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02:06, 30 October 2014: 23.117.113.103 (talk) triggered filter 285, performing the action "edit" on Outlaw motorcycle club. Actions taken: Disallow; Filter description: Common Vandalism (examine)

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===One percenter===
===One percenter===
[[File:Bandidos MC Berlin - One Percenter.jpg|thumb|upright|"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin]]
[[File:Bandidos MC Berlin - One Percenter.jpg|thumb|upright|"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin]]
Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a 1% patch worn on the colors. This is claimed to be a reference to a comment made by the [[American Motorcyclist Association]] (AMA) in which they stated that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
lololoollololololololololololololololololomotorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}


The alleged AMA comment, supposedly a response to the [[Hollister riot]] in 1947,<ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-05 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron1.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = 2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again' | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-06 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron2.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref> is denied by the AMA, who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquote.<ref name=Dulaney2002a>{{Citation |last=Dulaney |first=William L. |periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]] |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html |date = November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs |quote=The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We <nowiki>[the American Motorcyclist Association]</nowiki> acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'}}</ref>
The alleged AMA comment, supposedly a response to the [[Hollister riot]] in 1947,<ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-05 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron1.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = 2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again' | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-06 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron2.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref> is denied by the AMA, who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquote.<ref name=Dulaney2002a>{{Citation |last=Dulaney |first=William L. |periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]] |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html |date = November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs |quote=The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We <nowiki>[the American Motorcyclist Association]</nowiki> acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'}}</ref>

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'{{About|non-AMA sanctioned motorcycle clubs|the club established in McCook, Illinois in 1935|Outlaws Motorcycle Club|general types of motorcycling groups|Motorcycle club}} [[File:Gypsy Joker Protest Run 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A number of club members meet at a run in Australia, 2009]] An '''outlaw motorcycle club''' (sometimes known as a '''motorcycle gang''' or '''biker gang''') is a [[motorcycle]] subculture which has its roots in the immediate post-World War II era of American society. It is generally centered on the use of [[Power cruiser|cruiser]] motorcycles, particularly [[Harley-Davidson]]s and [[Chopper (motorcycle)|choppers]], and a set of ideals which celebrate freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture and loyalty to the biker group. In the United States, such [[motorcycle club]]s are considered "outlaw" as they are not sanctioned by the [[American Motorcyclist Association]] (AMA) and do not adhere to the AMA's rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws from which the values of the outlaw biker culture arise.<ref name=Drew2002>{{Citation|title=The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle|first=A. J.|last=Drew|publisher=Adams Media Corp|year=2002|url= http://books.google.com/?id=wWnBPAAACAAJ|isbn=9781580625548|pages=193–203, 277}}</ref><ref name=Dulaney2002>{{Citation|last=Dulaney|first=William L.|periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]]|url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html|date=November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs}}</ref><ref name=Wolf1992>{{Citation|title=The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers|first=Daniel R.|last=Wolf|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1992|isbn=9780802073631|page=4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mgNRMZAg8N4C&pg=PA4&dq=%22Technically+the+label+outlaw#v=onepage&q=%22Technically%20the%20label%20outlaw}}</ref><ref name=Joans2001>{{Citation |title=Bike lust: Harleys, women, and American society|first=Barbara|last=Joans|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|year=2001| isbn=9780299173548|page=15|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEeaBjCKJvkC&pg=PA15&dq=%22The+label+outlaw+motorcycle+club&q=%22The%20label%20outlaw%20motorcycle%20club}}</ref><ref name=Reynolds2001>{{Citation |title=Wild ride: how outlaw motorcycle myth conquered America|first=Tom|last=Reynolds|publisher=TV Books|year=2001|isbn=9781575001456|pages=43–44}}</ref> ==Organization and leadership== [[File:Hells Angels New York by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|230px|The [[Hells Angels]] MC [[New York City]] clubhouse, with many [[security cameras]] and floodlights on the front of the building]] While organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a [[president]], [[vice president]], [[treasurer]], [[secretary]], [[road captain]], and [[sergeant-at-arms]].<ref>[http://www.rcvsmc.net/id6.html 1% - Example of Bylaws]- Motorcycle Club and Riding Club Education</ref> Localized groups of a single, large MC are called ''chapters'' or ''charters'', and the first chapter established for an MC is referred to as the ''mother chapter''. The president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues. Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or [[Compound (enclosure)|private compound]]. ==Membership== In some "biker" clubs, as part of becoming a full member, an individual must pass a vote of the membership and [[oath|swear]] some level of allegiance to the club. Some clubs have a unique club patch (or patches) adorned with the term MC that are worn on the rider's vest, known as [[#Colors|colors]]. In these clubs, some amount of [[hazing]] may occur during the prospecting period, ranging from the mandatory performance of menial labor tasks for full patch members to sophomoric pranks, and, in rare cases with some outlaw motorcycle clubs, acts of violence.<ref>"Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang". Author William Queen, 2004</ref> During this time, the prospect may wear the club name on the back of their vest, but not the full logo, though this practice may vary from club to club. To become a full member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are often referred to as "full patch members" or "patchholders" and the step of attaining full membership can be referred to as "being patched".<ref>Biker Gangs and Organized Crime. Thomas Barker. Elsevier, 1 Oct 2007</ref> ==Biker culture== {{Expand section|date=October 2009}} Outlaw motorcycle clubs who identify with this subculture are not necessarily criminals, with members expressing their outlaw status on a social level, and not necessarily equating the word outlaw with criminal activity.<ref name=Drew2002/><ref name=Dulaney2002/><ref name=Wolf1992/><ref name=Joans2001/><ref name=Reynolds2001/> There are also non-outlaw motorcycle clubs, such as women's motorcycle clubs, who adopt similar insignia, colors, organizational structure and trappings, such as leather outfits typical of outlaw clubs, and, in the case of men, beards, making it difficult for outsiders to tell the difference between the two. It has been said that these other groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image while objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws.<ref>{{Citation |last1= Brown |year=2000 |first1=Roland |last2=McDiarmid |first2=Mac |title=The Ultimate Motorcycle Encyclopedia: Harley-Davidson, Ducati, Triumph, Honda, Kawasaki and All the Great Marques |publisher=Anness Publishing |isbn=9781840388985 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=2SWQAAAACAAJ |page=352}}</ref><ref name=Joans2001-1>{{Citation |last=Joans |first=Barbara |year=2001 |title=Bike Lust | publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=[[Madison, Wisconsin]] |isbn=9780299173548 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEeaBjCKJvkC&pg=PA5 |page=5|quote=As middle America rides and parties with the urban middle class, neither discusses the skeleton in the closet. Neither draws attention to the fact that much of the Harley mystique, most of the unwritten rules of the road, and many of the values and ideals come from the unruly and bastard parent, the outlaw club }}</ref> ===Charity events=== Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs. Charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have, however, been accused of using charity rides to [[Front organisation#Organized crime|mask their criminal nature]].