcheva|title=European Foreign Policy and the Challenges of Balkan Accession: Conditionality, legitimacy and compliance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB8fKw5rSgEC&pg=PA192|date=26 July 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-30619-8|page=192|quote=The strongest EU demand – structural changes of the judicial system – had to do with the crime rate in Bulgaria and the apparent impotence of the authorities in Sofia to convict any of the murderes in the high-profile mafia killings that shook the country in 2003–2005.|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418012159/https://books.google.com/books?id=nB8fKw5rSgEC&pg=PA192|url-status=live}}</ref> which had caused the [[European Commission]] to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime<ref name="Economist">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|title=Bulgarian Crime – Where killing is a habit|date=27 October 2005|url=http://www.economist.com/node/5090978|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115824/http://www.economist.com/node/5090978|archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6220591.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Europe – Romania and Bulgaria join the EU|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145528/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1622300127537&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20Europe%20%7C%20Romania%20and%20Bulgaria%20join%20the%20EU&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6220591.stm&rp=|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the most severe crimes are [[contract killings]] that are connected to [[organised crime]], but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229002025/https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096|archive-date=29 December 2016|title=Bulgaria 2015 Crime and Safety Report|date=29 December 2016}}</ref> [[Crime in Bulgaria#Corruption|Corruption in Bulgaria]] also affects Sofia's authorities. According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, [[petty theft]] and [[vandalism]].<ref>[http://www.novinite.com/articles/163273/Crime+Rates+in+Bulgaria's+Sofia+on+the+Rise#sthash.flBwRpGL.dpuf Crime Rates in Bulgaria's Sofia on the Rise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522164239/http://www.novinite.com/articles/163273/Crime+Rates+in+Bulgaria%27s+Sofia+on+the+Rise#sthash.flBwRpGL.dpuf |date=22 May 2015 }} Novinite</ref> According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Most Dangerous Cities in Europe|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-dangerous-cities-2011-9?op=1|publisher=Business Insider Inc.|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211900/http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-dangerous-cities-2011-9?op=1|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, the consumer-reported perceived crime risk on the [[Numbeo]] database was "high" for theft and vandalism and "low" for violent crimes; safety while walking during daylight was rated "very high", and "moderate" during the night.<ref name="Numbeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/crime/city_result.jsp?country=Bulgaria&city=Sofia|title=Crime in Sofia. Safety in Sofia.|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919075244/http://www.numbeo.com/crime/city_result.jsp?country=Bulgaria&city=Sofia|archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> With 1,600 prisoners, the [[incarceration rate]] is above 0.1%;<ref>[http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html The prison in Sofia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063024/http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Gdin</ref> however, roughly 70% of all prisoners are part of the [[Romani people in Bulgaria|Romani minority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=4583604|title=Само 10 000 в затвора, 7000 от тях са цигани|website=24chasa.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124083636/http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=4583604|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{See also|Tourist attractions in Sofia|List of churches in Sofia}}
===Arts and entertainment===
{{see also|Art galleries in Sofia}}
[[File:Aleksander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia BUL.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral]] dedicated to [[Alexander Nevsky]]]]
Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. There were 3,162 theatric performances with 570,568 people attending in 2014.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=159}} The [[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]], which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. The [[National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria]] is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. Regular performances began in 1909. Some of Bulgaria's most famous operatic singers, such as [[Nicolai Ghiaurov]] and [[Ghena Dimitrova]], made their first appearances on the stage of the National Opera and Ballet.
Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=160}} Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]]. ''Odeon'' (not part of the [[Odeon Cinemas]] chain) shows exclusively European and independent American films, as well as 20th century classics. The Boyana Film studios was at the centre of a once-thriving domestic film industry, which declined significantly after 1990. [[Nu Image]] acquired the studios to upgrade them into [[Nu Boyana Film Studios]], used to shoot scenes for a number of action movies like ''[[The Expendables 2]]'', ''[[Rambo: Last Blood]]'' and ''[[London Has Fallen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99|title=UPDATE: Stallone Returning to NU BOYANA Film Studios in Bulgaria for 'Rambo 5'|publisher=Novinite|date=30 August 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831164251/https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits|title=London Has Fallen: Company Credits|publisher=IMDb.com|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127202134/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Museum of Contemporary Art - Sofia Arsenal Front facade, Софийски арсенал - Музей за съвременно изкуство.jpg|thumb|left|The Museum of Contemporary Art]]
Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. Since 2015, the [[National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)|National Art Gallery]], located in the former [[Royal Palace (Sofia)|royal palace]], the [[National Gallery for Foreign Art]] (NGFA) and the [[Museum of Contemporary Art – Sofia Arsenal]] were merged to form the [[National Gallery]]. Its largest branch is Kvadrat 500, located on the NFGA premises, where some 2,000 works are on display in twenty eight exhibition halls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum |title=(source) |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816161734/http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> The collections encompass diverse cultural items, from [[Ashanti Empire]] sculptures and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] art to [[Dutch Golden Age]] painting, works by [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Jean-Baptiste Greuze]] and [[Auguste Rodin]]. The [[crypt]] of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. It holds a collection of Eastern Orthodox icons from the 9th to the 19th century.
The [[National Historical Museum (Bulgaria)|National History Museum]], located in [[Boyana]], it has a vast collection of more than 650,000 historical items dating from Prehistory to the modern era, although only 10,000 of them are permanently displayed due to the lack of space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historymuseum.org/collection.php|title=Колекции – НИМ|website=Historymuseum.org|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217203853/http://www.historymuseum.org/collection.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Smaller collections of historical items are displayed in the [[National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)|National Archaeological Museum]], a former mosque located between the edifices of the National Bank and the Presidency. Two natural sciences museums—the [[National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)|Natural History Museum]] and [[Earth and Man National Museum|Earth and Man]]—display minerals, animal species (alive and [[Taxidermy|taxidermic]]) and rare materials. The Ethnographic Museum and the [[National Museum of Military History (Bulgaria)|Museum of Military History]] hold large collections of Bulgarian folk costumes and armaments, respectively. The [[National Polytechnical Museum|Polytechnical Museum]] has more than 1,000 technological items on display. The [[SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library]], the foremost information repository in the country, holds some 1,800,000 books and more than 7,000,000 documents, manuscripts, maps and other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg|title=Funds and collections|publisher=SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151523/http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Boyana Church Mural Paintings.jpg|thumb|right|Interior of the medieval [[Boyana Church]]]]
[[File:Banya Bashi Mosque (37849692391).jpg| The [[Banya Bashi Mosque]], an example of [[Ottoman architecture]]|thumb]]
The city houses many cultural institutes such as the Russian Cultural Institute, the [[Polish Cultural Institute]], the Hungarian Institute, the Czech and the Slovak Cultural Institutes, the [[Italian Cultural Institute]], [[Confucius Institute]], [[Institut Français]], [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institut]], [[British Council]] and [[Instituto Cervantes]] which regularly organise temporary expositions of visual, sound and literary works by artists from their respective countries.
Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the [[Bulgarian National Television]], [[BTV (Bulgaria)|bTV]] and [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova TV]]. Top-circulation newspapers include ''[[24 Chasa]]'' and ''[[Dneven Trud|Trud]]''.
The [[Boyana Church]], a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage site, contains realistic frescoes, depicting more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes, were painted. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a [[Renaissance]] phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.<ref name="ecker">{{cite book|title= Bulgarien. Kunstdenkmäler aus vier Jahrtausenden von den Thrakern bis zur Gegenwart.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205|language= de|last= Ecker|first= Gerhard|publisher= DuMont Buchverlag|location= Köln|year= 1984|isbn= 9783406398667|access-date= 12 September 2017|archive-date= 20 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200820024306/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205|url-status= live}}</ref>
===Tourism===
Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. Among its highlights is the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]], one of the symbols of Bulgaria, constructed in the late 19th century. It occupies an area of {{convert|3170|m2|0|abbr=off}} and can hold 10,000 people.
The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including ''Complex Ancient Serdica'', eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. [[Church of St. George, Sofia|church of St. George Rotunda]], [[amphitheatre of Serdica]], the tombs and basilicas under the [[Saint Sophia Church, Sofia|basilica of St. Sophia]].
[[Vitosha Boulevard]], also called ''Vitoshka'', is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafés, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and [[luxury good]]s stores. Sofia's [[geographic coordinate system|geographic location]], in the foothills of the weekend retreat [[Vitosha]] mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere.<gallery mode="packed" caption="Some of tourist attraction in Sofia">
File:Ivan Vazov National Theatre, Sofia.JPG|[[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]]
File:Boulevard Vitosha (5) (37448099450).jpg|[[Vitosha Boulevard]], the main shopping street in the city
File:Central Market Hall in Sofia 2012 PD 07.jpg|[[Central Sofia Market Hall]]
File:St. George Rotunda, Sofia, Bulgaria (17680380465).jpg|[[Church of Saint George, Sofia|Church of Saint George]]
File:Gallery for Foreign Art TodorBozhinov 041009.jpg|[[National Gallery for Foreign Art]]
</gallery>
==Sports==
[[File:Vasil Levski National Stadium 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Vasil Levski National Stadium]]]]
A large number of sports clubs are based in the city. During the Communist era, most sports clubs concentrated on all-round sporting development, therefore [[USC CSKA Sofia|CSKA]], [[Levski Sofia (sports club)|Levski]], [[PFC Lokomotiv Sofia|Lokomotiv]], and [[PFC Slavia Sofia|Slavia]] are dominant not only in football, but in many other team sports as well. Basketball and volleyball also have strong traditions in Sofia. A notable local [[basketball]] team is twice [[Euroleague#Champions 1958-2008|European Champions Cup]] finalist [[PBC Lukoil Academic|Lukoil Akademik]]. The [[Bulgarian Volleyball Federation]] is the world's second-oldest, and it was an exhibition tournament organised by the BVF in Sofia that convinced the [[International Olympic Committee]] to include volleyball as an [[Volleyball at the Summer Olympics#History|olympic sport]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm
|title=BVA-News
|publisher=balkanvolleyball.org
|access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220025206/http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm
|archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> Tennis is increasingly popular in the city. There are some ten<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sofia.bg/templkomp.asp?ime=TENISK%7D&title=%D1%F2%EE%EB%E8%F7%E5%ED%20%EA%EE%EC%EF%E0%F1&pathtitle=sport&opis=%D1%EF%EE%F0%F2
|title = Sofia municipality — Tennis courts
|publisher = sofia.bg
|access-date = 11 May 2008
}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[tennis court]] complexes within the city including the one founded by former [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] top-five athlete [[Magdalena Maleeva]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.maleevaclub.com/
| title=Тенис Клуб Малееви
| publisher=maleevaclub.com
| access-date=11 May 2008
| archive-date=14 March 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314024228/http://maleevaclub.com/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
Sofia applied to host the [[Winter Olympic Games]] in 1992 and in 1994, coming second and third respectively. The city was also an applicant for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]], but was not selected as candidate. In addition, Sofia hosted [[EuroBasket 1957]] and the [[1961 Summer Universiade|1961]] and [[1977 Summer Universiade]]s, as well as the [[1983 Winter Universiade|1983]] and [[1989 Winter Universiade|1989 winter editions]]. In 2012, it hosted the [[FIVB World League]] finals.
[[File:Garanti Koza Sofia Open - at Arena Armeets.jpg|thumb|right|Arena Sofia during the [[ATP Sofia Open]]]]
The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat [[Vasil Levski National Stadium]] which hosts international football matches, as well as [[Stadion Balgarska Armia|Balgarska Armia Stadium]], [[Georgi Asparuhov Stadium]] and [[Lokomotiv Stadium (Sofia)|Lokomotiv Stadium]], the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. [[Arena Sofia]] holds many indoor events and has a capacity of up to 19,000 people depending on its use. The venue was inaugurated on 30 July 2011, and the first event it hosted was a friendly volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia. There are two [[ice skating]] complexes — the [[Winter Sports Palace]] with a capacity of 4,600 and the Slavia Winter Stadium with a capacity of 2,000, both containing two rinks each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kunki.org/page.php?9 |title=Skate rinks in Sofia |publisher=kunki.org |access-date=11 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417162144/http://kunki.org/page.php?9 |archive-date=17 April 2008 }}</ref> A [[velodrome]] with 5,000 seats in the city's [[Borisova gradina|central park]] is undergoing renovation.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?guide=1916
| title=Journey.bg — History of the Sofia velodrome
| publisher=journey.bg
| access-date=11 May 2008
| archive-date=15 May 2005
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050515060503/http://www.journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?guide=1916
| url-status=live
}}</ref> There are also various other sports complexes in the city which belong to institutions other than football clubs, such as those of the [[National Sports Academy "Vasil Levski"|National Sports Academy]], the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]], or those of different universities. There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://tonus.tialoto.bg/article.php?id=2277
| title=Swimming pools in Sofia (including Spa centers)
| publisher=tonus.tialoto.bg
| access-date=11 May 2008
| archive-date=10 May 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510070734/http://tonus.tialoto.bg/article.php?id=2277
| url-status=live
}}</ref> Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people.
There are two [[golf]] courses just to the east of Sofia — in [[Elin Pelin]] (St Sofia club) and in [[Ihtiman]] (Air Sofia club), and a horseriding club (St George club).
Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative".
==Demographics==
[[File:Sofia population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Sofia population pyramid in 2021]]
'''Population over the years (in thousands):'''{{historical populations|1887|30501|1910|102812|1934|287095|1946|436623|1956|644727|1965|801111|1975|967214|1985|1114759|1992|1114925|2001|1091772|2011|1202761|2021|1183454|align=right|cols=1|source=Censuses<ref name="BAN">{{cite web |url=http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142758/http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cities of Bulgaria|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm|date=2024-04-03}}</ref>}}<timeline>
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</timeline>
[[File:13.modelat bay Georgi i studenti ot akademiata.jpg|thumb|right|Students of the [[National Academy of Arts]] (circa 1952–53). People aged 20–25 years have been the most numerous group in the city since the process of Bulgarian urbanisation.]]
According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole [[Sofia Capital Municipality]] of 1,500,120.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population {{!}} National statistical institute |url=http://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6703/population |website=www.nsi.bg |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026220450/http://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6703/population |url-status=live }}</ref> The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 [[Bulgarians]], 3,538 [[Bulgarian Jews|Jews]], 839 [[Turkish people|Turks]], and 737 [[Romani people|Romani]].
The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,102. The [[birth rate]] per 1000 people was 12.3 per mile and steadily increasing in the last 5 years, the [[Mortality rate|death rate]] reaching 12.1 per mile and decreasing. The natural growth rate during 2009 was 0.2 per mile, the first positive growth rate in nearly 20 years. The considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are among the other reasons for the increase in Sofia's population. The [[infant mortality]] rate was 5.6 per 1,000, down from 18.9 in 1980. According to the 2011 census, people aged 20–24 years are the most numerous group, numbering 133,170 individuals and accounting for 11% of the total 1,202,761 people. The median age is 38 though. According to the census, 1,056,738 citizens (87.9%) are recorded as ethnic [[Bulgarians]], 17,550 (1.5%) as [[Romani people in Bulgaria|Romani]], 6,149 (0.5%) as [[Turks in Bulgaria|Turks]], 9,569 (0.8%) belonged to other ethnic groups, 6,993 (0.6%) do not self-identify and 105,762 (8.8%) remained with undeclared affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population|url=http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=175&sp2=190|website=nsi.bg|publisher=[[National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria]], 2011|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170703/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=175&sp2=190|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid=134487|title=Ромите са изолирани от бума в заетостта на Балканите|website=Mediapool.bg|date=11 December 2007 |access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706143153/http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid=134487|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as [[Eastern Orthodox]] Christians, 10,256 (0.8%) as [[Protestantism in Bulgaria|Protestant]], 6,767 (0.5%) as [[Islam in Bulgaria|Muslim]], 5,572 (0.4%) as [[Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria|Roman Catholic]], 4,010 (0.3%) belonged to other faith and 372,475 (28.8%) declared themselves [[irreligious]] or did not mention any faith. The data says that roughly a third of the total population have already earned a university degree. Of the population aged 15–64 – 265,248 people within the municipality (28.5%) are not economically active, the unemployed being another group of 55,553 people (6%), a large share of whom have completed higher education. The largest group are occupied in trading, followed by those in the [[manufacturing industry]]. Within the municipality, three-quarters, or 965,328 people are recorded as having access to television at home and 836,435 (64.8%) as having internet. Out of 464,865 homes – 432,847 have connection to the communal [[sanitary sewer]], while 2,732 do not have any. Of these 864 do not have any [[water supply]] and 688 have other than communal. Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as [[literacy|literate]]. The largest group of the population aged over 20 are recorded to live within marriage (46.3%), another 43.8% are recorded as single and another 9.9% as having other type of coexistence/partnership, whereas not married in total are a majority and among people aged up to 40 and over 70. The people with juridical status divorced or [[widow]]ed are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=2011 census, Sofia-capital |publisher=[[National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria]] |location=Sofia |page=37 40 43 68 71 74 99 117 132 190 193 196 |edition=23 |url=http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/fulltext.asp?content=/FullT/FulltOpen/P_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215111319/http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/fulltext.asp?content=%2FFullT%2FFulltOpen%2FP_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref>
Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after [[Plovdiv]], [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]] and [[Shumen]]. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/en/node/13035|title=Population and Demographic Processes in 2014 (Final data) – National statistical institute|website=Nsi.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115165503/http://www.nsi.bg/en/node/13035|url-status=live}}</ref> thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding [[Districts of Sofia|rural suburbs]] and are called [[Shopi]]. Shopi speak the [[Bulgarian dialects|Western Bulgarian dialects]].<gallery mode="packed" caption="Religious buildings in Sofia">
File:"St. Alexander Nevsky" Cathedral - Храм "Свети Александър Невски" - panoramio - kuchin ster.jpg|[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]
File:Bulgaria Bulgaria-0546 - Church of St Nicholas the Miracle-Maker (7390227698).jpg|[[Russian Church, Sofia|Russian Church]]
File:Catholic cathedral Sofia.jpg|[[Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia|Cathedral of St Joseph]]
File:Софийска синагога (14113510160).jpg|[[Sofia Synagogue]]
File:05158-Sofia (8269331286).jpg|[[Banya Bashi Mosque]]
</gallery>
==Economy==
[[File:Bulgarian National Bank - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Bulgarian National Bank]] headquarters]]
Sofia is ranked as Beta- [[global city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the economic hub of Bulgaria and home to most major Bulgarian and international companies operating in the country, as well as the [[Bulgarian National Bank]] and the [[Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia|Bulgarian Stock Exchange]]. The city is ranked 62nd among financial centres worldwide.<ref name=GFCI>{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 27|date=March 2020|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328165551/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Sofia was ranked 30th out of 300 global cities in terms of combined growth in employment and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the highest one amongst cities in Southeast Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wire.seenews.com/news/sofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718|title=Sofia ranks 30th in GDP/capita, employment growth 2013–2014 global report|publisher=seenews.com|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621101427/http://wire.seenews.com/news/sofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718|url-status=dead}}</ref> The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor/bmpp_GMM_final.pdf?la=en|title=Global Metro Monitor An Uncertain recovery|website=brookings.edu|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142556/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor/bmpp_GMM_final.pdf?la=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, [[Forbes]] listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a [[Startup company|startup business]], because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available – one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa |title=10 Top Cities Around The World To Launch Your Startup |magazine=Forbes |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060404/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Business Park Sofia view 2.jpg|thumb|[[Business Park Sofia]]]]
The city's GDP (PPS) per capita stood at €29,600 ($33,760) in 2015, one of the highest in Southeast Europe and well above other cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RSI/#?vis=nuts3.economy&lang=en |title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant at current market prices), by NUTS 3 regions |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411093728/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RSI/#?vis=nuts3.economy&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The total nominal GDP in 2018 was 38.5 billion leva ($22.4 billion), or 33,437 leva ($19,454) per capita,<ref name="nsi1">{{cite web|url=https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions|title=GDP by Economic Sector and Region|publisher=National Statistical Institute|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212039/https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=64}} and average monthly wages in March 2020 were $1,071, the highest nationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nsi.bg/en/content/6412/statistical-regions-district |title=Average monthly wages and salaries of the employees under labour contract by statistical regions and districts |publisher=National Statistical Institute |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607204206/https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6412/statistical-regions-district |url-status=live }}</ref> Services dominate the economy, accounting for 88.6% of the [[gross value added]], followed by industry 11.3% and agriculture 0.1%.<ref name="nsi1"/>{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=72}}
[[File:Serdica Center, a shopping mall in Sofia 2012 PD 10.jpg|thumb|[[Serdika Center Sofia]]]]
Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, and food.<ref name="Face">{{cite web|url=http://sofiaecho.com/2004/09/16/631302_the-capitals-changing-face|title=Kapital Quarterly|website=Sofiaecho.com|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610061024/http://sofiaecho.com/2004/09/16/631302_the-capitals-changing-face|url-status=live}}</ref> The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship.<ref name="Face"/> However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed.
The most dynamic sectors include [[Information technology]] (IT) and manufacturing. Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members.<ref name="IS IT">{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/it-industry/|title=IT Sector in Sofia|publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221146/https://investsofia.com/en/it-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref> The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports.<ref name="IS IT"/> The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and startups. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of [[Coca-Cola]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/coca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2/|title=Coca-Cola Opens Its 2nd Largest Globally IT Center in Sofia|date=9 June 2018 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716191617/https://investsofia.com/en/coca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ubisoft Sofia|Ubisoft]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ubisoft Sofia |url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.ubisoft.com |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815000035/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320|title=Hewlett-Packard Bulgaria|publisher=Business Park Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717051823/https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/vmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people/|title=VMware to invest €23M and Grow the Site in Sofia to over 1500 People|date=7 May 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221206/https://investsofia.com/en/vmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Robert Bosch GmbH]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|title=Bosch Group Officially Opened its New Office in Sofia|date=25 June 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150010/https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Financial Times]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/financial-times-expands-team-sofia/|title=Financial Times Expands Its Team in Sofia|date=2 July 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224947/https://investsofia.com/en/financial-times-expands-team-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Experian]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/|title=The Software Company Experian Opened its New Office Building in Sofia|date=8 June 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221212/https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several office and tech clusters have been established across the city, including [[Business Park Sofia]], Sofia Tech Park, [[Capital Fort]] and others.
Manufacturing has registered a strong recovery since 2012, increasing the exports three-fold and the employment by 52% accounting for over 70,000 jobs.<ref name="IS manufacturing">{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/manufacturing/|title=IT Manufacturing in Sofia|publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224939/https://investsofia.com/en/manufacturing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring [[Sofia Province]], such as [[Bozhurishte]], [[Kostinbrod]] and [[Elin Pelin (town)|Elin Pelin]].<ref name="IS manufacturing"/> Manufacturing companies include [[Woodward, Inc.]], producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/american-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia/|title=American Control System Solutions Manufacturer Woodward Opens Production in Sofia|date=27 February 2017 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221141/https://investsofia.com/en/american-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Festo]], producing microsensors,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/|title=Festo to Invest 25.6 mln. Euro in a New Production Unit in Sofia/|date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714152005/https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Visteon]], development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visteon.bg/products/|title=Products|publisher=Visteon Electronics Bulgaria|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714140859/https://visteon.bg/products/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Ill|Melexis|fr}}, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|title=Melexis to Invest €75M to Expand Its Operations in Bulgaria|date=25 June 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150010/https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest [[Lufthansa Technik]] maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/|title=Lufthansa Technik Sofia invests 30 mln euro to expand its facilities|publisher=SIPA Group|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716173620/https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Transport and infrastructure==
With its developing infrastructure and strategic location, Sofia is a major hub for international railway and automobile transport. Three of the ten [[Pan-European corridors|Pan-European Transport Corridors]] cross the city: [[Pan-European Corridor IV|IV]], [[Pan-European Corridor VIII|VIII]], and [[Pan-European Corridor X|X]].<ref name="infrastructure">[http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf Sofia infrastructure from the official website of the Municipality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528144952/http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }} {{in lang|bg}}</ref> All major types of transport (except [[Maritime transport|water]]) are represented in the city.
[[File:21.04.10 Sofia 31005 (6168607167).jpg|thumb|A [[Siemens Desiro]] train of the Bulgarian State Railways at the Central Railway Station]]
[[File:Krasno Selo metrostation.jpg|thumb|[[Krasno Selo Metro Station]]]]
The [[Sofia Central Station|Central Railway Station]] is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by [[Bulgarian State Railways]] (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. It is one of the main stations along [[BDZ Line 1]], and a hub of Lines [[BDZ Line 2|2]], [[BDZ Line 5|5]], and [[BDZ Line 13|13]]. Line 1 provides a connection to [[Plovdiv]], the second-largest city in Bulgaria, while Line 2 is the longest national railway and connects Sofia and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], the largest coastal city. Lines 5 and 13 are shorter and provide connections to [[Kulata]] and [[Bankya]], respectively. Overall, Sofia has {{convert|186|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} of railway lines.<ref name="NSI regional">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44 |title=Sofia (capital) |publisher=National Statistical Institute regional statistics |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114022155/http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44 |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}</ref>
[[Sofia Airport]] handled 7,208,987 passengers in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf|publisher=Sofia Airport|title=Passengers 2018-2019|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609124255/https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sofia Public Transport|Public transport]] is well-developed with [[Public buses in Sofia|bus]] ({{convert|2380|km|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="bus">{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport |title=History of the bus network in Sofia |publisher=Sofiatraffic.bg |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827065839/http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trams in Sofia|tram]] ({{convert|308|km|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="tramway">{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams |title=History of the tramway network in Sofia |publisher=Sofiatraffic.bg |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001034/https://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Trolleybuses in Sofia|trolleybus]] ({{convert|193|km|0|abbr=on}})<ref name="trolleybuses">{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport |title=History of the trolleybus network in Sofia |publisher=Sofiatraffic.bg |date=14 February 1941 |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827032920/http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport |url-status=live }})</ref> lines running in all areas of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sumc.bg/|title=Public transport Sofia — official website|publisher=sumc.bg|access-date=24 May 2008|language=bg|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145627/https://www.sofiatraffic.bg/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dak-transport.com/ |title=Transport Company Bulgaria— official website |publisher=dak-transport.com |access-date=21 August 2009 |language=bg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907131419/http://www.dak-transport.com/|archive-date=7 September 2009 }}</ref> The [[Sofia Metro]] became operational in January 1998 with only 5 stations and currently has four lines and 47 stations.<ref name="subway2">
{{cite web|url = http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/83680/nov_lych_na_metroto|title = Българска национална телевизия – Новини (Bulgarian National Television – News)|publisher = bnt.bg|access-date = 2 September 2012|language = bg|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120903000901/http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/83680/nov_lych_na_metroto|archive-date = 3 September 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the system has {{convert|52|km|0|abbr=on}} of track. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to [[Sofia Airport]] on its Northern branch and to [[Business Park Sofia]] on its Southern branch. In July 2016 the [[Vitosha Metro Station]] was opened on the M2 main line. A third line was opened in August 2020 and re-organisation of the previous lines lead to a 4th line being created.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/ |title=ОП Транспорт и разширение |publisher=Metropolitan.bg |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814060151/http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This line will complete the proposed underground system of three lines with about {{convert|65|km|0|abbr=on}} of lines.<ref name="subway">{{cite web|url = http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html|title = Metropolitan Sofia Web Place|publisher = metropolitan.bg|access-date = 24 May 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081001173420/http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html|archive-date = 1 October 2008|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/ |title=General Scheme |publisher=Metropolitan.bg |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222128/http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/ |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until the late 2010s route taxis ([[marshrutka]]) provided an efficient and popular [[Mode of transport|means of transport]] by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. Their use declined with the expansion of the metro and they were gradually phased out. There are around 13,000 [[Taxi|taxi cabs]] operating in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm|title=National Federation of the Taxi Drivers in Bulgaria. Regional Member Sofia|publisher=nftvb.com|access-date=24 May 2008|archive-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602152040/http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, all-[[electric vehicle]]s are available through [[carsharing]] company [[Spark (carsharing)|Spark]], which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170|title=Shared Electric Vehicles Spark in Sofia Increase by 170|publisher=Novinite|date=13 March 2019|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329234359/https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Sofia (37536243674).jpg|thumb|left|Cherni Vrah Boulevard]]
Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia after 2002. The city has the 4th-highest number of automobiles per capita in the European Union at 546.4 vehicles per 1,000 people.<ref>Sofia in Figures, p.26</ref> The municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many streets are in a poor condition. This is noticeably changing in the past years. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa, and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682|title=Fines for bad repair work – 'Dnevnik' newspaper|publisher=dnevnik.bg|access-date=24 May 2008|archive-date=13 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181856/http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems.
Sofia has an extensive [[Toplofikatsiya Sofia|district heating system]] that draws on four [[cogeneration|combined heat and power]] (CHP) plants and [[Heating plant|boiler stations]]. Virtually the entire city (900,000 households and 5,900 companies) is centrally heated, using residual heat from [[electricity generation]] (3,000 MW) and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total [[Thermal mass|heat capacity]] is 4,640 MW. The heat distribution piping network is {{convert|900|km|0|abbr=on}} long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings.
==Education and science==
[[File:Sofia University.jpg|thumb|[[Sofia University]]]]
[[File:Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences 4.jpg|thumb|[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]]]]
Much of Bulgaria's educational capacity is concentrated in Sofia. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=141}} The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=148}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Register of Higher Schools in Bulgaria |url=http://rvu.mon.bg/ |work=Ministry of Education and Science |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021808/http://rvu.mon.bg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[American College of Sofia]], a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States.<ref name="ACS">{{cite web|url=http://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx|title=History|work=acs.bg|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171647/https://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. These include the [[First English Language School]], [[91st German Language School]], [[164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes"|164th Spanish Language School]], and the [[Lycée Français de Sofia|Lycée Français]]. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with [[Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School]] and the [[Sofia High School of Mathematics|High School of Mathematics]], which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://offnews.bg/obshtestvo/koi-sa-naj-zhelanite-gimnazii-v-sofia-i-koi-paralelki-ostanaha-prazni-683714.html|title=Кои са най-желаните гимназии в София и кои паралелки останаха празни|trans-title=Which high schools in Sofia are the most preferred|publisher=Offnews|date=3 July 2018|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143230/https://offnews.bg/obshtestvo/koi-sa-naj-zhelanite-gimnazii-v-sofia-i-koi-paralelki-ostanaha-prazni-683714.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities – [[Sofia University]] (SU), the [[Technical University of Sofia]], [[New Bulgarian University]], and the [[Medical University of Sofia]].<ref name="Webometrics">{{cite web|url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/Europe/Bulgaria%20|title=Bulgarian universities|publisher=Webometrics Ranking of World Universities|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112161804/http://www.webometrics.info/en/Europe/Bulgaria|url-status=live}}</ref> Sofia University was founded in 1888.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/history/founding|title=Official website of the Sofia university — History|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225413/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/history/founding|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 20,000 students<ref>{{cite web|url=http://akademika.bg/2013/06/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB/|title=Sofia University aims to attract more foreign students|publisher=Akademika|date=14 June 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|language=bg|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020070933/http://akademika.bg/2013/06/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB/|url-status=live}}</ref> study in its 16 faculties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties|title=University Faculties|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225427/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of research and cultural departments operate within SU, including its own publishing house, [[botanical garden]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures|title=Independent structures of SU|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225421/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures|url-status=live}}</ref> a space research centre, a [[quantum electronics]] department,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure|title=Faculty of Physics structure|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225408/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Confucius Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres|title=University Centres|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225417/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rakovski Defence and Staff College]], the [[National Academy of Arts]], the [[University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy]], the [[University of National and World Economy]], and the [[University of Mining and Geology]] are other major higher education establishments in the city.<ref name="Webometrics"/>
Other institutions of national significance, such as the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] (BAS) and the [[SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library]], are located in Sofia. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest [[cyclotron]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria%27s+Nuclear+Institute%3A+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years|title=Bulgaria's Nuclear Institute: New Cyclotron To Become Operational in 2 Years|newspaper=[[Novinite]]|date=27 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027232043/https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria%27s+Nuclear+Institute%3A+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/|title=MSB – Projects|website=www.msb.bg|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033729/http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/|url-status=live}}</ref> All five of Bulgaria's [[supercomputer]]s and supercomputing clusters are located in Sofia as well. Three of those are operated by the BAS; one by [[Sofia Tech Park]] and one by the Faculty of Physics at Sofia University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/|title=Малката изчислителна армия на България|trans-title=Bulgaria's small computing army|publisher=Kapital Daily|first=Yoan|last=Zapryanov|date=22 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2018|language=bg|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174209/https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria}}
Sofia is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algiers]], Algeria<ref>{{cite web|title=Градина "Алжир" – София|url=https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia|website=opoznai.bg|language=bg|date=2015-06-19|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519063528/https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Jordan<ref>{{cite web|title=Н. пр. д-р Хасан Бармауи, почетен консул на кралство Йордания в България, пред "Труд": Йордания е врата за България към Близкия Изток|url=https://trud.bg/%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%BD/|website=trud.bg|publisher=Trud|language=bg|date=2020-02-25|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519063535/https://trud.bg/%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%BD/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities of Ankara|url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara|website=ankara.bel.tr|publisher=Ankara|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=28 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bucharest]], Romania<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |title=Cu cine este înfrățit Bucureștiul? |work=[[Adevărul]] |date=21 February 2011 |language=ro |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118035638/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar<ref>{{cite web|title=HE Prime Minister Presides Over Cabinet Regular Meeting|url=https://pressarabia.qa/2012/11/28/he-prime-minister-presides-over-cabinet-regular-meeting/|website=pressarabia.qa|publisher=Press Arabia|date=2012-11-28|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018220305/https://pressarabia.qa/2012/11/28/he-prime-minister-presides-over-cabinet-regular-meeting/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web|title=Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дружбу, співробітництво, партнерство|url=https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf|website=kyivcity.gov.ua|publisher=Kyiv|language=uk|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128062444/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pittsburgh]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities|website=sistercitiespgh.org|publisher=Sister Cities Association of Pittsburgh|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519061309/https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Salalah]], Oman{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sofia, Shanghai to become sister cities|url=https://www.bnr.bg/en/post/100629260/sofia-shanghai-to-become-twin-cities|website=bnr.bg|publisher=BNR Radio Bulgaria|date=23 November 2015|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227193331/https://www.bnr.bg/en/post/100629260/sofia-shanghai-to-become-twin-cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|LBN}} [[Sidon]], Lebanon{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref>{{cite web|title=ערים שותפות|url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx|website=tel-aviv.gov.il|publisher=Tel Aviv|language=he|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
{{div col end}}
===Cooperation agreements===
In addition Sofia cooperates with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1561702|title=Sofia, Budapest to Cooperate in Culture, Tourism, Economy|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en-EN|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511214903/http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1561702|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784|title=Friendship and cooperation agreements|publisher=Paris.fr|access-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015042144/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal<ref name=lisbon>{{cite web|title=Acordos de geminação, de cooperação e de amizade|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|website=cm-lisboa.pt|publisher=Lisboa|language=pt|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|title=Agreements with cities|url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437|website=madrid.es|publisher=Madrid|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia<ref>{{cite web|title=Partner cities|url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/|website=yerevan.am|publisher=Yerevan|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Honour==
[[Serdica Peak]] on [[Livingston Island]], in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]], is named after Serdica.
