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Name of the user account (user_name ) | '68.34.64.14' |
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Page namespace (page_namespace ) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title ) | 'Hymen' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle ) | 'Hymen' |
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Edit summary/reason (summary ) | '/* Hymenal development */ ' |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{About|the vaginal mucous membrane fold|the god and other uses}}
{{Infobox Anatomy |
Name = Hymen |
Latin = hymen vaginae |
GraySubject = 270 |
GrayPage = 1264 |
Image = Gray1229.png |
Caption = External genital organs of female. The labia minora have been drawn apart. |
Image2 = |
Caption2 = |
System = |
MeshName = Hymen |
MeshNumber = A05.360.319.779.479 |
}}
{{Inappropriate tone|date=July 2010}}
The '''Hymen''' is a [[membrane]] that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or external genitalia.<ref name=emans>Emans, S. Jean. "Physical Examination of the Child and Adolescent" (2000) in ''Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas'', Second edition, Oxford University Press. 61-65</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book|last=Perlman |first=Sally E. |coauthors=Nakajyma, Steven T. and Hertweck, S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology |year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |pages=131 |isbn=1842141996 }}</ref><ref name=discovery/> The size of the hymenal opening increases with age. It is not possible to confirm with certainty that a [[woman]] is a [[virgin]] by examining her hymen.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name=discovery>{{Cite web|url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/hymen.html |title=Hymen |accessdate=2009-02-02 |quote=Knowing the facts about the hymen can help women dispel the myth that it proves virginity, freeing them from the negative effects of popular mythology. Having accurate information about the hymen can assist in normalizing a woman's fears about her body and help promote greater self-acceptance. |publisher=[[Discovery.com]] }}</ref> In cases of suspected [[rape]] or [[sexual abuse]], a detailed examination of the hymen may be performed; but the condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive. In younger children a torn hymen will typically heal very fast, in adolescents the hymenal opening does extend from natural causes and variation in shape and appearance increases.<ref name=emans/> In children, although a common appearance of the hymen is [[crescent]]-shaped, many variations are possible.<ref name=emans/> After a woman [[Childbirth|gives birth]], she may be left with remnants of the hymen, called ''carunculae myrtiformes'', or the hymen may be completely absent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Knight |first=Bernard |title=Simpson's Forensic Medicine |edition=11th |year=1997 |publisher=Arnold |location=London |pages=114 |isbn=0713144521 }}</ref>
==Hymenal development==
The [[development of the reproductive system|genital tract develops]] during embryogenesis, from the third week of gestation to the second trimester, and the hymen is formed following the vagina.
At week seven, the urorectal septum forms and separates the rectum from the urogenital sinus.
At week nine, the müllerian ducts move downwards to reach the urogenital sinus, forming the uterovaginal canal and inserting into the urogenital sinus.
At week 12, the müllerian ducts fuse to create a primitive uterovaginal canal called unaleria
At month 5, the vaginal canalization is complete and the fetal hymen is formed from the proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs (where müllerian ducts meet the urogenital sinus), and becomes perforate before or shortly after birth.