<ref name=Adler2001/><ref>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle Gang Training For Yakima |date=7 October 2009 |url=http://www.kimatv.com/news/local/48934037.html |periodical=Kima Tv |last=Klugh |first=David |quote=The problem with that according to Steve Cook is that if you eat in local restaurants, drink in local bars or even participate in local charity events, you already associate with them.<P>Charity rides, toy donations... Cook has learned these are part of the disguise.<P>'What they don't tell you is what they're doing the rest of the year. They're selling drugs. They're stealing motorcycles. They're beating people up. They're committing a laundry list of crimes.' }}</ref><ref>Renegades Do Good Works, Too But Officials Say Biker Gang Is Simply Polishing Its Image. [Final Edition] Richard S. Koonce, Virginian - Pilot ( Norfolk, Va. ) 1999-12-29, A.1</ref> The American Motorcyclist Association has frequently complained of the bad publicity for motorcycling in general caused by outlaw clubs, and they have said that the presence of outlaw clubs at charity events has actually harmed the needy by driving down public participation and reducing donations.<ref>{{Citation |magazine=[[American Motorcyclist]] |author1=Assoc, American Motorcyclist |date = March 2003|title=Gang fears hurt charity ride |url=http://books.google.com/?id=3foDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref> Events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw clubs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears around the participation of outlaw biker clubs in charity events.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gunfight blamed on bikers // About 150 people queried after violence at a toy giveaway |first1=Paige |last1=Austin |first2=Sonja |last2=Bjelland |newspaper=The Press - Enterprise |location=Riverside, Calif. |date= 2005-12-06 |quote=Witnesses blame tensions between two rival motorcycle gangs for a shooting at a Christmas toy drive that left a firefighter and two others injured.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Neighbors want site of shooting shut down |first=Paige |last=Austin |newspaper=The Press - Enterprise |location= Riverside, Calif. |date=December 8, 2005 |page= B.01 |quote= Next week Norco city leaders will consider revoking an operating permit for Maverick Steakhouse where a Christmas toy drive Sunday ended in violence after several gunmen fired into the crowd.<P>Witnesses say a fight between two rival biker clubs at the event led to the shooting in which at least three people where injured, including a Norco firefighter.}}</ref> Authorities have attempted to ban outlaw clubs from charity events, or to restrict the wearing of colors at events in order to avert the sort of inter-club violence that has happened at previous charity runs.<ref>{{Citation |title=Bikie 'colours' banned from Morcombe charity ride |first=Marissa |last=Calligeros |date=June 22, 2009 |newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]] |quote='Ride organisers received an unlawful edict from police blocking the participation of riders wearing clothing that identified them as members of some motorcycle clubs,' Mr Walker said.<P>'You can't say that to our members...these guys live for their patches.'<p>He said bikies would never, ever ride without patches as a cardinal rule. |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/bikie-colours-banned-from-morcombe-charity-ride-20090622-ct7t.html }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Police blitz hits bikers' charity ride |first=Nikkii |last= Joyce |date= 3 August 2009 |newspaper=Sunshine Coast Daily |url=http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2009/08/03/police-blitz-hits-bikers-charity-ride/ }}</ref> In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Briefing Mid-Atlantic: Pennsylvania: Biker Gang Sues Over Exclusion From Charity Event |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |location=New York, N.Y. |date=9 November 2002 | page=A.17 |author=[[Associated Press]] |quote=The Warlocks motorcycle gang has filed a lawsuit accusing the Philadelphia Police Department of preventing its members from participating in a motorcycle parade to deliver toys to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia on Sunday. Joshua Briskin, a lawyer for the gang, said the Warlocks had taken part in the event for 15 years. The suit, seeking unspecified compensation, says the group's civil rights were violated. }}</ref> ==Identification== {{Main|Colors (motorcycling)}} [[File:Kutte Motorrad vorn.jpg|thumb|Motorcycle club vest, Germany]] The primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch(es) will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and a possible state, province, or other chapter identification. This garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the ''colors'' or ''[[Kutte|cut]]'' (a term taken from the early practice of cutting the collars and/or sleeves from a denim or leather jacket). However, many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the [[Harley Owners Group]] also wear patches on the back of their vests, with or without including the letters ''MC''. The club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the club's patches. Hang-arounds and/or support clubs wear support patches with the club's colors. A member must closely guard their colors, for allowing one's colors to fall into the hands of an outsider is an act of disgrace and may result in loss of membership in a club, or some other punishment.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} ===One, two, and three piece patches=== The colors worn by members of some motorcycle clubs will sometimes follow a convention of using either a one-piece patch for nonconformist social clubs, two-piece patch for clubs ''paying dues'', a three-piece patch for ''outlaw'' clubs or side patches. The ''three-piece patch'' consists of the club logo and the top and bottom patches, usually crescent shaped, which are referred to as rockers. The number and arrangement of patches is somewhat indicative of the nature of the club. Though many motorcycle clubs wear the three-piece patch arrangement, this is not necessarily an indication that a club is an outlaw motorcycle club. Law enforcement agencies have confiscated colors and other club [[paraphernalia]] of these types of clubs when they raid a clubhouse or the home of an MC member, and they often display these items at press conferences.<ref>[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060410/mass_murder_autopsies_060410 Five charged in murders of eight Bandidos bikers]- CTV.ca, June 10, 2006, Retrieved October 10, 2007</ref> These items are then used at trial to support prosecution assertions that MC members perform criminal acts on behalf of their club. Courts have found that the [[probative value]] of such items is far outweighed by their [[Unfair prejudice in United States evidence law|prejudicial effects]] on the defense.<ref>The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]], Case Nos. 95-2829 and 95-2879; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. IRVIN and THOMAS E. PASTOR, Defendants-Appellants</ref> ===One percenter=== [[File:Bandidos MC Berlin - One Percenter.jpg|thumb|upright|"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin]] Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a 1% patch worn on the colors. This is claimed to be a reference to a comment made by the [[American Motorcyclist Association]] (AMA) in which they stated that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The alleged AMA comment, supposedly a response to the [[Hollister riot]] in 1947,<ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-05 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron1.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = 2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again' | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-06 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron2.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref> is denied by the AMA, who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquote.<ref name=Dulaney2002a>{{Citation |last=Dulaney |first=William L. |periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]] |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html |date = November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs |quote=The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We <nowiki>[the American Motorcyclist Association]</nowiki> acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] they are also known as outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMG).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usab5105.pdf |title=p. 13 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref> ===Other patches=== Other patches may be worn by members, including phrases and symbols. The style or meaning of these other patches can vary between clubs. Some, such as a skull and crossbones patch, or the motto "Respect Few, Fear None", are worn in some clubs by members who commit murder or other acts of violence on behalf of the club.<ref>[http://www.ktla.com/content_landing_page/?Dozens-of-Mongols-Biker-Gang-Members-Arr=1&blockID=112738&feedID=171] KTLA TV, Los Angeles</ref><ref>[http://www.insidesocal.com/sgvcrime/Mongols_-_SW_affidavit%5B1%5D.pdf] ATF affidavit</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hell's angels: a strange and terrible saga |first=Hunter S. |last=Thompson |publisher=Random House |year=1996 |isbn=0-345-41008-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=oosssb76G9oC&pg=PA8 }}</ref><ref name="Becker 1996 432">{{Citation |title=Criminal Investigation |first=Ronald |last=Becker |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=0-8342-1711-2 |page=432 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tSyjRXt_qpEC&pg=PA432&lpg=PA432&dq=13+patch+marijuana+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs+site:books.google.com&q= }}</ref> There are also ''wings'' or ''biker's wings'' which are earned something like [[jump wings]] or [[pilot's wings]], but with various color-coded meanings, e.g. in some clubs, it is said that a member who has had sex with a woman with venereal disease can wear ''green wings''.