==Mass Media==
===Public===
*[[Bulgarian News Agency]] (1898)
*[[Bulgarian National Radio]] (1935)
*[[Bulgarian National Television]] (1959)
===Private===
*[[Nova Broadcasting Group]] (1994)
*[[bTV Media Group]] (2000)
==See also==
{{Portal|Europe|European Union|Bulgaria}}
* [[List of churches in Sofia]]
* [[List of shopping malls in Sofia]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Sofia]]
* [[Sofia Province]]
* [[Monument to the Tsar Liberator]]
{{clear right}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|NSI|2016}}|url=http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/SOFIA_2015.pdf|title=Sofia in Figures|publisher=National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria|access-date=26 October 2018|language=bg, en|date=2016}}
* {{cite book
| title = История на средновековна България VII–XIV век
| trans-title = History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries
| last1 = Bozhilov
| first1 = Ivan
| first2 = Vasil
| last2 = Gyuzelev
| author-link2=Vasil Gyuzelev
| year = 1999
| language = bg
| publisher = Анубис
| location =Sofia
| isbn = 954-426-204-0
}}
* {{cite book
| title = София – от древността до нови времена
| trans-title = Sofia – from Antiquity to Modern Times
| last = Stancheva
| first = Magdalina
| year = 2010
| language = bg
| publisher = New Bulgarian University
| location =Sofia
| isbn = 978-954-535-579-0
}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Gigova|first=Irina|title=The City and the Nation: Sofia's Trajectory from Glory to Rubble in WWII|journal=Journal of Urban History|date=March 2011 |volume=37 |issue=2|pages=155–175|doi=10.1177/0096144210391612|s2cid=144022049}}The 110 footnotes provide a guide to the literature on the city
* {{cite web|url=http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf |title=Sofia in Figures 2009 |publisher=Regional Statistical Office of Sofia |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011205615/http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.alphabank.bg/130 |title=Sofia — 130 Years Capital |language=bg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110128155857/http://www.alphabank.bg/130/ |archive-date=28 January 2011 }}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Sofia}}
*{{Official website|https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/}}
* [http://www.inyourpocket.com/Bulgaria/Sofia/ Online guide to Sofia]
* [http://www.sumc.bg/en/ Official Site of Sofia Public Transport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525132226/http://www.sumc.bg/en/ |date=25 May 2010 }}
*{{curlie|Regional/Europe/Bulgaria/Provinces/Sofia_City}}
* [http://www.stara-sofia.com/ Archival images of Sofia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064732/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/sofia-by-night-light-a-photographic-exhibition-by-john-paull Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition]
* [http://www.ulpiaserdica.com/index_en.html Virtual Guide to Ancient Serdica]
* [http://weather-webcam.eu/all-cams-from-sofia-vsicki-online-kameri-ot-sofia-bg-karta More than 25 live webcams from Sofia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182039/http://www.world-nomad.com/vitosha-peak/ Pictures from Vitosha mountain]
{{Cities in Bulgaria}}
{{Capitals of Bulgaria}}
{{Provinces of Bulgaria}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{European Capital of Sport}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sofia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Populated places in Sofia City Province]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Dacia Mediterranea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{short description|Capital and largest city of Bulgaria}}
{{About|the capital and largest city of Bulgaria|the given names|Sofia (given name)|and|Sofija (given name)|and|Sofiya (given name)|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sofia
| native_name = {{Nobold|София}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline =
<!-- images and maps -----------> {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Russian church (37591925970).jpg
| caption1 = Panoramic view over central Sofia and the [[Vitosha Mountain]]
| image2 = Catedral de Alejandro Nevski -- 2019 -- Sofía, Bulgaria.jpg
| caption2 = [[Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]
| image3 = IvanVazov National Theatre 7.jpg
| caption3 = [[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]]
| image4 = Banya Bashi Mosque (37849692391) (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Banya Bashi Mosque]]
| image5 = Sofia bathroom.jpg
| caption5 = [[Sofia Central Mineral Baths]]
| image6 = St. George Rotunda, Sofia, Bulgaria (17680380465).jpg
| caption6 = [[Church of Saint George, Sofia|Church of Saint George]]
| image7 = Sofia '17 (24614482817).jpg
| caption7 = [[Statue of Sveta Sofia]]
}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag = BG Sofia flag.svg
| image_shield = BG_Sofia_coa.svg
| motto = "Ever growing, never aging"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia|title=Sofia through centuries|publisher=Sofia Municipality|access-date=16 October 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819151030/https://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia|archive-date=19 August 2009}}</ref><br /><small>("Расте, но не старее")</small>
| pushpin_map = Bulgaria#Balkans#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sofia
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|42.70|23.33|type:city|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Bulgaria
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Bulgaria|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sofia City Province|Sofia City]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Bulgaria|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Stolichna Municipality|Capital]]
| established_title = Cont. inhabited
| established_date = since 7000 BC<ref name="ghodsee">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod|url-access=registration|title=The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea|last1=Ghodsee|first1=Kristen|date=2005|publisher=[[Duke University]] Press|isbn=0822387174|page=[https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod/page/21 21]}}</ref>
| established_title2 = Neolithic settlement
| established_date2 = 5500–6000 BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/|title=Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia – Archaeology in Bulgaria|first=Ivan Dikov · in|last=Prehistory|date=7 December 2015|work=archaeologyinbulgaria.com|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083234/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| established_title3 = [[Thracians|Thracian]] settlement
| established_date3 = 1400 BC<ref name="Marazov, Ivan 1998">Marazov, Ivan (ed.). Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. {{ISBN|9780810919921}}.</ref><ref>Popov, Dimitar (ed.). The Thracians, Iztok – Zapad, Sofia, 2011. {{ISBN|9789543218691}}.</ref>
| established_title4 = Roman administration
| established_date4 = 46 AD (as ''Serdica''){{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=13}}
| established_title5 = Conquered by [[Krum]]
| established_date5 = 809 AD (as ''Sredets''){{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=13}}
| leader_party = [[PP-DB]]-[[Spasi Sofia]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Sofia|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Vasil Terziev]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="URBANISED AREAS"/>
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124181322/https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 500
| area_urban_km2 = 5723
| area_metro_km2 = 10,738
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787 |title=Nsi • National Register of Populated Places • |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711041145/https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 500–800
| elevation_ft = 1640–2293
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_total = 1286965
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Население по градове и пол {{!}} Национален статистически институт|url=http://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/население-по-градове-и-пол|website=www.nsi.bg|language=bg|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412205552/https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_urban = 1547779
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas">{{cite web|title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en}}</ref>
| population_metro = 1667314
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="European Metropolitan regions" />
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[wikt:Sofian|Sofian]] ([[English language|en]]) <br /> Софиянец/''Sofiyanets'' ([[Bulgarian language|bg]])
| blank_name_sec1 = [[GDP per capita]]
(2021)
| blank_info_sec1 = 45241.00 BGN
<ref name="Regional profiles">{{Cite web|title=Sofia (capital) |url=https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/regions/sofia-grad/}}</ref><br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.945<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}}
| timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +3
| postal_code = 1000
| area_code = (+359) 02
| blank3_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Bulgaria|Vehicle registration plate]]
| blank3_info = C, CA, CB
| website = {{URL|sofia.bg}}
}}
'''Sofia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|oʊ|f|i|ə|,_|ˈ|s|ɒ|f|-|,_|s|oʊ|ˈ|f|iː|ə}} {{respell|SOH|fee|ə|,_|SOF|-|}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> {{lang-bg|София|Sofiya}},<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|<!-- last1=Editors of Britannica| -->title=Sofia|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=12 February 2016|date=|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917174029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=9781615309870|date=1 June 2013|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221062712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|bg|ˈsɔfijɐ|IPA|Sofia.ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Bulgaria|largest city]] of [[Bulgaria]]. It is situated in the [[Sofia Valley]] at the foot of the [[Vitosha]] mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the [[Iskar (river)|Iskar]] river and has many mineral springs, such as the [[Sofia Central Mineral Baths]]. It has a [[humid continental climate]]. Being in the centre of the [[Balkans]], it is midway between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Adriatic Sea]] and closest to the [[Aegean Sea]].<ref name=tr>{{cite book|last1=Lauwerys|first1=Joseph|title=Education in Cities|date=1970|publisher=Evan's Brothers|isbn=0-415-39291-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711023915/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Clifford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|page=301|volume=1|isbn=9780195334036|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717164313/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301|url-status=live}}</ref>
Known as Serdica in [[Late antiquity|antiquity]] and Sredets in the [[Middle Ages]], Sofia has been an area of [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|human habitation]] since at least 7000 BC. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the [[Roman Republic]] in 29 BC from the [[Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe|Celtic]] tribe [[Serdi]]. During the decline of the [[Roman Empire]], the city was raided by [[Huns]], [[Visigoths]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], and [[Slavs]]. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] by [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Krum]] and became known as Sredets. In 1018, the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|reborn Bulgarian Empire]]. Sredets became a major administrative, economic, cultural and literary hub until its conquest by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1382. From 1530 to 1836, Sofia was the regional capital of [[Rumelia Eyalet]], the Ottoman Empire's key province in Europe. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. Sofia was selected as the capital of the [[Principality of Bulgaria|Third Bulgarian State]] in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth.
Sofia is the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|14th-largest city in the European Union]]. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as [[Vitosha]] by the southern side, [[Lyulin Mountain|Lyulin]] by the western side, and the [[Balkan Mountains]] by the north, which makes it the [[List of capital cities by elevation|third highest European capital]] after [[Andorra la Vella]] and [[Madrid]]. Being Bulgaria's primary city, Sofia is home of many of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies.<ref>[http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/ Internet Hostel Sofia, Tourism in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228094553/http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/ |date=28 December 2011 }}. Internethostelsofia.hostel.com, Retrieved Jan 2012</ref> The city has been described as the "triangle of religious tolerance". This is because three temples of three major world religions—[[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]]—are situated close together: [[St Nedelya Church|Sveta Nedelya Church]], [[Banya Bashi Mosque]] and [[Sofia Synagogue]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)|title=Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) – iCulturalDiplomacy|website=www.i-c-d.de|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225057/http://i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)|url-status=live}}</ref> This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic [[Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia|Cathedral of St Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance|title=10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance|date=15 February 2017|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929203612/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for [[Startup company|startup businesses]] in the world, especially in information technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes|title=Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV|website=Bnt.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101247/http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Jayne|title=Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406151001/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Boyana Church]] in Sofia, constructed during the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] and holding much patrimonial symbolism to the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]], was included onto the [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage List]] in 1979. With its cultural significance in [[Southeast Europe]], Sofia is home to the [[National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria]], the [[National Palace of Culture]], the [[Vasil Levski National Stadium]], the [[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]], the [[National Archaeological Museum, Bulgaria|National Archaeological Museum]], and the [[Amphitheatre of Serdica|Serdica Amphitheatre]]. The [[Museum of Socialist Art, Sofia|Museum of Socialist Art]] includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|communist Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/|title=Museum of Socialist Art – National Gallery|language=en-US|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221115804/http://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing.<ref name=isotriq>{{cite web |title=История |url=http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10 |website=www.kmeta.bg |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214900/http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sofia hosts some 1.28 million<ref name="population"/> residents within a territory of 500 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref name="area total">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0|title=NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE – Information for the area of city of Sofia|website=Nsi.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005344/http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0|url-status=live}}</ref> a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54 million<ref name="Urban area populaton - Budapest">{{cite web|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en|title=Eurostat-Sofia urban area population|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> residents within 5723 km<sup>2</sup>, which comprises [[Sofia City Province]] and parts of [[Sofia Province]] ([[Dragoman Municipality|Dragoman]], [[:bg:Община Сливница|Slivnitsa]], [[:bg:Община Костинброд|Kostinbrod]], [[:bg:Община Божурище|Bozhurishte]], [[Svoge Municipality|Svoge]], [[:bg:Община Елин Пелин|Elin Pelin]], [[:bg:Община Горна Малина|Gorna Malina]], [[:bg:Община Ихтиман|Ihtiman]], [[Kostenets Municipality|Kostenets]]) and [[Pernik Province]] ([[:bg:Община Перник|Pernik]], [[:bg:Община Радомир|Radomir]]), representing 5.16% of the country territory.<ref name="URBANISED AREAS">{{cite journal |title=CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA |page=91 |url=http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/URBAN_ENG.pdf |journal=National Statistical Institute |access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093754/http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/URBAN_ENG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes [[Dimitrovgrad, Serbia|Dimitrovgrad]] in Serbia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Metropolitan areas in Europe |page=95 |url=http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf |issn=1868-0097 |journal= Der Markt für Wohn- und Wirtschaftsimmobilien in Deutschland Ergebnisse des BBSR-Expertenpanel Immobilienmarkt Nr|access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094519/http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66 million.<ref name="European Metropolitan regions">{{cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |website=appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055500/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Names==
[[File:Sredets seal 1878.jpg|thumb|left|The first seal of the city, from 1878, which calls it ''Sredets,'' its name in [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Bulgarian]]]]
For a long time, the city possessed<ref name=constantine>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Michael|title=The Emperor Constantine|date=211|publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80|isbn=9781780222806|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818184723/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Thracian language|Thracian]] name, '''Serdica''' ({{lang-grc|Σερδικη}}, ''Serdikē'', or {{lang|grc|Σαρδικη}}, ''Sardikē''; {{lang-la|Serdica}} or {{lang|la|Sardica}}), derived from the tribe {{lang|la|[[Serdi]]}}, who were either of [[Thracians|Thracian]],<ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name=tr/> [[Celts|Celtic]],<ref name="The Cambridge Ancient History 1992, page 600">"The Cambridge Ancient History", Volume 3, Part 2: ''The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC'' by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, {{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long been supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin"</ref> or mixed Thracian-Celtic origin.<ref>Mihailov, G., Thracians, Sofia, 1972, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, quote in Bulgarian: Името серди е засвидетелствано след келтската инвазия на Балканите. Сердите са от смесен трако-келтски произход.</ref><ref>Popov, D. Thracians, Sofia, p.h. Iztok – Zapad, 2005.</ref> The emperor [[Trajan|Marcus Ulpius Traianus]] (53–117 AD) gave the city the combinative name of ''[[Ulpia gens|Ulpia]] Serdica'';<ref name=world>{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples|date=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497|isbn=9780761479024|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818225324/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="books.google.bg">{{cite book|last1=Irina Florov, Nicholas Florov|title=Three-thousand-year-old Hat|date=2001|publisher=Golden Vine Publishers|location=[[University of Michigan|Michigan University]]|isbn=0968848702|page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928141824/https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Ulpia may be derived from an Umbrian cognate of the [[Latin]] word ''lupus'', meaning "wolf"<ref>Julian Bennett, ''Trajan: Optimus Princeps'' (Routledge, 1997), p. 1.</ref> or from the Latin ''vulpes'' (fox). It seems that the first written mention of ''Serdica'' was made during his reign and the last mention was in the 19th century in a Bulgarian text ({{lang|bg|Сардакіи}}, ''Sardaki''). Other names given to Sofia, such as '''Serdonpolis''' ([[Byzantine Greek language|Byzantine]] {{lang-grc-gre|Σερδών πόλις}}, "City of the Serdi") and '''Triaditza''' ({{lang|grc|Τριάδιτζα}}, "Trinity"), were mentioned by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Greek language|Greek]] sources or coins. The Slavic name '''Sredets''' ({{lang-cu|Срѣдецъ}}), which is related to "middle" ({{lang|cu|среда}}, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. The city was called ''Atralisa'' by the Arab traveller [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Idrisi]] and ''Strelisa'', ''Stralitsa'', or ''Stralitsion'' by the [[Crusaders]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erwin Anton Gutkind|title=International history of city development|year=1964|publisher=Free Press of Glencoe|location=[[University of Michigan|Michigan University]]|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820032648/https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
The name ''Sofia'' comes from the [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219041530/http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2007 |title=София |publisher=Мила Родино |language=bg |access-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref> as opposed to the prevailing [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] [[List of Bulgaria province name etymologies|origin of Bulgarian cities and towns]]. The origin is in the Greek word ''[[Sophia (wisdom)|sophía]]'' ({{lang|grc|σοφία}}, "wisdom"). The earliest works where this latest name is registered are the duplicate of the Gospel of Serdica, in a dialogue between two salesmen from [[Dubrovnik]] around 1359, in the 14th-century Vitosha Charter of Bulgarian tsar [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria|Ivan Shishman]] and in a [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] merchant's notes of 1376.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana|date=1999|publisher=Grolier Incorporated|location=[[Pennsylvania State University]]|isbn=0717201317|page=878|edition=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBhZAAAAYAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221234204/https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In these documents, the city is called ''Sofia'',{{clarify|date=March 2024}}<!--Church Slavonic or Middle Bulgarian? script?--> but, at the same time, the region and the city's inhabitants are still called ''Sredecheski'' ({{lang-chu|срѣдечьскои}}, "of Sredets"), which continued until the 20th century. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] came to favour the name '''Sofya''' ({{lang|ota|{{linktext|صوفيه}}}}). In 1879, there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, when the citizens created a committee of famous people, insisting for the Slavic name. Gradually, a compromise arose, officialisation of ''Sofia'' for the nationwide institutions, while legitimating the title ''Sredets'' for the administrative and church institutions, before the latter was abandoned through the years.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya|publisher=Capital Municipality|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=26 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226235940/http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[Sofia City Province]] has an area of 1344 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web |title=District Sofia-city |url=http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city |work=Guide Bulgaria |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133822/http://guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while the surrounding and much bigger [[Sofia Province]] is 7,059 km<sup>2</sup>. Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the [[Balkans]]. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the [[Vitosha]] mountain, in the [[Sofia Valley]] that is surrounded by the [[Balkan mountains]] to the north. The valley has an average altitude of {{convert|550|m}}. Sofia is the second highest capital of the [[European Union]] (after [[Madrid]]) and the third highest capital of Europe (after [[Andorra la Vella]] and Madrid). Unlike most European capitals, Sofia does not straddle any large river, but is surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides. Three [[mountain pass]]es lead to the city, which have been key roads since antiquity, Vitosha being the watershed between [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Aegean Sea]]s.
A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the [[Boyanska reka|Boyanska]], [[Vladaya River|Vladayska]] and [[Perlovska]]. The [[Iskar (river)|Iskar River]] in its upper course flows near eastern Sofia. It takes its source in [[Rila]], Bulgaria's highest mountain,<ref name="Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 537">{{harvnb|Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria|1980|p=537}}</ref> and enters Sofia Valley near the village of [[German, Bulgaria|German]]. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of [[Sofia Airport]], and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of [[Novi Iskar]], where the scenic [[Iskar Gorge]] begins.<ref name="Iskar 1">{{cite web|url=http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm|title=General Hydrological Data|publisher=Iskar River System|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013903/http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm|archive-date=7 December 2017|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
The city is known for its 49 [[Spring (hydrosphere)|mineral]] and [[Hot spring|thermal]] springs. Artificial and dam lakes were built in the twentieth century.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sofia Valley 1.png
| width1 = 250
| caption1 = A map of Sofia Valley. Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge.
| image2 = Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG
| width2 = 695
| caption2 = A view of the valley from the south. The Balkan Mountains and the beginning of the Iskar Gorge are visible in the distance.
| image3 = Sofia,_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg
| caption3 = [[Satellite imagery|Satellite photo]] of Sofia
| perrow = 2
| image4 = Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg
| caption4 = Winter panorama of Sofia with [[Vitosha]] in the background
}}
While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the [[2012 Pernik earthquake]] occurred west of Sofia with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (''Strong''). The [[2014 Aegean Sea earthquake]] was also noticed in the city.
===Climate===
Sofia has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''; ''Cfb'' if with −3 °C [[Isotherm (contour line)|isotherm]]) with an average annual temperature of {{convert|10.9|°C|1|abbr=on}}.
Winters are relatively cold and snowy. In the coldest days temperatures can drop below {{convert|-15|°C|0}}, most notably in January. The lowest recorded temperature is {{convert|-31.2|°C|0}} (16 January 1893).<ref>[https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/ Софийска голяма община – климат] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082818/https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/ |date=7 August 2020 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&q=31.2+++1893+ |title=Атанас Иширков, България. Географически бележки, Придворна печатница, 1910 година, стр. 78. |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083050/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&dq=31.2++16+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+1893+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=31.2+++1893+ |url-status=live |last1=Ishirkov |first1=Anastas |year=1910 }}</ref> On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of {{convert|98|cm|1|abbr=on}} and 56 days with snow cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_tuti.php?year=1991&month=01&day=01&station=156140&mode=m&submit1=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel|title=Архив-Бг3 » 01-1991 София|first=Иван|last=Николов|work=stringmeteo.com|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145520/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_tuti.php?year=1991&month=01&day=01&station=156140&mode=m&submit1=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel|url-status=live}}</ref> The snowiest recorded winter was 1939/1940 with a total snowfall of {{convert|169|cm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_3747/1939-11.pdf |title=Статистически Данни |website=stringmeteo.com |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> The record snow depth is {{convert|57|cm|1|abbr=on}} (25 December 2001).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98|title=Времето София » 25.12.2001|first=Иван|last=Николов|work=stringmeteo.com|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113829/http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98|url-status=live}}</ref> The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of {{convert|-10.4|°C|0}} and an annual temperature of {{convert|8.2|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Вековен архив - София » 01.1887 - 12.2007|url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.stringmeteo.com|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517201047/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8|url-status=live}}</ref>
Summers are quite warm and sunny. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding {{convert|35|°C|0}} on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|40.2|°C|0}} (5 July 2000).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://novini247.com/novini/prez-2000-godina-na-5-yuli-e-bil-edin-ot_6535868.html | title=През 2000 година на 5 юли е бил един от | date=4 July 2023 }}</ref> The hottest recorded month was July 2012 with an average temperature of {{convert|24.8|°C|0}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_month.php?month=7&year=2012 | title=Времето-България » Мес. обобщ. температури }}</ref> The warmest year on record was 2023 with an annual temperature of {{convert|12.1|°C|0}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_year.php?year=2023&month=1&len=12&an_per=9120&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel | title=Архив-Бг » Год. обобщ. температури }}</ref>
Springs and autumns in Sofia are usually short with variable and dynamic weather.
The city receives an average precipitation of {{convert|625.7|mm|2|abbr=on}} a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when [[thunderstorms]] are common. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of {{convert|304.6|mm|2|abbr=on}}, while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of {{convert|1066.6|mm|2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |title=Век. месечен архив Бг |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807085034/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |title=Архив-Бг » Год. обобщ. валежи |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807084615/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Sofia (NIMH−[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|BAS]]) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 18
| Feb record high C = 22.2
| Mar record high C = 31
| Apr record high C = 30.6
| May record high C = 34.1
| Jun record high C = 37.2
| Jul record high C = 40.2
| Aug record high C = 39
| Sep record high C = 37.1
| Oct record high C = 33.6
| Nov record high C = 25.8
| Dec record high C = 21.3
| year record high C = 40.2
| Jan high C = 6.1
| Feb high C = 8.7
| Mar high C = 13.1
| Apr high C = 17.7
| May high C = 22.1
| Jun high C = 26.5
| Jul high C = 29.3
| Aug high C = 29.2
| Sep high C = 24.7
| Oct high C = 18.6
| Nov high C = 12.3
| Dec high C = 6.7
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 1.1
| Feb mean C = 3.1
| Mar mean C = 7.1
| Apr mean C = 11.9
| May mean C = 16.5
| Jun mean C = 20.4
| Jul mean C = 23.6
| Aug mean C = 23.5
| Sep mean C = 18.8
| Oct mean C = 12.4
| Nov mean C = 6.9
| Dec mean C = 1.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -2.7
| Feb low C = -1.3
| Mar low C = 2.5
| Apr low C = 6.7
| May low C = 12.1
| Jun low C = 15.7
| Jul low C = 17.1
| Aug low C = 17.3
| Sep low C = 13.2
| Oct low C = 7.2
| Nov low C = 3.7
| Dec low C = -0.7
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -31.2
| Feb record low C = -24.1
| Mar record low C = -18
| Apr record low C = -5.9
| May record low C = -2.2
| Jun record low C = 2.5
| Jul record low C = 5.3
| Aug record low C = 3.5
| Sep record low C = -2
| Oct record low C = -5.6
| Nov record low C = -15.3
| Dec record low C = -21.1
| year record low C = -31.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 35.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 45.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 52.3
| May precipitation mm = 73.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 81.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 64.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 53.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 52.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 53.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 38.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 39.9
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan snow cm = 24.9
| Feb snow cm = 21
| Mar snow cm = 15.4
| Apr snow cm = 3
| May snow cm = 0
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 1.5
| Nov snow cm = 10.7
| Dec snow cm = 21
| year snow cm =
| Jan precipitation days = 10.7
| Feb precipitation days = 9.4
| Mar precipitation days = 10.9
| Apr precipitation days = 10.7
| May precipitation days = 13.9
| Jun precipitation days = 12
| Jul precipitation days = 8.1
| Aug precipitation days = 7.1
| Sep precipitation days = 8.2
| Oct precipitation days = 8.4
| Nov precipitation days = 8.1
| Dec precipitation days = 10.7
| year precipitation days =
| Jan snow days = 5.5
| Feb snow days = 3.5
| Mar snow days = 2.2
| Apr snow days = 0.5
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.5
| Nov snow days = 1.7
| Dec snow days = 3.4
| year snow days =
| Jan sun = 87.9
| Feb sun = 117.2
| Mar sun = 169
| Apr sun = 225.1
| May sun = 276
| Jun sun = 305.1
| Jul sun = 321.9
| Aug sun = 317.3
| Sep sun = 225.1
| Oct sun = 166.8
| Nov sun = 107.7
| Dec sun = 69.1
| year sun =
| Jan uv =1
| Feb uv =2
| Mar uv =4
| Apr uv =5
| May uv =7
| Jun uv =9
| Jul uv =9
| Aug uv =8
| Sep uv =6
| Oct uv =4
| Nov uv =2
| Dec uv =1
| source = [[NOAA]]/[[WMO]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/ | title=Index of /Archive/Arc0216/0253808/2.2/Data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT |title=Station Name: Sofia |publisher=United States [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent.php?year=2020&month=12&stat=15614&an_per=no_an&sty=1991&endy=2020&t_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel | title=Век. месечен архив Бг |work=Stringmeteo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2010&month=12&stat=2064&sty=1991&endy=2010&prm_in=on&ssh_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel | title=Век. месечен архив Бг |work=Stringmeteo.com}}</ref><ref>https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fclimate_bg%2FAbsolute_Maximum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK {{Bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fclimate_bg%2FAbsolute_Minimum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK {{Bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>https://web.uni-plovdiv.net/vedrin/sg/sg-bg-1947-1948.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2021&month=11&day=05&city=15614&int=1&submit=%CF%CE%CA%C0%C6%C8 | title=Времето София » 05.11.2021 }}</ref> Climatebase.ru<ref>{{cite web | url=http://climatebase.ru/station/15614/from2000?lang=en | title=Browser Check Page }}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate |title=Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309081520/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
=== Environment ===
The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and [[nitrogen oxide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html|title="Дружба", "Надежда" и "Павлово" са с най-мръсен въздух в София – Mediapool.bg|work=mediapool.bg|date=16 March 2012 |access-date=13 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121659/http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. Smog thus persists over the city as [[Inversion (meteorology)|temperature inversions]] and the mountains surrounding the city prevent the circulation of air masses.<ref name="SG1"/><ref name="AFP"/> As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|first=Danny|last=Hakim|title=Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|archive-date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723155416/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Particulate matter]] concentrations are consistently above the norm.<ref name="AFP">{{cite AV media |date=20 December 2015 |title=Environment: Sofia, most polluted capital of Europe |medium=News report |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCQPxk8uBSM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/HCQPxk8uBSM| archive-date=2021-10-30|access-date=26 October 2018|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During the October 2017 – March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;<ref name="SG1">{{cite web|url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/|title=Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter|publisher=The Sofia Globe|date=4 April 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222412/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/|url-status=live}}</ref> on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632 μg/m<sup>3</sup>,<ref name="SG2">{{cite web|url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/|title=Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018|publisher=The Sofia Globe|date=6 January 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222458/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> some twelve times the EU norm of 50 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm|title=Air Quality Standards|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022181400/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Even areas with few sources of air pollution, like [[Gorna Banya]], had PM2.5 and PM10 levels above safe thresholds.<ref name="SG2"/> In response to hazardous spikes in air pollution, the Municipal Council implemented a variety of measures in January 2018, like more frequent washing of streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution|title=Sofia Municipal Council Adopted Measures to Tackle Air Pollution|publisher=[[Bulgarian National Television]]|date=25 January 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061521/https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a report by the [[European Court of Auditors]] issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. The report also noted that no industrial pollution monitoring stations operate in Sofia, even though industrial facilities are active in the city. A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html|title=Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollutionКопирано от fidget.bg|newspaper=Standard|date=12 September 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061542/http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017.<ref name="SG1"/> The [[European Commission]] has taken Bulgaria to court over its failure to curb air pollution.<ref name="AFP"/>
==History==
{{Main|History of Sofia}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Bronze coin of Serdi Celts.jpg|thumb|right|
'''[[Obverse and reverse|O]]''': head of [[river-god]] [[Strymon (mythology)|Strymon]]; '''[[Obverse and reverse|R]]''': [[trident]].<br />
This coin imitates [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] issue from 187 to 168 BC. It was struck by [[Serdi]] tribe as their own currency.]]
[[File:Festung Serdica Sofia 20090405 006.JPG|thumb|The eastern gate of Serdica in the "Complex Ancient Serdica"]]
===Prehistory and antiquity===
The area has a history of nearly 7,000 years,<ref name=plants>{{cite book|last1=John G. Kelcey|last2=Norbert Müller|title=Plants and Habitats of European Cities|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|location=Czech Republic; Germany – University of Applied Sciences Erfurt|isbn=978-0-387-89684-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455|date=7 June 2011|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142929/https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455|url-status=live}}</ref> with the great attraction of the hot water springs that still flow abundantly in the centre of the city. The neolithic village in [[Slatina, Sofia|Slatina]] dating to the 5th–6th millennium BC is documented.<ref>Boev, Zlatozar. (2009). Avian Remains from an Early Neolithic Settlement of Slatina (Present Sofia City, Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 61. 151–156.</ref> Another neolithic settlement was founded in the 3rd–4th millennium BC near the site of the modern [[National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)|National Art Gallery]], which has been the traditional centre of the city ever since.<ref name="sofiaculture.bg">{{cite web|url=http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905032923/http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2017|title=София – 130 години столица на България|work=sofiaculture.bg}}</ref>
The earliest tribes who settled were the [[Thracians|Thracian]] [[Tilataei]].
In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the [[Odrysian kingdom]] from another Thracian tribe the [[Odrysses]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BulWTours|date=2015-07-20|title=Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans|url=https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Bulgaria Wine Tours|language=en-US|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209033300/https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 339 BC [[Philip II of Macedon]] destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time.<ref name=Routledge>{{cite book|last1=Trudy|first1=Ring|last2=Noelle|first2=Watson|last3=Paul|first3=Schellinger|title=Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661|publisher=Routledge|access-date=20 December 2015|date=5 November 2013|isbn=9781134259588|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819201317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe [[Serdi]] gave their name to the city.<ref>''The Cambridge Ancient History'', Volume 3, Part 2:, {{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, page 600</ref> The earliest mention of the city comes from an [[Athens|Athenian]] inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting ''Astiu ton Serdon'', i.e. city of the Serdi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kultura.bg/web/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0/ |title=Емил Коцев 24.04.2016 9:331205 ИЗГУБЕНАТА СТОЛИЦА |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204164315/http://kultura.bg/web/%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0-%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the inscription and to the writings of [[Dio Cassius]], the Roman general [[Crassus]] subdued the Serdi and behanded the captives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/51*.html |title=Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141028175826/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/51%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dio Cassius, [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Ptolemy]] say that in 27–29 BC Crassus attacked the region "Segetike", which is assumed to be Serdica, or the city of the Serdi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xoMAQAAMAAJ |title=Trakii︠a︡ – Том 12 – Страница 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden König Siras verbündete der Römer waren ergab dies den Vorwand für den Kriegszug von Crassus. Über die Segetike (wohl irrtümlich für Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es aus Dio Cass. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)" |year=1998 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214517/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=2xoMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aZTAAAAIAAJ |title=Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Akademai Klado, 1966. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. Hilfe, eroberte das Land der Serden (bei Dio Segetika) und kam plündernd ins." |year=1966 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214509/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=7aZTAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ Jenő Fitz. Limes. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1977 "As Macedonia itself was in danger, Crassus readily advanced as far as Segetika (-Serdica)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214458/https://books.google.bg/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ |date=12 October 2018 }}, {{ISBN|9789630513012}}</ref> The ancient city is located between [[TZUM (Sofia)|TZUM]], [[Sheraton Hotel]] and the Presidency.<ref name="sofiaculture.bg"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ivanov|first1=Rumen|title=Roman cities in Bulgaria|date=2006|publisher=Bulgarian Bestseller--National Museum of Bulgarian Books and Polygraphy |isbn=9789544630171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820020321/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It gradually became the most important Roman city of the region.<ref name=world/><ref name="books.google.bg"/> It became a ''municipium'' during the reign of Emperor [[Trajan]] (98–117). Serdica expanded, as [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s, protective walls, [[public bathing|public baths]], administrative and cult buildings, a civic [[basilica]], an [[amphitheatre]], a circus, the [[City council]] (Boulé), a large forum, a big circus (theatre), etc. were built. Serdica was a significant city on the Roman road [[Via Militaris]], connecting [[Singidunum]] and [[Byzantium]]. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of [[Dacia Aureliana]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last = Bowman|editor1-first = Alan K.|editor2-last = Garnsey|editor2-first = Peter|editor3-last = Cameron|editor3-first = Averil|last = Wilkes|first = John|chapter = Provinces and Frontiers|page = 253|title = The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC|publisher = Cambridge University Press|volume = 12|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-521-30199-2|access-date = 29 October 2015|archive-date = 10 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151110193202/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC|url-status = live}}</ref> and when Emperor [[Diocletian]] divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the [[Danube]]) and [[Dacia (Roman province)|Dacia Mediterranea]], Serdica became the capital of the latter. Serdica's citizens of [[Thracians|Thracian]] descent were referred to as [[Illyrians]]<ref name=Routledge/> probably because it was at some time the capital of [[Eastern Illyria]] ([[Second Illyria]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature|date=1827|location=University of Minnesota|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819154709/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:20140618 Sofia 09.jpg|thumb|Dated from the early 4th century, the [[Church of Saint George, Sofia|Church of Saint George]] is the oldest standing edifice in Sofia.]]
Roman emperors [[Aurelian]] (215–275)<ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Randall Titus|title=A biography of the Emperor Aurelian (AD 270–275)|pages=106–7|publisher=Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services|year=1992}}</ref> and [[Galerius]] (260–311)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22|title=Eutropius: Book IX|work=thelatinlibrary.com|access-date=16 February 2012|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910113513/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22|url-status=live}}</ref> were born in Serdica.
The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an [[State religion|official religion]] (under [[Galerius]]). The [[Edict of Toleration by Galerius]] was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of "[[religio licita]]", a worship recognised and accepted by the Roman Empire. It was the first edict legalising Christianity, preceding the [[Edict of Milan]] by two years.
Serdica was the capital of the [[Diocese of Dacia]] (337–602).
For [[Constantine the Great]] it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). He considered making Serdica the capital of the [[Byzantine Empire]] instead of Constantinople.<ref>Nikolova, Kapka [https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ |date=20 August 2020 }} University of Indiana. "''Emperor Constantine the Great even considered the possibility for Serdika to become the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire''"</ref> which was already not dissimilar to a [[Tetrarchy|tetrarchic]] capital of the Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Bernard|title=Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-03250-8|page=237|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142448/https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237|url-status=live}}</ref> In 343 AD, the [[Council of Sardica]] was held in the city, in a church located where the current 6th century [[Hagia Sophia Church (Sofia)|Church of Saint Sophia]] was later built.