In newborn babies, still under the influence of the mother's [[hormones]], the hymen is thick, pale pink, and redundant (folds in on itself and may protrude). For the first two to four years of life, the infant produces hormones that continue this effect.<ref name="McCann">McCann, J; Rosas, A. and Boos, S. (2003) "Child and adolescent sexual assaults (childhood sexual abuse)" in Payne-James, Jason; Busuttil, Anthony and Smock, William (eds). Forensic Medicine: Clinical and Pathological Aspects, Greenwich Medical Media: London, a)p.453, b)p.455 c)p.460.</ref> Their hymenal opening tends to be annular (circumferential).<ref name=heger>{{Cite book|last=Heger |first=Astrid | authorlink = Astrid Heppenstall Heger | coauthors=Emans, S. Jean and Muram, David |title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas |edition=Second |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=116 |isbn=0195074254 }}</ref>
==Hymenal resorption==
Past neonatal stage, the diameter of the hymenal opening (measured within the hymenal ring) has been proposed to be approximately 1 mm for each year of age.<ref name="WebMD" /> In children, to make this measurement, a doctor may place a [[Foley catheter]] into the vagina and inflate the balloon behind the hymen to stretch the hymenal margin and allow for a better examination. In the normal course of life, the hymenal opening can also be enlarged by [[tampon]] use, pelvic examinations with a [[speculum]], regular physical activity (particularly horseback riding), or sexual intercourse.<ref name=emans/> Once a girl reaches puberty, the hymen tends to become so elastic that it is not possible to determine whether a woman uses tampons or not by examining her hymen. In one survey, only 43% of women reported bleeding the first time they had intercourse, indicating that the hymens of a majority of women are sufficiently opened.<ref name=emans/><ref name="McCann" />
The hymen is most apparent in young girls: At this time, their hymen is thin and less likely to be ''redundant'', that is to protrude or fold over on itself.<ref>Muram, David. "Anatomical and Physiologic Changes" (2000) in ''Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas'', Second edition, [[Oxford University]] Press. 105–7.</ref> In instances of suspected child abuse, doctors use the [[clock face]] system to describe the hymenal opening. The 12 o'clock position is below the [[urethra]], and 6 o'clock is towards the [[anus]], with the patient lying on her back.<ref name=pok>Pokorny, Susan. "Anatomical Terms of Female External Genitalia" (2000) in ''Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas'', Second edition, Oxford University Press. 110.</ref>
Infants' hymenal openings tend to be redundant (sleeve-like, folding in on itself), and may be ring-shaped.<ref name=pok/>
By the time a girl reaches school age, this hormonal influence has ceased, and the hymen becomes thin, smooth, delicate, and nearly [[translucent]]. It is also very sensitive to touch; a physician who must swab the area should avoid the hymen and swab the outer [[vulval vestibule]] instead.<ref name="McCann" />
Prepubescent girls' hymenal openings come in many shapes, depending on hormonal and activity level, the most common being crescentic (posterior rim): no tissue at the 12 o'clock position; crescent-shaped band of tissue from 1–2 to 10–11 o'clock, at its widest around 6 o'clock. From puberty onwards, depending on [[estrogen]] and activity levels, the hymenal tissue may be thicker, and the opening is often fimbriated or erratically shaped.<ref name=heger/>
After giving birth, the vaginal opening usually has nothing left but hymenal tags (carunculae mytriformes) and is called "parous introitus".
==Anatomic anomalies==
[[File:Hymen en.svg|thumb|Various types of hymen]]
Anomalies of the female reproductive tract can result from [[Müllerian agenesis|agenesis]] or hypoplasia, canalization defects, lateral fusion and failure of resorption, resulting in various complications.<ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269050-overview |title=Imperforate Hymen |accessdate=2009-02-02 |quote=Different normal variants in hymenal configuration are described, varying from the common annular, to crescentic, to navicular ("boatlike" with an anteriorly displaced hymenal orifice). Hymenal variations are rarely clinically significant before menarche. In the case of a navicular configuration, urinary complaints (e.g., dribbling, retention, urinary tract infections) may result. Sometimes, a cribriform (fenestrated), septate, or navicular configuration to the hymen can be associated with retention of vaginal secretions and prolongation of the common condition of a mixed bacterial vulvovaginitis. |publisher=[[Web MD]] }}</ref>
* Imperforate:<ref>{{Cite book|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics |year=2003 |publisher= |quote=Occasionally, the hymen is harder than normal or it is complete and sealed without there being ... This condition is called imperforate hymen and, at times ... | url=http://books.google.com/?id=aaklGZAID08C&pg=PA1115&dq=hymen |isbn=1583305920 |author1= Steinberg, Avraham |author2= Rosner, Fred }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=DeCherney |first=Alan H. |authorlink= |coauthors= Pernoll, Martin L. and Nathan, Lauren |title=Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment |year=2002 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional| pages=602 |quote=Imperforate hymen represents a persistent portion of the urogenital membrane ... It is one of the most common obstructive lesions of the female genital tract. ... |url=http://books.google.com/?id=9xD0inFiEIAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA602,M1 |isbn=0838514014 }}</ref> hymenal opening nonexistent; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape.
* Cribriform, or microperforate: sometimes confused for imperforate, the hymenal opening appears to be nonexistent, but has, under close examination, small openings.
* Septate: the hymenal opening has one or more bands extending across the opening.