<ref name="Becker 1996 432"/><ref>[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24537495-663,00.html] Herald Sun</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1079665/Mongols-motorcycle-club-members-arrested-mass-California-swoop.html] Daily Mail</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= Glover |first=Scott |date=22 October 2008 |title=Raid targets Mongols motorcycle gang |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/22/local/me-mongols22?pg=1 |quote=There also are patches associated with the gang's alleged sexual rituals. Members are awarded wings of varying colors for engaging in sex acts with women at pre-arranged 'wing parties,' the indictment states. For example, members who have sex with a woman with venereal disease are given green wings, according to the indictment.}}</ref> However, it has also been suggested that these definitions are a [[hoax]], intended to make fools of those outside the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among the [[Square (slang)|square]] public and authorities.<ref name=Bourne2007>{{Citation |title=Philosophical Ridings: Motorcycles and the Meaning of Life |last= Bourne |first= Craig |publisher= Oneworld Publications |year= 2007 |isbn= 1-85168-520-0 |pages= 11–12}}</ref> Frequently, additional patches may involve [[Nazi chic|the use of Nazi symbols]], such as swastikas or the SS death's head. These generally do not indicate Nazi sympathies, but serve to express the outlaw biker's total rejection of social constraints, and desire for the shock value among those who fail to understand the biker way.<ref>{{Citation |author=Pratt |first=Alan R. |chapter =Motorcycling, Nihilism, and the Price of Cool; Nihilism and FTW Style |editor-last=Rollin |editor-first=Bernard E. |year= 2006 |title=Harley-Davidson and philosophy: full-throttle Aristotle; Volume 18 of Popular culture and philosophy |publisher=Open Court Publishing |isbn=9780812695953 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=NrsfTreAPfwC&pg=PA82 |quote='Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs,' a widely circulated two-hour police course, notes that a white cross on a biker's colors is earned by robbing a grave, a red cross by 'committing homosexual fellatio with a witness present.' Green wings denote the wearer performed cunnilingus on a venereally diseased woman and purple wing signify—get this!—oral sex with a dead woman! (p. 32). As a rejection of values and an expression of nihilism, what could be more aberrant and grossly offensive? And even if these interpretations are inaccurate or fabricated by bikers themselves as a joke, they still reveal the outrage that the outlaw biker expression of nihilism intended to inspire. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=WTuuT4nGKNTs8QPNyeHQCQ&id=_5q3AoSbTGAC&dq=hells+angels&q=hells+angels#v=snippet&q=hells%20angels&f=false |title=Ebony Dec 1966 |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref> ==Gender and race== [[File:Vietnam Vets MC colors.JPG|thumb|upright]] Most outlaw motorcycle clubs do not allow women to become full-patch members.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=vWQmx84lZeIC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=role+of+women+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs&source=bl&ots=ug9jSGrib-&sig=qCnD8kn2R4RYuRp_LNRs6iMTGso&hl=en&ei=AKjwSfjcMJW-M6_GxakP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#PPA133,M1] Book, Organised Crime By Alan Wright</ref> Rather, in some 1%er clubs, women have in the past been portrayed as submissive or victims to the men,<ref>[http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=151025] "Women in Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs," from ''Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction'', p. 389-401, 1994, Patricia A and Peter Adler, eds.</ref> treated as property, forced into prostitution or street-level drug trafficking, and often physically and sexually abused,<ref>[http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/M/MichaelCarlie/Storage/motorcycle_gangs.htm] ''Into the Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs'', Mike Carlie Phd</ref> their roles as being those of obedient followers and their status as objects. These women are claimed to pass over any pay they receive to their partners or sometimes to the entire club.<ref>[http://jce.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/4/363] Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Vol. 18, No. 4, 363-387 (1990)</ref> This appears to make these groups extremely gender segregated,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mx-5je_EYAQC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=role+of+women+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs&source=bl&ots=_YjlY28SqE&sig=llRAMPaywDdEj5EmBHPJMxVm9aM&hl=en&ei=QqTwSdy6PJjKMOf3zbwP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA150,M1] Book, ''Beyond the Mafia'' by Sue Mahan and Katherine O'Neil</ref> however, this has not always been the case as, for example, during the 1950s and 60s some Hells Angels chapters had women members.<ref>Ralph (Sonny) Barger. ''Hells Angel''. Harper Collins, 2001. p103</ref> Recent academic research has criticized the methodology of such previous studies as being "vague and hazy", and lacking in participant demographics.<ref name="monash">Depicting outlaw motorcycle club women using anchored and unanchored research methodologies. van den Eynde, Julie University of Queensland, Australia and Veno, Arthur Monash University, Australia</ref> Such reports may have made clear statements and authoritative analyses about the role of women associated with outlaw motorcycle clubs, but few state how they have come to such conclusions; one admitting that, "[his] interviews with biker women were limited lest [his] intentions were misinterpreted" by their male companions<ref>Watson, J. (1980). Outlaw motorcyclists as an outgrowth of lower class values. Deviant Behaviour, 2, 31-48. (p. 42).</ref> and that the such views of women are mythic and "sexist research" in itself, using deeply flawed methodologies and serve two highly political purposes of maintaining a dominance myth of women by men and amplifying the deviance of the male club members.<ref name="monash" /> These myths about the women being that they are subservient working class women, used as objects for club sexual rituals, are hard bitten, unattractive, and politically conservative, and 'money makers' for the biker men and clubs, i.e. prostitutes, topless barmaids or strippers who are forced to hand over their money to the club.<ref>Hopper, C. B., & Moore, J. (1990). Women in outlaw motorcycle gangs. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18, 363- 387.</ref> A recent paper notes the changing role of women within outlaw motorcycle gangs in recent times<ref>Women In Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. Hopper, Columbus B. And Moore, Johnny. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography January 1990 vol. 18 no. 4 363-387</ref> and another states that they now have agency, political savvy and have reframed the narratives of their lives. "We did it. We showed them we are real women dealing with real men. I'd much prefer to be living with an OMC member than some dork who is a pawn in the system" stated one woman who felt she and her peers had "set the record straight".<ref>Rappaport, J. (2000). Community narratives: Tales of terror and joy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 1-24.</ref> One such woman even went as far as to describe the previous work done by men about women in the outlaw motorcycle club world as "the men that wrote that must be meatheads".<ref name="monash" /> They are part of the scene because they want to be and enjoy it. These women have broken from society's stereotypically defined roles and find freedom with the biker world.<ref>Joan, Barbara. Bike Lust: Harleys, Women, And American Society. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2001</ref> Outlaw motorcycle clubs reflect their social roots and the demographics of motorcyclists in general{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}. High profile outlaw bikers have historically been [[White people|white]] and their clubs are typically exclusively racially homogeneous.<ref name=Barker2005>{{Citation |title=One Percent Biker Clubs -- A Description |last=Barker |first=Tom |periodical=Trends in Organized Crime |publisher=Springer New York |issn=1084-4791 |volume=9 |issue= 1 |date=September 2005 |doi=10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0 |page=111 |quote=One percent biker clubs in the existing literature have been described as all white clubs, however, there are at least four black or interracial 1% biker clubs. }}</ref> Other sources state outright, that "With few exceptions, blacks are excluded from membership or riding with one-percenter biker clubs."<ref>"Biker Gangs and Organized Crime", by Thomas Barker, chapter Blacks and the One-Percenter Biker Culture http://books.google.com/books?id=pg28hmWc_4wC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=hells+angels+exclude+black+members&source=bl&ots=gKDWoxXXmn&sig=Nm7c-sImOGNclcuinCudFhOJUOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0Ny6U4msIMyZyAS-toDoBA&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hells%20angels%20exclude%20black%20members&f=false</ref> The average age for a club studied was 34.