The city was destroyed in the [[Theodosius II#Wars with the Huns, Vandals, and Persians|447 invasion]] of the [[Huns]] and laid in ruins for a century<ref name=Routledge/> It was rebuilt by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]]. During the reign of Justinian it flourished, being surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today.
Anthony Vallone was the king!!!!! In 1870 some say that he may return to buss down slayyy!
=== Early modern history ===
From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. It became the capital of the [[beylerbey]]lik of [[Rumelia]] ([[Rumelia Eyalet]]), the [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire|province]] that administered the Ottoman lands in [[Europe]] (the [[Balkans]]), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of [[Anatolia]]. It was the capital of the important [[Sanjak of Sofia]] as well, including the whole of [[Thrace]] with [[Plovdiv]] and [[Edirne]], and part of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] with [[Thessaloniki]] and [[Skopje]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Godisnjak | publisher=Drustvo Istoricara Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ | year=1950 | page=174 | quote=Санџак Софија Овај је санџак основан око г. 1393. | access-date=27 June 2019 | archive-date=18 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818181152/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>
During the initial stages of the [[Crusade of Varna]] in 1443, it was occupied by Hungarian forces for a short time in 1443, and the Bulgarian population celebrated a mass [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]]. Following the defeat of the crusader forces in 1444, the city's Christians faced persecution. In 1530 Sofia became the capital of the [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman province]] (beylerbeylik) of [[Rumelia]] for about three centuries. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the [[Republic of Ragusa]]. In the 15th and 16th century, Sofia was expanded by Ottoman building activity. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. Amongst others, the population consisted of [[Muslim]]s, [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] speaking [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], [[Armenians]], [[Georgians]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Ragusans, Jews ([[Romaniote Jews|Romaniote]], [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi]]), and [[Romani people]].<ref name=":0" /> The 16th century was marked by a wave of persecutions against the Bulgarian Christians, a total of nine became [[New Martyrs]] in Sofia and were sainted by the Orthodox Church, including [[George of Kratovo|George the New]] (1515), Sophronius of Sofia (1515), George the Newest (1530), [[St. Nicholas of Sofia|Nicholas of Sofia]] (1555) and Terapontius of Sofia (1555).<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=165, 167–169}}</ref>
[[File:Sofia-oberbauer.png|thumb|alt=Sofia with the clock tower|Sofia in mid-19th-century]]
When it comes to the cityscape, 16th century sources mention eight [[Jama Masjid|Friday mosques]], three public libraries, numerous schools, 12 churches, three synagogues, and the largest [[bedesten]] (market) of the Balkans.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, there were fountains and ''[[Turkish bath|hammams]]'' (bathhouses). Most prominent churches such as Saint Sofia and Saint George were converted into mosques, and a number of new ones were constructed, including [[Banya Bashi Mosque]] built by the renowned Ottoman architect [[Mimar Sinan]]. In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=154–155}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sofia – Trip around Sofia|url=http://old.omda.bg/biblioteka/obikolka_sofia_1968/obikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm|publisher=Balkan tourist, 1968|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050426/http://old.omda.bg/biblioteka/obikolka_sofia_1968/obikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1610 the [[Catholic Church|Vatican]] established the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv|See of Sofia]] for Catholics of [[Rumelia]], which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated.<ref>{{Catholic|title=Sardica|url=http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Sardica}}</ref> There was an important uprising against Ottoman rule in Sofia, [[Samokov]] and Western Bulgaria in 1737.
Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. 1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 42% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the [[kaza]] of Sofia and the amount of middle-class and poor Christians were equal.<ref>[[Kemal Karpat]] (1985), [https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7 Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010124553/https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7 |date=10 October 2019 }}, [[The University of Wisconsin Press]], p. 36</ref> Since the 18th century the ''[[beylerbey]]s'' of Rumelia often stayed in [[Bitola]], which became the official capital of the province in 1826. Sofia remained the seat of a [[sanjak]] (district). By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the [[Bulgarian National Revival]]. In 1858 [[Nedelya Petkova]] created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. In 1867 was inaugurated the first ''[[chitalishte]]'' in Sofia – a Bulgarian cultural institution. In 1870 the Bulgarian revolutionary [[Vasil Levski]] established a [[Internal Revolutionary Organization|revolutionary committee]] in the city and in the neighbouring villages. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans.
===Modern and contemporary history===
During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]], [[Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman general)|Suleiman Pasha]] threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, [[Vito Positano]], Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Many Bulgarian residents of Sofia armed themselves and sided with the Russian forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://militera.lib.ru/h/genov/09.html|title=ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Генов Ц. Русско-турецкая война 1877–1878 гг. и подвиг освободителей|work=lib.ru|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025341/http://militera.lib.ru/h/genov/09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sofia was relieved (see [[Battle of Sofia]]) from [[Ottoman rule of Bulgaria|Ottoman rule]] by [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian forces]] under Gen. [[Iosif Gurko]] on 4 January 1878. It was proposed as a capital by [[Marin Drinov]] and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. By the time of its liberation the population of the city was 11,649.<ref>Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). "Sofia. 125 years a capital. 1879–2004". "Guttenberg". {{ISBN|978-954-617-011-8}}</ref>
Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers.{{Sfn | Crampton | 2006 | p = 114}}<ref>{{Citation | last = Crampton | first = RJ | title = A Concise History of Bulgaria | place = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2006 | orig-year = 1997 | isbn = 0-521-85085-1}}</ref> Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif|thumb|The [[Bombing of Sofia in World War II|allied bombing of Sofia in World War II]] in 1944]]
For a few decades after the liberation, Sofia experienced large population growth, mainly by migration from other regions of the Principality (Kingdom since 1908) of Bulgaria, and from the still Ottoman [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace]].
In 1900, the first electric lightbulb in the city was turned on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html |title=E-novinar.com – Новините на едно място |language=bg |trans-title=Mohailova, Tihomria. In 1900 the first electric lamp lit the streets of Sofia. Novinar |work=novinar.bg |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618064512/http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the [[Second Balkan War]], Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. When the [[Romanian Army]] entered [[Vrazhdebna]] in 1913, then a village {{convert|7|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip}} from Sofia, now a suburb,<ref name="Hall97">Hall (2000), p. 97.</ref> this prompted the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Tsardom of Bulgaria]] to capitulate.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} During the war, Sofia was flown by the [[Romanian Air Corps]], which engaged on photoreconnaissance operations and threw propaganda pamphlets to the city. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.<ref name="Hall118">Hall (2000), p. 118.</ref>
During the [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Second World War]], Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the [[Bombing of Sofia in World War II|US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia]]. As a consequence of the bombings thousands of buildings were destroyed or damaged including the Capital Library and thousands of books. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet [[Red Army]] and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany.
In 1945, the communist [[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland Front]] took power. The transformations of Bulgaria into the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin.
During the [[Bulgarian Communist Party|Communist Party]] rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.<ref>L. Ivanov. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal 1991 Sofia street naming proposal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025182101/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal |date=25 October 2017 }} Sofia City Place-names Commission, 22 January 1991.</ref>
The [[Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum]], where [[Georgi Dimitrov|Dimitrov's]] body had been preserved in a similar way to the [[Lenin mausoleum]], was demolished in 1999.
==Cityscape==
[[File:Cathedral Saint Alexander Nevsky (23997168458).jpg|thumb|left|A view over central Sofia, with the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]] in the foreground and [[Vitosha]] in the distance]]
In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. Until 1949, 13,114 buildings were constructed and between 10,000 and 20,000 in each following decade.<ref name=book/> Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. These vary from Christian Roman architecture and medieval Bulgarian fortresses to Neoclassicism and prefabricated Socialist-era apartment blocks, as well as newer glass buildings and international architecture. A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings are preserved in the centre of the city. These include the 4th century [[Church of St. George, Sofia|Rotunda of St. George]], the walls of the Serdica fortress and the partially preserved [[Amphitheatre of Serdica]].
After the Liberation War, knyaz [[Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria|Alexander Battenberg]] invited architects from [[Austria-Hungary]] to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.<ref name="Fig. Arts">{{cite book |last=Collective |title=Encyclopedia of Figurative Arts in Bulgaria, volume 1 |publisher=[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1980 |location=Sofia |pages=209–210}}</ref>
Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were [[Friedrich Grünanger]], Adolf Václav Kolář, and [[Viktor Rumpelmayer]], who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite.<ref name="Fig. Arts"/> Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]], Neo-[[Rococo]], [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Neo-Renaissance]] and [[Neoclassicism]], with the [[Vienna Secession]] also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European.
After World War II and the establishment of a [[Communist state|Communist government]] in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist Gothic]] public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around [[Largo, Sofia|The Largo]], Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete [[tower block]]s, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of [[Brutalist architecture]].
After the abolition of [[Communism]] in 1989, Sofia witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skyscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. The {{convert|126|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Capital Fort]] Business Centre is the first skyscraper in Bulgaria, with its 36 floors. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today.
[[File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg|Interior of the ancient [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]]|thumb]]
[[File:Sofia '17 (24614289157) ver 2.jpg|[[Neoclassical architecture]], Polygraphia office center|thumb]]
===Green areas===
[[File:Borisova gradina autumn.jpg|thumb|left|[[Borisova gradina]]]]
The city has an extensive [[green belt]]. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. There are four principal parks – [[Borisova gradina]] in the city centre and the ''Southern'', ''Western'' and ''Northern'' parks. Several smaller parks, among which the [[Vazrazhdane Park]], [[Zaimov Park]], [[City Garden (Sofia)|City Garden]] and the [[Doctors' Garden]], are located in central Sofia. The [[Vitosha]] Nature Park (the oldest [[national park]] in the [[Balkans]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?>ype=21 |title=National parks in the world |publisher=journey.bg |access-date=24 May 2008 |language=bg |archive-date=23 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523163142/http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?>ype=21 |url-status=live }}</ref> includes most of [[Vitosha]] mountain and covers an area of {{convert|266|km²|0|abbr=out}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vitoshamount.hit.bg/ |title=Vitosha Mountain |publisher=vitoshamount.hit.bg |access-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20040620025050/http://www.vitoshamount.hit.bg/ |archive-date=20 June 2004 }}</ref> with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. Vitosha mountain is a popular hiking destination due to its proximity and ease of access via car and public transport. Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. The mountain offers favourable skiing conditions during the winter. During the 1970s and the 1980s multiple ski slopes of varying difficulty were made available. Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work.
==Government and law==
===Local government===
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|caption='''Total''' votes: 329 027<br />[[2023 Bulgarian local elections]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sofia Council - Общински съветници 2023-2027|url=https://council.sofia.bg/web/guest/councilors2023-2027|access-date=2024-07-02|website=council.sofia.bg}}</ref>
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[[File:Sofia districts.svg|thumb|A map of the 24 districts of Sofia]]
[[Sofia Capital Municipality|Sofia Municipality]] is identical to [[Sofia City Province]], which is distinct from [[Sofia Province]], which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages.<ref name="District Mayors">{{cite web
|url=http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council
|title=District Mayors
|publisher=Sofia Municipality
|access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220184844/http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council
|archive-date=20 December 2009 }}</ref> Districts and settlements have their own mayor who is elected in a popular election. The assembly members are chosen every four years. The common head of Sofia Municipality and all the 38 settlements is the [[List of mayors of Sofia|mayor of Sofia]].<ref name="District Mayors"/> The mayor [[Vasil Terziev]] is serving his first term, having won the [[2023 Sofia mayoral election|2023 election]] as the nominee of the [[PP-DB]] coalition and the local [[Spasi Sofia|Save Sofia]] party. After winning the first round of the election without receiving the majority of votes, Terziev entered a tight runoff against [[Bulgarian Socialist Party|BSP]] candidate [[Vanya Grigorova]], which he won with 175,044 votes, compared to Grigorova’s 170,258. <ref>https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur1/rezultati/2246.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur2/rezultati/2246.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! District
! km<sup>2</sup>
! Pop.
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
! Extent
! Mayor
|-
| 1 || [[Sredets, Sofia|Sredets]] || 3 || 32,423 || 10,807 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 2 || [[Krasno selo]] || 7 || 83,552 || 11,936 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 3 || [[Vazrazhdane]] || 3 || 37,303 || 12,434 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 4 || [[Oborishte, Sofia|Oborishte]] || 3 || 31,060 || 10,353 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 5 || [[Serdika]] || 18 || 46,949 || 2,608 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 6 || [[Poduyane]] || 11 || 76,672 || 6,970 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 7 || [[Slatina, Sofia|Slatina]] || 13 || 66,702 || 5,130 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 8 || [[Izgrev, Sofia|Izgrev]] || 5 || 30,896 || 6,179 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 9 || [[Lozenets, Sofia|Lozenets]] || 9 || 53,080 || 5,897 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 10 || [[Triaditsa, Sofia|Triaditsa]] || 10 || 63,451 || 6,345 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 11 || [[Krasna polyana]] || 9 || 58,234 || 6,470 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 12 || [[Ilinden, Sofia|Ilinden]] || 3 || 33,236 || 11,078 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 13 || [[Nadezhda, Sofia|Nadezhda]] || 19 || 67,905 || 3,573 || City ||[[GERB]]
|-
| 14 || [[Iskar, Sofia|Iskar]] || 26 || 63,248 || 2,432 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 15 || [[Mladost, Sofia|Mladost]] || 17 || 102,899 || 6,052 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 16 || [[Studentski grad (Sofia)|Studentski]] || 9 || 71,961 || 7,995 || City ||Independent
|-
| 17 || [[Vitosha, Sofia|Vitosha]] || 123 || 61,467 || 499 || City/satellites || [[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 18 || [[Ovcha kupel]] || 42 || 54,320 || 1,293 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 19 || [[Lyulin, Sofia|Lyulin]] || 22 || 114,910 || 5,223 || City ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 20 || [[Vrabnitsa, Sofia|Vrabnitsa]] || 44 || 47,969 || 1,090 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 21 || [[Novi Iskar]] || 220 || 28,991 || 131 || Satellites ||Independent
|-
| 22 || [[Kremikovtsi]] || 256 || 23,641 || 92 || City/satellites ||[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP-DB]]
|-
| 23 || [[Pancharevo]] || 407 || 28,586 || 70 || Satellites ||[[GERB]]
|-
| 24 || [[Bankya]] || 53 || 12,136 || 228 || Satellites ||[[GERB]]
|-
| || TOTAL || 1342|| 1,291,591|| 962 ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=bTV |url=https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/rezultatite-v-sofija-eto-koi-sa-vsichki-kmetove-na-rajonite-i-kmetstvata.html}}</ref>
|}
===National government===
Sofia is the seat of the executive ([[Government of Bulgaria|Council of Ministers]]), [[legislative]] ([[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]]) and [[judiciary]] ([[Supreme Court of Bulgaria|Supreme Court]] and [[Constitutional Court of Bulgaria|Constitutional Court]]) bodies of Bulgaria, as well as all government agencies, ministries, the [[Bulgarian National Bank|National Bank]], and the delegation of the [[European Commission]]. The [[President of Bulgaria|President]], along with the Council of Ministers, is located on [[Largo, Sofia|Independence Square]], also known as The Largo or ''The Triangle of Power''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite|title="Триъгълникът на властта" или Ларгото: Как се е променял през годините|trans-title=The Triangle of Power or The Largo: How It Changed Throughout the Years|publisher=Bulgarian National Television|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606210152/https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the three buildings in the architectural ensemble, the former [[Bulgarian Communist Party]] headquarters, is due to become the seat of the Parliament. A refurbishment project is due to be completed in mid-2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bnt.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati|title=Как ще изглежда новата пленарна зала на българските депутати?|trans-title=What will the new Parliament hall look like?|publisher=Bulgarian National Television|date=2 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145527/https://bntnews.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Bulgaria National Assembly Building|old National Assembly]] building will become a museum or will only host ceremonial political events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html|title=Народното събрание – музей?|trans-title=The National Assembly – a Museum?|publisher=BTV Novinite|date=7 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008140007/https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:National Assembly main building, Sofia, October 2016 02.jpg|The [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]] building|thumb]]
[[File:Party House, Sofia (by Pudelek).JPG|The [[Government of Bulgaria|Council of Ministers]] (left), [[President of Bulgaria|Presidency]] (right) and the former Communist Party House|thumb]]
Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the [[23rd Multi-member Constituency|23rd]], [[24th Multi-member Constituency|24th]] and [[25th Multi-member Constituency|25th Multi-member Constituencies]], which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27|title=РЕШЕНИЕ № 4149-НС София, 27.01.2017|trans-title=Resolution No. 4149-NS Sofia|publisher=Central Electoral Commission|date=27 January 2017|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404155706/https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Crime ===
With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people ({{As of|2009|lc=y}}) Sofia is a relatively safe capital city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide|title=Where are world's deadliest major cities?|first=Mona|last=Chalabi|date=30 November 2012|work=theguardian.com|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123211112/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including [[Bulgarian mafia]] killings, caused problems in the city,<ref name="CoulbyCowen2013">{{cite book|author1=David Coulby|author2=Robert Cowen|author3=Crispin Jones|title=World Yearbook of Education 2000: Education in Times of Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ai3MC8X1qYC&pg=PA10|date=17 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-16603-7|page=10|quote=crime rates have exploded in Sofia as well as in Moscow and St Petersburg.|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418021743/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ai3MC8X1qYC&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref> where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,<ref name="Noutcheva2012">{{cite book|author=Gergana Noutcheva|title=European Foreign Policy and the Challenges of Balkan Accession: Conditionality, legitimacy and compliance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB8fKw5rSgEC&pg=PA192|date=26 July 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-30619-8|page=192|quote=The strongest EU demand – structural changes of the judicial system – had to do with the crime rate in Bulgaria and the apparent impotence of the authorities in Sofia to convict any of the murderes in the high-profile mafia killings that shook the country in 2003–2005.|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418012159/https://books.google.com/books?id=nB8fKw5rSgEC&pg=PA192|url-status=live}}</ref> which had caused the [[European Commission]] to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime<ref name="Economist">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|title=Bulgarian Crime – Where killing is a habit|date=27 October 2005|url=http://www.economist.com/node/5090978|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115824/http://www.economist.com/node/5090978|archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6220591.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Europe – Romania and Bulgaria join the EU|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145528/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1622300127537&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20Europe%20%7C%20Romania%20and%20Bulgaria%20join%20the%20EU&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6220591.stm&rp=|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the most severe crimes are [[contract killings]] that are connected to [[organised crime]], but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229002025/https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096|archive-date=29 December 2016|title=Bulgaria 2015 Crime and Safety Report|date=29 December 2016}}</ref> [[Crime in Bulgaria#Corruption|Corruption in Bulgaria]] also affects Sofia's authorities. According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, [[petty theft]] and [[vandalism]].<ref>[http://www.novinite.com/articles/163273/Crime+Rates+in+Bulgaria's+Sofia+on+the+Rise#sthash.flBwRpGL.dpuf Crime Rates in Bulgaria's Sofia on the Rise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522164239/http://www.novinite.com/articles/163273/Crime+Rates+in+Bulgaria%27s+Sofia+on+the+Rise#sthash.flBwRpGL.dpuf |date=22 May 2015 }} Novinite</ref> According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Most Dangerous Cities in Europe|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-dangerous-cities-2011-9?op=1|publisher=Business Insider Inc.|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211900/http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-dangerous-cities-2011-9?op=1|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, the consumer-reported perceived crime risk on the [[Numbeo]] database was "high" for theft and vandalism and "low" for violent crimes; safety while walking during daylight was rated "very high", and "moderate" during the night.<ref name="Numbeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.numbeo.com/crime/city_result.jsp?country=Bulgaria&city=Sofia|title=Crime in Sofia. Safety in Sofia.|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919075244/http://www.numbeo.com/crime/city_result.jsp?country=Bulgaria&city=Sofia|archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> With 1,600 prisoners, the [[incarceration rate]] is above 0.1%;<ref>[http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html The prison in Sofia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063024/http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Gdin</ref> however, roughly 70% of all prisoners are part of the [[Romani people in Bulgaria|Romani minority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=4583604|title=Само 10 000 в затвора, 7000 от тях са цигани|website=24chasa.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124083636/http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=4583604|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{See also|Tourist attractions in Sofia|List of churches in Sofia}}
===Arts and entertainment===
{{see also|Art galleries in Sofia}}
[[File:Aleksander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia BUL.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral]] dedicated to [[Alexander Nevsky]]]]
Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. There were 3,162 theatric performances with 570,568 people attending in 2014.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=159}} The [[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]], which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. The [[National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria]] is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. Regular performances began in 1909. Some of Bulgaria's most famous operatic singers, such as [[Nicolai Ghiaurov]] and [[Ghena Dimitrova]], made their first appearances on the stage of the National Opera and Ballet.
Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=160}} Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]]. ''Odeon'' (not part of the [[Odeon Cinemas]] chain) shows exclusively European and independent American films, as well as 20th century classics. The Boyana Film studios was at the centre of a once-thriving domestic film industry, which declined significantly after 1990. [[Nu Image]] acquired the studios to upgrade them into [[Nu Boyana Film Studios]], used to shoot scenes for a number of action movies like ''[[The Expendables 2]]'', ''[[Rambo: Last Blood]]'' and ''[[London Has Fallen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99|title=UPDATE: Stallone Returning to NU BOYANA Film Studios in Bulgaria for 'Rambo 5'|publisher=Novinite|date=30 August 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831164251/https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits|title=London Has Fallen: Company Credits|publisher=IMDb.com|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127202134/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Museum of Contemporary Art - Sofia Arsenal Front facade, Софийски арсенал - Музей за съвременно изкуство.jpg|thumb|left|The Museum of Contemporary Art]]
Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. Since 2015, the [[National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)|National Art Gallery]], located in the former [[Royal Palace (Sofia)|royal palace]], the [[National Gallery for Foreign Art]] (NGFA) and the [[Museum of Contemporary Art – Sofia Arsenal]] were merged to form the [[National Gallery]]. Its largest branch is Kvadrat 500, located on the NFGA premises, where some 2,000 works are on display in twenty eight exhibition halls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum |title=(source) |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816161734/http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> The collections encompass diverse cultural items, from [[Ashanti Empire]] sculptures and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] art to [[Dutch Golden Age]] painting, works by [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Jean-Baptiste Greuze]] and [[Auguste Rodin]]. The [[crypt]] of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. It holds a collection of Eastern Orthodox icons from the 9th to the 19th century.
The [[National Historical Museum (Bulgaria)|National History Museum]], located in [[Boyana]], it has a vast collection of more than 650,000 historical items dating from Prehistory to the modern era, although only 10,000 of them are permanently displayed due to the lack of space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historymuseum.org/collection.php|title=Колекции – НИМ|website=Historymuseum.org|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217203853/http://www.historymuseum.org/collection.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Smaller collections of historical items are displayed in the [[National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)|National Archaeological Museum]], a former mosque located between the edifices of the National Bank and the Presidency. Two natural sciences museums—the [[National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)|Natural History Museum]] and [[Earth and Man National Museum|Earth and Man]]—display minerals, animal species (alive and [[Taxidermy|taxidermic]]) and rare materials. The Ethnographic Museum and the [[National Museum of Military History (Bulgaria)|Museum of Military History]] hold large collections of Bulgarian folk costumes and armaments, respectively. The [[National Polytechnical Museum|Polytechnical Museum]] has more than 1,000 technological items on display. The [[SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library]], the foremost information repository in the country, holds some 1,800,000 books and more than 7,000,000 documents, manuscripts, maps and other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg|title=Funds and collections|publisher=SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151523/http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Boyana Church Mural Paintings.jpg|thumb|right|Interior of the medieval [[Boyana Church]]]]
[[File:Banya Bashi Mosque (37849692391).jpg| The [[Banya Bashi Mosque]], an example of [[Ottoman architecture]]|thumb]]
The city houses many cultural institutes such as the Russian Cultural Institute, the [[Polish Cultural Institute]], the Hungarian Institute, the Czech and the Slovak Cultural Institutes, the [[Italian Cultural Institute]], [[Confucius Institute]], [[Institut Français]], [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institut]], [[British Council]] and [[Instituto Cervantes]] which regularly organise temporary expositions of visual, sound and literary works by artists from their respective countries.
Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the [[Bulgarian National Television]], [[BTV (Bulgaria)|bTV]] and [[Nova Television (Bulgaria)|Nova TV]]. Top-circulation newspapers include ''[[24 Chasa]]'' and ''[[Dneven Trud|Trud]]''.
The [[Boyana Church]], a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage site, contains realistic frescoes, depicting more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes, were painted. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a [[Renaissance]] phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.<ref name="ecker">{{cite book|title= Bulgarien. Kunstdenkmäler aus vier Jahrtausenden von den Thrakern bis zur Gegenwart.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205|language= de|last= Ecker|first= Gerhard|publisher= DuMont Buchverlag|location= Köln|year= 1984|isbn= 9783406398667|access-date= 12 September 2017|archive-date= 20 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200820024306/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205|url-status= live}}</ref>
===Tourism===
Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. Among its highlights is the [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]], one of the symbols of Bulgaria, constructed in the late 19th century. It occupies an area of {{convert|3170|m2|0|abbr=off}} and can hold 10,000 people.
The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including ''Complex Ancient Serdica'', eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. [[Church of St. George, Sofia|church of St. George Rotunda]], [[amphitheatre of Serdica]], the tombs and basilicas under the [[Saint Sophia Church, Sofia|basilica of St. Sophia]].
[[Vitosha Boulevard]], also called ''Vitoshka'', is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafés, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and [[luxury good]]s stores. Sofia's [[geographic coordinate system|geographic location]], in the foothills of the weekend retreat [[Vitosha]] mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere.<gallery mode="packed" caption="Some of tourist attraction in Sofia">
File:Ivan Vazov National Theatre, Sofia.JPG|[[Ivan Vazov National Theatre]]
File:Boulevard Vitosha (5) (37448099450).jpg|[[Vitosha Boulevard]], the main shopping street in the city
File:Central Market Hall in Sofia 2012 PD 07.jpg|[[Central Sofia Market Hall]]
File:St. George Rotunda, Sofia, Bulgaria (17680380465).jpg|[[Church of Saint George, Sofia|Church of Saint George]]
File:Gallery for Foreign Art TodorBozhinov 041009.jpg|[[National Gallery for Foreign Art]]
</gallery>
==Sports==
[[File:Vasil Levski National Stadium 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Vasil Levski National Stadium]]]]
A large number of sports clubs are based in the city. During the Communist era, most sports clubs concentrated on all-round sporting development, therefore [[USC CSKA Sofia|CSKA]], [[Levski Sofia (sports club)|Levski]], [[PFC Lokomotiv Sofia|Lokomotiv]], and [[PFC Slavia Sofia|Slavia]] are dominant not only in football, but in many other team sports as well. Basketball and volleyball also have strong traditions in Sofia. A notable local [[basketball]] team is twice [[Euroleague#Champions 1958-2008|European Champions Cup]] finalist [[PBC Lukoil Academic|Lukoil Akademik]]. The [[Bulgarian Volleyball Federation]] is the world's second-oldest, and it was an exhibition tournament organised by the BVF in Sofia that convinced the [[International Olympic Committee]] to include volleyball as an [[Volleyball at the Summer Olympics#History|olympic sport]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm
|title=BVA-News
|publisher=balkanvolleyball.org
|access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220025206/http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm
|archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> Tennis is increasingly popular in the city. There are some ten<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sofia.bg/templkomp.asp?ime=TENISK%7D&title=%D1%F2%EE%EB%E8%F7%E5%ED%20%EA%EE%EC%EF%E0%F1&pathtitle=sport&opis=%D1%EF%EE%F0%F2
|title = Sofia municipality — Tennis courts
|publisher = sofia.bg
|access-date = 11 May 2008
}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[tennis court]] complexes within the city including the one founded by former [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] top-five athlete [[Magdalena Maleeva]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.maleevaclub.com/
| title=Тенис Клуб Малееви
| publisher=maleevaclub.com
| access-date=11 May 2008
| archive-date=14 March 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314024228/http://maleevaclub.com/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
Sofia applied to host the [[Winter Olympic Games]] in 1992 and in 1994, coming second and third respectively. The city was also an applicant for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]], but was not selected as candidate. In addition, Sofia hosted [[EuroBasket 1957]] and the [[1961 Summer Universiade|1961]] and [[1977 Summer Universiade]]s, as well as the [[1983 Winter Universiade|1983]] and [[1989 Winter Universiade|1989 winter editions]]. In 2012, it hosted the [[FIVB World League]] finals.
[[File:Garanti Koza Sofia Open - at Arena Armeets.jpg|thumb|right|Arena Sofia during the [[ATP Sofia Open]]]]
The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat [[Vasil Levski National Stadium]] which hosts international football matches, as well as [[Stadion Balgarska Armia|Balgarska Armia Stadium]], [[Georgi Asparuhov Stadium]] and [[Lokomotiv Stadium (Sofia)|Lokomotiv Stadium]], the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. [[Arena Sofia]] holds many indoor events and has a capacity of up to 19,000 people depending on its use. The venue was inaugurated on 30 July 2011, and the first event it hosted was a friendly volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia. There are two [[ice skating]] complexes — the [[Winter Sports Palace]] with a capacity of 4,600 and the Slavia Winter Stadium with a capacity of 2,000, both containing two rinks each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kunki.org/page.php?9 |title=Skate rinks in Sofia |publisher=kunki.org |access-date=11 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417162144/http://kunki.org/page.php?9 |archive-date=17 April 2008 }}</ref> A [[velodrome]] with 5,000 seats in the city's [[Borisova gradina|central park]] is undergoing renovation.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?guide=1916
| title=Journey.bg — History of the Sofia velodrome
| publisher=journey.bg
| access-date=11 May 2008
| archive-date=15 May 2005
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050515060503/http://www.journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?guide=1916
| url-status=live
}}</ref> There are also various other sports complexes in the city which belong to institutions other than football clubs, such as those of the [[National Sports Academy "Vasil Levski"|National Sports Academy]], the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]], or those of different universities. There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://tonus.tialoto.bg/article.php?id=2277
| title=Swimming pools in Sofia (including Spa centers)
| publisher=tonus.tialoto.bg
| access-date=11 May 2008
| archive-date=10 May 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510070734/http://tonus.tialoto.bg/article.php?id=2277
| url-status=live
}}</ref> Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people.
There are two [[golf]] courses just to the east of Sofia — in [[Elin Pelin]] (St Sofia club) and in [[Ihtiman]] (Air Sofia club), and a horseriding club (St George club).
Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative".
==Demographics==
[[File:Sofia population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Sofia population pyramid in 2021]]
'''Population over the years (in thousands):'''{{historical populations|1887|30501|1910|102812|1934|287095|1946|436623|1956|644727|1965|801111|1975|967214|1985|1114759|1992|1114925|2001|1091772|2011|1202761|2021|1183454|align=right|cols=1|source=Censuses<ref name="BAN">{{cite web |url=http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142758/http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cities of Bulgaria|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm|date=2024-04-03}}</ref>}}<timeline>
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bar:1939 from:0 till:401
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bar:1985 from:0 till:1121
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bar:2021 at: 1248 text: 1248 shift:(-14,5)
bar:2021 at: 1248 text: 1248 shift:(-14,5)
</timeline>
[[File:13.modelat bay Georgi i studenti ot akademiata.jpg|thumb|right|Students of the [[National Academy of Arts]] (circa 1952–53). People aged 20–25 years have been the most numerous group in the city since the process of Bulgarian urbanisation.]]
According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole [[Sofia Capital Municipality]] of 1,500,120.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population {{!}} National statistical institute |url=http://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6703/population |website=www.nsi.bg |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026220450/http://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6703/population |url-status=live }}</ref> The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 [[Bulgarians]], 3,538 [[Bulgarian Jews|Jews]], 839 [[Turkish people|Turks]], and 737 [[Romani people|Romani]].
The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,102. The [[birth rate]] per 1000 people was 12.3 per mile and steadily increasing in the last 5 years, the [[Mortality rate|death rate]] reaching 12.1 per mile and decreasing. The natural growth rate during 2009 was 0.2 per mile, the first positive growth rate in nearly 20 years. The considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are among the other reasons for the increase in Sofia's population. The [[infant mortality]] rate was 5.6 per 1,000, down from 18.9 in 1980. According to the 2011 census, people aged 20–24 years are the most numerous group, numbering 133,170 individuals and accounting for 11% of the total 1,202,761 people. The median age is 38 though. According to the census, 1,056,738 citizens (87.9%) are recorded as ethnic [[Bulgarians]], 17,550 (1.5%) as [[Romani people in Bulgaria|Romani]], 6,149 (0.5%) as [[Turks in Bulgaria|Turks]], 9,569 (0.8%) belonged to other ethnic groups, 6,993 (0.6%) do not self-identify and 105,762 (8.8%) remained with undeclared affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population|url=http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=175&sp2=190|website=nsi.bg|publisher=[[National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria]], 2011|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170703/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=175&sp2=190|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid=134487|title=Ромите са изолирани от бума в заетостта на Балканите|website=Mediapool.bg|date=11 December 2007 |access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706143153/http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid=134487|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as [[Eastern Orthodox]] Christians, 10,256 (0.8%) as [[Protestantism in Bulgaria|Protestant]], 6,767 (0.5%) as [[Islam in Bulgaria|Muslim]], 5,572 (0.4%) as [[Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria|Roman Catholic]], 4,010 (0.3%) belonged to other faith and 372,475 (28.8%) declared themselves [[irreligious]] or did not mention any faith. The data says that roughly a third of the total population have already earned a university degree. Of the population aged 15–64 – 265,248 people within the municipality (28.5%) are not economically active, the unemployed being another group of 55,553 people (6%), a large share of whom have completed higher education. The largest group are occupied in trading, followed by those in the [[manufacturing industry]]. Within the municipality, three-quarters, or 965,328 people are recorded as having access to television at home and 836,435 (64.8%) as having internet. Out of 464,865 homes – 432,847 have connection to the communal [[sanitary sewer]], while 2,732 do not have any. Of these 864 do not have any [[water supply]] and 688 have other than communal. Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as [[literacy|literate]]. The largest group of the population aged over 20 are recorded to live within marriage (46.3%), another 43.8% are recorded as single and another 9.9% as having other type of coexistence/partnership, whereas not married in total are a majority and among people aged up to 40 and over 70. The people with juridical status divorced or [[widow]]ed are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=2011 census, Sofia-capital |publisher=[[National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria]] |location=Sofia |page=37 40 43 68 71 74 99 117 132 190 193 196 |edition=23 |url=http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/fulltext.asp?content=/FullT/FulltOpen/P_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215111319/http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/fulltext.asp?content=%2FFullT%2FFulltOpen%2FP_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref>
Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after [[Plovdiv]], [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]] and [[Shumen]]. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/en/node/13035|title=Population and Demographic Processes in 2014 (Final data) – National statistical institute|website=Nsi.bg|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115165503/http://www.nsi.bg/en/node/13035|url-status=live}}</ref> thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding [[Districts of Sofia|rural suburbs]] and are called [[Shopi]]. Shopi speak the [[Bulgarian dialects|Western Bulgarian dialects]].<gallery mode="packed" caption="Religious buildings in Sofia">
File:"St. Alexander Nevsky" Cathedral - Храм "Свети Александър Невски" - panoramio - kuchin ster.jpg|[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]
File:Bulgaria Bulgaria-0546 - Church of St Nicholas the Miracle-Maker (7390227698).jpg|[[Russian Church, Sofia|Russian Church]]
File:Catholic cathedral Sofia.jpg|[[Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia|Cathedral of St Joseph]]
File:Софийска синагога (14113510160).jpg|[[Sofia Synagogue]]
File:05158-Sofia (8269331286).jpg|[[Banya Bashi Mosque]]
</gallery>
==Economy==
[[File:Bulgarian National Bank - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Bulgarian National Bank]] headquarters]]
Sofia is ranked as Beta- [[global city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the economic hub of Bulgaria and home to most major Bulgarian and international companies operating in the country, as well as the [[Bulgarian National Bank]] and the [[Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia|Bulgarian Stock Exchange]]. The city is ranked 62nd among financial centres worldwide.<ref name=GFCI>{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 27|date=March 2020|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328165551/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Sofia was ranked 30th out of 300 global cities in terms of combined growth in employment and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the highest one amongst cities in Southeast Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wire.seenews.com/news/sofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718|title=Sofia ranks 30th in GDP/capita, employment growth 2013–2014 global report|publisher=seenews.com|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621101427/http://wire.seenews.com/news/sofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718|url-status=dead}}</ref> The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor/bmpp_GMM_final.pdf?la=en|title=Global Metro Monitor An Uncertain recovery|website=brookings.edu|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142556/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor/bmpp_GMM_final.pdf?la=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, [[Forbes]] listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a [[Startup company|startup business]], because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available – one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa |title=10 Top Cities Around The World To Launch Your Startup |magazine=Forbes |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060404/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Business Park Sofia view 2.jpg|thumb|[[Business Park Sofia]]]]
The city's GDP (PPS) per capita stood at €29,600 ($33,760) in 2015, one of the highest in Southeast Europe and well above other cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RSI/#?vis=nuts3.economy&lang=en |title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant at current market prices), by NUTS 3 regions |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411093728/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RSI/#?vis=nuts3.economy&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The total nominal GDP in 2018 was 38.5 billion leva ($22.4 billion), or 33,437 leva ($19,454) per capita,<ref name="nsi1">{{cite web|url=https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions|title=GDP by Economic Sector and Region|publisher=National Statistical Institute|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212039/https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=64}} and average monthly wages in March 2020 were $1,071, the highest nationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nsi.bg/en/content/6412/statistical-regions-district |title=Average monthly wages and salaries of the employees under labour contract by statistical regions and districts |publisher=National Statistical Institute |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607204206/https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6412/statistical-regions-district |url-status=live }}</ref> Services dominate the economy, accounting for 88.6% of the [[gross value added]], followed by industry 11.3% and agriculture 0.1%.<ref name="nsi1"/>{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=72}}
[[File:Serdica Center, a shopping mall in Sofia 2012 PD 10.jpg|thumb|[[Serdika Center Sofia]]]]
Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, and food.<ref name="Face">{{cite web|url=http://sofiaecho.com/2004/09/16/631302_the-capitals-changing-face|title=Kapital Quarterly|website=Sofiaecho.com|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610061024/http://sofiaecho.com/2004/09/16/631302_the-capitals-changing-face|url-status=live}}</ref> The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship.<ref name="Face"/> However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed.