==Hymens in other animals==
Due to similar reproductive system development, many mammals, including chimpanzees, elephants, manatees, whales, and horses, retain hymens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blank |first=Hanne|authorlink=Hanne Blank|url=http://books.google.com/?id=shq1AAAAIAAJ&dq=Virgin%3A+The+Untouched+History&q=toothed+whales | title=Virgin: The Untouched History |year=2007|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |pages=23 |isbn=1596910100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blackledge |first=Catherine |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Story of V |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |quote=Hymens, or vaginal closure membranes or vaginal constrictions, as they are often referred to, are found in a number of mammals, including llamas, ... | url=http://books.google.com/?id=f2d-11Y_u3cC&pg=PP250&dq=guinea+pig+hymen |isbn=0813534550 }}</ref>
==Hymenorrhaphy==
{{Main|Hymenorrhaphy}}
In some cultures, an intact hymen is highly valued at marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSL2532025120070430?pageNumber=2&sp=true |title=Muslim women in France regain virginity in clinics |publisher=[[Reuters]] |quote='Many of my patients are caught between two worlds,' said Abecassis. They have had sex already but are expected to be virgins at marriage according to a custom that he called 'cultural and traditional, with enormous family pressure'. | date=2007-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-hymen |title=The Hymen |accessdate=2009-02-09 |quote=The hymen can have very important cultural significance in certain cultures because of its association with a woman’s virginity. |publisher=[[University of California at Santa Barbara]] }}</ref><ref name=europe/> Some women undergo hymenoplasty, a restoration of their hymen.<ref name=europe>{{Cite news|first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=In Europe, Debate Over Islam and Virginity |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/europe/11virgin.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=hymen&st=nyt&oref=slogin |quote=Like an increasing number of Muslim women in Europe, she had a hymenoplasty, a restoration of her hymen, the vaginal membrane that normally breaks in the first act of intercourse.|quote='In my culture, not to be a virgin is to be dirt,' said the student, perched on a hospital bed as she awaited surgery on Thursday. 'Right now, virginity is more important to me than life.' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 11, 2008 |accessdate=2008-06-13 | first1=Elaine | last1=Sciolino | first2=Souad | last2=Mekhennet}}</ref><ref>Hymenoplasty is depicted in a fictional context in "Everett Poe", an episode of the television series ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' that was broadcast in 2007.</ref>
==Womb fury==
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, medical researchers used the presence of the hymen, or lack thereof, as founding evidence of physical diseases such as "womb-fury" ([[Hysteria]]). If not cured, womb-fury would, according to these early doctors, result in death.<ref>Berrios GE, Rivière L. (2006) 'Madness from the womb'. ''History of Psychiatry''. 17:223-35.</ref><ref>The linkage between the hymen and social elements of control has been taken up in Marie Loughlin's book [http://books.google.com/books?id=3wqNbrYPNn8C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=%22womb+fury%22+hymen&source=web&ots=3BO0w_lffS&sig=Y700PQjcusD7iRYmp33orklQhQ4#PPP1,M1 Hymeneutics: Interpreting Virginity on the Early Modern Stage] published in 1997</ref>
<!--==Modern perspective==In late 2005, Monica Christiansson, former maternity ward nurse and Carola Eriksson, a PhD student at [[Umeå University]] announced that according to studies of medical literature and practical experience, the hymen should be considered a social and cultural myth, based on deeply rooted stereotypes of women's roles in sexual relations with men. Christiansson and Eriksson support their claims by pointing out that there are no accurate medical descriptions of what a hymen actually consists of. Statistics presented by the two state that fewer than 30% of women who have gone through puberty and have consensual intercourse bleed the first time. Christiansson has expressed an opinion that the use of the term "hymen" should be discontinued and that it should be considered an integral part of the vaginal opening.<ref>[http://na.se/artikel.asp?intId=929711 Nerikes Allehanda's article on Christiansson's and Eriksson's research] {{sv icon}}</ref>-->
==See also==
[[Artificial hymen]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://www.healthystrokes.com/hymengallery.html Hymen gallery]—Illustrations of hymen types
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/magical_cups_bloody_brides_virginity_in_context Magical Cups and Bloody Brides]—the historical context of [[virginity]]
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/20_questions_about_virginity_scarleteen_interviews_hanne_blank 20 Questions About Virginity]—Interview with Hanne Blank, author of ''Virgin: The Untouched History''. Discusses relationship between hymen and concept of virginity.