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hopper |first1=Columbus B. |last2=Moore |first2=Johnny "Big John" |title=Hell on Wheels; The Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs |location=Bowling Green, Ohio |periodical=Journal of American Culture |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=Summer 1983 |pages=58–9 |quote=Outlaw cyclists are generally male and between 21 and 45 years of age.}}</ref> There are black gangs, white gangs, and Mexican and other Spanish-speaking gangs. Although race does not appear to be important{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} as a creed or philosophical orientation to them, virtually all of the clubs are racially unmixed. And it should be mentioned that bikers who are in prisons, as prisoners have done generally, band together along racial lines <ref>(Killinger and Cromwell, 1978). |doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1983.0602_58.x</ref><ref>[http://www.ozbiker.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=295&Itemid=35 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs]- OZBiker.org</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27296867 Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting]- MSNBC.com, Oct 21, 2008</ref> It is claimed that racial discrimination within clubs has led to creation of rival clubs in past, such as the [[Mongols (motorcycle club)|Mongols Motorcycle Club]] after members were rejected by the local [[Hells Angels]] chapter.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27296867 Dozens of Outlaw Bikers Arrested in ATF Sting.]- MSNBC.com, October 21, 2008</ref> Some clubs or individual chapters are now multi-racial, but the number of "white supremacist biker clubs are growing nationwide".<ref>http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/extremism/report-white-supremacist.html Anti-Defamation League report, "White Supremacist Biker Clubs Are Growing Nationwide"</ref><ref>http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/bigots-on-bikes.html#.U7rh4ChsE24 "Bigots on Bikes"</ref> ==Outlaw motorcycle clubs and crime== Some members of outlaw motorcycle clubs engage in criminal activities and organized crime.<ref name=USDOJ_Motorcycle_gangs>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle Gangs |url=http://www.justice.gov/criminal/gangunit/gangs/motorcycle.html |author=U.S. Dept. of Justice |accessdate=27 October 2009 }}</ref> Besides their connection with motorcycles and the ''[[One percenter (motorcycle)|one percenter]]'' subculture, such individuals and motorcycle clubs are seen by law enforcement agencies as being unique among groups carrying out crimes because they maintain websites, identify themselves through patches and tattoos, have written constitutions and bylaws, trademark their club names and logos, even carry out publicity campaigns aimed at cleaning up their public image.<ref name=Adler2001>{{Citation |title=The Fall of a Hells Angel Leader; Indictment Alleges Spokesman's Charity Masks Drug Ring. |first=Jeff |last= Adler | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location= Washington, D.C. |date= 2001-03-03 | page=A.07}}</ref><ref name=Barker2005/> There exists on an international level an ongoing conflictual environment between OMCs and the states of the nations in which they reside within which many unhelpful misconceptions and falsehoods are propagated for political purposes. These are used to amplify the deviance of the whole subculture and help define such motorcyclists as 'Outsiders',<ref>Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.</ref> 'evil doers'<ref>Cohen, S. (1980) Folk devils & moral panics</ref> and deviants rather than permitting diversity within society.<ref name="monash"/> ==Outlaw motorcycle gangs as criminal enterprises== The [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] defines "outlaw motorcycle gangs" (OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".<ref name=USDOJ_Motorcycle_gangs>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle gangs |url=http://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html |author=U.S. Dept. of Justice }}</ref> Both the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Criminal Intelligence Service Canada]] have designated four MCs as "outlaw motorcycle gangs"; the [[Hells Angels]], the [[Pagan's Motorcycle Club|Pagans]], the [[Outlaws Motorcycle Club|Outlaws]], and the [[Bandidos Motorcycle Club|Bandidos]],<ref>[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/eeuu/documents/ssgu00.pdf FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative - Report Fiscal Year 2000]- FBI.org</ref><ref>[http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf 2004 Annual Report]- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca</ref> known as the "Big Four".<ref>[http://ctgia.org/mcgang.html Motorcycle Gangs]- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association</ref> These four have a large enough national impact to be prosecuted under the Federal [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations]] (RICO) statute.<ref>[http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf 2004 Annual Report]- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC), cisc.gc.ca</ref> The [[Attorney General of California|California Attorney General]] also lists the [[Mongols (motorcycle club)|Mongols]] and the [[Vagos Motorcycle Club]] as outlaw motorcycle gangs.<ref>[http://ag.ca.gov/publications/org_crime2004.pdf Organized Crime in California - 2004 Annual Report to the Legislature]- California Department of Justice</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27296867/ Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting]- MSBNC.com, October 21, 2008</ref> The FBI asserts that OMGs support themselves primarily through [[drug dealing]], trafficking in stolen goods, and [[extortion]], and that they fight over territory and the [[illegal drug trade]]<ref>[http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/3220/3220lect07a.htm Organized Crime Investigation]- by T. O'Connor, Austin PEA State University</ref> and collect $1 billion in illegal income annually.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/11/30/77184/index.htm The Hells Angels' Devilish Business]- CNN.com, November 30, 1992</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bikergangs/ Biker Gangs in Canada]- CBC News, April 5, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/news/2005_10_04_NDW_Vol_4_No_40_Gangs.pdf Narcotics Digest, Gangs In The United States]- the National Gang Center</ref><ref>[http://www.dea.gov/speeches/s102005.html Comprehensively Combating Methamphetamine: Impact on Health and the Environment]- DEA Deputy Chief Joseph Rannazzisi, congressional testimony on October 20, 2005</ref><ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/11/30/77184/index.htm The Hells Angels' Devilish Business]- by Andrew E. Serwer, Fortune Magazine, November 30, 1992</ref><ref>[http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1992-12-02/news/look-homeward-angelcycle-icon-sonny-barger-kick-starts-life-as-a-free-man-by-violating-parole/ Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole]- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992.</ref> In 1985<ref>[http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1992-12-02/news/look-homeward-angelcycle-icon-sonny-barger-kick-starts-life-as-a-free-man-by-violating-parole/ Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole]- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992</ref> a three-year, eleven-state FBI operation named Roughrider culminated in the largest OMG bust in history, with the confiscation of $2 million worth of [[illegal drugs]], as well as an illegal arsenal of weapons, ranging from Uzi submachine guns to antitank weapons.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968213,00.html Busting Hell's Angels]- Time Magazine, May 13, 1985</ref> In October, 2008, the FBI announced the end of a 6-month undercover operation by agents into the narcotics trafficking by the Mongols Motorcycle Club. The bust went down with 160 search warrants and 110 arrest warrants<ref>[http://www.kval.com/news/31724039.html Feds bust motorcycle gang with Ore. ties] - KVAL-CBS, October 21, 2008</ref> Canada, especially, has in the past two decades experienced a significant upsurge in crime involving outlaw motorcycle clubs, most notably in what has been dubbed the [[Quebec Biker war]], which has involved more than 150 [[murders]]<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,382689,00.html Was Noye case witness killed by Hell's Angels?]- Guardian Observer, October 15, 2000</ref> (plus a young bystander killed by an exploding [[car bomb]]), 84 [[bombings]], and 130 cases of [[arson]].<ref name="Organized Crime Fact Sheet"/> The increased violence in Canada has been attributed to turf wars over the illegal [[drug trafficking]] business, specifically relating to access to the [[Port of Montreal]],<ref>''The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels'', by Paul Cherry, ECW Press, 2005</ref> but also as the Hells Angels have sought to obtain control of the street level trade from other rival and/or independent gangs in various regions of Canada.<ref>''Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick in the Canadian Hells Angels'', by Jerry Langton, Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] Gazette, quoting from the [[Provincial Court of Manitoba]], defines these groups as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment to band together and abide by their organizations' rigorous rules enforced by [[violence]], who engage in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".