The most dynamic sectors include [[Information technology]] (IT) and manufacturing. Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members.<ref name="IS IT">{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/it-industry/|title=IT Sector in Sofia|publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221146/https://investsofia.com/en/it-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref> The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports.<ref name="IS IT"/> The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and startups. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of [[Coca-Cola]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/coca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2/|title=Coca-Cola Opens Its 2nd Largest Globally IT Center in Sofia|date=9 June 2018 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716191617/https://investsofia.com/en/coca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ubisoft Sofia|Ubisoft]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ubisoft Sofia |url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=www.ubisoft.com |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815000035/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320|title=Hewlett-Packard Bulgaria|publisher=Business Park Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717051823/https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/vmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people/|title=VMware to invest €23M and Grow the Site in Sofia to over 1500 People|date=7 May 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221206/https://investsofia.com/en/vmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Robert Bosch GmbH]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|title=Bosch Group Officially Opened its New Office in Sofia|date=25 June 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150010/https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Financial Times]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/financial-times-expands-team-sofia/|title=Financial Times Expands Its Team in Sofia|date=2 July 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224947/https://investsofia.com/en/financial-times-expands-team-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Experian]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/|title=The Software Company Experian Opened its New Office Building in Sofia|date=8 June 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221212/https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several office and tech clusters have been established across the city, including [[Business Park Sofia]], Sofia Tech Park, [[Capital Fort]] and others.
Manufacturing has registered a strong recovery since 2012, increasing the exports three-fold and the employment by 52% accounting for over 70,000 jobs.<ref name="IS manufacturing">{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/manufacturing/|title=IT Manufacturing in Sofia|publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224939/https://investsofia.com/en/manufacturing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring [[Sofia Province]], such as [[Bozhurishte]], [[Kostinbrod]] and [[Elin Pelin (town)|Elin Pelin]].<ref name="IS manufacturing"/> Manufacturing companies include [[Woodward, Inc.]], producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/american-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia/|title=American Control System Solutions Manufacturer Woodward Opens Production in Sofia|date=27 February 2017 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221141/https://investsofia.com/en/american-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Festo]], producing microsensors,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/|title=Festo to Invest 25.6 mln. Euro in a New Production Unit in Sofia/|date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714152005/https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Visteon]], development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visteon.bg/products/|title=Products|publisher=Visteon Electronics Bulgaria|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714140859/https://visteon.bg/products/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Ill|Melexis|fr}}, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|title=Melexis to Invest €75M to Expand Its Operations in Bulgaria|date=25 June 2019 |publisher=Invest Sofia|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150010/https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest [[Lufthansa Technik]] maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/|title=Lufthansa Technik Sofia invests 30 mln euro to expand its facilities|publisher=SIPA Group|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716173620/https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Transport and infrastructure==
With its developing infrastructure and strategic location, Sofia is a major hub for international railway and automobile transport. Three of the ten [[Pan-European corridors|Pan-European Transport Corridors]] cross the city: [[Pan-European Corridor IV|IV]], [[Pan-European Corridor VIII|VIII]], and [[Pan-European Corridor X|X]].<ref name="infrastructure">[http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf Sofia infrastructure from the official website of the Municipality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528144952/http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }} {{in lang|bg}}</ref> All major types of transport (except [[Maritime transport|water]]) are represented in the city.
[[File:21.04.10 Sofia 31005 (6168607167).jpg|thumb|A [[Siemens Desiro]] train of the Bulgarian State Railways at the Central Railway Station]]
[[File:Krasno Selo metrostation.jpg|thumb|[[Krasno Selo Metro Station]]]]
The [[Sofia Central Station|Central Railway Station]] is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by [[Bulgarian State Railways]] (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. It is one of the main stations along [[BDZ Line 1]], and a hub of Lines [[BDZ Line 2|2]], [[BDZ Line 5|5]], and [[BDZ Line 13|13]]. Line 1 provides a connection to [[Plovdiv]], the second-largest city in Bulgaria, while Line 2 is the longest national railway and connects Sofia and [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], the largest coastal city. Lines 5 and 13 are shorter and provide connections to [[Kulata]] and [[Bankya]], respectively. Overall, Sofia has {{convert|186|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} of railway lines.<ref name="NSI regional">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44 |title=Sofia (capital) |publisher=National Statistical Institute regional statistics |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114022155/http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44 |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}</ref>
[[Sofia Airport]] handled 7,208,987 passengers in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf|publisher=Sofia Airport|title=Passengers 2018-2019|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609124255/https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sofia Public Transport|Public transport]] is well-developed with [[Public buses in Sofia|bus]] ({{convert|2380|km|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="bus">{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport |title=History of the bus network in Sofia |publisher=Sofiatraffic.bg |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827065839/http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trams in Sofia|tram]] ({{convert|308|km|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="tramway">{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams |title=History of the tramway network in Sofia |publisher=Sofiatraffic.bg |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001034/https://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Trolleybuses in Sofia|trolleybus]] ({{convert|193|km|0|abbr=on}})<ref name="trolleybuses">{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport |title=History of the trolleybus network in Sofia |publisher=Sofiatraffic.bg |date=14 February 1941 |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827032920/http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport |url-status=live }})</ref> lines running in all areas of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sumc.bg/|title=Public transport Sofia — official website|publisher=sumc.bg|access-date=24 May 2008|language=bg|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145627/https://www.sofiatraffic.bg/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dak-transport.com/ |title=Transport Company Bulgaria— official website |publisher=dak-transport.com |access-date=21 August 2009 |language=bg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907131419/http://www.dak-transport.com/|archive-date=7 September 2009 }}</ref> The [[Sofia Metro]] became operational in January 1998 with only 5 stations and currently has four lines and 47 stations.<ref name="subway2">
{{cite web|url = http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/83680/nov_lych_na_metroto|title = Българска национална телевизия – Новини (Bulgarian National Television – News)|publisher = bnt.bg|access-date = 2 September 2012|language = bg|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120903000901/http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/83680/nov_lych_na_metroto|archive-date = 3 September 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the system has {{convert|52|km|0|abbr=on}} of track. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to [[Sofia Airport]] on its Northern branch and to [[Business Park Sofia]] on its Southern branch. In July 2016 the [[Vitosha Metro Station]] was opened on the M2 main line. A third line was opened in August 2020 and re-organisation of the previous lines lead to a 4th line being created.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/ |title=ОП Транспорт и разширение |publisher=Metropolitan.bg |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814060151/http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This line will complete the proposed underground system of three lines with about {{convert|65|km|0|abbr=on}} of lines.<ref name="subway">{{cite web|url = http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html|title = Metropolitan Sofia Web Place|publisher = metropolitan.bg|access-date = 24 May 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081001173420/http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html|archive-date = 1 October 2008|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/ |title=General Scheme |publisher=Metropolitan.bg |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222128/http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/ |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until the late 2010s route taxis ([[marshrutka]]) provided an efficient and popular [[Mode of transport|means of transport]] by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. Their use declined with the expansion of the metro and they were gradually phased out. There are around 13,000 [[Taxi|taxi cabs]] operating in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm|title=National Federation of the Taxi Drivers in Bulgaria. Regional Member Sofia|publisher=nftvb.com|access-date=24 May 2008|archive-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602152040/http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, all-[[electric vehicle]]s are available through [[carsharing]] company [[Spark (carsharing)|Spark]], which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170|title=Shared Electric Vehicles Spark in Sofia Increase by 170|publisher=Novinite|date=13 March 2019|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329234359/https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Sofia (37536243674).jpg|thumb|left|Cherni Vrah Boulevard]]
Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia after 2002. The city has the 4th-highest number of automobiles per capita in the European Union at 546.4 vehicles per 1,000 people.<ref>Sofia in Figures, p.26</ref> The municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many streets are in a poor condition. This is noticeably changing in the past years. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa, and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682|title=Fines for bad repair work – 'Dnevnik' newspaper|publisher=dnevnik.bg|access-date=24 May 2008|archive-date=13 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181856/http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems.
Sofia has an extensive [[Toplofikatsiya Sofia|district heating system]] that draws on four [[cogeneration|combined heat and power]] (CHP) plants and [[Heating plant|boiler stations]]. Virtually the entire city (900,000 households and 5,900 companies) is centrally heated, using residual heat from [[electricity generation]] (3,000 MW) and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total [[Thermal mass|heat capacity]] is 4,640 MW. The heat distribution piping network is {{convert|900|km|0|abbr=on}} long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings.
==Education and science==
[[File:Sofia University.jpg|thumb|[[Sofia University]]]]
[[File:Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences 4.jpg|thumb|[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]]]]
Much of Bulgaria's educational capacity is concentrated in Sofia. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=141}} The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students.{{Sfn|Sofia|2016|page=148}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Register of Higher Schools in Bulgaria |url=http://rvu.mon.bg/ |work=Ministry of Education and Science |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021808/http://rvu.mon.bg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[American College of Sofia]], a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States.<ref name="ACS">{{cite web|url=http://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx|title=History|work=acs.bg|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171647/https://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. These include the [[First English Language School]], [[91st German Language School]], [[164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes"|164th Spanish Language School]], and the [[Lycée Français de Sofia|Lycée Français]]. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with [[Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School]] and the [[Sofia High School of Mathematics|High School of Mathematics]], which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://offnews.bg/obshtestvo/koi-sa-naj-zhelanite-gimnazii-v-sofia-i-koi-paralelki-ostanaha-prazni-683714.html|title=Кои са най-желаните гимназии в София и кои паралелки останаха празни|trans-title=Which high schools in Sofia are the most preferred|publisher=Offnews|date=3 July 2018|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143230/https://offnews.bg/obshtestvo/koi-sa-naj-zhelanite-gimnazii-v-sofia-i-koi-paralelki-ostanaha-prazni-683714.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities – [[Sofia University]] (SU), the [[Technical University of Sofia]], [[New Bulgarian University]], and the [[Medical University of Sofia]].<ref name="Webometrics">{{cite web|url=http://www.webometrics.info/en/Europe/Bulgaria%20|title=Bulgarian universities|publisher=Webometrics Ranking of World Universities|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112161804/http://www.webometrics.info/en/Europe/Bulgaria|url-status=live}}</ref> Sofia University was founded in 1888.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/history/founding|title=Official website of the Sofia university — History|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225413/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/history/founding|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 20,000 students<ref>{{cite web|url=http://akademika.bg/2013/06/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB/|title=Sofia University aims to attract more foreign students|publisher=Akademika|date=14 June 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|language=bg|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020070933/http://akademika.bg/2013/06/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB/|url-status=live}}</ref> study in its 16 faculties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties|title=University Faculties|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225427/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of research and cultural departments operate within SU, including its own publishing house, [[botanical garden]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures|title=Independent structures of SU|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225421/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures|url-status=live}}</ref> a space research centre, a [[quantum electronics]] department,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure|title=Faculty of Physics structure|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225408/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Confucius Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres|title=University Centres|publisher=Sofia University|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225417/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rakovski Defence and Staff College]], the [[National Academy of Arts]], the [[University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy]], the [[University of National and World Economy]], and the [[University of Mining and Geology]] are other major higher education establishments in the city.<ref name="Webometrics"/>
Other institutions of national significance, such as the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] (BAS) and the [[SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library]], are located in Sofia. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest [[cyclotron]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria%27s+Nuclear+Institute%3A+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years|title=Bulgaria's Nuclear Institute: New Cyclotron To Become Operational in 2 Years|newspaper=[[Novinite]]|date=27 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027232043/https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria%27s+Nuclear+Institute%3A+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/|title=MSB – Projects|website=www.msb.bg|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033729/http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/|url-status=live}}</ref> All five of Bulgaria's [[supercomputer]]s and supercomputing clusters are located in Sofia as well. Three of those are operated by the BAS; one by [[Sofia Tech Park]] and one by the Faculty of Physics at Sofia University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/|title=Малката изчислителна армия на България|trans-title=Bulgaria's small computing army|publisher=Kapital Daily|first=Yoan|last=Zapryanov|date=22 June 2018|access-date=15 July 2018|language=bg|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174209/https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria}}
Sofia is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algiers]], Algeria<ref>{{cite web|title=Градина "Алжир" – София|url=https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia|website=opoznai.bg|language=bg|date=2015-06-19|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519063528/https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Jordan<ref>{{cite web|title=Н. пр. д-р Хасан Бармауи, почетен консул на кралство Йордания в България, пред "Труд": Йордания е врата за България към Близкия Изток|url=https://trud.bg/%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%BD/|website=trud.bg|publisher=Trud|language=bg|date=2020-02-25|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519063535/https://trud.bg/%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%BD/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities of Ankara|url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara|website=ankara.bel.tr|publisher=Ankara|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=28 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bucharest]], Romania<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |title=Cu cine este înfrățit Bucureștiul? |work=[[Adevărul]] |date=21 February 2011 |language=ro |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118035638/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar<ref>{{cite web|title=HE Prime Minister Presides Over Cabinet Regular Meeting|url=https://pressarabia.qa/2012/11/28/he-prime-minister-presides-over-cabinet-regular-meeting/|website=pressarabia.qa|publisher=Press Arabia|date=2012-11-28|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018220305/https://pressarabia.qa/2012/11/28/he-prime-minister-presides-over-cabinet-regular-meeting/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web|title=Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дружбу, співробітництво, партнерство|url=https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf|website=kyivcity.gov.ua|publisher=Kyiv|language=uk|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128062444/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pittsburgh]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities|website=sistercitiespgh.org|publisher=Sister Cities Association of Pittsburgh|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519061309/https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Salalah]], Oman{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sofia, Shanghai to become sister cities|url=https://www.bnr.bg/en/post/100629260/sofia-shanghai-to-become-twin-cities|website=bnr.bg|publisher=BNR Radio Bulgaria|date=23 November 2015|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227193331/https://www.bnr.bg/en/post/100629260/sofia-shanghai-to-become-twin-cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|LBN}} [[Sidon]], Lebanon{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref>{{cite web|title=ערים שותפות|url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx|website=tel-aviv.gov.il|publisher=Tel Aviv|language=he|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
{{div col end}}
===Cooperation agreements===
In addition Sofia cooperates with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1561702|title=Sofia, Budapest to Cooperate in Culture, Tourism, Economy|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en-EN|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511214903/http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1561702|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784|title=Friendship and cooperation agreements|publisher=Paris.fr|access-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015042144/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal<ref name=lisbon>{{cite web|title=Acordos de geminação, de cooperação e de amizade|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|website=cm-lisboa.pt|publisher=Lisboa|language=pt|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|title=Agreements with cities|url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437|website=madrid.es|publisher=Madrid|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia<ref>{{cite web|title=Partner cities|url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/|website=yerevan.am|publisher=Yerevan|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Honour==
[[Serdica Peak]] on [[Livingston Island]], in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]], is named after Serdica.
==Mass Media==
===Public===
*[[Bulgarian News Agency]] (1898)
*[[Bulgarian National Radio]] (1935)
*[[Bulgarian National Television]] (1959)
===Private===
*[[Nova Broadcasting Group]] (1994)
*[[bTV Media Group]] (2000)
==See also==
{{Portal|Europe|European Union|Bulgaria}}
* [[List of churches in Sofia]]
* [[List of shopping malls in Sofia]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Sofia]]
* [[Sofia Province]]
* [[Monument to the Tsar Liberator]]
{{clear right}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|NSI|2016}}|url=http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/SOFIA_2015.pdf|title=Sofia in Figures|publisher=National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria|access-date=26 October 2018|language=bg, en|date=2016}}
* {{cite book
| title = История на средновековна България VII–XIV век
| trans-title = History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries
| last1 = Bozhilov
| first1 = Ivan
| first2 = Vasil
| last2 = Gyuzelev
| author-link2=Vasil Gyuzelev
| year = 1999
| language = bg
| publisher = Анубис
| location =Sofia
| isbn = 954-426-204-0
}}
* {{cite book
| title = София – от древността до нови времена
| trans-title = Sofia – from Antiquity to Modern Times
| last = Stancheva
| first = Magdalina
| year = 2010
| language = bg
| publisher = New Bulgarian University
| location =Sofia
| isbn = 978-954-535-579-0
}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Gigova|first=Irina|title=The City and the Nation: Sofia's Trajectory from Glory to Rubble in WWII|journal=Journal of Urban History|date=March 2011 |volume=37 |issue=2|pages=155–175|doi=10.1177/0096144210391612|s2cid=144022049}}The 110 footnotes provide a guide to the literature on the city
* {{cite web|url=http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf |title=Sofia in Figures 2009 |publisher=Regional Statistical Office of Sofia |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011205615/http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.alphabank.bg/130 |title=Sofia — 130 Years Capital |language=bg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110128155857/http://www.alphabank.bg/130/ |archive-date=28 January 2011 }}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Sofia}}
*{{Official website|https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/}}
* [http://www.inyourpocket.com/Bulgaria/Sofia/ Online guide to Sofia]
* [http://www.sumc.bg/en/ Official Site of Sofia Public Transport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525132226/http://www.sumc.bg/en/ |date=25 May 2010 }}
*{{curlie|Regional/Europe/Bulgaria/Provinces/Sofia_City}}
* [http://www.stara-sofia.com/ Archival images of Sofia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064732/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/sofia-by-night-light-a-photographic-exhibition-by-john-paull Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition]
* [http://www.ulpiaserdica.com/index_en.html Virtual Guide to Ancient Serdica]
* [http://weather-webcam.eu/all-cams-from-sofia-vsicki-online-kameri-ot-sofia-bg-karta More than 25 live webcams from Sofia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182039/http://www.world-nomad.com/vitosha-peak/ Pictures from Vitosha mountain]
{{Cities in Bulgaria}}
{{Capitals of Bulgaria}}
{{Provinces of Bulgaria}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{European Capital of Sport}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sofia| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Populated places in Sofia City Province]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Dacia Mediterranea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -333,13 +333,5 @@
The city was destroyed in the [[Theodosius II#Wars with the Huns, Vandals, and Persians|447 invasion]] of the [[Huns]] and laid in ruins for a century<ref name=Routledge/> It was rebuilt by [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]]. During the reign of Justinian it flourished, being surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today.
-=== Middle Ages ===
-[[File:Kalojan desislava.jpg|left|thumb|The 13th century lord of Sredets [[Kaloyan and Desislava|Kaloyan]] and his wife Desislava, [[Boyana Church]]]]
-Serdica became part of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during the reign of Khan [[Krum]] in 809, after a long [[Siege of Serdica (809)|siege]]. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Nikephoros I]], which led to his demise at the hands of the [[Medieval Bulgarian army|Bulgarian army]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|pp=127–128}}</ref> In the aftermath of the war, the city was permanently integrated in Bulgaria and became known by the Slavic name of Sredets. It grew into an important fortress and administrative centre under Krum's successor Khan [[Omurtag of Bulgaria|Omurtag]], who made it a centre of Sredets province (Sredetski komitat, Средецки комитат). The Bulgarian patron saint [[John of Rila]] was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor [[Peter I of Bulgaria|Peter I]] in the mid 10th century.<ref name="stancheva120">{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=120–121}}</ref> After the conquest of the Bulgarian capital [[Preslav]] by [[Sviatoslav I|Sviatoslav I of Kyiv]] and [[John I Tzimiskes]]' armies in 970–971, the [[Patriarch of All Bulgaria|Bulgarian Patriarch]] Damyan chose Sredets for his seat in the next year and the capital of Bulgaria was temporarily moved there.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slaviani|date=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818220338/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second half of 10th century the city was ruled by [[Nicholas (komes)|Komit Nikola]] and his sons, known as the "[[Cometopuli dynasty|Komitopuli]]". One of them was [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuil]], who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. In 986, the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] laid siege to Sredets but after 20 days of fruitless assaults the garrison broke out and forced the Byzantines to abandon the campaign. On his way to Constantinople, Basil II was ambushed and soundly defeated by the Bulgarians in the [[battle of the Gates of Trajan]].<ref name="stancheva120"/><ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|p=319}}</ref>
-
-The city eventually fell to the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1018, following the [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]]. Sredets joined the [[uprising of Peter Delyan]] in 1040–1041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko.<ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|pp=400–401}}</ref> During the 11th century many [[Pechenegs]] were settled down in Sofia region as Byzantine federats.
-
-It was once again incorporated into the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|restored Bulgarian Empire]] in 1194 at the time of Emperor [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria|Ivan Asen I]] and became a major administrative and cultural centre.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=123–124}}</ref> Several of the city's governors were members of the Bulgarian imperial family and held the title of ''[[sebastokrator]]'', the second highest at the time, after the [[tsar]]. Some known holders of the title were [[Kaloyan (sebastocrator)|Kaloyan]], [[Peter (sevastokrator)|Peter]] and their relative Aleksandar Asen (d. after 1232), a son of [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria]] ({{reign|1189|1196}}). In the 13th and 14th centuries Sredets was an important spiritual and literary hub with a cluster of 14 monasteries in its vicinity, that were eventually destroyed by the Ottomans. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=131, 139}}</ref>
-
-In 1382/1383 or 1385, Sredets was seized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the course of the [[Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars|Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars]] by [[Lala Şahin Pasha]], following a [[Siege of Sofia|three-month siege]].<ref name=":0">Ivanova, Svetlana, "Ṣofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 23 January 2018.</ref> The Ottoman commander left the following description of the city garrison: "Inside the fortress [Sofia] there is a large and elite army, its soldiers are heavily built, moustached and look war-hardened, but are used to consume wine and [[rakia]]—in a word, jolly fellows."<ref>Cited in Халенбаков, О. ''Детска енциклопедия България: Залезът на царете'', с. 18</ref>
+Anthony Vallone was the king!!!!! In 1870 some say that he may return to buss down slayyy!
=== Early modern history ===
' |
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Old page size (old_size ) | 166471 |
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0 => 'Anthony Vallone was the king!!!!! In 1870 some say that he may return to buss down slayyy!'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines ) | [
0 => '=== Middle Ages ===',
1 => '[[File:Kalojan desislava.jpg|left|thumb|The 13th century lord of Sredets [[Kaloyan and Desislava|Kaloyan]] and his wife Desislava, [[Boyana Church]]]]',
2 => 'Serdica became part of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during the reign of Khan [[Krum]] in 809, after a long [[Siege of Serdica (809)|siege]]. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Nikephoros I]], which led to his demise at the hands of the [[Medieval Bulgarian army|Bulgarian army]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|pp=127–128}}</ref> In the aftermath of the war, the city was permanently integrated in Bulgaria and became known by the Slavic name of Sredets. It grew into an important fortress and administrative centre under Krum's successor Khan [[Omurtag of Bulgaria|Omurtag]], who made it a centre of Sredets province (Sredetski komitat, Средецки комитат). The Bulgarian patron saint [[John of Rila]] was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor [[Peter I of Bulgaria|Peter I]] in the mid 10th century.<ref name="stancheva120">{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=120–121}}</ref> After the conquest of the Bulgarian capital [[Preslav]] by [[Sviatoslav I|Sviatoslav I of Kyiv]] and [[John I Tzimiskes]]' armies in 970–971, the [[Patriarch of All Bulgaria|Bulgarian Patriarch]] Damyan chose Sredets for his seat in the next year and the capital of Bulgaria was temporarily moved there.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slaviani|date=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818220338/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second half of 10th century the city was ruled by [[Nicholas (komes)|Komit Nikola]] and his sons, known as the "[[Cometopuli dynasty|Komitopuli]]". One of them was [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuil]], who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. In 986, the Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] laid siege to Sredets but after 20 days of fruitless assaults the garrison broke out and forced the Byzantines to abandon the campaign. On his way to Constantinople, Basil II was ambushed and soundly defeated by the Bulgarians in the [[battle of the Gates of Trajan]].<ref name="stancheva120"/><ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|p=319}}</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => 'The city eventually fell to the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1018, following the [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]]. Sredets joined the [[uprising of Peter Delyan]] in 1040–1041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko.<ref>{{harvnb|Bozhilov|Gyuzelev|1999|pp=400–401}}</ref> During the 11th century many [[Pechenegs]] were settled down in Sofia region as Byzantine federats.',
5 => '',
6 => 'It was once again incorporated into the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|restored Bulgarian Empire]] in 1194 at the time of Emperor [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria|Ivan Asen I]] and became a major administrative and cultural centre.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=123–124}}</ref> Several of the city's governors were members of the Bulgarian imperial family and held the title of ''[[sebastokrator]]'', the second highest at the time, after the [[tsar]]. Some known holders of the title were [[Kaloyan (sebastocrator)|Kaloyan]], [[Peter (sevastokrator)|Peter]] and their relative Aleksandar Asen (d. after 1232), a son of [[Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria]] ({{reign|1189|1196}}). In the 13th and 14th centuries Sredets was an important spiritual and literary hub with a cluster of 14 monasteries in its vicinity, that were eventually destroyed by the Ottomans. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware.<ref>{{harvnb|Stancheva|2010|pp=131, 139}}</ref>',
7 => '',
8 => 'In 1382/1383 or 1385, Sredets was seized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the course of the [[Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars|Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars]] by [[Lala Şahin Pasha]], following a [[Siege of Sofia|three-month siege]].<ref name=":0">Ivanova, Svetlana, "Ṣofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 23 January 2018.</ref> The Ottoman commander left the following description of the city garrison: "Inside the fortress [Sofia] there is a large and elite army, its soldiers are heavily built, moustached and look war-hardened, but are used to consume wine and [[rakia]]—in a word, jolly fellows."<ref>Cited in Халенбаков, О. ''Детска енциклопедия България: Залезът на царете'', с. 18</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links ) | [] |
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2 => 'https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod',
3 => 'https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod/page/21',
4 => 'http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/',
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10 => 'https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200711041145/https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787',
12 => 'http://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB',
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14 => 'https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en',
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17 => 'https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/regions/sofia-grad/',
18 => 'https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/',
20 => 'http://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia',
21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180917174029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210221062712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200711023915/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200717164313/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301',
28 => 'http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111228094553/http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/',
30 => 'http://www.i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225057/http://i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)',
32 => 'https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200929203612/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance/',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101247/http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes',
35 => 'http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes',
36 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160406151001/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191221115804/http://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/',
39 => 'https://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/',
40 => 'http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10',
41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214900/http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10',
42 => 'http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005344/http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0',
44 => 'http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094519/http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf',
47 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-0097',
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50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200818184723/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80',
51 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200818225324/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497',
53 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170928141824/https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ',
55 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200820032648/https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ',
57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071219041530/http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/',
58 => 'http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/',
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62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151226235940/http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya',
63 => 'http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133822/http://guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city/',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013903/http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm',
66 => 'http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm',
67 => 'https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/',
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69 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&q=31.2+++1893+',
70 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083050/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&dq=31.2++16+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+1893+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=31.2+++1893+',
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73 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_3747/1939-11.pdf',
74 => 'http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98',
75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113829/http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98',
76 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210517201047/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8',
78 => 'https://novini247.com/novini/prez-2000-godina-na-5-yuli-e-bil-edin-ot_6535868.html',
79 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_month.php?month=7&year=2012',
80 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_year.php?year=2023&month=1&len=12&an_per=9120&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
81 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807085034/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
83 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807084615/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
85 => 'https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/',
86 => 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT',
87 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent.php?year=2020&month=12&stat=15614&an_per=no_an&sty=1991&endy=2020&t_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
88 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2010&month=12&stat=2064&sty=1991&endy=2010&prm_in=on&ssh_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
89 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2021&month=11&day=05&city=15614&int=1&submit=%CF%CE%CA%C0%C6%C8',
90 => 'http://climatebase.ru/station/15614/from2000?lang=en',
91 => 'https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate',
92 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210309081520/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate',
93 => 'http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html',
94 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121659/http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html',
95 => 'https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/',
96 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222412/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/',
97 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/HCQPxk8uBSM',
98 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCQPxk8uBSM',
99 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0',
100 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140723155416/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0',
101 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222458/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/',
102 => 'https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/',
103 => 'http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm',
104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181022181400/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm',
105 => 'https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution',
106 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061521/https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution',
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299 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181856/http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682',
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301 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021808/http://rvu.mon.bg/',
302 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171647/https://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx',
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314 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures',
315 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225421/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures',
316 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure',
317 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225408/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure',
318 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres',
319 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225417/https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres',
320 => 'https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria's+Nuclear+Institute:+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years',
321 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181027232043/https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria's+Nuclear+Institute:+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years',
322 => 'http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/',
323 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033729/http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/',
324 => 'https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/',
325 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174209/https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/',
326 => 'https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia',
327 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210519063528/https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia',
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330 => 'https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara',
331 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara',
332 => 'http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html',
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337 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200128062444/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf',
338 => 'https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities',
339 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210519061309/https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities',
340 => 'https://www.bnr.bg/en/post/100629260/sofia-shanghai-to-become-twin-cities',
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342 => 'https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx',
343 => 'https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx',
344 => 'http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1561702',
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348 => 'http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais',
349 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais',
350 => 'https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437',
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352 => 'https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/',
353 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/',
354 => 'https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/climate_bg/Absolute_Maximum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK',
355 => 'https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/climate_bg/Absolute_Minimum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK',
356 => 'https://web.uni-plovdiv.net/vedrin/sg/sg-bg-1947-1948.pdf',
357 => 'https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur1/rezultati/2246.html',
358 => 'https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur2/rezultati/2246.html',
359 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472#identifiers',
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361 => 'http://sofia.bg/',
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363 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0096144210391612',
364 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144022049',
365 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111011205615/http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf',
366 => 'http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf',
367 => 'https://archive.today/20110128155857/http://www.alphabank.bg/130/',
368 => 'http://www.alphabank.bg/130',
369 => 'https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/',
370 => 'http://www.inyourpocket.com/Bulgaria/Sofia/',
371 => 'http://www.sumc.bg/en/',
372 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100525132226/http://www.sumc.bg/en/',
373 => 'https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Bulgaria/Provinces/Sofia_City',
374 => 'http://www.stara-sofia.com/',
375 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064732/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/sofia-by-night-light-a-photographic-exhibition-by-john-paull',
376 => 'http://www.ulpiaserdica.com/index_en.html',
377 => 'http://weather-webcam.eu/all-cams-from-sofia-vsicki-online-kameri-ot-sofia-bg-karta',
378 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182039/http://www.world-nomad.com/vitosha-peak/',
379 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/164770757',
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381 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRrY7CqH8kwHV73Kh8md',
382 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077502-1',
383 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79131147',
384 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118847425',
385 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118847425',
386 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01025308',
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388 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452168',
389 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555089505171',
390 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/0641d55d-9fcb-48be-92c7-0a5273ab58bc',
391 => 'https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/207439',
392 => 'https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17158360?l=en',
393 => 'https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/979670',
394 => 'https://www.idref.fr/026638061',
395 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044997',
396 => 'https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sofya'
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95 => 'http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf',
96 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111011205615/http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf',
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100 => 'http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor/bmpp_GMM_final.pdf?la=en',
101 => 'http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport',
102 => 'http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams',
103 => 'http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport',
104 => 'http://www.dak-transport.com/',
105 => 'http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/83680/nov_lych_na_metroto',
106 => 'http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html',
107 => 'http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/',
108 => 'http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm',
109 => 'http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682',
110 => 'http://www.webometrics.info/en/Europe/Bulgaria%20',
111 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/history/founding',
112 => 'http://akademika.bg/2013/06/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB/',
113 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties',
114 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/independent_structures',
115 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/faculties/faculty_of_physics2/structure',
116 => 'https://www.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/eng/the_university/centres',
117 => 'http://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx',
118 => 'http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784',
119 => 'http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais',
120 => 'http://www.alphabank.bg/130',
121 => 'http://www.inyourpocket.com/Bulgaria/Sofia/',
122 => 'http://www.sumc.bg/en/',
123 => 'http://www.stara-sofia.com/',
124 => 'http://www.ulpiaserdica.com/index_en.html',
125 => 'http://weather-webcam.eu/all-cams-from-sofia-vsicki-online-kameri-ot-sofia-bg-karta',
126 => 'http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum',
127 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080417162144/http://kunki.org/page.php?9',
128 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6220591.stm',
129 => 'http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city',
130 => 'http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html',
131 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide',
132 => 'http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/',
133 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091220184844/http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council',
134 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080220025206/http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm',
135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090907131419/http://www.dak-transport.com/',
136 => 'http://www.sumc.bg/',
137 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661',
138 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672',
139 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237',
140 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205',
141 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa',
142 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal',
143 => 'https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Bulgaria/Provinces/Sofia_City',
144 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063024/http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html',
145 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120903000901/http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/83680/nov_lych_na_metroto',
146 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131015042144/http://www.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784',
147 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064732/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/sofia-by-night-light-a-photographic-exhibition-by-john-paull',
148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170905032923/http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria',
149 => 'http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria',
150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161229002025/https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096',
151 => 'https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096',
152 => 'http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1561702',
153 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077502-1',
154 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182039/http://www.world-nomad.com/vitosha-peak/',
155 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044997',
156 => 'https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/',
157 => 'http://kultura.bg/web/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0/',
158 => 'http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/SOFIA_2015.pdf',
159 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0',
160 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCQPxk8uBSM',
161 => 'https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/',
162 => 'https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/',
163 => 'http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm',
164 => 'https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/sofia-municipal-council-adopted-measures-to-tackle-air-pollution',
165 => 'http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html',
166 => 'http://rvu.mon.bg/',
167 => 'https://offnews.bg/obshtestvo/koi-sa-naj-zhelanite-gimnazii-v-sofia-i-koi-paralelki-ostanaha-prazni-683714.html',
168 => 'https://www.novinite.com/articles/177075/Bulgaria's+Nuclear+Institute:+New+Cyclotron+To+Become+Operational+in+2+Years',
169 => 'http://www.msb.bg/en/projects/',
170 => 'http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg',
171 => 'https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE:+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99',
172 => 'https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits',
173 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131114022155/http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44',
174 => 'http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44',
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176 => 'https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite',
177 => 'http://news.bnt.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati',
178 => 'https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html',
179 => 'https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27',
180 => 'https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/',
181 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/0641d55d-9fcb-48be-92c7-0a5273ab58bc',
182 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110814060151/http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/',
183 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081001173420/http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html',
184 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061542/http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html',
185 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171647/https://www.acs.bg/Home/About_ACS/History.aspx',
186 => 'http://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia',
187 => 'http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10',
188 => 'http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/',
189 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101247/http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes',
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191 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/',
192 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222458/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/',
193 => 'https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170',
194 => 'http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf',
195 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080528144952/http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf',
196 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013903/http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm',
197 => 'http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm',
198 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9',
199 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315',
200 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301',
201 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455',
202 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ',
203 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ',
204 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=aMhmAAAAMAAJ',
205 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ',
206 => 'https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate',
207 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160618064512/http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html',
208 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222128/http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/',
209 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130885&CON_LNG=ENG',
210 => 'https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/',
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212 => 'https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sofya',
213 => 'http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html',
214 => 'https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/',
215 => 'http://www.i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)',
216 => 'https://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/',
217 => 'https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara',
218 => 'https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437',
219 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
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221 => 'https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions',
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224 => 'https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320',
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228 => 'https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/',
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231 => 'https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/',
232 => 'https://visteon.bg/products/',
233 => 'https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/',
234 => 'https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf',
235 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/164770757',
236 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472#identifiers',
237 => 'https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html',
238 => 'https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf',
239 => 'https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance',
240 => 'https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/979670',
241 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144022049',
242 => 'http://www.mediapool.bg/show/?storyid=134487',
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244 => 'http://climatebase.ru/station/15614/from2000?lang=en',
245 => 'https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/51*.html',
246 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118847425',
247 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118847425',
248 => 'https://www.idref.fr/026638061',
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250 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191221115804/http://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/',
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252 => 'https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia',
253 => 'https://trud.bg/%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D1%80-%D0%B4-%D1%80-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%BD/',
254 => 'https://pressarabia.qa/2012/11/28/he-prime-minister-presides-over-cabinet-regular-meeting/',
255 => 'https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf',
256 => 'https://www.sistercitiespgh.org/sister-cities',
257 => 'https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx',