*[http://www.vaginismus-awareness-network.org/hymen.html All about The Hymen: To prevent Vaginismus and painful first-time sex] at the Vaginismus Awareness Network
* [http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/kiosk_image.html?mode=kiosk_viewer&pt_id=13387&imid=52084&imageid=52084&quiz=no#pic MedPix Teaching Case] Radiology (US - ultrasound) of Hydrocolpos
*[http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p883.html Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse] at the American Family Physician
{{Female reproductive system}}
[[Category:Female reproductive system]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of genital organs]]
[[ar:غشاء البكارة]]
[[bn:যোনিচ্ছদ]]
[[be:Дзявочая плява]]
[[be-x-old:Дзявоцкая балона]]
[[bs:Himen (biologija)]]
[[br:Lienenn-gourzh]]
[[bg:Химен]]
[[cs:Panenská blána]]
[[da:Jomfruhinde]]
[[de:Hymen]]
[[dv:ބިކުރުގެ ދުލިފަށް]]
[[et:Neitsinahk]]
[[es:Himen]]
[[eo:Himeno]]
[[fa:پرده بکارت]]
[[fr:Hymen (biologie)]]
[[ko:처녀막]]
[[io:Himeno]]
[[id:Selaput dara]]
[[it:Imene (anatomia)]]
[[he:קרום בתולים]]
[[lt:Mergystės plėvė]]
[[arz:هايمن]]
[[my:အပျိုမြှေး]]
[[nl:Maagdenvlies]]
[[ja:処女膜]]
[[no:Jomfruhinne]]
[[nds:Jumfernhuut]]
[[pl:Błona dziewicza]]
[[pt:Hímen]]
[[ro:Himen]]
[[ru:Девственная плева]]
[[rw:Akabambano]]
[[simple:Hymen]]
[[sl:Deviška kožica]]
[[ckb:پەردەی کچێنی]]
[[sr:Химен]]
[[fi:Immenkalvo]]
[[sv:Hymen]]
[[te:కన్నెపొర]]
[[th:เยื่อพรหมจารี]]
[[tr:Kızlık zarı]]
[[uk:Дівоча пліва]]
[[vi:Màng trinh]]
[[zh:处女膜]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{About|the vaginal mucous membrane fold|the god and other uses}}
{{Infobox Anatomy |
Name = Hymen |
Latin = hymen vaginae |
GraySubject = 270 |
GrayPage = 1264 |
Image = Gray1229.png |
Caption = External genital organs of female. The labia minora have been drawn apart. |
Image2 = |
Caption2 = |
System = |
MeshName = Hymen |
MeshNumber = A05.360.319.779.479 |
}}
{{Inappropriate tone|date=July 2010}}
The '''Hymen''' is a [[membrane]] that surrounds or partially covers the external [[vagina]]l opening. It forms part of the [[vulva]], or external genitalia.<ref name=emans>Emans, S. Jean. "Physical Examination of the Child and Adolescent" (2000) in ''Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas'', Second edition, Oxford University Press. 61-65</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book|last=Perlman |first=Sally E. |coauthors=Nakajyma, Steven T. and Hertweck, S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology |year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |pages=131 |isbn=1842141996 }}</ref><ref name=discovery/> The size of the hymenal opening increases with age. It is not possible to confirm with certainty that a [[woman]] is a [[virgin]] by examining her hymen.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name=discovery>{{Cite web|url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/hymen.html |title=Hymen |accessdate=2009-02-02 |quote=Knowing the facts about the hymen can help women dispel the myth that it proves virginity, freeing them from the negative effects of popular mythology. Having accurate information about the hymen can assist in normalizing a woman's fears about her body and help promote greater self-acceptance. |publisher=[[Discovery.com]] }}</ref> In cases of suspected [[rape]] or [[sexual abuse]], a detailed examination of the hymen may be performed; but the condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive. In younger children a torn hymen will typically heal very fast, in adolescents the hymenal opening does extend from natural causes and variation in shape and appearance increases.<ref name=emans/> In children, although a common appearance of the hymen is [[crescent]]-shaped, many variations are possible.<ref name=emans/> After a woman [[Childbirth|gives birth]], she may be left with remnants of the hymen, called ''carunculae myrtiformes'', or the hymen may be completely absent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Knight |first=Bernard |title=Simpson's Forensic Medicine |edition=11th |year=1997 |publisher=Arnold |location=London |pages=114 |isbn=0713144521 }}</ref>
==Hymenal development==
The [[development of the reproductive system|genital tract develops]] during embryogenesis, from the third week of gestation to the second trimester, and the hymen is formed following the vagina.