<ref name="Organized Crime Fact Sheet">[http://ww2.ps-sp.gc.ca/policing/organized_crime/FactSheets/omg_e.asp Organized Crime Fact Sheet]- Public Safety Canada</ref> Members and supporters of these clubs insist that illegal activities are isolated occurrences and that they, as a whole, are not criminal organizations. They often compare themselves to police departments, wherein the occasional "bad cop" does not make a police department a criminal organization and the Hells Angels sponsors charitable events for [[Toys for Tots]] in an attempt to legitimize themselves with public opinion.<ref>[http://www.missoulian.com/specials/hellsangels/ha01.html Storm Approaching]- by Michael Jamison, The Missoulian, July 2000</ref> Contrary to other criminal organizations, OMGs operate on an individual basis instead of top-down, which is how supporters can claim that only some members are committing crimes. Belonging guarantees to each member the option of running criminal activity, using other members as support - the main characteristic of OMGs being "amoral individualism" in contrast to the hierarchical orders and bonds of "amoral familism" of other criminal organizations such as the Mafia.<ref>[http://www.tandemnews.com/printer.php?storyid=96] Tandem News, Angels With Dirty Faces by Antonio Nicaso</ref> [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] agent [[William Queen]], who infiltrated the [[Mongols (motorcycle club)|Mongols]], wrote that what makes a group like them different from the [[Mafia]] is that crime and violence are not used as expedients in pursuit of profit, but that the priorities are reversed. Mayhem and lawlessness are inherent in living "The Life" and the money they obtain by illegal means is only wanted as a way to perpetuate that lifestyle.<ref>{{Citation |authorlink=William Queen |title=Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang |first=William |last= Queen |publisher=Random House |year= 2006 |isbn=0-345-48752-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=s85YVXxHZgIC&pg=PA65 |page=65 }}</ref> Recently, authorities have tried tactics aimed at undermining the gang identity and breaking up the membership. But in June 2011 the [[High Court of Australia]] overturned a law that outlawed crime focused motorcycle clubs and required members to avoid contact with one another.<ref name= Godfrey2011>{{Citation |newspaper= [[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title= Hells Angel kills NSW anti-bikie laws |first= Miles |last= Godfrey |date= 23 June 23, 2011 |accessdate= 2011-06-23 |url= http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/hells-angel-kills-nsw-antibikie-laws-20110623-1ggao.html }}</ref> In the US, a Federal judge rejected a prosecutor's request to seize ownership of the [[Mongols Motorcycle Club]] logo and name, saying the government had no right to the trademarks.<ref name=Risling2011>{{Citation |title= Judge sides with biker gang over logo |first1= Greg |author2= Associated Press |url= http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18420209 |accessdate=2011-07-07 |last= Risling |newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |authorlink2= Associated Press }}</ref><ref name= Clough2011>{{Citation |title= Judge Rejects Government Attempt to Seize Mongols Biker Gang's 'Colors'; The U.S. Attorney's Office says the effort marks the first time in which the government has sought a gang's trademarks |first= Craig |last= Clough |newspaper= [[North Hollywood and Toluca Lake Patch]] |url= http://northhollywood.patch.com/articles/judge-rejects-government-attempt-to-seize-mongols-biker-gangs-colors |accessdate=2011-07-07 }}</ref> Federal prosecutors had requested, as part of a larger criminal indictment, a court order giving the government ownership of the logo in order to prevent members from wearing the gang's colors.<ref name=Mather2011>{{Citation |first= Kate |last= Mather |title= Feds want to bar Mongols biker gang from using its trademarked logo |date= 20 Kune 2011 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate= 2011-06-23 |url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/06/feds-wants-to-bar-mongols-biker-gang-from-trademarking-its-logo-.html }}</ref> ==Relationships between outlaw motorcycle clubs== Certain large one-percent MCs have rivalry between each other and will fight over territory and other issues. Sometimes smaller clubs are forced into or willingly accept supportive roles for a larger one-percent club and are sometimes required to wear a "support patch" on their vests that shows their affiliation with the dominant regional club. Smaller clubs are often allowed to form with the permission of the dominant regional club. Clubs which resist have been forcibly disbanded by being told to hand over their colors or the threat of aggression. This is although the coalition is supposed to be a voluntary thing.<ref>[http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/Oct-05-Thu-2006/news/10051829.html Ex-Hells Angels official says cops kept out of club]- by Adrienne Packer, Las Vegas Review-Journal, October 5, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2002/Apr-30-Tue-2002/news/18638909.html Laughlin Shootout: Signs told of melee in making]- by Glenn Puit and Dave Berns, Las Vegas Review Journal, April 30, 2002</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE0DA1239F930A25750C0A9649C8B63 73 Bikers Arrested]- New York Times, March 13, 2002</ref> In Australia<ref>Diverse groups unite to fight anti-association laws. David Weber ABC News Australia. [http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2012/s3492444.htm]</ref> and the United States, many MCs have established state-wide MC coalitions.<ref name="ball" /> These coalitions are composed of MCs who have chapters in the state, and the occasional interested third party organization, and hold periodic meetings on neutral ground where representatives from each club meet in closed session to resolve disputes between clubs and discuss issues of common interest. Local coalitions or confederations of clubs have eliminated some of the inter-club rivalry and together they have acted to hire legal and PR representation.<ref name="ball">Terry the Tramp: The Life and Dangerous Times of a One Percenter. K. Randall Ball. MotorBooks International, 30 Oct 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/ferrets-manifesto/story-e6frg8h6-1225894609789 |title=Ferret's manifesto. RICHARD GUILLIATT. The Australian July 20, 2010 |publisher=Theaustralian.com.au |date=2013-08-29 |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref> ==Cultural influence== Outlaw motorcyclists and their clubs have been frequently portrayed and [[parody|parodied]] to the point of [[victimization]] in movies and the media generally, giving rise to an "[[outlaw biker film]]" genre.<ref>Two Wheels on Two Reels: A History of Biker Movies. Mike Seate. Whitehorse Press, 24 Dec 2000</ref> It generally exists as a negative stereotype in the public's subconscious<ref>At the Moives, Strandberg, Keith. American Motorcyclist, Oct 1987</ref> and yet has inspired [[fashion|fashion trends]]<ref>The Dictionary of Fashion History. Valerie Cumming, C. W. Cunnington, P. E. Cunnington. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref><ref>Harley-Davidson and Philosophy: Full-Throttle Aristotle. Bernard E. Rollin. Open Court Publishing, 9 Feb 2006</ref><ref>The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Daniel R. Wolf. University of Toronto Press, 1991</ref> for both males and females, as "biker babes".<ref>Consumers. Eric J. Arnould, Linda Price, George Martin Zinkhan. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004</ref><ref>Elle, Issues 273-275. Elle Publishing Company, 2008</ref><ref>The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. Lisa Marsh. John Wiley & Sons, 18 Aug 2003</ref> The appearance has even been exploited by the fashion industry bringing it into legal conflict with some clubs <ref>'Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house'. Brichall, Jonathan. Financial Times, Oct 27 2010 [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xBrfaPXA]</ref> and simultaneously encouraging a cultural specific fetishistic look which conveys sex, danger, rebelliousness, masculinity and [[working class]] values.<ref name="Wojcik" /> The biker style has influenced the look of other sub-cultures such as [[Punk subculture|punk]],<ref name="Wojcik">Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art. Daniel Wojcik. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1995</ref> [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]],<ref>The Post-Subcultures Reader. David Muggleton, Rupert Weinzierl. Berg, 17 Apr 2004</ref> [[leather subculture]]<ref>Movie-made America: a cultural history of American movies. Robert Sklar. Vintage Books, 1994</ref> and [[cybergoth]] fashion,<ref>As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. Daniel Delis Hill. Texas Tech University Press, 15 Sep 2007</ref> and, initially as an American [[subculture]], has had an international influence.<ref>The Berg Companion to Fashion. Valerie Steele. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref> Bikers, their clothing and motorcycles have become [[cultural icon]]s<ref>Mobility Without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship. Jeremy Packer. Duke University Press, 5 Feb 2008</ref><ref>Profane Culture. Paul E. Willis. Taylor & Francis, 1978</ref> of mythic status, their portrayal generally exaggerating a criminal or deviant association exploited by the media for their own often financial interests.