258 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180917174029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia',
259 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210221062712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9',
260 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200711023915/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315',
261 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200717164313/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301',
262 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111228094553/http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/',
263 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225057/http://i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)',
264 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200929203612/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance/',
265 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160406151001/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/',
266 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133822/http://guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city/',
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420 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ',
421 => 'https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/207439',
422 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRrY7CqH8kwHV73Kh8md',
423 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79131147',
424 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sofia¶ms=42.7_N_23.33_E_type:city_region:BG',
425 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220209033300/https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/',
426 => 'https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141028175826/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/51*.html',
427 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191010124553/https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7',
428 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220815000035/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia',
429 => 'https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en',
430 => 'http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en',
431 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en',
432 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452168',
433 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01025308',
434 => 'https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17158360?l=en',
435 => 'http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206893/',
436 => 'http://sofia.bg/',
437 => 'http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/',
438 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_year.php?year=2023&month=1&len=12&an_per=9120&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
439 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555089505171',
440 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_month.php?month=7&year=2012',
441 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2010&month=12&stat=2064&sty=1991&endy=2010&prm_in=on&ssh_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel',
442 => 'https://novini247.com/novini/prez-2000-godina-na-5-yuli-e-bil-edin-ot_6535868.html',
443 => 'https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/',
444 => 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT',
445 => 'https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/climate_bg/Absolute_Maximum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK',
446 => 'https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/climate_bg/Absolute_Minimum_Temperatures.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK',
447 => 'https://web.uni-plovdiv.net/vedrin/sg/sg-bg-1947-1948.pdf',
448 => 'https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_3747/1939-11.pdf',
449 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214900/http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10',
450 => 'https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787',
451 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142758/http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf',
452 => 'http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf',
453 => 'http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm',
454 => 'https://council.sofia.bg/web/guest/councilors2023-2027',
455 => 'https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur1/rezultati/2246.html',
456 => 'https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur2/rezultati/2246.html',
457 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005344/http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0',
458 => 'http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0',
459 => 'https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/regions/sofia-grad/',
460 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-0097',
461 => 'https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/rezultatite-v-sofija-eto-koi-sa-vsichki-kmetove-na-rajonite-i-kmetstvata.html'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Bulgaria</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. For the given names, see <a href="/wiki/Sofia_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia (given name)">Sofia (given name)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofija_(given_name)" title="Sofija (given name)">Sofija (given name)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sofiya_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofiya (given name)">Sofiya (given name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sofia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sofia (disambiguation)">Sofia (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Sofia City, Bulgaria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sofia</div>
<div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">София</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_church_(37591925970).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Russian_church_%2837591925970%29.jpg/238px-Russian_church_%2837591925970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Russian_church_%2837591925970%29.jpg/357px-Russian_church_%2837591925970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Russian_church_%2837591925970%29.jpg/476px-Russian_church_%2837591925970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2907" /></a></span></div><div>Panoramic view over central Sofia and the <a href="/wiki/Vitosha_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitosha Mountain">Vitosha Mountain</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa,_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/122px-Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/183px-Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Bulgaria.jpg/244px-Catedral_de_Alejandro_Nevski_--_2019_--_Sof%C3%ADa%2C_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5917" data-file-height="3945" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" title="Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg/112px-IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg/168px-IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg/224px-IvanVazov_National_Theatre_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre" title="Ivan Vazov National Theatre">Ivan Vazov National Theatre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banya_Bashi_Mosque_(37849692391)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/92px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/184px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_bathroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sofia_bathroom.jpg/142px-Sofia_bathroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sofia_bathroom.jpg/213px-Sofia_bathroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sofia_bathroom.jpg/284px-Sofia_bathroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1981" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Central_Mineral_Baths" title="Sofia Central Mineral Baths">Sofia Central Mineral Baths</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._George_Rotunda,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_(17680380465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg/124px-St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg/186px-St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg/248px-St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Sofia" title="Church of Saint George, Sofia">Church of Saint George</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_%2717_(24614482817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sofia_%2717_%2824614482817%29.jpg/110px-Sofia_%2717_%2824614482817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sofia_%2717_%2824614482817%29.jpg/165px-Sofia_%2717_%2824614482817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sofia_%2717_%2824614482817%29.jpg/220px-Sofia_%2717_%2824614482817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sveta_Sofia" title="Statue of Sveta Sofia">Statue of Sveta Sofia</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style>
<div class="ib-settlement-cols">
<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BG_Sofia_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sofia"><img alt="Flag of Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BG_Sofia_flag.svg/100px-BG_Sofia_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BG_Sofia_flag.svg/150px-BG_Sofia_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BG_Sofia_flag.svg/200px-BG_Sofia_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BG_Sofia_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sofia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BG_Sofia_coa.svg/86px-BG_Sofia_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BG_Sofia_coa.svg/129px-BG_Sofia_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BG_Sofia_coa.svg/172px-BG_Sofia_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="673" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sofia" title="Coat of arms of Sofia">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Ever growing, never aging"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>("Расте, но не старее")</small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofia is located in Bulgaria"><img alt="Sofia is located in Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg/250px-Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg/375px-Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg/500px-Relief_Map_of_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.515%;left:18.088%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Sofia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Sofia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Bulgaria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofia is located in Balkans"><img alt="Sofia is located in Balkans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.286%;left:61.257%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Sofia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Sofia (Balkans)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Balkans</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofia is located in Europe"><img alt="Sofia is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.681%;left:58.825%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Sofia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Sofia (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sofia&params=42.7_N_23.33_E_type:city_region:BG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">23°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.70°N 23.33°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.70; 23.33</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Bulgaria</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bulgaria" title="Municipalities of Bulgaria">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stolichna_Municipality" title="Stolichna Municipality">Capital</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cont. inhabited</th><td class="infobox-data">since 7000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-ghodsee_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghodsee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Neolithic settlement</th><td class="infobox-data">5500–6000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> settlement</th><td class="infobox-data">1400 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Marazov,_Ivan_1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marazov,_Ivan_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman administration</th><td class="infobox-data">46 AD (as <i>Serdica</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201613_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201613-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a></th><td class="infobox-data">809 AD (as <i>Sredets</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201613_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201613-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sofia" title="List of mayors of Sofia">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Terziev" title="Vasil Terziev">Vasil Terziev</a> (<a href="/wiki/PP-DB" class="mw-redirect" title="PP-DB">PP-DB</a>-<a href="/wiki/Spasi_Sofia" title="Spasi Sofia">Spasi Sofia</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500 km<sup>2</sup> (200 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-URBANISED_AREAS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-URBANISED_AREAS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,723 km<sup>2</sup> (2,210 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,738 km<sup>2</sup> (4,146 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">500–800 m (1,640–2,293 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-population_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,286,965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,600/km<sup>2</sup> (6,700/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Population_on_1_January_by_age_groups_and_sex_-_functional_urban_areas_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_on_1_January_by_age_groups_and_sex_-_functional_urban_areas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,547,779</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">270/km<sup>2</sup> (700/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-European_Metropolitan_regions_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Metropolitan_regions-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,667,314</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">160/km<sup>2</sup> (400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sofian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sofian">Sofian</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) <br /> Софиянец/<i>Sofiyanets</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">bg</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+359) 02</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>
(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">45241.00 BGN
<sup id="cite_ref-Regional_profiles_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regional_profiles-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.945<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Bulgaria" title="Vehicle registration plates of Bulgaria">Vehicle registration plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C, CA, CB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofia.bg">sofia<wbr />.bg</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Sofia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOH</span>-fee-ə, <span style="font-size:90%">SOF</span>-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">София</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Sofiya</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">[ˈsɔfijɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/Sofia.ogg\/Sofia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sofia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Sofia.ogg/Sofia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia.ogg" title="File:Sofia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. It is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Valley" title="Sofia Valley">Sofia Valley</a> at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the <a href="/wiki/Iskar_(river)" title="Iskar (river)">Iskar</a> river and has many mineral springs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Central_Mineral_Baths" title="Sofia Central Mineral Baths">Sofia Central Mineral Baths</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>. Being in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, it is midway between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and closest to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tr_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Known as Serdica in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">antiquity</a> and Sredets in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Sofia has been an area of <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">human habitation</a> since at least 7000 BC. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 29 BC from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic</a> tribe <a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a>. During the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the city was raided by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a> and became known as Sredets. In 1018, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">reborn Bulgarian Empire</a>. Sredets became a major administrative, economic, cultural and literary hub until its conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 1382. From 1530 to 1836, Sofia was the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a>, the Ottoman Empire's key province in Europe. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. Sofia was selected as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Third Bulgarian State</a> in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth.
</p><p>Sofia is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">14th-largest city in the European Union</a>. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> by the southern side, <a href="/wiki/Lyulin_Mountain" title="Lyulin Mountain">Lyulin</a> by the western side, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> by the north, which makes it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_cities_by_elevation" title="List of capital cities by elevation">third highest European capital</a> after <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. Being Bulgaria's primary city, Sofia is home of many of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has been described as the "triangle of religious tolerance". This is because three temples of three major world religions—<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>—are situated close together: <a href="/wiki/St_Nedelya_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St Nedelya Church">Sveta Nedelya Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Joseph,_Sofia" title="Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia">Cathedral of St Joseph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup businesses</a> in the world, especially in information technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a> in Sofia, constructed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> and holding much patrimonial symbolism to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>, was included onto the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage List</a> in 1979. With its cultural significance in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, Sofia is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Bulgaria" title="National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria">National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_of_Culture" title="National Palace of Culture">National Palace of Culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium" title="Vasil Levski National Stadium">Vasil Levski National Stadium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre" title="Ivan Vazov National Theatre">Ivan Vazov National Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Bulgaria" title="National Archaeological Museum, Bulgaria">National Archaeological Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Serdica" title="Amphitheatre of Serdica">Serdica Amphitheatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Socialist_Art,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Socialist Art, Sofia">Museum of Socialist Art</a> includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">communist Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-isotriq_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isotriq-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sofia hosts some 1.28 million<sup id="cite_ref-population_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> residents within a territory of 500 km<sup>2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-area_total_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area_total-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54 million<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_area_populaton_-_Budapest_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_area_populaton_-_Budapest-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> residents within 5723 km<sup>2</sup>, which comprises <a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia City Province</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dragoman_Municipality" title="Dragoman Municipality">Dragoman</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Сливница">Slivnitsa</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Костинброд">Kostinbrod</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Божурище">Bozhurishte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svoge_Municipality" title="Svoge Municipality">Svoge</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Елин Пелин">Elin Pelin</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Горна Малина">Gorna Malina</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Ихтиман">Ihtiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostenets_Municipality" title="Kostenets Municipality">Kostenets</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pernik_Province" title="Pernik Province">Pernik Province</a> (<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Перник">Pernik</a>, <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" class="extiw" title="bg:Община Радомир">Radomir</a>), representing 5.16% of the country territory.<sup id="cite_ref-URBANISED_AREAS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-URBANISED_AREAS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Serbia" title="Dimitrovgrad, Serbia">Dimitrovgrad</a> in Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66 million.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Metropolitan_regions_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Metropolitan_regions-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prehistory and antiquity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_modern_history"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Modern_and_contemporary_history"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Modern and contemporary history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cityscape"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Green_areas"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Green areas</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government_and_law"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Government and law</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Local_government"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Local government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#National_government"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">National government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Crime"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Crime</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Arts_and_entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arts and entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Transport_and_infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Transport and infrastructure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Education_and_science"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Education and science</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cooperation_agreements"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation agreements</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Honour"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Honour</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Mass_Media"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Mass Media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Public"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Private"><span class="tocnumber">14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Private</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sredets_seal_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sredets_seal_1878.jpg/220px-Sredets_seal_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sredets_seal_1878.jpg/330px-Sredets_seal_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Sredets_seal_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>The first seal of the city, from 1878, which calls it <i>Sredets,</i> its name in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Bulgarian</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>For a long time, the city possessed<sup id="cite_ref-constantine_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> name, <b>Serdica</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σερδικη</span>, <i>Serdikē</i>, or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σαρδικη</span></span>, <i>Sardikē</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Serdica</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sardica</i></span>), derived from the tribe <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a></i></span>, who were either of <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tr_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_1992,_page_600_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_1992,_page_600-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or mixed Thracian-Celtic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a> (53–117 AD) gave the city the combinative name of <i><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_gens" title="Ulpia gens">Ulpia</a> Serdica</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-world_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.bg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.bg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulpia may be derived from an Umbrian cognate of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>lupus</i>, meaning "wolf"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from the Latin <i>vulpes</i> (fox). It seems that the first written mention of <i>Serdica</i> was made during his reign and the last mention was in the 19th century in a Bulgarian text (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Сардакіи</span></span>, <i>Sardaki</i>). Other names given to Sofia, such as <b>Serdonpolis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek language">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σερδών πόλις</span></span>, "City of the Serdi") and <b>Triaditza</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τριάδιτζα</span></span>, "Trinity"), were mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> sources or coins. The Slavic name <b>Sredets</b> (<a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>: <span lang="cu">Срѣдецъ</span>), which is related to "middle" (<span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><span lang="cu">среда</span></span>, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. The city was called <i>Atralisa</i> by the Arab traveller <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Idrisi</a> and <i>Strelisa</i>, <i>Stralitsa</i>, or <i>Stralitsion</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The name <i>Sofia</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Saint Sofia Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgaria_province_name_etymologies" title="List of Bulgaria province name etymologies">origin of Bulgarian cities and towns</a>. The origin is in the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">sophía</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σοφία</span></span>, "wisdom"). The earliest works where this latest name is registered are the duplicate of the Gospel of Serdica, in a dialogue between two salesmen from <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> around 1359, in the 14th-century Vitosha Charter of Bulgarian tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria">Ivan Shishman</a> and in a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> merchant's notes of 1376.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these documents, the city is called <i>Sofia</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but, at the same time, the region and the city's inhabitants are still called <i>Sredecheski</i> (<a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>: <span lang="cu">срѣдечьскои</span>, "of Sredets"), which continued until the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> came to favour the name <b>Sofya</b> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:صوفيه">صوفيه</a></span></span>). In 1879, there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, when the citizens created a committee of famous people, insisting for the Slavic name. Gradually, a compromise arose, officialisation of <i>Sofia</i> for the nationwide institutions, while legitimating the title <i>Sredets</i> for the administrative and church institutions, before the latter was abandoned through the years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia City Province</a> has an area of 1344 km<sup>2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the surrounding and much bigger <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a> is 7,059 km<sup>2</sup>. Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> mountain, in the <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Valley" title="Sofia Valley">Sofia Valley</a> that is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan mountains">Balkan mountains</a> to the north. The valley has an average altitude of 550 metres (1,800 ft). Sofia is the second highest capital of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>) and the third highest capital of Europe (after <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> and Madrid). Unlike most European capitals, Sofia does not straddle any large river, but is surrounded by comparatively high mountains on all sides. Three <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain passes</a> lead to the city, which have been key roads since antiquity, Vitosha being the watershed between <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Seas</a>.
</p><p>A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Boyanska_reka" title="Boyanska reka">Boyanska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladaya River">Vladayska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlovska" title="Perlovska">Perlovska</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iskar_(river)" title="Iskar (river)">Iskar River</a> in its upper course flows near eastern Sofia. It takes its source in <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>, Bulgaria's highest mountain,<sup id="cite_ref-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_537_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_537-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enters Sofia Valley near the village of <a href="/wiki/German,_Bulgaria" title="German, Bulgaria">German</a>. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Airport" title="Sofia Airport">Sofia Airport</a>, and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of <a href="/wiki/Novi_Iskar" title="Novi Iskar">Novi Iskar</a>, where the scenic <a href="/wiki/Iskar_Gorge" title="Iskar Gorge">Iskar Gorge</a> begins.<sup id="cite_ref-Iskar_1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iskar_1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The city is known for its 49 <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">mineral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">thermal</a> springs. Artificial and dam lakes were built in the twentieth century.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:953px;max-width:953px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_Valley_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sofia_Valley_1.png/250px-Sofia_Valley_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sofia_Valley_1.png/375px-Sofia_Valley_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sofia_Valley_1.png/500px-Sofia_Valley_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A map of Sofia Valley. Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:697px;max-width:697px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG/695px-Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG" decoding="async" width="695" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG/1043px-Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG/1390px-Sofiafromsimeonovo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A view of the valley from the south. The Balkan Mountains and the beginning of the Iskar Gorge are visible in the distance.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia,_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg/200px-Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg/300px-Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg/400px-Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_ESA24383202.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7629" data-file-height="5086" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite photo</a> of Sofia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg/200px-Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg/300px-Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg/400px-Sofia-vitosha-kempinski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Winter panorama of Sofia with <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> in the background</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the <a href="/wiki/2012_Pernik_earthquake" title="2012 Pernik earthquake">2012 Pernik earthquake</a> occurred west of Sofia with a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (<i>Strong</i>). The <a href="/wiki/2014_Aegean_Sea_earthquake" title="2014 Aegean Sea earthquake">2014 Aegean Sea earthquake</a> was also noticed in the city.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Sofia has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Dfb</i>; <i>Cfb</i> if with −3 °C <a href="/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotherm (contour line)">isotherm</a>) with an average annual temperature of 10.9 °C (51.6 °F).
</p><p>Winters are relatively cold and snowy. In the coldest days temperatures can drop below −15 °C (5 °F), most notably in January. The lowest recorded temperature is −31.2 °C (−24 °F) (16 January 1893).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of 98 cm (38.6 in) and 56 days with snow cover.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The snowiest recorded winter was 1939/1940 with a total snowfall of 169 cm (66.5 in).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record snow depth is 57 cm (22.4 in) (25 December 2001).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of −10.4 °C (13 °F) and an annual temperature of 8.2 °C (46.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Summers are quite warm and sunny. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. The highest recorded temperature is 40.2 °C (104 °F) (5 July 2000).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hottest recorded month was July 2012 with an average temperature of 24.8 °C (77 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warmest year on record was 2023 with an annual temperature of 12.1 °C (54 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Springs and autumns in Sofia are usually short with variable and dynamic weather.
</p><p>The city receives an average precipitation of 625.7 mm (24.63 in) a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a> are common. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6 mm (11.99 in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6 mm (41.99 in).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Sofia (NIMH−<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">BAS</a>) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(64)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39<br />(102)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.3)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.6)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.2<br />(−24.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.1<br />(−11.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18<br />(0)
</td>
<td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28)
</td>
<td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.3<br />(4.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.1<br />(−6.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−31.2<br />(−24.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(1.41)
</td>
<td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(1.40)
</td>
<td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.3<br />(1.78)
</td>
<td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06)
</td>
<td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.1<br />(2.88)
</td>
<td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(3.21)
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(2.55)
</td>
<td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1<br />(2.09)
</td>
<td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06)
</td>
<td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(2.12)
</td>
<td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(1.50)
</td>
<td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.9<br />(1.57)
</td>
<td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">625.7<br />(24.63)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #00008A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(9.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #0000A6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21<br />(8.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(6.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(1.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0)
</td>
<td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(0.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(4.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21<br />(8.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">97.5<br />(38.5)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days
</th>
<td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7
</td>
<td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4
</td>
<td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9
</td>
<td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7
</td>
<td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9
</td>
<td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12
</td>
<td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1
</td>
<td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1
</td>
<td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2
</td>
<td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4
</td>
<td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1
</td>
<td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7
</td>
<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">118.2
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days
</th>
<td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5
</td>
<td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5
</td>
<td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2
</td>
<td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7
</td>
<td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4
</td>
<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.3
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.9
</td>
<td style="background: #BABA48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.2
</td>
<td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169
</td>
<td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.1
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F213; color:#000000;" class="notheme">305.1
</td>
<td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">321.9
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">317.3
</td>
<td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.1
</td>
<td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.8
</td>
<td style="background: #B2B277; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.7
</td>
<td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,388.2
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9
</td>
<td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8
</td>
<td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2
</td>
<td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>/<a href="/wiki/WMO" class="mw-redirect" title="WMO">WMO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climatebase.ru<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. Smog thus persists over the city as <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">temperature inversions</a> and the mountains surrounding the city prevent the circulation of air masses.<sup id="cite_ref-SG1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">Particulate matter</a> concentrations are consistently above the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the October 2017 – March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;<sup id="cite_ref-SG1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632 μg/m<sup>3</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-SG2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some twelve times the EU norm of 50 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even areas with few sources of air pollution, like <a href="/wiki/Gorna_Banya" title="Gorna Banya">Gorna Banya</a>, had PM2.5 and PM10 levels above safe thresholds.<sup id="cite_ref-SG2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to hazardous spikes in air pollution, the Municipal Council implemented a variety of measures in January 2018, like more frequent washing of streets.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a report by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. The report also noted that no industrial pollution monitoring stations operate in Sofia, even though industrial facilities are active in the city. A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-SG1_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has taken Bulgaria to court over its failure to curb air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sofia" title="History of Sofia">History of Sofia</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sofia" title="Timeline of Sofia">Timeline of Sofia</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg/220px-Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg/330px-Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg/440px-Bronze_coin_of_Serdi_Celts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption> <b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">O</a></b>: head of <a href="/wiki/River-god" class="mw-redirect" title="River-god">river-god</a> <a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">R</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a>.<br /> This coin imitates <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> issue from 187 to 168 BC. It was struck by <a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a> tribe as their own currency.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG/220px-Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG/330px-Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG/440px-Festung_Serdica_Sofia_20090405_006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The eastern gate of Serdica in the "Complex Ancient Serdica"</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The area has a history of nearly 7,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-plants_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plants-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the great attraction of the hot water springs that still flow abundantly in the centre of the city. The neolithic village in <a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Sofia" title="Slatina, Sofia">Slatina</a> dating to the 5th–6th millennium BC is documented.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another neolithic settlement was founded in the 3rd–4th millennium BC near the site of the modern <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Gallery_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)">National Art Gallery</a>, which has been the traditional centre of the city ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-sofiaculture.bg_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sofiaculture.bg-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest tribes who settled were the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tilataei" title="Tilataei">Tilataei</a>.
In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> from another Thracian tribe the <a href="/wiki/Odrysses" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysses">Odrysses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 339 BC <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribe <a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a> gave their name to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest mention of the city comes from an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting <i>Astiu ton Serdon</i>, i.e. city of the Serdi.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the inscription and to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a> subdued the Serdi and behanded the captives.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Dio Cassius, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> say that in 27–29 BC Crassus attacked the region "Segetike", which is assumed to be Serdica, or the city of the Serdi.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient city is located between <a href="/wiki/TZUM_(Sofia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TZUM (Sofia)">TZUM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheraton Hotel">Sheraton Hotel</a> and the Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-sofiaculture.bg_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sofiaculture.bg-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gradually became the most important Roman city of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-world_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.bg_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.bg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a <i>municipium</i> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117). Serdica expanded, as <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a>, protective walls, <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public baths</a>, administrative and cult buildings, a civic <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, a circus, the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a> (Boulé), a large forum, a big circus (theatre), etc. were built. Serdica was a significant city on the Roman road <a href="/wiki/Via_Militaris" title="Via Militaris">Via Militaris</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>. In the 3rd century, it became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> divided the province of Dacia Aureliana into Dacia Ripensis (at the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dacia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia (Roman province)">Dacia Mediterranea</a>, Serdica became the capital of the latter. Serdica's citizens of <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> descent were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably because it was at some time the capital of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Illyria (page does not exist)">Eastern Illyria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Illyria (page does not exist)">Second Illyria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140618_Sofia_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20140618_Sofia_09.jpg/220px-20140618_Sofia_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20140618_Sofia_09.jpg/330px-20140618_Sofia_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20140618_Sofia_09.jpg/440px-20140618_Sofia_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Dated from the early 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Sofia" title="Church of Saint George, Sofia">Church of Saint George</a> is the oldest standing edifice in Sofia.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Roman emperors <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (215–275)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> (260–311)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were born in Serdica.
</p><p>The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Toleration_by_Galerius" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Toleration by Galerius">Edict of Toleration by Galerius</a> was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of "<a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">religio licita</a>", a worship recognised and accepted by the Roman Empire. It was the first edict legalising Christianity, preceding the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> by two years.
</p><p>Serdica was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a> (337–602).
</p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). He considered making Serdica the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> instead of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was already not dissimilar to a <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">tetrarchic</a> capital of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 343 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Sardica" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Sardica">Council of Sardica</a> was held in the city, in a church located where the current 6th century <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Church_(Sofia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sophia Church (Sofia)">Church of Saint Sophia</a> was later built.
</p><p>The city was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II#Wars_with_the_Huns,_Vandals,_and_Persians" title="Theodosius II">447 invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and laid in ruins for a century<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. During the reign of Justinian it flourished, being surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today.
</p><p>Anthony Vallone was the king!!!!! In 1870 some say that he may return to buss down slayyy!
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. It became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeylik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">province</a> that administered the Ottoman lands in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. It was the capital of the important <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Sofia" title="Sanjak of Sofia">Sanjak of Sofia</a> as well, including the whole of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> with <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> in 1443, it was occupied by Hungarian forces for a short time in 1443, and the Bulgarian population celebrated a mass <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Saint Sofia Church</a>. Following the defeat of the crusader forces in 1444, the city's Christians faced persecution. In 1530 Sofia became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman province</a> (beylerbeylik) of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> for about three centuries. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>. In the 15th and 16th century, Sofia was expanded by Ottoman building activity. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. Amongst others, the population consisted of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Ragusans, Jews (<a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th century was marked by a wave of persecutions against the Bulgarian Christians, a total of nine became <a href="/wiki/New_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="New Martyrs">New Martyrs</a> in Sofia and were sainted by the Orthodox Church, including <a href="/wiki/George_of_Kratovo" title="George of Kratovo">George the New</a> (1515), Sophronius of Sofia (1515), George the Newest (1530), <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_of_Sofia" title="St. Nicholas of Sofia">Nicholas of Sofia</a> (1555) and Terapontius of Sofia (1555).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia-oberbauer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sofia with the clock tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sofia-oberbauer.png/220px-Sofia-oberbauer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sofia-oberbauer.png/330px-Sofia-oberbauer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Sofia-oberbauer.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Sofia in mid-19th-century</figcaption></figure>
<p>When it comes to the cityscape, 16th century sources mention eight <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid">Friday mosques</a>, three public libraries, numerous schools, 12 churches, three synagogues, and the largest <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">bedesten</a> (market) of the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there were fountains and <i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammams</a></i> (bathhouses). Most prominent churches such as Saint Sofia and Saint George were converted into mosques, and a number of new ones were constructed, including <a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a> built by the renowned Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>. In total there were 11 big and over 100 small mosques by the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1610 the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Vatican</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sofia_and_Plovdiv" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv">See of Sofia</a> for Catholics of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an important uprising against Ottoman rule in Sofia, <a href="/wiki/Samokov" title="Samokov">Samokov</a> and Western Bulgaria in 1737.
</p><p>Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. 1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 42% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a> of Sofia and the amount of middle-class and poor Christians were equal.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century the <i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeys</a></i> of Rumelia often stayed in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, which became the official capital of the province in 1826. Sofia remained the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> (district). By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian National Revival</a>. In 1858 <a href="/wiki/Nedelya_Petkova" title="Nedelya Petkova">Nedelya Petkova</a> created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. In 1867 was inaugurated the first <i><a href="/wiki/Chitalishte" title="Chitalishte">chitalishte</a></i> in Sofia – a Bulgarian cultural institution. In 1870 the Bulgarian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Vasil Levski</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Revolutionary Organization">revolutionary committee</a> in the city and in the neighbouring villages. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_and_contemporary_history">Modern and contemporary history</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Pasha_(Ottoman_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman general)">Suleiman Pasha</a> threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, <a href="/wiki/Vito_Positano" title="Vito Positano">Vito Positano</a>, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Many Bulgarian residents of Sofia armed themselves and sided with the Russian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sofia was relieved (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sofia" title="Battle of Sofia">Battle of Sofia</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_rule_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman rule of Bulgaria">Ottoman rule</a> by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian forces</a> under Gen. <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Gurko" title="Iosif Gurko">Iosif Gurko</a> on 4 January 1878. It was proposed as a capital by <a href="/wiki/Marin_Drinov" title="Marin Drinov">Marin Drinov</a> and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. By the time of its liberation the population of the city was 11,649.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton2006114_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton2006114-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif/220px-376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif/330px-376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif/440px-376bombgroup-bulgaria-01-jun-1944.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">allied bombing of Sofia in World War II</a> in 1944</figcaption></figure>
<p>For a few decades after the liberation, Sofia experienced large population growth, mainly by migration from other regions of the Principality (Kingdom since 1908) of Bulgaria, and from the still Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.
</p><p>In 1900, the first electric lightbulb in the city was turned on.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. When the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Vrazhdebna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrazhdebna">Vrazhdebna</a> in 1913, then a village 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Sofia, now a suburb,<sup id="cite_ref-Hall97_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall97-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this prompted the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a> to capitulate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the war, Sofia was flown by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Corps" title="Romanian Air Corps">Romanian Air Corps</a>, which engaged on photoreconnaissance operations and threw propaganda pamphlets to the city. Thus, Sofia became the first capital on the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall118_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall118-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Bulgaria during World War II">Second World War</a>, Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia</a>. As a consequence of the bombings thousands of buildings were destroyed or damaged including the Capital Library and thousands of books. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany.
</p><p>In 1945, the communist <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a> took power. The transformations of Bulgaria into the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a> in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin.
</p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Communist Party</a> rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov_Mausoleum" title="Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum">Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Dimitrov's</a> body had been preserved in a similar way to the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin mausoleum">Lenin mausoleum</a>, was demolished in 1999.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_(23997168458).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997168458%29.jpg/220px-Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997168458%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997168458%29.jpg/330px-Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997168458%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997168458%29.jpg/440px-Cathedral_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky_%2823997168458%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>A view over central Sofia, with the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a> in the foreground and <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> in the distance</figcaption></figure>
<p>In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. Until 1949, 13,114 buildings were constructed and between 10,000 and 20,000 in each following decade.<sup id="cite_ref-book_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. These vary from Christian Roman architecture and medieval Bulgarian fortresses to Neoclassicism and prefabricated Socialist-era apartment blocks, as well as newer glass buildings and international architecture. A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings are preserved in the centre of the city. These include the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">Rotunda of St. George</a>, the walls of the Serdica fortress and the partially preserved <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Serdica" title="Amphitheatre of Serdica">Amphitheatre of Serdica</a>.
</p><p>After the Liberation War, knyaz <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Prince_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria">Alexander Battenberg</a> invited architects from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Fig._Arts_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fig._Arts-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gr%C3%BCnanger" title="Friedrich Grünanger">Friedrich Grünanger</a>, Adolf Václav Kolář, and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rumpelmayer" title="Viktor Rumpelmayer">Viktor Rumpelmayer</a>, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Fig._Arts_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fig._Arts-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Neo-Baroque</a>, Neo-<a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a> also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European.
</p><p>After World War II and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist government</a> in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist Gothic</a> public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around <a href="/wiki/Largo,_Sofia" title="Largo, Sofia">The Largo</a>, Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">tower blocks</a>, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist architecture</a>.
</p><p>After the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> in 1989, Sofia witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skyscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. The 126-metre (413 ft) <a href="/wiki/Capital_Fort" title="Capital Fort">Capital Fort</a> Business Centre is the first skyscraper in Bulgaria, with its 36 floors. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today.