At week seven, the urorectal septum forms and separates the rectum from the urogenital sinus.
At week nine, the müllerian ducts move downwards to reach the urogenital sinus, forming the uterovaginal canal and inserting into the urogenital sinus.
At a few weeks, a penis is evolved off of the girls vagina, and she poops a baby, then the müllerian ducts fuse to create a primitive uterovaginal canal called unaleria
At month 5, the vaginal canalization is complete and the fetal hymen is formed from the proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs (where müllerian ducts meet the urogenital sinus), and becomes perforate before or shortly after birth.
In newborn babies, still under the influence of the mother's [[hormones]], the hymen is thick, pale pink, and redundant (folds in on itself and may protrude). For the first two to four years of life, the infant produces hormones that continue this effect.<ref name="McCann">McCann, J; Rosas, A. and Boos, S. (2003) "Child and adolescent sexual assaults (childhood sexual abuse)" in Payne-James, Jason; Busuttil, Anthony and Smock, William (eds). Forensic Medicine: Clinical and Pathological Aspects, Greenwich Medical Media: London, a)p.453, b)p.455 c)p.460.</ref> Their hymenal opening tends to be annular (circumferential).<ref name=heger>{{Cite book|last=Heger |first=Astrid | authorlink = Astrid Heppenstall Heger | coauthors=Emans, S. Jean and Muram, David |title=Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas |edition=Second |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=116 |isbn=0195074254 }}</ref>
==Hymenal resorption==
Past neonatal stage, the diameter of the hymenal opening (measured within the hymenal ring) has been proposed to be approximately 1 mm for each year of age.<ref name="WebMD" /> In children, to make this measurement, a doctor may place a [[Foley catheter]] into the vagina and inflate the balloon behind the hymen to stretch the hymenal margin and allow for a better examination. In the normal course of life, the hymenal opening can also be enlarged by [[tampon]] use, pelvic examinations with a [[speculum]], regular physical activity (particularly horseback riding), or sexual intercourse.<ref name=emans/> Once a girl reaches puberty, the hymen tends to become so elastic that it is not possible to determine whether a woman uses tampons or not by examining her hymen. In one survey, only 43% of women reported bleeding the first time they had intercourse, indicating that the hymens of a majority of women are sufficiently opened.<ref name=emans/><ref name="McCann" />
The hymen is most apparent in young girls: At this time, their hymen is thin and less likely to be ''redundant'', that is to protrude or fold over on itself.<ref>Muram, David. "Anatomical and Physiologic Changes" (2000) in ''Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas'', Second edition, [[Oxford University]] Press. 105–7.</ref> In instances of suspected child abuse, doctors use the [[clock face]] system to describe the hymenal opening. The 12 o'clock position is below the [[urethra]], and 6 o'clock is towards the [[anus]], with the patient lying on her back.<ref name=pok>Pokorny, Susan. "Anatomical Terms of Female External Genitalia" (2000) in ''Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas'', Second edition, Oxford University Press. 110.</ref>
Infants' hymenal openings tend to be redundant (sleeve-like, folding in on itself), and may be ring-shaped.<ref name=pok/>
By the time a girl reaches school age, this hormonal influence has ceased, and the hymen becomes thin, smooth, delicate, and nearly [[translucent]]. It is also very sensitive to touch; a physician who must swab the area should avoid the hymen and swab the outer [[vulval vestibule]] instead.<ref name="McCann" />
Prepubescent girls' hymenal openings come in many shapes, depending on hormonal and activity level, the most common being crescentic (posterior rim): no tissue at the 12 o'clock position; crescent-shaped band of tissue from 1–2 to 10–11 o'clock, at its widest around 6 o'clock. From puberty onwards, depending on [[estrogen]] and activity levels, the hymenal tissue may be thicker, and the opening is often fimbriated or erratically shaped.<ref name=heger/>
After giving birth, the vaginal opening usually has nothing left but hymenal tags (carunculae mytriformes) and is called "parous introitus".