<ref>Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, August E. Grant. Routledge, 1 Jun 2003</ref> On television, the series ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' portrays a fictional outlaw motorcycle club, founded mainly by [[Vietnam War]] veterans, which is involved in various crimes, its interactions within their community and with underworld gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be [[methamphetamine]] dealers, and so instead they deal in [[Arms trafficking|illegal guns]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/826/826342p1.html |title=FX Greenlights New Series from Shield Producer |publisher=IGN |date=10 October 2007 |accessdate=19 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=Bellafante2008>{{Citation |title=Sons of Anarchy;Wild Bunch on Wheels, Playing by Its Rules |date=September 3, 2008 |accessdate=2009-11-18 | first=Gina |last=Bellafante |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/arts/television/03sons.html }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Culture}} * [[Biker bar]] * [[List of Motorcycle Club terms]] * [[Outlaw biker film]] * [[Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== * {{citation |title= The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos - Bikers United Against the Hells Angels |first1 = Edward |last1= Winterhalder |first2= Wil |last2= De Clercq |publisher= ECW Press |year= 2008 |ISBN= 1-55022-824-2 }} * {{Citation |title= Out in Bad Standings: Inside the Bandidos Motorcycle Club - the Making of a Worldwide Dynasty |first= Edward |last= Winterhalder |publisher =Blockhead City Press |year= 2006 |ISBN= 0-9771747-0-0 }} *Coulthart, Ross and McNab, Duncan, ''Dead Man Running: An Insider's Story on One of the World's Most Feared Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, the Bandidos'' Allen & Unwin, 2008, (ISBN 1-74175-463-1) *Hayes, Bill. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NL4UIEZohVwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Original Wild Ones: Tales of The Boozefighters Motorcycle Club, Est. 1946]''. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks, 2005. *Veno, Arthur, ''The Mammoth Book of Bikers'', Constable & Robinson, 2007 (ISBN 0-7867-2046-8) *Vieth, Errol, "Angels in the Media: Constructing Outlaw Motorcyclists", in ''Consent and Consensus'', edited by Denis Cryle and Jean Hiliier, Perth, API Network, 2005, 97–116 (ISBN 1-920845-12-7). ==External links== {{Commons category|Outlaw motorcycle clubs}} {{Commons category|Motorcycle club colors}} * {{dmoz|/Recreation/Motorcycles/Organizations/One_Percent/|One percenter motorcycle clubs}} * {{dmoz|/Society/Crime/Organized_Crime/Outlaw_Biker_Gangs/|Outlaw biker gangs}} {{Prone to spam|date=November 2013}} {{Z148}}<!-- {{No more links}} Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}. --> {{OutlawMotorcycleGroups}} {{Biker culture}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Outlaw Motorcycle Club}} [[Category:Organized crime]] [[Category:Outlaw motorcycle clubs| ]]'
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'{{About|non-AMA sanctioned motorcycle clubs|the club established in McCook, Illinois in 1935|Outlaws Motorcycle Club|general types of motorcycling groups|Motorcycle club}} [[File:Gypsy Joker Protest Run 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A number of club members meet at a run in Australia, 2009]] An '''outlaw motorcycle club''' (sometimes known as a '''motorcycle gang''' or '''biker gang''') is a [[motorcycle]] subculture which has its roots in the immediate post-World War II era of American society. It is generally centered on the use of [[Power cruiser|cruiser]] motorcycles, particularly [[Harley-Davidson]]s and [[Chopper (motorcycle)|choppers]], and a set of ideals which celebrate freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture and loyalty to the biker group. In the United States, such [[motorcycle club]]s are considered "outlaw" as they are not sanctioned by the [[American Motorcyclist Association]] (AMA) and do not adhere to the AMA's rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws from which the values of the outlaw biker culture arise.<ref name=Drew2002>{{Citation|title=The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle|first=A. J.|last=Drew|publisher=Adams Media Corp|year=2002|url= http://books.google.com/?id=wWnBPAAACAAJ|isbn=9781580625548|pages=193–203, 277}}</ref><ref name=Dulaney2002>{{Citation|last=Dulaney|first=William L.|periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]]|url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html|date=November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs}}</ref><ref name=Wolf1992>{{Citation|title=The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers|first=Daniel R.|last=Wolf|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1992|isbn=9780802073631|page=4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mgNRMZAg8N4C&pg=PA4&dq=%22Technically+the+label+outlaw#v=onepage&q=%22Technically%20the%20label%20outlaw}}</ref><ref name=Joans2001>{{Citation |title=Bike lust: Harleys, women, and American society|first=Barbara|last=Joans|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|year=2001| isbn=9780299173548|page=15|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEeaBjCKJvkC&pg=PA15&dq=%22The+label+outlaw+motorcycle+club&q=%22The%20label%20outlaw%20motorcycle%20club}}</ref><ref name=Reynolds2001>{{Citation |title=Wild ride: how outlaw motorcycle myth conquered America|first=Tom|last=Reynolds|publisher=TV Books|year=2001|isbn=9781575001456|pages=43–44}}</ref> ==Organization and leadership== [[File:Hells Angels New York by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|230px|The [[Hells Angels]] MC [[New York City]] clubhouse, with many [[security cameras]] and floodlights on the front of the building]] While organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a [[president]], [[vice president]], [[treasurer]], [[secretary]], [[road captain]], and [[sergeant-at-arms]].<ref>[http://www.rcvsmc.net/id6.html 1% - Example of Bylaws]- Motorcycle Club and Riding Club Education</ref> Localized groups of a single, large MC are called ''chapters'' or ''charters'', and the first chapter established for an MC is referred to as the ''mother chapter''. The president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues. Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or [[Compound (enclosure)|private compound]]. ==Membership== In some "biker" clubs, as part of becoming a full member, an individual must pass a vote of the membership and [[oath|swear]] some level of allegiance to the club. Some clubs have a unique club patch (or patches) adorned with the term MC that are worn on the rider's vest, known as [[#Colors|colors]]. In these clubs, some amount of [[hazing]] may occur during the prospecting period, ranging from the mandatory performance of menial labor tasks for full patch members to sophomoric pranks, and, in rare cases with some outlaw motorcycle clubs, acts of violence.<ref>"Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang". Author William Queen, 2004</ref> During this time, the prospect may wear the club name on the back of their vest, but not the full logo, though this practice may vary from club to club. To become a full member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are often referred to as "full patch members" or "patchholders" and the step of attaining full membership can be referred to as "being patched".<ref>Biker Gangs and Organized Crime. Thomas Barker. Elsevier, 1 Oct 2007</ref> ==Biker culture== {{Expand section|date=October 2009}} Outlaw motorcycle clubs who identify with this subculture are not necessarily criminals, with members expressing their outlaw status on a social level, and not necessarily equating the word outlaw with criminal activity.<ref name=Drew2002/><ref name=Dulaney2002/><ref name=Wolf1992/><ref name=Joans2001/><ref name=Reynolds2001/> There are also non-outlaw motorcycle clubs, such as women's motorcycle clubs, who adopt similar insignia, colors, organizational structure and trappings, such as leather outfits typical of outlaw clubs, and, in the case of men, beards, making it difficult for outsiders to tell the difference between the two. It has been said that these other groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image while objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws.<ref>{{Citation |last1= Brown |year=2000 |first1=Roland |last2=McDiarmid |first2=Mac |title=The Ultimate Motorcycle Encyclopedia: Harley-Davidson, Ducati, Triumph, Honda, Kawasaki and All the Great Marques |publisher=Anness Publishing |isbn=9781840388985 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=2SWQAAAACAAJ |page=352}}</ref><ref name=Joans2001-1>{{Citation |last=Joans |first=Barbara |year=2001 |title=Bike Lust | publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=[[Madison, Wisconsin]] |isbn=9780299173548 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEeaBjCKJvkC&pg=PA5 |page=5|quote=As middle America rides and parties with the urban middle class, neither discusses the skeleton in the closet. Neither draws attention to the fact that much of the Harley mystique, most of the unwritten rules of the road, and many of the values and ideals come from the unruly and bastard parent, the outlaw club }}</ref> ===Charity events=== Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs. Charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have, however, been accused of using charity rides to [[Front organisation#Organized crime|mask their criminal nature]].<ref name=Adler2001/><ref>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle Gang Training For Yakima |date=7 October 2009 |url=http://www.kimatv.com/news/local/48934037.html |periodical=Kima Tv |last=Klugh |first=David |quote=The problem with that according to Steve Cook is that if you eat in local restaurants, drink in local bars or even participate in local charity events, you already associate with them.