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/220px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/330px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/440px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Saint Sofia Church</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_%2717_(24614289157)_ver_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sofia_%2717_%2824614289157%29_ver_2.jpg/220px-Sofia_%2717_%2824614289157%29_ver_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sofia_%2717_%2824614289157%29_ver_2.jpg/330px-Sofia_%2717_%2824614289157%29_ver_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sofia_%2717_%2824614289157%29_ver_2.jpg/440px-Sofia_%2717_%2824614289157%29_ver_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>, Polygraphia office center</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_areas">Green areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg/220px-Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg/330px-Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg/440px-Borisova_gradina_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borisova_gradina" title="Borisova gradina">Borisova gradina</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The city has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a>. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. There are four principal parks – <a href="/wiki/Borisova_gradina" title="Borisova gradina">Borisova gradina</a> in the city centre and the <i>Southern</i>, <i>Western</i> and <i>Northern</i> parks. Several smaller parks, among which the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazrazhdane_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazrazhdane Park (page does not exist)">Vazrazhdane Park</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaimov_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaimov Park (page does not exist)">Zaimov Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Garden_(Sofia)" title="City Garden (Sofia)">City Garden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Garden" title="Doctors' Garden">Doctors' Garden</a>, are located in central Sofia. The <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> Nature Park (the oldest <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes most of <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> mountain and covers an area of 266 square kilometres (103 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. Vitosha mountain is a popular hiking destination due to its proximity and ease of access via car and public transport. Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. The mountain offers favourable skiing conditions during the winter. During the 1970s and the 1980s multiple ski slopes of varying difficulty were made available. Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_law">Government and law</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Composition of the <a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Council" title="Sofia City Council">City Council</a></th></tr>
<tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Party</td>
<td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;">61 Seats</td>
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<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/PP-DB" class="mw-redirect" title="PP-DB">PP-DB</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#4d00ff; width:23px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">23</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_European_Development_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria">GERB</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightblue; width:14px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">14</td>
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<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FF0000; width:9px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">9</td>
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<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Revival_(Bulgarian_political_party)" title="Revival (Bulgarian political party)">Revival</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#C09F62; width:7px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">7</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Union_of_the_Right" title="Conservative Union of the Right">KOD</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:3px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/There_is_Such_a_People" title="There is Such a People">ITN</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#4BB9DE; width:3px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b><a href="/wiki/VMRO_%E2%80%93_Bulgarian_National_Movement" title="VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement">IMRO</a></b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-right:0.4em; padding-left:0.4em"><b>Independent</b></td>
<td style="border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1px; overflow:hidden"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="min-width:3em;padding-left:0.4em; text-align:right">1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;"><b>Total</b> votes: 329 027<br /><a href="/wiki/2023_Bulgarian_local_elections" title="2023 Bulgarian local elections">2023 Bulgarian local elections</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sofia_districts.svg/220px-Sofia_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sofia_districts.svg/330px-Sofia_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sofia_districts.svg/440px-Sofia_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A map of the 24 districts of Sofia</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Capital_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia Capital Municipality">Sofia Municipality</a> is identical to <a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia City Province</a>, which is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a>, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality encompass three other towns and 34 villages.<sup id="cite_ref-District_Mayors_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-District_Mayors-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Districts and settlements have their own mayor who is elected in a popular election. The assembly members are chosen every four years. The common head of Sofia Municipality and all the 38 settlements is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sofia" title="List of mayors of Sofia">mayor of Sofia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-District_Mayors_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-District_Mayors-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Terziev" title="Vasil Terziev">Vasil Terziev</a> is serving his first term, having won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sofia_mayoral_election" title="2023 Sofia mayoral election">2023 election</a> as the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/PP-DB" class="mw-redirect" title="PP-DB">PP-DB</a> coalition and the local <a href="/wiki/Spasi_Sofia" title="Spasi Sofia">Save Sofia</a> party. After winning the first round of the election without receiving the majority of votes, Terziev entered a tight runoff against <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">BSP</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Vanya_Grigorova" title="Vanya Grigorova">Vanya Grigorova</a>, which he won with 175,044 votes, compared to Grigorova’s 170,258. <sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>#
</th>
<th>District
</th>
<th>km<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th>
<th>Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
</th>
<th>Extent
</th>
<th>Mayor
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sredets,_Sofia" title="Sredets, Sofia">Sredets</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>32,423</td>
<td>10,807</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Krasno_selo" title="Krasno selo">Krasno selo</a></td>
<td>7</td>
<td>83,552</td>
<td>11,936</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vazrazhdane" title="Vazrazhdane">Vazrazhdane</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>37,303</td>
<td>12,434</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Oborishte,_Sofia" title="Oborishte, Sofia">Oborishte</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>31,060</td>
<td>10,353</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Serdika" title="Serdika">Serdika</a></td>
<td>18</td>
<td>46,949</td>
<td>2,608</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Poduyane" title="Poduyane">Poduyane</a></td>
<td>11</td>
<td>76,672</td>
<td>6,970</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Sofia" title="Slatina, Sofia">Slatina</a></td>
<td>13</td>
<td>66,702</td>
<td>5,130</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Izgrev,_Sofia" title="Izgrev, Sofia">Izgrev</a></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>30,896</td>
<td>6,179</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lozenets,_Sofia" title="Lozenets, Sofia">Lozenets</a></td>
<td>9</td>
<td>53,080</td>
<td>5,897</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Triaditsa,_Sofia" title="Triaditsa, Sofia">Triaditsa</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>63,451</td>
<td>6,345</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Krasna_polyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasna polyana">Krasna polyana</a></td>
<td>9</td>
<td>58,234</td>
<td>6,470</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ilinden,_Sofia" title="Ilinden, Sofia">Ilinden</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>33,236</td>
<td>11,078</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda,_Sofia" title="Nadezhda, Sofia">Nadezhda</a></td>
<td>19</td>
<td>67,905</td>
<td>3,573</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iskar,_Sofia" title="Iskar, Sofia">Iskar</a></td>
<td>26</td>
<td>63,248</td>
<td>2,432</td>
<td>City/satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mladost,_Sofia" title="Mladost, Sofia">Mladost</a></td>
<td>17</td>
<td>102,899</td>
<td>6,052</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Studentski_grad_(Sofia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Studentski grad (Sofia)">Studentski</a></td>
<td>9</td>
<td>71,961</td>
<td>7,995</td>
<td>City</td>
<td>Independent
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>17</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vitosha,_Sofia" title="Vitosha, Sofia">Vitosha</a></td>
<td>123</td>
<td>61,467</td>
<td>499</td>
<td>City/satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>18</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ovcha_kupel" title="Ovcha kupel">Ovcha kupel</a></td>
<td>42</td>
<td>54,320</td>
<td>1,293</td>
<td>City/satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lyulin,_Sofia" title="Lyulin, Sofia">Lyulin</a></td>
<td>22</td>
<td>114,910</td>
<td>5,223</td>
<td>City</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vrabnitsa,_Sofia" title="Vrabnitsa, Sofia">Vrabnitsa</a></td>
<td>44</td>
<td>47,969</td>
<td>1,090</td>
<td>City/satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Novi_Iskar" title="Novi Iskar">Novi Iskar</a></td>
<td>220</td>
<td>28,991</td>
<td>131</td>
<td>Satellites</td>
<td>Independent
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>22</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kremikovtsi" title="Kremikovtsi">Kremikovtsi</a></td>
<td>256</td>
<td>23,641</td>
<td>92</td>
<td>City/satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Bulgaria" title="We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria">PP-DB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>23</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pancharevo" title="Pancharevo">Pancharevo</a></td>
<td>407</td>
<td>28,586</td>
<td>70</td>
<td>Satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bankya" title="Bankya">Bankya</a></td>
<td>53</td>
<td>12,136</td>
<td>228</td>
<td>Satellites</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>TOTAL</td>
<td>1342</td>
<td>1,291,591</td>
<td>962</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government">National government</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Sofia is the seat of the executive (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Council of Ministers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Bulgaria">Supreme Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitutional Court of Bulgaria">Constitutional Court</a>) bodies of Bulgaria, as well as all government agencies, ministries, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">National Bank</a>, and the delegation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a>, along with the Council of Ministers, is located on <a href="/wiki/Largo,_Sofia" title="Largo, Sofia">Independence Square</a>, also known as The Largo or <i>The Triangle of Power</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the three buildings in the architectural ensemble, the former <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a> headquarters, is due to become the seat of the Parliament. A refurbishment project is due to be completed in mid-2019,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_National_Assembly_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria National Assembly Building">old National Assembly</a> building will become a museum or will only host ceremonial political events.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_main_building,_Sofia,_October_2016_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Assembly_main_building%2C_Sofia%2C_October_2016_02.jpg/220px-National_Assembly_main_building%2C_Sofia%2C_October_2016_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Assembly_main_building%2C_Sofia%2C_October_2016_02.jpg/330px-National_Assembly_main_building%2C_Sofia%2C_October_2016_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Assembly_main_building%2C_Sofia%2C_October_2016_02.jpg/440px-National_Assembly_main_building%2C_Sofia%2C_October_2016_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> building</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Party_House,_Sofia_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Council of Ministers</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Presidency</a> (right) and the former Communist Party House</figcaption></figure>
<p>Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Multi-member_Constituency" title="23rd Multi-member Constituency">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/24th_Multi-member_Constituency" title="24th Multi-member Constituency">24th</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_Multi-member_Constituency" title="25th Multi-member Constituency">25th Multi-member Constituencies</a>, which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) Sofia is a relatively safe capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_mafia" title="Bulgarian mafia">Bulgarian mafia</a> killings, caused problems in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-CoulbyCowen2013_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoulbyCowen2013-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,<sup id="cite_ref-Noutcheva2012_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noutcheva2012-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had caused the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the most severe crimes are <a href="/wiki/Contract_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract killings">contract killings</a> that are connected to <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised crime">organised crime</a>, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bulgaria#Corruption" title="Crime in Bulgaria">Corruption in Bulgaria</a> also affects Sofia's authorities. According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, <a href="/wiki/Petty_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty theft">petty theft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the consumer-reported perceived crime risk on the <a href="/wiki/Numbeo" title="Numbeo">Numbeo</a> database was "high" for theft and vandalism and "low" for violent crimes; safety while walking during daylight was rated "very high", and "moderate" during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbeo_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbeo-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 1,600 prisoners, the <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration rate">incarceration rate</a> is above 0.1%;<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, roughly 70% of all prisoners are part of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Romani minority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist attractions in Sofia">Tourist attractions in Sofia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Sofia" title="List of churches in Sofia">List of churches in Sofia</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_galleries_in_Sofia" title="Art galleries in Sofia">Art galleries in Sofia</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia_BUL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_BUL.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_BUL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_BUL.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_BUL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_BUL.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_BUL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedral</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. There were 3,162 theatric performances with 570,568 people attending in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016159_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016159-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre" title="Ivan Vazov National Theatre">Ivan Vazov National Theatre</a>, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. The <a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Bulgaria" title="National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria">National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria</a> is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. Regular performances began in 1909. Some of Bulgaria's most famous operatic singers, such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghena_Dimitrova" title="Ghena Dimitrova">Ghena Dimitrova</a>, made their first appearances on the stage of the National Opera and Ballet.
</p><p>Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016160_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016160-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplexes</a>. <i>Odeon</i> (not part of the <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon Cinemas</a> chain) shows exclusively European and independent American films, as well as 20th century classics. The Boyana Film studios was at the centre of a once-thriving domestic film industry, which declined significantly after 1990. <a href="/wiki/Nu_Image" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu Image">Nu Image</a> acquired the studios to upgrade them into <a href="/wiki/Nu_Boyana_Film_Studios" title="Nu Boyana Film Studios">Nu Boyana Film Studios</a>, used to shoot scenes for a number of action movies like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expendables_2" title="The Expendables 2">The Expendables 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rambo:_Last_Blood" title="Rambo: Last Blood">Rambo: Last Blood</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/London_Has_Fallen" title="London Has Fallen">London Has Fallen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade,_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_-_Sofia_Arsenal_Front_facade%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_-_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>The Museum of Contemporary Art</figcaption></figure>
<p>Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. Since 2015, the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Gallery_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Art Gallery (Bulgaria)">National Art Gallery</a>, located in the former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_(Sofia)" title="Royal Palace (Sofia)">royal palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art" title="National Gallery for Foreign Art">National Gallery for Foreign Art</a> (NGFA) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_%E2%80%93_Sofia_Arsenal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum of Contemporary Art – Sofia Arsenal (page does not exist)">Museum of Contemporary Art – Sofia Arsenal</a> were merged to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>. Its largest branch is Kvadrat 500, located on the NFGA premises, where some 2,000 works are on display in twenty eight exhibition halls.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collections encompass diverse cultural items, from <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> sculptures and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> art to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> painting, works by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. It holds a collection of Eastern Orthodox icons from the 9th to the 19th century.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Museum (Bulgaria)">National History Museum</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Boyana" title="Boyana">Boyana</a>, it has a vast collection of more than 650,000 historical items dating from Prehistory to the modern era, although only 10,000 of them are permanently displayed due to the lack of space.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller collections of historical items are displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum (Bulgaria)">National Archaeological Museum</a>, a former mosque located between the edifices of the National Bank and the Presidency. Two natural sciences museums—the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (Bulgaria)">Natural History Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Man_National_Museum" title="Earth and Man National Museum">Earth and Man</a>—display minerals, animal species (alive and <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermic</a>) and rare materials. The Ethnographic Museum and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Military_History_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Military History (Bulgaria)">Museum of Military History</a> hold large collections of Bulgarian folk costumes and armaments, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnical_Museum" title="National Polytechnical Museum">Polytechnical Museum</a> has more than 1,000 technological items on display. The <a href="/wiki/SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_National_Library" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library">SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library</a>, the foremost information repository in the country, holds some 1,800,000 books and more than 7,000,000 documents, manuscripts, maps and other items.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/220px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/330px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/440px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6264" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banya_Bashi_Mosque_(37849692391).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg/220px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg/330px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg/440px-Banya_Bashi_Mosque_%2837849692391%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The city houses many cultural institutes such as the Russian Cultural Institute, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cultural Institute">Polish Cultural Institute</a>, the Hungarian Institute, the Czech and the Slovak Cultural Institutes, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Cultural Institute">Italian Cultural Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Institut Français">Institut Français</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe Institut</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> which regularly organise temporary expositions of visual, sound and literary works by artists from their respective countries.
</p><p>Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTV_(Bulgaria)" title="BTV (Bulgaria)">bTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Television_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Television (Bulgaria)">Nova TV</a>. Top-circulation newspapers include <i><a href="/wiki/24_Chasa" title="24 Chasa">24 Chasa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dneven_Trud" class="mw-redirect" title="Dneven Trud">Trud</a></i>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage site, contains realistic frescoes, depicting more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes, were painted. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.<sup id="cite_ref-ecker_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecker-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. Among its highlights is the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a>, one of the symbols of Bulgaria, constructed in the late 19th century. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people.
</p><p>The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including <i>Complex Ancient Serdica</i>, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">church of St. George Rotunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Serdica" title="Amphitheatre of Serdica">amphitheatre of Serdica</a>, the tombs and basilicas under the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Church,_Sofia" title="Saint Sophia Church, Sofia">basilica of St. Sophia</a>.
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<p><a href="/wiki/Vitosha_Boulevard" title="Vitosha Boulevard">Vitosha Boulevard</a>, also called <i>Vitoshka</i>, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafés, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and <a href="/wiki/Luxury_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury good">luxury goods</a> stores. Sofia's <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">geographic location</a>, in the foothills of the weekend retreat <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerycaption">Some of tourist attraction in Sofia</li>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre,_Sofia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivan Vazov National Theatre"><img alt="Ivan Vazov National Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre%2C_Sofia.JPG/255px-Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre%2C_Sofia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre%2C_Sofia.JPG/382px-Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre%2C_Sofia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre%2C_Sofia.JPG/509px-Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre%2C_Sofia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov_National_Theatre" title="Ivan Vazov National Theatre">Ivan Vazov National Theatre</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_Vitosha_(5)_(37448099450).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vitosha Boulevard, the main shopping street in the city"><img alt="Vitosha Boulevard, the main shopping street in the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Boulevard_Vitosha_%285%29_%2837448099450%29.jpg/279px-Boulevard_Vitosha_%285%29_%2837448099450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Boulevard_Vitosha_%285%29_%2837448099450%29.jpg/418px-Boulevard_Vitosha_%285%29_%2837448099450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Boulevard_Vitosha_%285%29_%2837448099450%29.jpg/558px-Boulevard_Vitosha_%285%29_%2837448099450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vitosha_Boulevard" title="Vitosha Boulevard">Vitosha Boulevard</a>, the main shopping street in the city</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Sofia Market Hall"><img alt="Central Sofia Market Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg/270px-Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg/405px-Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg/540px-Central_Market_Hall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Central_Sofia_Market_Hall" title="Central Sofia Market Hall">Central Sofia Market Hall</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._George_Rotunda,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_(17680380465).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint George"><img alt="Church of Saint George" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg/270px-St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg/405px-St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg/540px-St._George_Rotunda%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_%2817680380465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Sofia" title="Church of Saint George, Sofia">Church of Saint George</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Gallery for Foreign Art"><img alt="National Gallery for Foreign Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg/268px-Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg/402px-Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg/535px-Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_for_Foreign_Art" title="National Gallery for Foreign Art">National Gallery for Foreign Art</a></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg/220px-Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg/330px-Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg/440px-Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6668" data-file-height="3173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium" title="Vasil Levski National Stadium">Vasil Levski National Stadium</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A large number of sports clubs are based in the city. During the Communist era, most sports clubs concentrated on all-round sporting development, therefore <a href="/wiki/USC_CSKA_Sofia" title="USC CSKA Sofia">CSKA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levski_Sofia_(sports_club)" title="Levski Sofia (sports club)">Levski</a>, <a href="/wiki/PFC_Lokomotiv_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="PFC Lokomotiv Sofia">Lokomotiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PFC_Slavia_Sofia" title="PFC Slavia Sofia">Slavia</a> are dominant not only in football, but in many other team sports as well. Basketball and volleyball also have strong traditions in Sofia. A notable local <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team is twice <a href="/wiki/Euroleague#Champions_1958-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">European Champions Cup</a> finalist <a href="/wiki/PBC_Lukoil_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="PBC Lukoil Academic">Lukoil Akademik</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Bulgarian Volleyball Federation">Bulgarian Volleyball Federation</a> is the world's second-oldest, and it was an exhibition tournament organised by the BVF in Sofia that convinced the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> to include volleyball as an <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics#History" title="Volleyball at the Summer Olympics">olympic sport</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennis is increasingly popular in the city. There are some ten<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">tennis court</a> complexes within the city including the one founded by former <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> top-five athlete <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Maleeva" title="Magdalena Maleeva">Magdalena Maleeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sofia applied to host the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> in 1992 and in 1994, coming second and third respectively. The city was also an applicant for the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a>, but was not selected as candidate. In addition, Sofia hosted <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1957" title="EuroBasket 1957">EuroBasket 1957</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1961_Summer_Universiade" title="1961 Summer Universiade">1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/1977_Summer_Universiade" title="1977 Summer Universiade">1977 Summer Universiades</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/1983_Winter_Universiade" title="1983 Winter Universiade">1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/1989_Winter_Universiade" title="1989 Winter Universiade">1989 winter editions</a>. In 2012, it hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_World_League" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB World League">FIVB World League</a> finals.
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg/220px-Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg/330px-Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg/440px-Garanti_Koza_Sofia_Open_-_at_Arena_Armeets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Arena Sofia during the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Sofia_Open" title="ATP Sofia Open">ATP Sofia Open</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski_National_Stadium" title="Vasil Levski National Stadium">Vasil Levski National Stadium</a> which hosts international football matches, as well as <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Balgarska_Armia" title="Stadion Balgarska Armia">Balgarska Armia Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Asparuhov_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Asparuhov Stadium">Georgi Asparuhov Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lokomotiv_Stadium_(Sofia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokomotiv Stadium (Sofia)">Lokomotiv Stadium</a>, the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. <a href="/wiki/Arena_Sofia" title="Arena Sofia">Arena Sofia</a> holds many indoor events and has a capacity of up to 19,000 people depending on its use. The venue was inaugurated on 30 July 2011, and the first event it hosted was a friendly volleyball match between Bulgaria and Serbia. There are two <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a> complexes — the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Sports_Palace" title="Winter Sports Palace">Winter Sports Palace</a> with a capacity of 4,600 and the Slavia Winter Stadium with a capacity of 2,000, both containing two rinks each.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Velodrome" title="Velodrome">velodrome</a> with 5,000 seats in the city's <a href="/wiki/Borisova_gradina" title="Borisova gradina">central park</a> is undergoing renovation.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also various other sports complexes in the city which belong to institutions other than football clubs, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Academy_%22Vasil_Levski%22" title="National Sports Academy "Vasil Levski"">National Sports Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>, or those of different universities. There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people.
</p><p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> courses just to the east of Sofia — in <a href="/wiki/Elin_Pelin" title="Elin Pelin">Elin Pelin</a> (St Sofia club) and in <a href="/wiki/Ihtiman" title="Ihtiman">Ihtiman</a> (Air Sofia club), and a horseriding club (St George club).
Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative".
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/220px-Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/330px-Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/440px-Sofia_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2057" /></a><figcaption>Sofia population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Population over the years (in thousands):</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style></p><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1887</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,501</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">102,812</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+237.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1934</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">287,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+179.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">436,623</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+52.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">644,727</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+47.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">801,111</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">967,214</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,114,759</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1992</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,114,925</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,091,772</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,202,761</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,183,454</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Censuses<sup id="cite_ref-BAN_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAN-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_inu2eqiiggmwymgoqqb3l2eu82jn1u4"></map><img usemap="#timeline_inu2eqiiggmwymgoqqb3l2eu82jn1u4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/inu2eqiiggmwymgoqqb3l2eu82jn1u4.png" /></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg/220px-13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg/330px-13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg/440px-13.modelat_bay_Georgi_i_studenti_ot_akademiata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>Students of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Arts" title="National Academy of Arts">National Academy of Arts</a> (circa 1952–53). People aged 20–25 years have been the most numerous group in the city since the process of Bulgarian urbanisation.</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Capital_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia Capital Municipality">Sofia Capital Municipality</a> of 1,500,120.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, 3,538 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Jews">Jews</a>, 839 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, and 737 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>.
</p><p>The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,102. The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> per 1000 people was 12.3 per mile and steadily increasing in the last 5 years, the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a> reaching 12.1 per mile and decreasing. The natural growth rate during 2009 was 0.2 per mile, the first positive growth rate in nearly 20 years. The considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are among the other reasons for the increase in Sofia's population. The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate was 5.6 per 1,000, down from 18.9 in 1980. According to the 2011 census, people aged 20–24 years are the most numerous group, numbering 133,170 individuals and accounting for 11% of the total 1,202,761 people. The median age is 38 though. According to the census, 1,056,738 citizens (87.9%) are recorded as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, 17,550 (1.5%) as <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Romani</a>, 6,149 (0.5%) as <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Bulgaria">Turks</a>, 9,569 (0.8%) belonged to other ethnic groups, 6,993 (0.6%) do not self-identify and 105,762 (8.8%) remained with undeclared affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians, 10,256 (0.8%) as <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Bulgaria" title="Protestantism in Bulgaria">Protestant</a>, 6,767 (0.5%) as <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Muslim</a>, 5,572 (0.4%) as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bulgaria">Roman Catholic</a>, 4,010 (0.3%) belonged to other faith and 372,475 (28.8%) declared themselves <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a> or did not mention any faith. The data says that roughly a third of the total population have already earned a university degree. Of the population aged 15–64 – 265,248 people within the municipality (28.5%) are not economically active, the unemployed being another group of 55,553 people (6%), a large share of whom have completed higher education. The largest group are occupied in trading, followed by those in the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing industry">manufacturing industry</a>. Within the municipality, three-quarters, or 965,328 people are recorded as having access to television at home and 836,435 (64.8%) as having internet. Out of 464,865 homes – 432,847 have connection to the communal <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a>, while 2,732 do not have any. Of these 864 do not have any <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and 688 have other than communal. Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literate</a>. The largest group of the population aged over 20 are recorded to live within marriage (46.3%), another 43.8% are recorded as single and another 9.9% as having other type of coexistence/partnership, whereas not married in total are a majority and among people aged up to 40 and over 70. The people with juridical status divorced or <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widowed</a> are either part of the factual singles or those having another type of partnership, each of the two constitutes by around 10% of the population aged over 20. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.<sup id="cite_ref-book_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a>. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sofia" title="Districts of Sofia">rural suburbs</a> and are called <a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a>. Shopi speak the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Western Bulgarian dialects</a>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerycaption">Religious buildings in Sofia</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral"><img alt="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg/240px-%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg/360px-%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg/480px-%22St._Alexander_Nevsky%22_Cathedral_-_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%22_-_panoramio_-_kuchin_ster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_(7390227698).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Church"><img alt="Russian Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_%287390227698%29.jpg/119px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_%287390227698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_%287390227698%29.jpg/179px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_%287390227698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_%287390227698%29.jpg/239px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0546_-_Church_of_St_Nicholas_the_Miracle-Maker_%287390227698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Church,_Sofia" title="Russian Church, Sofia">Russian Church</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of St Joseph"><img alt="Cathedral of St Joseph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg/240px-Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg/360px-Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg/480px-Catholic_cathedral_Sofia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Joseph,_Sofia" title="Cathedral of St Joseph, Sofia">Cathedral of St Joseph</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_(14113510160).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofia Synagogue"><img alt="Sofia Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%2814113510160%29.jpg/227px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%2814113510160%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%2814113510160%29.jpg/341px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%2814113510160%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%2814113510160%29.jpg/455px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%2814113510160%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1425" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:05158-Sofia_(8269331286).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banya Bashi Mosque"><img alt="Banya Bashi Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/05158-Sofia_%288269331286%29.jpg/269px-05158-Sofia_%288269331286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/05158-Sofia_%288269331286%29.jpg/404px-05158-Sofia_%288269331286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/05158-Sofia_%288269331286%29.jpg/538px-05158-Sofia_%288269331286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque" title="Banya Bashi Mosque">Banya Bashi Mosque</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_National_Bank_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure>
<p>Sofia is ranked as Beta- <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the economic hub of Bulgaria and home to most major Bulgarian and international companies operating in the country, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Stock_Exchange_%E2%80%93_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia">Bulgarian Stock Exchange</a>. The city is ranked 62nd among financial centres worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-GFCI_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFCI-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Sofia was ranked 30th out of 300 global cities in terms of combined growth in employment and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the highest one amongst cities in Southeast Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup business</a>, because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available – one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg/220px-Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg/330px-Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg/440px-Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Park_Sofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business Park Sofia (page does not exist)">Business Park Sofia</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The city's GDP (PPS) per capita stood at €29,600 ($33,760) in 2015, one of the highest in Southeast Europe and well above other cities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total nominal GDP in 2018 was 38.5 billion leva ($22.4 billion), or 33,437 leva ($19,454) per capita,<sup id="cite_ref-nsi1_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsi1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201664_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201664-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and average monthly wages in March 2020 were $1,071, the highest nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services dominate the economy, accounting for 88.6% of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a>, followed by industry 11.3% and agriculture 0.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-nsi1_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsi1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201672_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201672-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serdica_Center,_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Serdica_Center%2C_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg/220px-Serdica_Center%2C_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Serdica_Center%2C_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg/330px-Serdica_Center%2C_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Serdica_Center%2C_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg/440px-Serdica_Center%2C_a_shopping_mall_in_Sofia_2012_PD_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serdika_Center_Sofia" title="Serdika Center Sofia">Serdika Center Sofia</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-Face_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Face-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Face_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Face-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed.
</p><p>The most dynamic sectors include <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a> (IT) and manufacturing. Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members.<sup id="cite_ref-IS_IT_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS_IT-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-IS_IT_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS_IT-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and startups. Multinationals with major research, development, innovation and engineering centers in Sofia include the second largest global IT center of <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubisoft Sofia">Ubisoft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Experian" title="Experian">Experian</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several office and tech clusters have been established across the city, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Park_Sofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business Park Sofia (page does not exist)">Business Park Sofia</a>, Sofia Tech Park, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Fort" title="Capital Fort">Capital Fort</a> and others.
</p><p>Manufacturing has registered a strong recovery since 2012, increasing the exports three-fold and the employment by 52% accounting for over 70,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-IS_manufacturing_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS_manufacturing-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bozhurishte" title="Bozhurishte">Bozhurishte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostinbrod" title="Kostinbrod">Kostinbrod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elin_Pelin_(town)" title="Elin Pelin (town)">Elin Pelin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IS_manufacturing_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS_manufacturing-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturing companies include <a href="/wiki/Woodward,_Inc." title="Woodward, Inc.">Woodward, Inc.</a>, producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Festo" title="Festo">Festo</a>, producing microsensors,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Visteon" title="Visteon">Visteon</a>, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melexis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melexis (page does not exist)">Melexis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melexis" class="extiw" title="fr:Melexis">fr</a>]</span>, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Technik" title="Lufthansa Technik">Lufthansa Technik</a> maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_and_infrastructure">Transport and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>With its developing infrastructure and strategic location, Sofia is a major hub for international railway and automobile transport. Three of the ten <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_corridors" title="Pan-European corridors">Pan-European Transport Corridors</a> cross the city: <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_IV" title="Pan-European Corridor IV">IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII" title="Pan-European Corridor VIII">VIII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X" title="Pan-European Corridor X">X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-infrastructure_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All major types of transport (except <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">water</a>) are represented in the city.
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21.04.10_Sofia_31005_(6168607167).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/21.04.10_Sofia_31005_%286168607167%29.jpg/220px-21.04.10_Sofia_31005_%286168607167%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/21.04.10_Sofia_31005_%286168607167%29.jpg/330px-21.04.10_Sofia_31005_%286168607167%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/21.04.10_Sofia_31005_%286168607167%29.jpg/440px-21.04.10_Sofia_31005_%286168607167%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens Desiro</a> train of the Bulgarian State Railways at the Central Railway Station</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg/220px-Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg/330px-Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg/440px-Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krasno_Selo_Metro_Station" title="Krasno Selo Metro Station">Krasno Selo Metro Station</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Central_Station" title="Sofia Central Station">Central Railway Station</a> is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Railways" title="Bulgarian State Railways">Bulgarian State Railways</a> (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. It is one of the main stations along <a href="/w/index.php?title=BDZ_Line_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BDZ Line 1 (page does not exist)">BDZ Line 1</a>, and a hub of Lines <a href="/w/index.php?title=BDZ_Line_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BDZ Line 2 (page does not exist)">2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BDZ_Line_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BDZ Line 5 (page does not exist)">5</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=BDZ_Line_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BDZ Line 13 (page does not exist)">13</a>. Line 1 provides a connection to <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, the second-largest city in Bulgaria, while Line 2 is the longest national railway and connects Sofia and <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, the largest coastal city. Lines 5 and 13 are shorter and provide connections to <a href="/wiki/Kulata" title="Kulata">Kulata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bankya" title="Bankya">Bankya</a>, respectively. Overall, Sofia has 186 km (116 miles) of railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-NSI_regional_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSI_regional-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Airport" title="Sofia Airport">Sofia Airport</a> handled 7,208,987 passengers in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Public_Transport" title="Sofia Public Transport">Public transport</a> is well-developed with <a href="/wiki/Public_buses_in_Sofia" title="Public buses in Sofia">bus</a> (2,380 km (1,479 mi)),<sup id="cite_ref-bus_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Sofia" title="Trams in Sofia">tram</a> (308 km (191 mi)),<sup id="cite_ref-tramway_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tramway-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Sofia" title="Trolleybuses in Sofia">trolleybus</a> (193 km (120 mi))<sup id="cite_ref-trolleybuses_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trolleybuses-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lines running in all areas of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Metro" title="Sofia Metro">Sofia Metro</a> became operational in January 1998 with only 5 stations and currently has four lines and 47 stations.<sup id="cite_ref-subway2_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subway2-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the system has 52 km (32 mi) of track. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Airport" title="Sofia Airport">Sofia Airport</a> on its Northern branch and to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_Park_Sofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business Park Sofia (page does not exist)">Business Park Sofia</a> on its Southern branch. In July 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Vitosha_Metro_Station" title="Vitosha Metro Station">Vitosha Metro Station</a> was opened on the M2 main line. A third line was opened in August 2020 and re-organisation of the previous lines lead to a 4th line being created.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line will complete the proposed underground system of three lines with about 65 km (40 mi) of lines.<sup id="cite_ref-subway_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subway-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 2010s route taxis (<a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutka</a>) provided an efficient and popular <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">means of transport</a> by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. Their use declined with the expansion of the metro and they were gradually phased out. There are around 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxi cabs</a> operating in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, all-<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> are available through <a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">carsharing</a> company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spark_(carsharing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spark (carsharing) (page does not exist)">Spark</a>, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_(37536243674).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sofia_%2837536243674%29.jpg/220px-Sofia_%2837536243674%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sofia_%2837536243674%29.jpg/330px-Sofia_%2837536243674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sofia_%2837536243674%29.jpg/440px-Sofia_%2837536243674%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3236" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>Cherni Vrah Boulevard</figcaption></figure>
<p>Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia after 2002. The city has the 4th-highest number of automobiles per capita in the European Union at 546.4 vehicles per 1,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many streets are in a poor condition. This is noticeably changing in the past years. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa, and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems.