==Anatomic anomalies==
[[File:Hymen en.svg|thumb|Various types of hymen]]
Anomalies of the female reproductive tract can result from [[Müllerian agenesis|agenesis]] or hypoplasia, canalization defects, lateral fusion and failure of resorption, resulting in various complications.<ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269050-overview |title=Imperforate Hymen |accessdate=2009-02-02 |quote=Different normal variants in hymenal configuration are described, varying from the common annular, to crescentic, to navicular ("boatlike" with an anteriorly displaced hymenal orifice). Hymenal variations are rarely clinically significant before menarche. In the case of a navicular configuration, urinary complaints (e.g., dribbling, retention, urinary tract infections) may result. Sometimes, a cribriform (fenestrated), septate, or navicular configuration to the hymen can be associated with retention of vaginal secretions and prolongation of the common condition of a mixed bacterial vulvovaginitis. |publisher=[[Web MD]] }}</ref>
* Imperforate:<ref>{{Cite book|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics |year=2003 |publisher= |quote=Occasionally, the hymen is harder than normal or it is complete and sealed without there being ... This condition is called imperforate hymen and, at times ... | url=http://books.google.com/?id=aaklGZAID08C&pg=PA1115&dq=hymen |isbn=1583305920 |author1= Steinberg, Avraham |author2= Rosner, Fred }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=DeCherney |first=Alan H. |authorlink= |coauthors= Pernoll, Martin L. and Nathan, Lauren |title=Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment |year=2002 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional| pages=602 |quote=Imperforate hymen represents a persistent portion of the urogenital membrane ... It is one of the most common obstructive lesions of the female genital tract. ... |url=http://books.google.com/?id=9xD0inFiEIAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA602,M1 |isbn=0838514014 }}</ref> hymenal opening nonexistent; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape.
* Cribriform, or microperforate: sometimes confused for imperforate, the hymenal opening appears to be nonexistent, but has, under close examination, small openings.
* Septate: the hymenal opening has one or more bands extending across the opening.
==Hymens in other animals==
Due to similar reproductive system development, many mammals, including chimpanzees, elephants, manatees, whales, and horses, retain hymens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blank |first=Hanne|authorlink=Hanne Blank|url=http://books.google.com/?id=shq1AAAAIAAJ&dq=Virgin%3A+The+Untouched+History&q=toothed+whales | title=Virgin: The Untouched History |year=2007|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |pages=23 |isbn=1596910100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Blackledge |first=Catherine |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Story of V |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |quote=Hymens, or vaginal closure membranes or vaginal constrictions, as they are often referred to, are found in a number of mammals, including llamas, ... | url=http://books.google.com/?id=f2d-11Y_u3cC&pg=PP250&dq=guinea+pig+hymen |isbn=0813534550 }}</ref>
==Hymenorrhaphy==
{{Main|Hymenorrhaphy}}
In some cultures, an intact hymen is highly valued at marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSL2532025120070430?pageNumber=2&sp=true |title=Muslim women in France regain virginity in clinics |publisher=[[Reuters]] |quote='Many of my patients are caught between two worlds,' said Abecassis. They have had sex already but are expected to be virgins at marriage according to a custom that he called 'cultural and traditional, with enormous family pressure'. | date=2007-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-hymen |title=The Hymen |accessdate=2009-02-09 |quote=The hymen can have very important cultural significance in certain cultures because of its association with a woman’s virginity. |publisher=[[University of California at Santa Barbara]] }}</ref><ref name=europe/> Some women undergo hymenoplasty, a restoration of their hymen.<ref name=europe>{{Cite news|first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=In Europe, Debate Over Islam and Virginity |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/europe/11virgin.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=hymen&st=nyt&oref=slogin |quote=Like an increasing number of Muslim women in Europe, she had a hymenoplasty, a restoration of her hymen, the vaginal membrane that normally breaks in the first act of intercourse.|quote='In my culture, not to be a virgin is to be dirt,' said the student, perched on a hospital bed as she awaited surgery on Thursday. 'Right now, virginity is more important to me than life.' |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 11, 2008 |accessdate=2008-06-13 | first1=Elaine | last1=Sciolino | first2=Souad | last2=Mekhennet}}</ref><ref>Hymenoplasty is depicted in a fictional context in "Everett Poe", an episode of the television series ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' that was broadcast in 2007.</ref>