<P>Charity rides, toy donations... Cook has learned these are part of the disguise.<P>'What they don't tell you is what they're doing the rest of the year. They're selling drugs. They're stealing motorcycles. They're beating people up. They're committing a laundry list of crimes.' }}</ref><ref>Renegades Do Good Works, Too But Officials Say Biker Gang Is Simply Polishing Its Image. [Final Edition] Richard S. Koonce, Virginian - Pilot ( Norfolk, Va. ) 1999-12-29, A.1</ref> The American Motorcyclist Association has frequently complained of the bad publicity for motorcycling in general caused by outlaw clubs, and they have said that the presence of outlaw clubs at charity events has actually harmed the needy by driving down public participation and reducing donations.<ref>{{Citation |magazine=[[American Motorcyclist]] |author1=Assoc, American Motorcyclist |date = March 2003|title=Gang fears hurt charity ride |url=http://books.google.com/?id=3foDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref> Events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw clubs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears around the participation of outlaw biker clubs in charity events.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gunfight blamed on bikers // About 150 people queried after violence at a toy giveaway |first1=Paige |last1=Austin |first2=Sonja |last2=Bjelland |newspaper=The Press - Enterprise |location=Riverside, Calif. |date= 2005-12-06 |quote=Witnesses blame tensions between two rival motorcycle gangs for a shooting at a Christmas toy drive that left a firefighter and two others injured.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Neighbors want site of shooting shut down |first=Paige |last=Austin |newspaper=The Press - Enterprise |location= Riverside, Calif. |date=December 8, 2005 |page= B.01 |quote= Next week Norco city leaders will consider revoking an operating permit for Maverick Steakhouse where a Christmas toy drive Sunday ended in violence after several gunmen fired into the crowd.<P>Witnesses say a fight between two rival biker clubs at the event led to the shooting in which at least three people where injured, including a Norco firefighter.}}</ref> Authorities have attempted to ban outlaw clubs from charity events, or to restrict the wearing of colors at events in order to avert the sort of inter-club violence that has happened at previous charity runs.<ref>{{Citation |title=Bikie 'colours' banned from Morcombe charity ride |first=Marissa |last=Calligeros |date=June 22, 2009 |newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]] |quote='Ride organisers received an unlawful edict from police blocking the participation of riders wearing clothing that identified them as members of some motorcycle clubs,' Mr Walker said.<P>'You can't say that to our members...these guys live for their patches.'<p>He said bikies would never, ever ride without patches as a cardinal rule. |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/bikie-colours-banned-from-morcombe-charity-ride-20090622-ct7t.html }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Police blitz hits bikers' charity ride |first=Nikkii |last= Joyce |date= 3 August 2009 |newspaper=Sunshine Coast Daily |url=http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/story/2009/08/03/police-blitz-hits-bikers-charity-ride/ }}</ref> In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event.<ref>{{Citation |title=National Briefing Mid-Atlantic: Pennsylvania: Biker Gang Sues Over Exclusion From Charity Event |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |location=New York, N.Y. |date=9 November 2002 | page=A.17 |author=[[Associated Press]] |quote=The Warlocks motorcycle gang has filed a lawsuit accusing the Philadelphia Police Department of preventing its members from participating in a motorcycle parade to deliver toys to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia on Sunday. Joshua Briskin, a lawyer for the gang, said the Warlocks had taken part in the event for 15 years. The suit, seeking unspecified compensation, says the group's civil rights were violated. }}</ref> ==Identification== {{Main|Colors (motorcycling)}} [[File:Kutte Motorrad vorn.jpg|thumb|Motorcycle club vest, Germany]] The primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch(es) will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and a possible state, province, or other chapter identification. This garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the ''colors'' or ''[[Kutte|cut]]'' (a term taken from the early practice of cutting the collars and/or sleeves from a denim or leather jacket). However, many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the [[Harley Owners Group]] also wear patches on the back of their vests, with or without including the letters ''MC''. The club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the club's patches. Hang-arounds and/or support clubs wear support patches with the club's colors. A member must closely guard their colors, for allowing one's colors to fall into the hands of an outsider is an act of disgrace and may result in loss of membership in a club, or some other punishment.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} ===One, two, and three piece patches=== The colors worn by members of some motorcycle clubs will sometimes follow a convention of using either a one-piece patch for nonconformist social clubs, two-piece patch for clubs ''paying dues'', a three-piece patch for ''outlaw'' clubs or side patches. The ''three-piece patch'' consists of the club logo and the top and bottom patches, usually crescent shaped, which are referred to as rockers. The number and arrangement of patches is somewhat indicative of the nature of the club. Though many motorcycle clubs wear the three-piece patch arrangement, this is not necessarily an indication that a club is an outlaw motorcycle club. Law enforcement agencies have confiscated colors and other club [[paraphernalia]] of these types of clubs when they raid a clubhouse or the home of an MC member, and they often display these items at press conferences.<ref>[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060410/mass_murder_autopsies_060410 Five charged in murders of eight Bandidos bikers]- CTV.ca, June 10, 2006, Retrieved October 10, 2007</ref> These items are then used at trial to support prosecution assertions that MC members perform criminal acts on behalf of their club. Courts have found that the [[probative value]] of such items is far outweighed by their [[Unfair prejudice in United States evidence law|prejudicial effects]] on the defense.<ref>The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]], Case Nos. 95-2829 and 95-2879; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. IRVIN and THOMAS E. PASTOR, Defendants-Appellants</ref> ===One percenter=== [[File:Bandidos MC Berlin - One Percenter.jpg|thumb|upright|"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin]] lololoollololololololololololololololololomotorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The alleged AMA comment, supposedly a response to the [[Hollister riot]] in 1947,<ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-05 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron1.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = 2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again' | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-06 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron2.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref> is denied by the AMA, who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquote.<ref name=Dulaney2002a>{{Citation |last=Dulaney |first=William L. |periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]] |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html |date = November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs |quote=The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We <nowiki>[the American Motorcyclist Association]</nowiki> acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] they are also known as outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMG).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usab5105.pdf |title=p. 13 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref> ===Other patches=== Other patches may be worn by members, including phrases and symbols. The style or meaning of these other patches can vary between clubs. Some, such as a skull and crossbones patch, or the motto "Respect Few, Fear None", are worn in some clubs by members who commit murder or other acts of violence on behalf of the club.<ref>[http://www.ktla.com/content_landing_page/?Dozens-of-Mongols-Biker-Gang-Members-Arr=1&blockID=112738&feedID=171] KTLA TV, Los Angeles</ref><ref>[http://www.insidesocal.com/sgvcrime/Mongols_-_SW_affidavit%5B1%5D.pdf] ATF affidavit</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hell's angels: a strange and terrible saga |first=Hunter S. |last=Thompson |publisher=Random House |year=1996 |isbn=0-345-41008-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=oosssb76G9oC&pg=PA8 }}</ref><ref name="Becker 1996 432">{{Citation |title=Criminal Investigation |first=Ronald |last=Becker |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=0-8342-1711-2 |page=432 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tSyjRXt_qpEC&pg=PA432&lpg=PA432&dq=13+patch+marijuana+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs+site:books.google.com&q= }}</ref> There are also ''wings'' or ''biker's wings'' which are earned something like [[jump wings]] or [[pilot's wings]], but with various color-coded meanings, e.g. in some clubs, it is said that a member who has had sex with a woman with venereal disease can wear ''green wings''.