</p><p>Sofia has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Toplofikatsiya_Sofia" title="Toplofikatsiya Sofia">district heating system</a> that draws on four <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">combined heat and power</a> (CHP) plants and <a href="/wiki/Heating_plant" title="Heating plant">boiler stations</a>. Virtually the entire city (900,000 households and 5,900 companies) is centrally heated, using residual heat from <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> (3,000 MW) and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">heat capacity</a> is 4,640 MW. The heat distribution piping network is 900 km (559 mi) long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sofia_University.jpg/220px-Sofia_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sofia_University.jpg/330px-Sofia_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sofia_University.jpg/440px-Sofia_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg/220px-Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg/330px-Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg/440px-Bulgarian-Academy-of-Sciences_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2815" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Much of Bulgaria's educational capacity is concentrated in Sofia. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016141_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016141-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016148_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016148-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Sofia" title="American College of Sofia">American College of Sofia</a>, a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. These include the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Language_School" title="First English Language School">First English Language School</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=91st_German_Language_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="91st German Language School (page does not exist)">91st German Language School</a>, <a href="/wiki/164_GPIE_%22Miguel_de_Cervantes%22" title="164 GPIE "Miguel de Cervantes"">164th Spanish Language School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Sofia" title="Lycée Français de Sofia">Lycée Français</a>. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladislav_the_Grammarian_73rd_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School (page does not exist)">Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofia_High_School_of_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofia High School of Mathematics (page does not exist)">High School of Mathematics</a>, which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities – <a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University</a> (SU), the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Sofia">Technical University of Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Bulgarian_University" title="New Bulgarian University">New Bulgarian University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical University of Sofia">Medical University of Sofia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Webometrics_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webometrics-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sofia University was founded in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 20,000 students<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> study in its 16 faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of research and cultural departments operate within SU, including its own publishing house, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical gardens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a space research centre, a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a> department,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rakovski_Defence_and_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakovski Defence and Staff College">Rakovski Defence and Staff College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Arts" title="National Academy of Arts">National Academy of Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Architecture,_Civil_Engineering_and_Geodesy" title="University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy">University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_National_and_World_Economy" title="University of National and World Economy">University of National and World Economy</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Mining_and_Geology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Mining and Geology (page does not exist)">University of Mining and Geology</a> are other major higher education establishments in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Webometrics_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webometrics-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Other institutions of national significance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a> (BAS) and the <a href="/wiki/SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_National_Library" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library">SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library</a>, are located in Sofia. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All five of Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> and supercomputing clusters are located in Sofia as well. Three of those are operated by the BAS; one by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofia_Tech_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofia Tech Park (page does not exist)">Sofia Tech Park</a> and one by the Faculty of Physics at Sofia University.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Bulgaria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria">List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria</a></div>
<p>Sofia is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:
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<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, Algeria<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a>, Oman<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, Lebanon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_agreements">Cooperation agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In addition Sofia cooperates with:
</p>
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<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-lisbon_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lisbon-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honour">Honour</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/wiki/Serdica_Peak" title="Serdica Peak">Serdica Peak</a> on <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, is named after Serdica.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_Media">Mass Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_News_Agency" title="Bulgarian News Agency">Bulgarian News Agency</a> (1898)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">Bulgarian National Radio</a> (1935)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a> (1959)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private">Private</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Broadcasting_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Broadcasting Group">Nova Broadcasting Group</a> (1994)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BTV_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="BTV Media Group">bTV Media Group</a> (2000)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Sofia" title="List of churches in Sofia">List of churches in Sofia</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator" title="Monument to the Tsar Liberator">Monument to the Tsar Liberator</a></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819151030/https://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia">"Sofia through centuries"</a>. Sofia Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=sofia">the original</a> on 19 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+through+centuries&rft.pub=Sofia+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofia.bg%2Fen%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fime%3Dsofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ghodsee-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghodsee_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2005" class="citation book cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod"><i>The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod/page/21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822387174" title="Special:BookSources/0822387174"><bdi>0822387174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Riviera%3A+Gender%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Postsocialism+on+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0822387174&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredrivieragender0000ghod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrehistory2015" class="citation web cs1">Prehistory, Ivan Dikov · in (7 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/">"Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia – Archaeology in Bulgaria"</a>. <i>archaeologyinbulgaria.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083234/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/12/07/archaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archaeologyinbulgaria.com&rft.atitle=Archaeologist+Discovers+8%2C000-Year-Old+Nephrite+%27Frog-like%27+Swastika+in+Slatina+Neolithic+Settlement+in+Bulgaria%27s+Capital+Sofia+%E2%80%93+Archaeology+in+Bulgaria&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Prehistory&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Dikov+%C2%B7+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologyinbulgaria.com%2F2015%2F12%2F07%2Farchaeologist-discovers-8000-year-old-nephrite-frog-like-swastika-in-slatina-neolithic-settlement-in-bulgarias-capital-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Marazov,_Ivan_1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marazov,_Ivan_1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marazov, Ivan (ed.). Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. NY: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1998. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810919921" title="Special:BookSources/9780810919921">9780810919921</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popov, Dimitar (ed.). The Thracians, Iztok – Zapad, Sofia, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789543218691" title="Special:BookSources/9789543218691">9789543218691</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201613-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201613_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201613_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 13.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-URBANISED_AREAS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-URBANISED_AREAS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-URBANISED_AREAS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/URBAN_ENG.pdf">"CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Statistical Institute</i>: 91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093754/http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/URBAN_ENG.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Statistical+Institute&rft.atitle=CITIES+AND+THEIR+URBANISED+AREAS+IN+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+BULGARIA&rft.pages=91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FURBAN_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124181322/https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_d3area&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fdataset%3Dmet_d3area%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787">"Nsi • National Register of Populated Places •"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711041145/https://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/show2.php?sid=57422&ezik=en&e=128142&e=9787">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nsi+%E2%80%A2+National+Register+of+Populated+Places+%E2%80%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fnrnm%2Fshow2.php%3Fsid%3D57422%26ezik%3Den%26e%3D128142%26e%3D9787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-population-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/население-по-градове-и-пол">"Население по градове и пол | Национален статистически институт"</a>. <i>www.nsi.bg</i> (in Bulgarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412205552/https://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2981/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsi.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%7C+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fbg%2Fcontent%2F2981%2F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Population_on_1_January_by_age_groups_and_sex_-_functional_urban_areas-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Population_on_1_January_by_age_groups_and_sex_-_functional_urban_areas_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en">"Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+on+1+January+by+age+groups+and+sex+-+functional+urban+areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Furb_lpop1%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-European_Metropolitan_regions-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-European_Metropolitan_regions_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Metropolitan_regions_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en">"Eurostat – Data Explorer"</a>. <i>appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055500/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Eurostat+%E2%80%93+Data+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fdataset%3Dmet_pjanaggr3%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Regional_profiles-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regional_profiles_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/regions/sofia-grad/">"Sofia (capital)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+%28capital%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalprofiles.bg%2Fen%2Fregions%2Fsofia-grad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Area+Database+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2011), <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521152532" title="Special:BookSources/9780521152532"><bdi>9780521152532</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521152532&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-britannica.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia">"Sofia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917174029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sofia">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sofia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. 1 June 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615309870" title="Special:BookSources/9781615309870"><bdi>9781615309870</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221062712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf6cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%2C+Hungary%2C+Romania%2C+the+Czech+Republic%2C+and+Slovakia&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.isbn=9781615309870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPf6cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tr_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tr_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauwerys1970" class="citation book cs1">Lauwerys, Joseph (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315"><i>Education in Cities</i></a>. Evan's Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-39291-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-39291-8"><bdi>0-415-39291-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711023915/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiNjOpwrTBMC&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Cities&rft.pub=Evan%27s+Brothers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-415-39291-8&rft.aulast=Lauwerys&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiNjOpwrTBMC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195334036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195334036"><bdi>9780195334036</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717164313/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA301">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195334036&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmzwpq6bLHhMC%26pg%3DRA2-PA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/">Internet Hostel Sofia, Tourism in Sofia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228094553/http://www.internethostelsofia.hostel.com/">Archived</a> 28 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Internethostelsofia.hostel.com, Retrieved Jan 2012</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)">"Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) – iCulturalDiplomacy"</a>. <i>www.i-c-d.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225057/http://i-c-d.de/index.php?title=Triangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_(1903)">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.i-c-d.de&rft.atitle=Triangle+of+Religious+Tolerance+%281903%29+%E2%80%93+iCulturalDiplomacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-c-d.de%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTriangle_of_Religious_Tolerance_%281903%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance">"10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance"</a>. 15 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929203612/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bulgaria/articles/10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Things+We+Can+all+Learn+from+Bulgaria%27s+Square+of+Religious+Tolerance&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fbulgaria%2Farticles%2F10-things-we-can-all-learn-from-bulgarias-square-of-religious-tolerance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101247/http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes">"Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV"</a>. <i>Bnt.bg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnt.bg/news/nauka-i-tehnologii/sofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bnt.bg&rft.atitle=Sofia+is+one+of+the+top+10+places+for+start-up+businesses+in+the+world%2C+Bulgarian+National+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnt.bg%2Fnews%2Fnauka-i-tehnologii%2Fsofiya-sred-naj-dobrite-mesta-v-sveta-za-starta-p-biznes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Jayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/">"Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406151001/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/08/29/sofia-bulgaria-cheap/2730089/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Is+Europe%27s+most+affordable+capital+worth+the+trip%3F&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2F2013%2F08%2F29%2Fsofia-bulgaria-cheap%2F2730089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221115804/http://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/">"Museum of Socialist Art – National Gallery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalgallery.bg/visiting/museum-of-socialist-art/">the original</a> on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Socialist+Art+%E2%80%93+National+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalgallery.bg%2Fvisiting%2Fmuseum-of-socialist-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-isotriq-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isotriq_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10">"История"</a>. <i>www.kmeta.bg</i>. 10 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214900/http://www.kmeta.bg/istoriya-2017-05-10">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kmeta.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmeta.bg%2Fistoriya-2017-05-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-area_total-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_total_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0">"NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE – Information for the area of city of Sofia"</a>. <i>Nsi.bg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005344/http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=bul&f=8&s=1&date=06.02.2018&e=1&s1=5&c1=1&a1=500000&c=0">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nsi.bg&rft.atitle=NATIONAL+STATISTICAL+INSTITUTE+%E2%80%93+Information+for+the+area+of+city+of+Sofia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fnrnm%2Findex.php%3Fezik%3Dbul%26f%3D8%26s%3D1%26date%3D06.02.2018%26e%3D1%26s1%3D5%26c1%3D1%26a1%3D500000%26c%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715094519/http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf">"Metropolitan areas in Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Der Markt für Wohn- und Wirtschaftsimmobilien in Deutschland Ergebnisse des BBSR-Expertenpanel Immobilienmarkt Nr</i>: 95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-0097">1868-0097</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espon-usespon.eu/dane/web_usespon_library_files/1200/de_metroareaeu_2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Markt+f%C3%BCr+Wohn-+und+Wirtschaftsimmobilien+in+Deutschland+Ergebnisse+des+BBSR-Expertenpanel+Immobilienmarkt+Nr&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+areas+in+Europe&rft.pages=95&rft.issn=1868-0097&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espon-usespon.eu%2Fdane%2Fweb_usespon_library_files%2F1200%2Fde_metroareaeu_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantine-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantine_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant211" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (211). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80"><i>The Emperor Constantine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780222806" title="Special:BookSources/9781780222806"><bdi>9781780222806</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818184723/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ChbKPElCwC&pg=PT80">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Constantine&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=211&rft.isbn=9781780222806&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75ChbKPElCwC%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_1992,_page_600-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_1992,_page_600_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Cambridge Ancient History", Volume 3, Part 2: <i>The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC</i> by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8">0-521-22717-8</a>, 1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long been supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mihailov, G., Thracians, Sofia, 1972, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, quote in Bulgarian: Името серди е засвидетелствано след келтската инвазия на Балканите. Сердите са от смесен трако-келтски произход.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popov, D. Thracians, Sofia, p.h. Iztok – Zapad, 2005.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-world-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497"><i>World and Its Peoples</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761479024" title="Special:BookSources/9780761479024"><bdi>9780761479024</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818225324/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1497">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780761479024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5vHRWp8yqEC%26pg%3DPA1497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-books.google.bg-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.bg_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.bg_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_Florov,_Nicholas_Florov2001" class="citation book cs1">Irina Florov, Nicholas Florov (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Three-thousand-year-old Hat</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan University</a>: Golden Vine Publishers. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0968848702" title="Special:BookSources/0968848702"><bdi>0968848702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928141824/https://books.google.com/books?id=6kZoAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three-thousand-year-old+Hat&rft.place=Michigan+University&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Golden+Vine+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0968848702&rft.au=Irina+Florov%2C+Nicholas+Florov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kZoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Bennett, <i>Trajan: Optimus Princeps</i> (Routledge, 1997), p. 1.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Anton_Gutkind1964" class="citation book cs1">Erwin Anton Gutkind (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ"><i>International history of city development</i></a> (8 ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan University</a>: Free Press of Glencoe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820032648/https://books.google.com/books?id=YNsPAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+history+of+city+development&rft.place=Michigan+University&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Free+Press+of+Glencoe&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Erwin+Anton+Gutkind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYNsPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219041530/http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/">"София"</a> (in Bulgarian). Мила Родино. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milarodino.com/bg/13_centuries/city/sofia_city/">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milarodino.com%2Fbg%2F13_centuries%2Fcity%2Fsofia_city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBhZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia Americana</i></a> (25 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>: Grolier Incorporated. 1999. p. 878. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717201317" title="Special:BookSources/0717201317"><bdi>0717201317</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221234204/https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.place=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.pages=878&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=Grolier+Incorporated&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0717201317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBhZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya">"History"</a>. Capital Municipality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226235940/http://sredec-sofia.org/bg/page/38/istoriya">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Capital+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsredec-sofia.org%2Fbg%2Fpage%2F38%2Fistoriya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city">"District Sofia-city"</a>. <i>Guide Bulgaria</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133822/http://guide-bulgaria.com/SW/Sofia-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guide+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=District+Sofia-city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guide-bulgaria.com%2FSW%2FSofia-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_537-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria_537_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980">Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980</a>, p. 537<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Iskar_1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iskar_1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013903/http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm">"General Hydrological Data"</a>. Iskar River System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.bluelink.net/water/dunav/iskar/obshtihidrldanni.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Hydrological+Data&rft.pub=Iskar+River+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.bluelink.net%2Fwater%2Fdunav%2Fiskar%2Fobshtihidrldanni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/">Софийска голяма община – климат</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082818/https://noviiskar.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82/">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshirkov1910" class="citation web cs1">Ishirkov, Anastas (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&q=31.2+++1893+">"Атанас Иширков, България. Географически бележки, Придворна печатница, 1910 година, стр. 78"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083050/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=rzoLAAAAIAAJ&dq=31.2++16+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+1893+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=31.2+++1893+">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%98%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C+1910+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80.+78.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ishirkov&rft.aufirst=Anastas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzoLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D31.2%2B%2B%2B1893%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFНиколов" class="citation web cs1">Николов, Иван. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_tuti.php?year=1991&month=01&day=01&station=156140&mode=m&submit1=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">"Архив-Бг3 » 01-1991 София"</a>. <i>stringmeteo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145520/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_tuti.php?year=1991&month=01&day=01&station=156140&mode=m&submit1=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stringmeteo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%91%D0%B33+%C2%BB+01-1991+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fbg_tuti.php%3Fyear%3D1991%26month%3D01%26day%3D01%26station%3D156140%26mode%3Dm%26submit1%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%259E%25D0%259A%25D0%2590%25D0%2596%25D0%2598%23sel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_3747/1939-11.pdf">"Статистически Данни"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>stringmeteo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stringmeteo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fsf_3747%2F1939-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFНиколов" class="citation web cs1">Николов, Иван. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98">"Времето София » 25.12.2001"</a>. <i>stringmeteo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113829/http://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/bg_stday.php?year=2001&month=12&day=25&city=15614&int=1&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stringmeteo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%C2%BB+25.12.2001&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fbg_stday.php%3Fyear%3D2001%26month%3D12%26day%3D25%26city%3D15614%26int%3D1%26submit%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%259E%25D0%259A%25D0%2590%25D0%2596%25D0%2598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8">"Вековен архив - София » 01.1887 - 12.2007"</a>. <i>www.stringmeteo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517201047/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/sf_cent.php?year1=1887&month1=1&year2=2007&month2=12&nor=on&t_in=on&p_in=on&st=sf&submit=%25CF%25CE%25CA%25C0%25C6%25C8">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stringmeteo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+-+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%C2%BB+01.1887+-+12.2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fsf_cent.php%3Fyear1%3D1887%26month1%3D1%26year2%3D2007%26month2%3D12%26nor%3Don%26t_in%3Don%26p_in%3Don%26st%3Dsf%26submit%3D%2525CF%2525CE%2525CA%2525C0%2525C6%2525C8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novini247.com/novini/prez-2000-godina-na-5-yuli-e-bil-edin-ot_6535868.html">"През 2000 година на 5 юли е бил един от"</a>. 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+2000+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+5+%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovini247.com%2Fnovini%2Fprez-2000-godina-na-5-yuli-e-bil-edin-ot_6535868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_month.php?month=7&year=2012">"Времето-България » Мес. обобщ. температури"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%C2%BB+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81.+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89.+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Ftemp_month.php%3Fmonth%3D7%26year%3D2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/temp_year.php?year=2023&month=1&len=12&an_per=9120&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">"Архив-Бг » Год. обобщ. температури"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%91%D0%B3+%C2%BB+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89.+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Ftemp_year.php%3Fyear%3D2023%26month%3D1%26len%3D12%26an_per%3D9120%26ord%3Dnum%26submit%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%259E%25D0%259A%25D0%2590%25D0%2596%25D0%2598%23sel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">"Век. месечен архив Бг"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807085034/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent2.php?year=2000&month=12&stat=2064&sty=2000&endy=2000&prm_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA.+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fsemi_cent2.php%3Fyear%3D2000%26month%3D12%26stat%3D2064%26sty%3D2000%26endy%3D2000%26prm_in%3Don%26mode%3Dstat%26submit%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%259E%25D0%259A%25D0%2590%25D0%2596%25D0%2598%23sel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">"Архив-Бг » Год. обобщ. валежи"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807084615/https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/prec_year.php?year=2014&month=1&len=12&ord=num&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2-%D0%91%D0%B3+%C2%BB+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89.+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fprec_year.php%3Fyear%3D2014%26month%3D1%26len%3D12%26ord%3Dnum%26submit%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%259E%25D0%259A%25D0%2590%25D0%2596%25D0%2598%23sel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV/">"Index of /Archive/Arc0216/0253808/2.2/Data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Bulgaria/CSV"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2FArchive%2FArc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2FData%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FBulgaria%2FCSV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FBulgaria%2FCSV%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT">"Station Name: Sofia"</a>. United States <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Name%3A+Sofia&rft.pub=United+States+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-VI%2FBU%2F15614.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stringmeteo.com/synop/semi_cent.php?year=2020&month=12&stat=15614&an_per=no_an&sty=1991&endy=2020&t_in=on&mode=stat&submit=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%96%D0%98#sel">"Век. месечен архив Бг"</a>. <i>Stringmeteo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stringmeteo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA.+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringmeteo.com%2Fsynop%2Fsemi_cent.php%3Fyear%3D2020%26month%3D12%26stat%3D15614%26an_per%3Dno_an%26sty%3D1991%26endy%3D2020%26t_in%3Don%26mode%3Dstat%26submit%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%259E%25D0%259A%25D0%2590%25D0%2596%25D0%2598%23sel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate">"Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309081520/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/bulgaria/sofia-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia%2C+Bulgaria+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fbulgaria%2Fsofia-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Дружба", "Надежда" и "Павлово" са с най-мръсен въздух в София – Mediapool.bg"</a>. <i>mediapool.bg</i>. 16 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121659/http://www.mediapool.bg/druzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediapool.bg&rft.atitle=%22%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0%22%2C+%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%22+%D0%B8+%22%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%22+%D1%81%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+Mediapool.bg&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapool.bg%2Fdruzhba-nadezhda-i-pavlovo-sa-s-nai-mrasen-vazduh-v-sofiya-news190733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SG1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SG1_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG1_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG1_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/">"Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter"</a>. The Sofia Globe. 4 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222412/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/04/air-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+pollution+in+Sofia%2C+other+Bulgarian+cities+hugely+exceeded+norms+several+times+this+winter&rft.pub=The+Sofia+Globe&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsofiaglobe.com%2F2018%2F04%2F04%2Fair-pollution-in-sofia-other-bulgarian-cities-hugely-exceeded-norms-several-times-this-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AFP-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/HCQPxk8uBSM"><i>Environment: Sofia, most polluted capital of Europe</i></a> (News report). <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 20 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCQPxk8uBSM">the original</a> on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environment%3A+Sofia%2C+most+polluted+capital+of+Europe&rft.pub=Agence+France-Presse&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHCQPxk8uBSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2013" class="citation news cs1">Hakim, Danny (15 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0">"Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723155416/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/business/international/bulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html?hp&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%27s+Air+Is+Dirtiest+in+Europe%2C+Study+Finds%2C+Followed+by+Poland&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fbulgarias-air-is-dirtiest-in-europe-study-finds-followed-by-poland.html%3Fhp%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SG2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SG2_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG2_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222458/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/">"Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018"</a>. The Sofia Globe. 6 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/01/06/bulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday/">the original</a> on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%3A+Bad+air+quality+in+Sofia+on+January+6+2018&rft.pub=The+Sofia+Globe&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsofiaglobe.com%2F2018%2F01%2F06%2Fbulgaria-bad-air-quality-in-sofia-on-saturday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061542/http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html">"Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollutionКопирано от fidget.bg"</a>. <i>Standard</i>. 12 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standartnews.com/english/read/brussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standard&rft.atitle=Brussels%3A+Sofia+has+no+projects+targeting+air+pollution%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82+fidget.bg&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standartnews.com%2Fenglish%2Fread%2Fbrussels_sofia_has_no_projects_targeting_air_pollution-13174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-plants-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plants_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G._KelceyNorbert_Müller2011" class="citation book cs1">John G. Kelcey; Norbert Müller (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455"><i>Plants and Habitats of European Cities</i></a>. Czech Republic; Germany – University of Applied Sciences Erfurt: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89684-7"><bdi>978-0-387-89684-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142929/https://books.google.com/books?id=lUA-LzswzNsC&pg=PA455">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+and+Habitats+of+European+Cities&rft.place=Czech+Republic%3B+Germany+%E2%80%93+University+of+Applied+Sciences+Erfurt&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-387-89684-7&rft.au=John+G.+Kelcey&rft.au=Norbert+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlUA-LzswzNsC%26pg%3DPA455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boev, Zlatozar. (2009). Avian Remains from an Early Neolithic Settlement of Slatina (Present Sofia City, Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 61. 151–156.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-sofiaculture.bg-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sofiaculture.bg_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sofiaculture.bg_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905032923/http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria">"София – 130 години столица на България"</a>. <i>sofiaculture.bg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofiaculture.bg/130/index.php?load=istoria">the original</a> on 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sofiaculture.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+130+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofiaculture.bg%2F130%2Findex.php%3Fload%3Distoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulWTours2015" class="citation web cs1">BulWTours (20 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/">"Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans"</a>. <i>Bulgaria Wine Tours</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209033300/https://bulgariawinetours.com/odrysian-kingdom-part-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulgaria+Wine+Tours&rft.atitle=Odrysian+Kingdom+-+the+first+country+on+the+Balkans&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.au=BulWTours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbulgariawinetours.com%2Fodrysian-kingdom-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Routledge-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudyNoellePaul2013" class="citation book cs1">Trudy, Ring; Noelle, Watson; Paul, Schellinger (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661"><i>Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134259588" title="Special:BookSources/9781134259588"><bdi>9781134259588</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819201317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcr9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA661">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=9781134259588&rft.aulast=Trudy&rft.aufirst=Ring&rft.au=Noelle%2C+Watson&rft.au=Paul%2C+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcr9AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Volume 3, Part 2:, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8">0-521-22717-8</a>, 1992, page 600</span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kultura.bg/web/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0/">"Емил Коцев 24.04.2016 9:331205 ИЗГУБЕНАТА СТОЛИЦА"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204164315/http://kultura.bg/web/%d0%b8%d0%b7%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0-%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+24.04.2016+9%3A331205+%D0%98%D0%97%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A6%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkultura.bg%2Fweb%2F%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/51*.html">"Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141028175826/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/51%2A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dio%2C+Roman+History%2C+Book+51%2C+chapter+25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fcassius_dio%2F51%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xoMAQAAMAAJ">"Trakii︠a︡ – Том 12 – Страница 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden König Siras verbündete der Römer waren ergab dies den Vorwand für den Kriegszug von Crassus. Über die Segetike (wohl irrtümlich für Serdike, Land der Serden, wie es aus Dio Cass. LI, 25, 4 erhellt)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214517/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=2xoMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trakii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+%E2%80%93+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+12+%E2%80%93+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+41-+%22Da+diese+mit+ihrem+blinden+K%C3%B6nig+Siras+verb%C3%BCndete+der+R%C3%B6mer+waren+ergab+dies+den+Vorwand+f%C3%BCr+den+Kriegszug+von+Crassus.+%C3%9Cber+die+Segetike+%28wohl+irrt%C3%BCmlich+f%C3%BCr+Serdike%2C+Land+der+Serden%2C+wie+es+aus+Dio+Cass.+LI%2C+25%2C+4+erhellt%29%22&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xoMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7aZTAAAAIAAJ">"Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Akademai Klado, 1966. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. Hilfe, eroberte das Land der Serden (bei Dio Segetika) und kam plündernd ins."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214509/https://books.google.bg/books?hl=bg&id=7aZTAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae.+Akademai+Klado%2C+1966.+%22Als+sie+die+Dentheleten+angriffen%2C+kam+Crassus+diesen+zur.+Hilfe%2C+eroberte+das+Land+der+Serden+%28bei+Dio+Segetika%29+und+kam+pl%C3%BCndernd+ins.%22&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7aZTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ">Jenő Fitz. Limes. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1977 "As Macedonia itself was in danger, Crassus readily advanced as far as Segetika (-Serdica)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214458/https://books.google.bg/books?id=FWhoAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789630513012" title="Special:BookSources/9789630513012">9789630513012</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov2006" class="citation book cs1">Ivanov, Rumen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ"><i>Roman cities in Bulgaria</i></a>. Bulgarian Bestseller--National Museum of Bulgarian Books and Polygraphy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789544630171" title="Special:BookSources/9789544630171"><bdi>9789544630171</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820020321/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCQXAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+cities+in+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Bestseller--National+Museum+of+Bulgarian+Books+and+Polygraphy&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789544630171&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Rumen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCQXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (2005). "Provinces and Frontiers". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC"><i>The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337</i></a>. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2"><bdi>978-0-521-30199-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110193202/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Provinces+and+Frontiers&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+The+crisis+of+empire%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93337&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30199-2&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672"><i>Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature</i></a>. University of Minnesota. 1827. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819154709/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA672">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Londinensis%2C+or%2C+Universal+dictionary+of+arts%2C+sciences%2C+and+literature&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVwMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1992" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Randall Titus (1992). <i>A biography of the Emperor Aurelian (AD 270–275)</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services. pp. 106–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biography+of+the+Emperor+Aurelian+%28AD+270%E2%80%93275%29&rft.pages=106-7&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan%3A+UMI+Dissertation+Services&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Randall+Titus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22">"Eutropius: Book IX"</a>. <i>thelatinlibrary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910113513/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius/eutropius9.shtml#22">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thelatinlibrary.com&rft.atitle=Eutropius%3A+Book+IX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Feutropius%2Feutropius9.shtml%2322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolova, Kapka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ">Sofia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yI2gAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 20 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Indiana. "<i>Emperor Constantine the Great even considered the possibility for Serdika to become the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire</i>"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2010" class="citation book cs1">Green, Bernard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237"><i>Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03250-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03250-8"><bdi>978-0-567-03250-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142448/https://books.google.com/books?id=LojX4E6o1EgC&pg=PA237">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Ancient+Rome%3A+The+First+Three+Centuries&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03250-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLojX4E6o1EgC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ"><i>Godisnjak</i></a>. Drustvo Istoricara Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo. 1950. p. 174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818181152/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4wxAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Санџак Софија Овај је санџак основан око г. 1393.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godisnjak&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Drustvo+Istoricara+Bosne+i+Hercegovine%2C+Sarajevo&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-4wxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:0</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStancheva2010">Stancheva 2010</a>, pp. 165, 167–169</span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStancheva2010">Stancheva 2010</a>, pp. 154–155</span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050426/http://old.omda.bg/biblioteka/obikolka_sofia_1968/obikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm">"Sofia – Trip around Sofia"</a>. Balkan tourist, 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.omda.bg/biblioteka/obikolka_sofia_1968/obikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+%E2%80%93+Trip+around+Sofia&rft.pub=Balkan+tourist%2C+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.omda.bg%2Fbiblioteka%2Fobikolka_sofia_1968%2Fobikolka_sofia_balkantourist_1968_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Sardica">"Sardica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sardica&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSardica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Karpat" title="Kemal Karpat">Kemal Karpat</a> (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7">Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010124553/https://kupdf.net/downloadFile/59e4a7b908bbc56144e653d7">Archived</a> 10 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Wisconsin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Wisconsin Press">The University of Wisconsin Press</a>, p. 36</span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/genov/09.html">"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Генов Ц. Русско-турецкая война 1877–1878 гг. и подвиг освободителей"</a>. <i>lib.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025341/http://militera.lib.ru/h/genov/09.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%90+--%5B+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%5D--+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A6.+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1877%E2%80%931878+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fgenov%2F09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). "Sofia. 125 years a capital. 1879–2004". "Guttenberg". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-617-011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-617-011-8">978-954-617-011-8</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton2006114-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton2006114_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton2006">Crampton 2006</a>, p. 114.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2006" class="citation cs2">Crampton, RJ (2006) [1997], <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1"><bdi>0-521-85085-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-85085-1&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618064512/http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html">"E-novinar.com – Новините на едно място"</a> [Mohailova, Tihomria. In 1900 the first electric lamp lit the streets of Sofia. Novinar]. <i>novinar.bg</i> (in Bulgarian). 12 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novinar.bg/news/prez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA==.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=novinar.bg&rft.atitle=E-novinar.com+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnovinar.bg%2Fnews%2Fprez-1900-g-svetva-parvata-elektricheska-lampa-po-sofijskite-ulitci_MzUwMjszOA%3D%3D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hall97-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall97_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (2000), p. 97.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hall118-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall118_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (2000), p. 118.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Ivanov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal">1991 Sofia street naming proposal.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025182101/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319820028_1991_Sofia_street_naming_proposal">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sofia City Place-names Commission, 22 January 1991.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-book-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215111319/http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/fulltext.asp?content=%2FFullT%2FFulltOpen%2FP_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf"><i>2011 census, Sofia-capital</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (23 ed.). Sofia: <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Institute_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria">National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria</a>. 2012. p. 37 40 43 68 71 74 99 117 132 190 193 196. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/fulltext.asp?content=/FullT/FulltOpen/P_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2011+census%2C+Sofia-capital&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=37+40+43+68+71+74+99+117+132+190+193+196&rft.edition=23&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Institute+of+Bulgaria&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatlib.nsi.bg%3A8181%2Fisisbgstat%2Fssp%2Ffulltext.asp%3Fcontent%3D%2FFullT%2FFulltOpen%2FP_22_2011_T3_KN23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fig._Arts-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fig._Arts_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fig._Arts_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollective1980" class="citation book cs1">Collective (1980). <i>Encyclopedia of Figurative Arts in Bulgaria, volume 1</i>. Sofia: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>. pp. 209–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Figurative+Arts+in+Bulgaria%2C+volume+1&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Collective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?&gtype=21">"National parks in the world"</a> (in Bulgarian). journey.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523163142/http://journey.bg/bulgaria/bulgaria.php?&gtype=21">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+parks+in+the+world&rft.pub=journey.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjourney.bg%2Fbulgaria%2Fbulgaria.php%3F%26gtype%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040620025050/http://www.vitoshamount.hit.bg/">"Vitosha Mountain"</a>. vitoshamount.hit.bg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitoshamount.hit.bg/">the original</a> on 20 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitosha+Mountain&rft.pub=vitoshamount.hit.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitoshamount.hit.bg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://council.sofia.bg/web/guest/councilors2023-2027">"Sofia Council - Общински съветници 2023-2027"</a>. <i>council.sofia.bg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=council.sofia.bg&rft.atitle=Sofia+Council+-+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+2023-2027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcouncil.sofia.bg%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fcouncilors2023-2027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-District_Mayors-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-District_Mayors_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-District_Mayors_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220184844/http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council">"District Mayors"</a>. Sofia Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofia.bg/en/display.asp?ime=council">the original</a> on 20 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Mayors&rft.pub=Sofia+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofia.bg%2Fen%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fime%3Dcouncil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur1/rezultati/2246.html">https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur1/rezultati/2246.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur2/rezultati/2246.html">https://results.cik.bg/mi2023/tur2/rezultati/2246.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/rezultatite-v-sofija-eto-koi-sa-vsichki-kmetove-na-rajonite-i-kmetstvata.html">"bTV"</a>. 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bTV&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtvnovinite.bg%2Fbulgaria%2Frezultatite-v-sofija-eto-koi-sa-vsichki-kmetove-na-rajonite-i-kmetstvata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Триъгълникът на властта" или Ларгото: Как се е променял през годините"</a> [The Triangle of Power or The Largo: How It Changed Throughout the Years]. Bulgarian National Television. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606210152/https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/triagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%22+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%3A+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Television&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnt.bg%2Fbg%2Fa%2Ftriagalnikat-na-vlastta-ili-largoto-kak-se-e-promenyal-prez-godinite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bnt.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati">"Как ще изглежда новата пленарна зала на българските депутати?"</a> [What will the new Parliament hall look like?]. Bulgarian National Television. 2 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145527/https://bntnews.bg/bg/a/kak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%3F&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Television&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bnt.bg%2Fbg%2Fa%2Fkak-shche-izglezhda-novata-plenarna-zala-za-blgarskite-deputati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html">"Народното събрание – музей?"</a> [The National Assembly – a Museum?]. BTV Novinite. 7 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008140007/https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/narodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%E2%80%93+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%3F&rft.pub=BTV+Novinite&rft.date=2018-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtvnovinite.bg%2Fbulgaria%2Fnarodnoto-sabranie-muzej.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27">"РЕШЕНИЕ № 4149-НС София, 27.01.2017"</a> [Resolution No. 4149-NS Sofia]. Central Electoral Commission. 27 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404155706/https://www.cik.bg/bg/decisions/4149/2017-01-27">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95+%E2%84%96+4149-%D0%9D%D0%A1+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+27.01.2017&rft.pub=Central+Electoral+Commission&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cik.bg%2Fbg%2Fdecisions%2F4149%2F2017-01-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalabi2012" class="citation web cs1">Chalabi, Mona (30 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide">"Where are world's deadliest major cities?"</a>. <i>theguardian.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123211112/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/30/new-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Where+are+world%27s+deadliest+major+cities%3F&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.aulast=Chalabi&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2012%2Fnov%2F30%2Fnew-york-crime-free-day-deadliest-cities-worldwide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CoulbyCowen2013-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoulbyCowen2013_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_CoulbyRobert_CowenCrispin_Jones2013" class="citation book cs1">David Coulby; Robert Cowen; Crispin Jones (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ai3MC8X1qYC&pg=PA10"><i>World Yearbook of Education 2000: Education in Times of Transition</i></a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16603-7"><bdi>978-1-136-16603-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418021743/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ai3MC8X1qYC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>crime rates have exploded in Sofia as well as in Moscow and St Petersburg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Yearbook+of+Education+2000%3A+Education+in+Times+of+Transition&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-16603-7&rft.au=David+Coulby&rft.au=Robert+Cowen&rft.au=Crispin+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Ai3MC8X1qYC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Noutcheva2012-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noutcheva2012_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGergana_Noutcheva2012" class="citation book cs1">Gergana Noutcheva (26 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nB8fKw5rSgEC&pg=PA192"><i>European Foreign Policy and the Challenges of Balkan Accession: Conditionality, legitimacy and compliance</i></a>. Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30619-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30619-8"><bdi>978-1-136-30619-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418012159/https://books.google.com/books?id=nB8fKw5rSgEC&pg=PA192">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The strongest EU demand – structural changes of the judicial system – had to do with the crime rate in Bulgaria and the apparent impotence of the authorities in Sofia to convict any of the murderes in the high-profile mafia killings that shook the country in 2003–2005.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Challenges+of+Balkan+Accession%3A+Conditionality%2C+legitimacy+and+compliance&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30619-8&rft.au=Gergana+Noutcheva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnB8fKw5rSgEC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Economist-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115824/http://www.economist.com/node/5090978">"Bulgarian Crime – Where killing is a habit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 27 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/5090978">the original</a> on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Crime+%E2%80%93+Where+killing+is+a+habit&rft.date=2005-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F5090978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6220591.stm">"BBC NEWS – Europe – Romania and Bulgaria join the EU"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145528/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1622300127537&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20Europe%20%7C%20Romania%20and%20Bulgaria%20join%20the%20EU&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6220591.stm&rp=">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+Europe+%E2%80%93+Romania+and+Bulgaria+join+the+EU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6220591.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229002025/https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096">"Bulgaria 2015 Crime and Safety Report"</a>. 29 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17096">the original</a> on 29 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+2015+Crime+and+Safety+Report&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osac.gov%2Fpages%2FContentReportDetails.aspx%3Fcid%3D17096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/articles/163273/Crime+Rates+in+Bulgaria's+Sofia+on+the+Rise#sthash.flBwRpGL.dpuf">Crime Rates in Bulgaria's Sofia on the Rise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522164239/http://www.novinite.com/articles/163273/Crime+Rates+in+Bulgaria%27s+Sofia+on+the+Rise#sthash.flBwRpGL.dpuf">Archived</a> 22 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Novinite</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-dangerous-cities-2011-9?op=1">"The Most Dangerous Cities in Europe"</a>. Business Insider Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211900/http://www.businessinsider.com/europe-dangerous-cities-2011-9?op=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Most+Dangerous+Cities+in+Europe&rft.pub=Business+Insider+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Feurope-dangerous-cities-2011-9%3Fop%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Numbeo-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Numbeo_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919075244/http://www.numbeo.com/crime/city_result.jsp?country=Bulgaria&city=Sofia">"Crime in Sofia. Safety in Sofia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numbeo.com/crime/city_result.jsp?country=Bulgaria&city=Sofia">the original</a> on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+in+Sofia.