==Womb fury==
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, medical researchers used the presence of the hymen, or lack thereof, as founding evidence of physical diseases such as "womb-fury" ([[Hysteria]]). If not cured, womb-fury would, according to these early doctors, result in death.<ref>Berrios GE, Rivière L. (2006) 'Madness from the womb'. ''History of Psychiatry''. 17:223-35.</ref><ref>The linkage between the hymen and social elements of control has been taken up in Marie Loughlin's book [http://books.google.com/books?id=3wqNbrYPNn8C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=%22womb+fury%22+hymen&source=web&ots=3BO0w_lffS&sig=Y700PQjcusD7iRYmp33orklQhQ4#PPP1,M1 Hymeneutics: Interpreting Virginity on the Early Modern Stage] published in 1997</ref>
<!--==Modern perspective==In late 2005, Monica Christiansson, former maternity ward nurse and Carola Eriksson, a PhD student at [[Umeå University]] announced that according to studies of medical literature and practical experience, the hymen should be considered a social and cultural myth, based on deeply rooted stereotypes of women's roles in sexual relations with men. Christiansson and Eriksson support their claims by pointing out that there are no accurate medical descriptions of what a hymen actually consists of. Statistics presented by the two state that fewer than 30% of women who have gone through puberty and have consensual intercourse bleed the first time. Christiansson has expressed an opinion that the use of the term "hymen" should be discontinued and that it should be considered an integral part of the vaginal opening.<ref>[http://na.se/artikel.asp?intId=929711 Nerikes Allehanda's article on Christiansson's and Eriksson's research] {{sv icon}}</ref>-->
==See also==
[[Artificial hymen]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://www.healthystrokes.com/hymengallery.html Hymen gallery]—Illustrations of hymen types
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/magical_cups_bloody_brides_virginity_in_context Magical Cups and Bloody Brides]—the historical context of [[virginity]]
*[http://www.scarleteen.com/article/politics/20_questions_about_virginity_scarleteen_interviews_hanne_blank 20 Questions About Virginity]—Interview with Hanne Blank, author of ''Virgin: The Untouched History''. Discusses relationship between hymen and concept of virginity.
*[http://www.vaginismus-awareness-network.org/hymen.html All about The Hymen: To prevent Vaginismus and painful first-time sex] at the Vaginismus Awareness Network
* [http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/kiosk_image.html?mode=kiosk_viewer&pt_id=13387&imid=52084&imageid=52084&quiz=no#pic MedPix Teaching Case] Radiology (US - ultrasound) of Hydrocolpos
*[http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p883.html Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse] at the American Family Physician
{{Female reproductive system}}
[[Category:Female reproductive system]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of genital organs]]
[[ar:غشاء البكارة]]
[[bn:যোনিচ্ছদ]]
[[be:Дзявочая плява]]
[[be-x-old:Дзявоцкая балона]]
[[bs:Himen (biologija)]]
[[br:Lienenn-gourzh]]
[[bg:Химен]]
[[cs:Panenská blána]]
[[da:Jomfruhinde]]
[[de:Hymen]]
[[dv:ބިކުރުގެ ދުލިފަށް]]
[[et:Neitsinahk]]
[[es:Himen]]
[[eo:Himeno]]
[[fa:پرده بکارت]]
[[fr:Hymen (biologie)]]
[[ko:처녀막]]
[[io:Himeno]]
[[id:Selaput dara]]
[[it:Imene (anatomia)]]
[[he:קרום בתולים]]
[[lt:Mergystės plėvė]]
[[arz:هايمن]]
[[my:အပျိုမြှေး]]
[[nl:Maagdenvlies]]
[[ja:処女膜]]
[[no:Jomfruhinne]]
[[nds:Jumfernhuut]]
[[pl:Błona dziewicza]]
[[pt:Hímen]]
[[ro:Himen]]
[[ru:Девственная плева]]
[[rw:Akabambano]]
[[simple:Hymen]]
[[sl:Deviška kožica]]
[[ckb:پەردەی کچێنی]]
[[sr:Химен]]
[[fi:Immenkalvo]]
[[sv:Hymen]]
[[te:కన్నెపొర]]
[[th:เยื่อพรหมจารี]]
[[tr:Kızlık zarı]]
[[uk:Дівоча пліва]]
[[vi:Màng trinh]]
[[zh:处女膜]]' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | 0 |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1295155809 |