+Safety+in+Sofia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numbeo.com%2Fcrime%2Fcity_result.jsp%3Fcountry%3DBulgaria%26city%3DSofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html">The prison in Sofia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063024/http://www.gdin.bg/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_p65_l6.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gdin</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=4583604">"Само 10 000 в затвора, 7000 от тях са цигани"</a>. <i>24chasa.bg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124083636/http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=4583604">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=24chasa.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE+10+000+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%2C+7000+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24chasa.bg%2FArticle.asp%3FArticleId%3D4583604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016159-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016159_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 159.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016160-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016160_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 160.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99">"UPDATE: Stallone Returning to NU BOYANA Film Studios in Bulgaria for 'Rambo 5'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Novinite. 30 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831164251/https://www.novinite.com/articles/191895/UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%E2%80%98Rambo+5%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPDATE%3A+Stallone+Returning+to+NU+BOYANA+Film+Studios+in+Bulgaria+for+%27Rambo+5%27&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F191895%2FUPDATE%253A%2BStallone%2BReturning%2Bto%2BNU%2BBOYANA%2BFilm%2BStudios%2Bin%2BBulgaria%2Bfor%2B%25E2%2580%2598Rambo%2B5%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits">"London Has Fallen: Company Credits"</a>. IMDb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127202134/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300542/companycredits">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Has+Fallen%3A+Company+Credits&rft.pub=IMDb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3300542%2Fcompanycredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum">"(source)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816161734/http://bnr.bg/en/post/100561824/national-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28source%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fen%2Fpost%2F100561824%2Fnational-gallery-square-500-the-non-standard-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historymuseum.org/collection.php">"Колекции – НИМ"</a>. <i>Historymuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217203853/http://www.historymuseum.org/collection.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historymuseum.org&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historymuseum.org%2Fcollection.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg">"Funds and collections"</a>. SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151523/http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/?page_id=250&lang=bg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funds+and+collections&rft.pub=SS.+Cyril+and+Methodius+National+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationallibrary.bg%2Fwp%2F%3Fpage_id%3D250%26lang%3Dbg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ecker-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecker_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcker1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ecker, Gerhard (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205"><i>Bulgarien. Kunstdenkmäler aus vier Jahrtausenden von den Thrakern bis zur Gegenwart</i></a> (in German). Köln: DuMont Buchverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406398667" title="Special:BookSources/9783406398667"><bdi>9783406398667</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820024306/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1lKNBGLs7oC&pg=PA205">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarien.+Kunstdenkm%C3%A4ler+aus+vier+Jahrtausenden+von+den+Thrakern+bis+zur+Gegenwart.&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=DuMont+Buchverlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783406398667&rft.aulast=Ecker&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1lKNBGLs7oC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220025206/http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm">"BVA-News"</a>. balkanvolleyball.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanvolleyball.org/News.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BVA-News&rft.pub=balkanvolleyball.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkanvolleyball.org%2FNews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofia.bg/templkomp.asp?ime=TENISK%7D&title=%D1%F2%EE%EB%E8%F7%E5%ED%20%EA%EE%EC%EF%E0%F1&pathtitle=sport&opis=%D1%EF%EE%F0%F2">"Sofia municipality — Tennis courts"</a>. sofia.bg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+municipality+%E2%80%94+Tennis+courts&rft.pub=sofia.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofia.bg%2Ftemplkomp.asp%3Fime%3DTENISK%257D%26title%3D%25D1%25F2%25EE%25EB%25E8%25F7%25E5%25ED%2520%25EA%25EE%25EC%25EF%25E0%25F1%26pathtitle%3Dsport%26opis%3D%25D1%25EF%25EE%25F0%25F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maleevaclub.com/">"Тенис Клуб Малееви"</a>. maleevaclub.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314024228/http://maleevaclub.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.pub=maleevaclub.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maleevaclub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonus.tialoto.bg/article.php?id=2277">"Swimming pools in Sofia (including Spa centers)"</a>. tonus.tialoto.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510070734/http://tonus.tialoto.bg/article.php?id=2277">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swimming+pools+in+Sofia+%28including+Spa+centers%29&rft.pub=tonus.tialoto.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftonus.tialoto.bg%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D2277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BAN-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAN_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142758/http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geography.iit.bas.bg/2009/1-09/13-17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geography.iit.bas.bg%2F2009%2F1-09%2F13-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GFCI-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFCI_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 27"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Long Finance. March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328165551/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Financial+Centres+Index+27&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longfinance.net%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FGFCI_27_Full_Report_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621101427/http://wire.seenews.com/news/sofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718">"Sofia ranks 30th in GDP/capita, employment growth 2013–2014 global report"</a>. seenews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wire.seenews.com/news/sofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718">the original</a> on 21 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+ranks+30th+in+GDP%2Fcapita%2C+employment+growth+2013%E2%80%932014+global+report&rft.pub=seenews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwire.seenews.com%2Fnews%2Fsofia-ranks-30th-in-gdp-capita-employment-growth-2013-2014-global-report-459718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa">"10 Top Cities Around The World To Launch Your Startup"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 29 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060404/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amyguttman/2015/11/29/top-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you/3/#7b7d29e390fa">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=10+Top+Cities+Around+The+World+To+Launch+Your+Startup&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Famyguttman%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Ftop-10-cities-in-the-world-to-launch-your-startup-some-may-surprise-you%2F3%2F%237b7d29e390fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RSI/#?vis=nuts3.economy&lang=en">"Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant at current market prices), by NUTS 3 regions"</a>. Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411093728/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/RSI/#?vis=nuts3.economy&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+gross+domestic+product+%28PPS+per+inhabitant+at+current+market+prices%29%2C+by+NUTS+3+regions&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fcache%2FRSI%2F%23%3Fvis%3Dnuts3.economy%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nsi1-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsi1_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsi1_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions">"GDP by Economic Sector and Region"</a>. National Statistical Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716212039/https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/5493/gdp-regions">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+by+Economic+Sector+and+Region&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F5493%2Fgdp-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201664-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201664_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 64.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsi.bg/en/content/6412/statistical-regions-district">"Average monthly wages and salaries of the employees under labour contract by statistical regions and districts"</a>. National Statistical Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607204206/https://www.nsi.bg/en/content/6412/statistical-regions-district">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+monthly+wages+and+salaries+of+the+employees+under+labour+contract+by+statistical+regions+and+districts&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsi.bg%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F6412%2Fstatistical-regions-district&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia201672-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia201672_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 72.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Face-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Face_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Face_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofiaecho.com/2004/09/16/631302_the-capitals-changing-face">"Kapital Quarterly"</a>. <i>Sofiaecho.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610061024/http://sofiaecho.com/2004/09/16/631302_the-capitals-changing-face">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sofiaecho.com&rft.atitle=Kapital+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofiaecho.com%2F2004%2F09%2F16%2F631302_the-capitals-changing-face&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IS_IT-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IS_IT_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IS_IT_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/it-industry/">"IT Sector in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221146/https://investsofia.com/en/it-industry/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IT+Sector+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fit-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/coca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2/">"Coca-Cola Opens Its 2nd Largest Globally IT Center in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. 9 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716191617/https://investsofia.com/en/coca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coca-Cola+Opens+Its+2nd+Largest+Globally+IT+Center+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fcoca-cola-opens-its-2nd-largest-globally-it-center-in-sofia-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia">"Ubisoft Sofia"</a>. <i>www.ubisoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815000035/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/company/careers/locations/sofia">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ubisoft.com&rft.atitle=Ubisoft+Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubisoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fcompany%2Fcareers%2Flocations%2Fsofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320">"Hewlett-Packard Bulgaria"</a>. Business Park Sofia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717051823/https://www.businesspark-sofia.com/en/page/55/tenantid/320">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hewlett-Packard+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Business+Park+Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesspark-sofia.com%2Fen%2Fpage%2F55%2Ftenantid%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/vmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people/">"VMware to invest €23M and Grow the Site in Sofia to over 1500 People"</a>. Invest Sofia. 7 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221206/https://investsofia.com/en/vmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMware+to+invest+%E2%82%AC23M+and+Grow+the+Site+in+Sofia+to+over+1500+People&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fvmware-invest-e23m-grow-site-sofia-1500-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/">"Bosch Group Officially Opened its New Office in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. 25 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150010/https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bosch+Group+Officially+Opened+its+New+Office+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fbosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/financial-times-expands-team-sofia/">"Financial Times Expands Its Team in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. 2 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224947/https://investsofia.com/en/financial-times-expands-team-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Times+Expands+Its+Team+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Ffinancial-times-expands-team-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/">"The Software Company Experian Opened its New Office Building in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. 8 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221212/https://investsofia.com/en/software-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Software+Company+Experian+Opened+its+New+Office+Building+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fsoftware-company-experian-opened-new-office-building-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IS_manufacturing-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IS_manufacturing_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IS_manufacturing_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/manufacturing/">"IT Manufacturing in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224939/https://investsofia.com/en/manufacturing/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IT+Manufacturing+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fmanufacturing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/american-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia/">"American Control System Solutions Manufacturer Woodward Opens Production in Sofia"</a>. Invest Sofia. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221141/https://investsofia.com/en/american-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Control+System+Solutions+Manufacturer+Woodward+Opens+Production+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Famerican-control-system-solutions-manufacturer-woodward-opens-production-in-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/">"Festo to Invest 25.6 mln. Euro in a New Production Unit in Sofia/"</a>. Invest Sofia. 7 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714152005/https://investsofia.com/en/festo-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festo+to+Invest+25.6+mln.+Euro+in+a+New+Production+Unit+in+Sofia%2F&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Ffesto-to-invest-25-6-mln-euro-in-a-new-production-unit-in-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visteon.bg/products/">"Products"</a>. Visteon Electronics Bulgaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714140859/https://visteon.bg/products/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Products&rft.pub=Visteon+Electronics+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisteon.bg%2Fproducts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/">"Melexis to Invest €75M to Expand Its Operations in Bulgaria"</a>. Invest Sofia. 25 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150010/https://investsofia.com/en/bosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melexis+to+Invest+%E2%82%AC75M+to+Expand+Its+Operations+in+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Invest+Sofia&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestsofia.com%2Fen%2Fbosch-group-officially-opened-new-office-sofia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/">"Lufthansa Technik Sofia invests 30 mln euro to expand its facilities"</a>. SIPA Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716173620/https://news.sipagroup.com/en/lufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lufthansa+Technik+Sofia+invests+30+mln+euro+to+expand+its+facilities&rft.pub=SIPA+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sipagroup.com%2Fen%2Flufthansa-technik-sofia-invests-30-mln-euro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-infrastructure-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infrastructure_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf">Sofia infrastructure from the official website of the Municipality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528144952/http://www.sofia.bg/pressecentre/images/OPR1part-4.pdf">Archived</a> 28 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Bulgarian)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NSI_regional-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSI_regional_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114022155/http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44">"Sofia (capital)"</a>. National Statistical Institute regional statistics. 11 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/regstaten.php?RST=44">the original</a> on 14 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+%28capital%29&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Institute+regional+statistics&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fregstaten.php%3FRST%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf">"Passengers 2018-2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sofia Airport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609124255/https://www.sofia-airport.bg/sites/default/files/en-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passengers+2018-2019&rft.pub=Sofia+Airport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofia-airport.bg%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fen-passengers_2018-2019_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bus-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bus_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport">"History of the bus network in Sofia"</a>. Sofiatraffic.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827065839/http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/59/istoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+bus+network+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Sofiatraffic.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofiatraffic.bg%2Fen%2Ftransport%2Fistoriia-na-gradskiia-transport%2F59%2Fistoriia-na-avtobusniia-transport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tramway-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tramway_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams">"History of the tramway network in Sofia"</a>. Sofiatraffic.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001034/https://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/51/history-of-sofia-trams">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+tramway+network+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Sofiatraffic.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofiatraffic.bg%2Fen%2Ftransport%2Fistoriia-na-gradskiia-transport%2F51%2Fhistory-of-sofia-trams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-trolleybuses-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trolleybuses_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport">"History of the trolleybus network in Sofia"</a>. Sofiatraffic.bg. 14 February 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827032920/http://www.sofiatraffic.bg/en/transport/istoriia-na-gradskiia-transport/56/history-of-trolleybus-transport">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+trolleybus+network+in+Sofia&rft.pub=Sofiatraffic.bg&rft.date=1941-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sofiatraffic.bg%2Fen%2Ftransport%2Fistoriia-na-gradskiia-transport%2F56%2Fhistory-of-trolleybus-transport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span>)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumc.bg/">"Public transport Sofia — official website"</a> (in Bulgarian). sumc.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529145627/https://www.sofiatraffic.bg/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+transport+Sofia+%E2%80%94+official+website&rft.pub=sumc.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sumc.bg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907131419/http://www.dak-transport.com/">"Transport Company Bulgaria— official website"</a> (in Bulgarian). dak-transport.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dak-transport.com/">the original</a> on 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+Company+Bulgaria%E2%80%94+official+website&rft.pub=dak-transport.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dak-transport.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-subway2-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-subway2_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814060151/http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/">"ОП Транспорт и разширение"</a>. Metropolitan.bg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolitan.bg/bg/trans/">the original</a> on 14 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%9F+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.pub=Metropolitan.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropolitan.bg%2Fbg%2Ftrans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-subway-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-subway_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001173420/http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html">"Metropolitan Sofia Web Place"</a>. metropolitan.bg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolitan.bg/index_bg.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Sofia+Web+Place&rft.pub=metropolitan.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropolitan.bg%2Findex_bg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222128/http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/">"General Scheme"</a>. Metropolitan.bg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metropolitan.bg/en/progress/scheme/">the original</a> on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Scheme&rft.pub=Metropolitan.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropolitan.bg%2Fen%2Fprogress%2Fscheme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm">"National Federation of the Taxi Drivers in Bulgaria. Regional Member Sofia"</a>. nftvb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602152040/http://nftvb.com/sofia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Federation+of+the+Taxi+Drivers+in+Bulgaria.+Regional+Member+Sofia&rft.pub=nftvb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnftvb.com%2Fsofia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170">"Shared Electric Vehicles Spark in Sofia Increase by 170"</a>. Novinite. 13 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329234359/https://www.novinite.com/articles/195763/Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shared+Electric+Vehicles+Spark+in+Sofia+Increase+by+170&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F195763%2FShared%2BElectric%2BVehicles%2BSpark%2Bin%2BSofia%2BIncrease%2Bby%2B170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sofia in Figures, p.26</span>
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<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682">"Fines for bad repair work – 'Dnevnik' newspaper"</a>. dnevnik.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181856/http://www.dnevnik.bg/show/?storyid=372682">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fines+for+bad+repair+work+%E2%80%93+%27Dnevnik%27+newspaper&rft.pub=dnevnik.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnevnik.bg%2Fshow%2F%3Fstoryid%3D372682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016141-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016141_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 141.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESofia2016148-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESofia2016148_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofia2016">Sofia 2016</a>, p. 148.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSofia2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rvu.mon.bg/">"Register of Higher Schools in Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Ministry of Education and Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021808/http://rvu.mon.bg/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science&rft.atitle=Register+of+Higher+Schools+in+Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frvu.mon.bg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">"Agreements with cities"</a>. <i>madrid.es</i>. Madrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madrid.es&rft.atitle=Agreements+with+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madrid.es%2Fvgn-ext-templating%2Fv%2Findex.jsp%3Fvgnextoid%3D76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD%26vgnextchannel%3Dce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD%26vgnextfmt%3Ddefault%26idCapitulo%3D7182437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/">"Partner cities"</a>. <i>yerevan.am</i>. Yerevan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yerevan.am&rft.atitle=Partner+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fpartner-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNSI2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/publications/SOFIA_2015.pdf">"Sofia in Figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Bulgarian and English). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+in+Figures&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Institute+of+Bulgaria&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FSOFIA_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozhilovGyuzelev1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bozhilov, Ivan; <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Gyuzelev" title="Vasil Gyuzelev">Gyuzelev, Vasil</a> (1999). <i>История на средновековна България VII–XIV век</i> [<i>History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Анубис. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-426-204-0" title="Special:BookSources/954-426-204-0"><bdi>954-426-204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+VII%E2%80%93XIV+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=954-426-204-0&rft.aulast=Bozhilov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Gyuzelev%2C+Vasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStancheva2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stancheva, Magdalina (2010). <i>София – от древността до нови времена</i> [<i>Sofia – from Antiquity to Modern Times</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: New Bulgarian University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-535-579-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-535-579-0"><bdi>978-954-535-579-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=New+Bulgarian+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-954-535-579-0&rft.aulast=Stancheva&rft.aufirst=Magdalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigova2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gigova, Irina (March 2011). "The City and the Nation: Sofia's Trajectory from Glory to Rubble in WWII". <i>Journal of Urban History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 155–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0096144210391612">10.1177/0096144210391612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144022049">144022049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.atitle=The+City+and+the+Nation%3A+Sofia%27s+Trajectory+from+Glory+to+Rubble+in+WWII&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-175&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0096144210391612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144022049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gigova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span>The 110 footnotes provide a guide to the literature on the city</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011205615/http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf">"Sofia in Figures 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Regional Statistical Office of Sofia. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofia.bg/en/Sofia_in_Figures2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+in+Figures+2009&rft.pub=Regional+Statistical+Office+of+Sofia&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofia.bg%2Fen%2FSofia_in_Figures2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110128155857/http://www.alphabank.bg/130/">"Sofia — 130 Years Capital"</a> (in Bulgarian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alphabank.bg/130">the original</a> on 28 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sofia+%E2%80%94+130+Years+Capital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphabank.bg%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<b>Sofia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sofia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sofia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sofia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Sofia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sofia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sofia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sofia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sofia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sofia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sofia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sofia" class="extiw" title="voy:Sofia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sofia.bg/en/web/sofia-municipality/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inyourpocket.com/Bulgaria/Sofia/">Online guide to Sofia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumc.bg/en/">Official Site of Sofia Public Transport</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525132226/http://www.sumc.bg/en/">Archived</a> 25 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Bulgaria/Provinces/Sofia_City">Sofia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stara-sofia.com/">Archival images of Sofia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064732/http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/johnpaull/sofia-by-night-light-a-photographic-exhibition-by-john-paull">Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulpiaserdica.com/index_en.html">Virtual Guide to Ancient Serdica</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weather-webcam.eu/all-cams-from-sofia-vsicki-online-kameri-ot-sofia-bg-karta">More than 25 live webcams from Sofia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182039/http://www.world-nomad.com/vitosha-peak/">Pictures from Vitosha mountain</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bulgaria&#124;link=Bulgaria_Cities_and_towns_of_Bulgaria_(2011_census)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Cities of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Cities of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bulgaria&#124;link=Bulgaria_Cities_and_towns_of_Bulgaria_(2011_census)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Cities and towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<i>2011 census</i>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city"><i>capital</i></a>)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asenovgrad" title="Asenovgrad">Asenovgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad" title="Blagoevgrad">Blagoevgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haskovo" title="Haskovo">Haskovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pernik" title="Pernik">Pernik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vratsa" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yambol" title="Yambol">Yambol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aytos" title="Aytos">Aytos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botevgrad" title="Botevgrad">Botevgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Bulgaria" title="Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria">Dimitrovgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dupnitsa" title="Dupnitsa">Dupnitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorna_Oryahovitsa" title="Gorna Oryahovitsa">Gorna Oryahovitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kardzhali" title="Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karlovo" title="Karlovo">Karlovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazanlak" title="Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyustendil" title="Kyustendil">Kyustendil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lom,_Bulgaria" title="Lom, Bulgaria">Lom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lovech" title="Lovech">Lovech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montana,_Bulgaria" title="Montana, Bulgaria">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Zagora" title="Nova Zagora">Nova Zagora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petrich" title="Petrich">Petrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Razgrad" title="Razgrad">Razgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samokov" title="Samokov">Samokov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sandanski" title="Sandanski">Sandanski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sevlievo" title="Sevlievo">Sevlievo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smolyan" title="Smolyan">Smolyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Svishtov" title="Svishtov">Svishtov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Targovishte" title="Targovishte">Targovishte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Troyan" title="Troyan">Troyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Velingrad" title="Velingrad">Velingrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Balchik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bankya" title="Bankya">Bankya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berkovitsa" title="Berkovitsa">Berkovitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byala_Slatina" title="Byala Slatina">Byala Slatina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherven_Bryag" title="Cherven Bryag">Cherven Bryag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chirpan" title="Chirpan">Chirpan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elhovo" title="Elhovo">Elhovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etropole" title="Etropole">Etropole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gotse_Delchev,_Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Gotse Delchev, Blagoevgrad Province">Gotse Delchev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harmanli" title="Harmanli">Harmanli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ihtiman" title="Ihtiman">Ihtiman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karnobat" title="Karnobat">Karnobat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kavarna" title="Kavarna">Kavarna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knezha" title="Knezha">Knezha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kostinbrod" title="Kostinbrod">Kostinbrod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kozloduy" title="Kozloduy">Kozloduy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mezdra" title="Mezdra">Mezdra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nesebar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Iskar" title="Novi Iskar">Novi Iskar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar,_Shumen_Province" title="Novi Pazar, Shumen Province">Novi Pazar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte" title="Panagyurishte">Panagyurishte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parvomay" title="Parvomay">Parvomay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavlikeni" title="Pavlikeni">Pavlikeni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peshtera" title="Peshtera">Peshtera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Pomorie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Popovo,_Bulgaria" title="Popovo, Bulgaria">Popovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provadia" title="Provadia">Provadia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radnevo" title="Radnevo">Radnevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_(town)" title="Radomir (town)">Radomir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rakovski_(town)" title="Rakovski (town)">Rakovski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Razlog" title="Razlog">Razlog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stamboliyski" title="Stamboliyski">Stamboliyski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Svilengrad" title="Svilengrad">Svilengrad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksakovo,_Bulgaria" title="Aksakovo, Bulgaria">Aksakovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bansko" title="Bansko">Bansko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belene" title="Belene">Belene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik" title="Belogradchik">Belogradchik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beloslav" title="Beloslav">Beloslav</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bobov_Dol" title="Bobov Dol">Bobov Dol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bozhurishte" title="Bozhurishte">Bozhurishte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byala,_Ruse_Province" title="Byala, Ruse Province">Byala, Ruse Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chepelare" title="Chepelare">Chepelare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devin,_Bulgaria" title="Devin, Bulgaria">Devin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devnya" title="Devnya">Devnya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolni_Chiflik" title="Dolni Chiflik">Dolni Chiflik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dryanovo" title="Dryanovo">Dryanovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dulovo,_Bulgaria" title="Dulovo, Bulgaria">Dulovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elena_(town)" title="Elena (town)">Elena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Pelin_(town)" title="Elin Pelin (town)">Elin Pelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galabovo" title="Galabovo">Galabovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_Toshevo" title="General Toshevo">General Toshevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hisarya,_Bulgaria" title="Hisarya, Bulgaria">Hisarya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isperih" title="Isperih">Isperih</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kostenets" title="Kostenets">Kostenets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotel,_Bulgaria" title="Kotel, Bulgaria">Kotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krichim" title="Krichim">Krichim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krumovgrad" title="Krumovgrad">Krumovgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kubrat_(town)" title="Kubrat (town)">Kubrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuklen" title="Kuklen">Kuklen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levski,_Pleven_Province" title="Levski, Pleven Province">Levski</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lukovit" title="Lukovit">Lukovit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyaskovets" title="Lyaskovets">Lyaskovets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyubimets" title="Lyubimets">Lyubimets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madan,_Smolyan_Province" title="Madan, Smolyan Province">Madan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Momchilgrad" title="Momchilgrad">Momchilgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omurtag_(town)" title="Omurtag (town)">Omurtag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oryahovo" title="Oryahovo">Oryahovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perushtitsa" title="Perushtitsa">Perushtitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pirdop" title="Pirdop">Pirdop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rakitovo" title="Rakitovo">Rakitovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saedinenie,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Saedinenie, Plovdiv Province">Saedinenie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Septemvri" title="Septemvri">Septemvri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeonovgrad" title="Simeonovgrad">Simeonovgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simitli" title="Simitli">Simitli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slivnitsa" title="Slivnitsa">Slivnitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sopot,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Sopot, Plovdiv Province">Sopot, Plovdiv Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sredets,_Burgas_Province" title="Sredets, Burgas Province">Sredets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Straldzha" title="Straldzha">Straldzha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Svoge" title="Svoge">Svoge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tervel_(town)" title="Tervel (town)">Tervel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teteven" title="Teteven">Teteven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topolovgrad" title="Topolovgrad">Topolovgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tryavna" title="Tryavna">Tryavna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevo" title="Tsarevo">Tsarevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tutrakan" title="Tutrakan">Tutrakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tvarditsa,_Sliven_Province" title="Tvarditsa, Sliven Province">Tvarditsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varshets" title="Varshets">Varshets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veliki_Preslav" title="Veliki Preslav">Veliki Preslav</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yakoruda" title="Yakoruda">Yakoruda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zlatitsa" title="Zlatitsa">Zlatitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zlatograd" title="Zlatograd">Zlatograd</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aheloy" title="Aheloy">Aheloy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apriltsi" title="Apriltsi">Apriltsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ardino" title="Ardino">Ardino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banya,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Banya, Plovdiv Province">Banya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batak,_Bulgaria" title="Batak, Bulgaria">Batak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batanovtsi" title="Batanovtsi">Batanovtsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belitsa" title="Belitsa">Belitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belovo,_Bulgaria" title="Belovo, Bulgaria">Belovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borovo,_Ruse_Province" title="Borovo, Ruse Province">Borovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bratsigovo" title="Bratsigovo">Bratsigovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bregovo" title="Bregovo">Bregovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Breznik" title="Breznik">Breznik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byala,_Varna_Province" title="Byala, Varna Province">Byala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chernomorets" title="Chernomorets">Chernomorets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dalgopol" title="Dalgopol">Dalgopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debelets" title="Debelets">Debelets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dobrinishte" title="Dobrinishte">Dobrinishte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolna_Banya" title="Dolna Banya">Dolna Banya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolna_Mitropoliya" title="Dolna Mitropoliya">Dolna Mitropoliya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolna_Oryahovitsa" title="Dolna Oryahovitsa">Dolna Oryahovitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolni_Dabnik" title="Dolni Dabnik">Dolni Dabnik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dospat" title="Dospat">Dospat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman,_Bulgaria" title="Dragoman, Bulgaria">Dragoman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dunavtsi" title="Dunavtsi">Dunavtsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dve_Mogili" title="Dve Mogili">Dve Mogili</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dzhebel" title="Dzhebel">Dzhebel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glodzhevo" title="Glodzhevo">Glodzhevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Godech" title="Godech">Godech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gulyantsi" title="Gulyantsi">Gulyantsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gurkovo" title="Gurkovo">Gurkovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadzhidimovo" title="Hadzhidimovo">Hadzhidimovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignatievo" title="Ignatievo">Ignatievo</a>*</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iskar_(town)" title="Iskar (town)">Iskar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivaylovgrad" title="Ivaylovgrad">Ivaylovgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kableshkovo,_Pomorie_Municipality" title="Kableshkovo, Pomorie Municipality">Kableshkovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalofer" title="Kalofer">Kalofer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kameno" title="Kameno">Kameno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaspichan" title="Kaspichan">Kaspichan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kilifarevo" title="Kilifarevo">Kilifarevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Klisura,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Klisura, Plovdiv Province">Klisura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kocherinovo" title="Kocherinovo">Kocherinovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koprivshtitsa" title="Koprivshtitsa">Koprivshtitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kostandovo" title="Kostandovo">Kostandovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koynare" title="Koynare">Koynare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna">Kresna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kran,_Stara_Zagora_Province" title="Kran, Stara Zagora Province">Kran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krivodol,_Bulgaria" title="Krivodol, Bulgaria">Krivodol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kula,_Bulgaria" title="Kula, Bulgaria">Kula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laki,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Laki, Plovdiv Province">Laki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letnitsa" title="Letnitsa">Letnitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loznitsa" title="Loznitsa">Loznitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maglizh" title="Maglizh">Maglizh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malko_Tarnovo" title="Malko Tarnovo">Malko Tarnovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marten,_Bulgaria" title="Marten, Bulgaria">Marten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mizia_(town)" title="Mizia (town)">Мizia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nedelino" title="Nedelino">Nedelino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaevo" title="Nikolaevo">Nikolaevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obzor" title="Obzor">Obzor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opaka" title="Opaka">Opaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Banya" title="Pavel Banya">Pavel Banya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polski_Trambesh" title="Polski Trambesh">Polski Trambesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pordim" title="Pordim">Pordim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pravets" title="Pravets">Pravets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Primorsko" title="Primorsko">Primorsko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rila,_Bulgaria" title="Rila, Bulgaria">Rila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman,_Bulgaria" title="Roman, Bulgaria">Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudozem" title="Rudozem">Rudozem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sadovo" title="Sadovo">Sadovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sapareva_Banya" title="Sapareva Banya">Sapareva Banya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarnitsa,_Pazardzhik_Province" title="Sarnitsa, Pazardzhik Province">Sarnitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shabla" title="Shabla">Shabla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shivachevo" title="Shivachevo">Shivachevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavyanovo" title="Slavyanovo">Slavyanovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slivo_Pole" title="Slivo Pole">Slivo Pole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smyadovo" title="Smyadovo">Smyadovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Sozopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strazhitsa" title="Strazhitsa">Strazhitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strelcha" title="Strelcha">Strelcha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sungurlare" title="Sungurlare">Sungurlare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suvorovo" title="Suvorovo">Suvorovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sveti_Vlas" title="Sveti Vlas">Sveti Vlas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tran,_Bulgaria" title="Tran, Bulgaria">Tran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trastenik" title="Trastenik">Trastenik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Kaloyan,_Razgrad_Province" title="Tsar Kaloyan, Razgrad Province">Tsar Kaloyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ugarchin" title="Ugarchin">Ugarchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valchedram" title="Valchedram">Valchedram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valchi_Dol" title="Valchi Dol">Valchi Dol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varbitsa_(town)" title="Varbitsa (town)">Varbitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vetovo" title="Vetovo">Vetovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vetren,_Pazardzhik_Province" title="Vetren, Pazardzhik Province">Vetren</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yablanitsa" title="Yablanitsa">Yablanitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zavet_(town)" title="Zavet (town)">Zavet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zlataritsa" title="Zlataritsa">Zlataritsa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtopol" title="Ahtopol">Ahtopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfatar" title="Alfatar">Alfatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonovo" title="Antonovo">Antonovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balgarovo" title="Balgarovo">Balgarovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boboshevo" title="Boboshevo">Boboshevo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bolyarovo" title="Bolyarovo">Bolyarovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boychinovtsi" title="Boychinovtsi">Boychinovtsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brusartsi" title="Brusartsi">Brusartsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byala_Cherkva" title="Byala Cherkva">Byala Cherkva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi" title="Chiprovtsi">Chiprovtsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimovo" title="Dimovo">Dimovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glavinitsa" title="Glavinitsa">Glavinitsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gramada,_Bulgaria" title="Gramada, Bulgaria">Gramada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinovo" title="Kaolinovo">Kaolinovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kermen" title="Kermen">Kermen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merichleri" title="Merichleri">Merichleri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Prohod" title="Momin Prohod">Momin Prohod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plachkovtsi" title="Plachkovtsi">Plachkovtsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senovo,_Bulgaria" title="Senovo, Bulgaria">Senovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shipka_(town)" title="Shipka (town)">Shipka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suhindol" title="Suhindol">Suhindol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zemen" title="Zemen">Zemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiten,_Burgas_Province" title="Kiten, Burgas Province">Kiten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madzharovo" title="Madzharovo">Madzharovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">499-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melnik,_Bulgaria" title="Melnik, Bulgaria">Melnik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>city status after the census of 01.02.2011:</i> Ignatievo, Kran</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_capitals_of_Bulgaria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Capitals of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Capitals of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_capitals_of_Bulgaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Historical capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a> (681–893)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a> (893–972)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (972–992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> (992–1018)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a> (1185–1393, 1878–1879)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a> (1393–1395)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofia</a> (since 1879)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Bulgaria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Provinces of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Provinces of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Bulgaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Provinces of Bulgaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/106px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burgas_Province" title="Burgas Province">Burgas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dobrich_Province" title="Dobrich Province">Dobrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabrovo_Province" title="Gabrovo Province">Gabrovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haskovo_Province" title="Haskovo Province">Haskovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Province" title="Kardzhali Province">Kardzhali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyustendil_Province" title="Kyustendil Province">Kyustendil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lovech_Province" title="Lovech Province">Lovech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Province" title="Montana Province">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik_Province" title="Pazardzhik Province">Pazardzhik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pernik_Province" title="Pernik Province">Pernik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pleven_Province" title="Pleven Province">Pleven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv_Province" title="Plovdiv Province">Plovdiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Razgrad_Province" title="Razgrad Province">Razgrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_Province" title="Ruse Province">Ruse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shumen_Province" title="Shumen Province">Shumen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Province" title="Silistra Province">Silistra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sliven_Province" title="Sliven Province">Sliven</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smolyan_Province" title="Smolyan Province">Smolyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia City Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Province" title="Stara Zagora Province">Stara Zagora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Targovishte_Province" title="Targovishte Province">Targovishte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varna_Province" title="Varna Province">Varna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo_Province" title="Veliko Tarnovo Province">Veliko Tarnovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vidin_Province" title="Vidin Province">Vidin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vratsa_Province" title="Vratsa Province">Vratsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yambol_Province" title="Yambol Province">Yambol</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/47px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/71px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/94px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Etymological_list_of_provinces_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria">Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Template:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Template talk:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/45px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/68px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/90px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens"><img alt="Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/45px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/68px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/90px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/45px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/68px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/90px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava"><img alt="Bratislava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest"><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/45px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/68px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/90px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="332" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest"><img alt="Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/45px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/68px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/90px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen"><img alt="Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="264" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin"><img alt="Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/45px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/68px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/90px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki"><img alt="Helsinki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/45px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/68px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/90px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon"><img alt="Lisbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/45px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/68px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/90px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana"><img alt="Ljubljana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City"><img alt="Luxembourg City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/45px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/68px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/90px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid"><img alt="Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/45px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/68px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/90px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="926" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><img alt="Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/45px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/68px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/90px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga"><img alt="Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/45px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/68px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/90px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/45px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/68px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/90px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>:</small><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/45px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/68px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/90px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm"><img alt="Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn"><img alt="Tallinn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="357" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta"><img alt="Valletta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/45px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/68px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/90px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius"><img alt="Vilnius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="561" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw"><img alt="Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/45px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/68px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/90px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top">
<td><small><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;">
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb"><img alt="Zagreb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>2</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li>
<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>5</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>3</sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>3</sup></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i>, Saint Petersburg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i>, Sevastopol (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li>
<li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Capital of Sport (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European Capitals of Sport</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li>
<li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li>
<li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li>
<li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li>
<li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li>
<li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li>
<li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li>
<li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li>
<li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li>
<li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li>
<li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li>
<li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li>
<li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li>
<li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li>
<li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li>
<li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li>
<li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li>
<li>2018 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofia</a></li>
<li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li>
<li>2020 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li>
<li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li>
<li>2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li>
<li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li>
<li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/164770757">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206893/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRrY7CqH8kwHV73Kh8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077502-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79131147">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118847425">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118847425">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01025308">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sofie (Bulharsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130885&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452168">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555089505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/0641d55d-9fcb-48be-92c7-0a5273ab58bc">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/207439">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17158360?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/979670">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026638061">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044997">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sofya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | '1729027351' |