<ref name="Becker 1996 432"/><ref>[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24537495-663,00.html] Herald Sun</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1079665/Mongols-motorcycle-club-members-arrested-mass-California-swoop.html] Daily Mail</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= Glover |first=Scott |date=22 October 2008 |title=Raid targets Mongols motorcycle gang |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/22/local/me-mongols22?pg=1 |quote=There also are patches associated with the gang's alleged sexual rituals. Members are awarded wings of varying colors for engaging in sex acts with women at pre-arranged 'wing parties,' the indictment states. For example, members who have sex with a woman with venereal disease are given green wings, according to the indictment.}}</ref> However, it has also been suggested that these definitions are a [[hoax]], intended to make fools of those outside the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among the [[Square (slang)|square]] public and authorities.<ref name=Bourne2007>{{Citation |title=Philosophical Ridings: Motorcycles and the Meaning of Life |last= Bourne |first= Craig |publisher= Oneworld Publications |year= 2007 |isbn= 1-85168-520-0 |pages= 11–12}}</ref> Frequently, additional patches may involve [[Nazi chic|the use of Nazi symbols]], such as swastikas or the SS death's head. These generally do not indicate Nazi sympathies, but serve to express the outlaw biker's total rejection of social constraints, and desire for the shock value among those who fail to understand the biker way.<ref>{{Citation |author=Pratt |first=Alan R. |chapter =Motorcycling, Nihilism, and the Price of Cool; Nihilism and FTW Style |editor-last=Rollin |editor-first=Bernard E. |year= 2006 |title=Harley-Davidson and philosophy: full-throttle Aristotle; Volume 18 of Popular culture and philosophy |publisher=Open Court Publishing |isbn=9780812695953 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=NrsfTreAPfwC&pg=PA82 |quote='Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs,' a widely circulated two-hour police course, notes that a white cross on a biker's colors is earned by robbing a grave, a red cross by 'committing homosexual fellatio with a witness present.' Green wings denote the wearer performed cunnilingus on a venereally diseased woman and purple wing signify—get this!—oral sex with a dead woman! (p. 32). As a rejection of values and an expression of nihilism, what could be more aberrant and grossly offensive? And even if these interpretations are inaccurate or fabricated by bikers themselves as a joke, they still reveal the outrage that the outlaw biker expression of nihilism intended to inspire. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=WTuuT4nGKNTs8QPNyeHQCQ&id=_5q3AoSbTGAC&dq=hells+angels&q=hells+angels#v=snippet&q=hells%20angels&f=false |title=Ebony Dec 1966 |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref> ==Gender and race== [[File:Vietnam Vets MC colors.JPG|thumb|upright]] Most outlaw motorcycle clubs do not allow women to become full-patch members.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=vWQmx84lZeIC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=role+of+women+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs&source=bl&ots=ug9jSGrib-&sig=qCnD8kn2R4RYuRp_LNRs6iMTGso&hl=en&ei=AKjwSfjcMJW-M6_GxakP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#PPA133,M1] Book, Organised Crime By Alan Wright</ref> Rather, in some 1%er clubs, women have in the past been portrayed as submissive or victims to the men,<ref>[http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=151025] "Women in Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs," from ''Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction'', p. 389-401, 1994, Patricia A and Peter Adler, eds.</ref> treated as property, forced into prostitution or street-level drug trafficking, and often physically and sexually abused,<ref>[http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/M/MichaelCarlie/Storage/motorcycle_gangs.htm] ''Into the Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs'', Mike Carlie Phd</ref> their roles as being those of obedient followers and their status as objects. These women are claimed to pass over any pay they receive to their partners or sometimes to the entire club.<ref>[http://jce.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/4/363] Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Vol. 18, No. 4, 363-387 (1990)</ref> This appears to make these groups extremely gender segregated,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mx-5je_EYAQC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=role+of+women+outlaw+motorcycle+gangs&source=bl&ots=_YjlY28SqE&sig=llRAMPaywDdEj5EmBHPJMxVm9aM&hl=en&ei=QqTwSdy6PJjKMOf3zbwP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA150,M1] Book, ''Beyond the Mafia'' by Sue Mahan and Katherine O'Neil</ref> however, this has not always been the case as, for example, during the 1950s and 60s some Hells Angels chapters had women members.<ref>Ralph (Sonny) Barger. ''Hells Angel''. Harper Collins, 2001. p103</ref> Recent academic research has criticized the methodology of such previous studies as being "vague and hazy", and lacking in participant demographics.<ref name="monash">Depicting outlaw motorcycle club women using anchored and unanchored research methodologies. van den Eynde, Julie University of Queensland, Australia and Veno, Arthur Monash University, Australia</ref> Such reports may have made clear statements and authoritative analyses about the role of women associated with outlaw motorcycle clubs, but few state how they have come to such conclusions; one admitting that, "[his] interviews with biker women were limited lest [his] intentions were misinterpreted" by their male companions<ref>Watson, J. (1980). Outlaw motorcyclists as an outgrowth of lower class values. Deviant Behaviour, 2, 31-48. (p. 42).</ref> and that the such views of women are mythic and "sexist research" in itself, using deeply flawed methodologies and serve two highly political purposes of maintaining a dominance myth of women by men and amplifying the deviance of the male club members.<ref name="monash" /> These myths about the women being that they are subservient working class women, used as objects for club sexual rituals, are hard bitten, unattractive, and politically conservative, and 'money makers' for the biker men and clubs, i.e. prostitutes, topless barmaids or strippers who are forced to hand over their money to the club.<ref>Hopper, C. B., & Moore, J. (1990). Women in outlaw motorcycle gangs. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18, 363- 387.</ref> A recent paper notes the changing role of women within outlaw motorcycle gangs in recent times<ref>Women In Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. Hopper, Columbus B. And Moore, Johnny. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography January 1990 vol. 18 no. 4 363-387</ref> and another states that they now have agency, political savvy and have reframed the narratives of their lives. "We did it. We showed them we are real women dealing with real men. I'd much prefer to be living with an OMC member than some dork who is a pawn in the system" stated one woman who felt she and her peers had "set the record straight".<ref>Rappaport, J. (2000). Community narratives: Tales of terror and joy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 1-24.</ref> One such woman even went as far as to describe the previous work done by men about women in the outlaw motorcycle club world as "the men that wrote that must be meatheads".<ref name="monash" /> They are part of the scene because they want to be and enjoy it. These women have broken from society's stereotypically defined roles and find freedom with the biker world.<ref>Joan, Barbara. Bike Lust: Harleys, Women, And American Society. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2001</ref> Outlaw motorcycle clubs reflect their social roots and the demographics of motorcyclists in general{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}. High profile outlaw bikers have historically been [[White people|white]] and their clubs are typically exclusively racially homogeneous.<ref name=Barker2005>{{Citation |title=One Percent Biker Clubs -- A Description |last=Barker |first=Tom |periodical=Trends in Organized Crime |publisher=Springer New York |issn=1084-4791 |volume=9 |issue= 1 |date=September 2005 |doi=10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0 |page=111 |quote=One percent biker clubs in the existing literature have been described as all white clubs, however, there are at least four black or interracial 1% biker clubs. }}</ref> Other sources state outright, that "With few exceptions, blacks are excluded from membership or riding with one-percenter biker clubs."<ref>"Biker Gangs and Organized Crime", by Thomas Barker, chapter Blacks and the One-Percenter Biker Culture http://books.google.com/books?id=pg28hmWc_4wC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=hells+angels+exclude+black+members&source=bl&ots=gKDWoxXXmn&sig=Nm7c-sImOGNclcuinCudFhOJUOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0Ny6U4msIMyZyAS-toDoBA&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hells%20angels%20exclude%20black%20members&f=false</ref> The average age for a club studied was 34.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hopper |first1=Columbus B. |last2=Moore |first2=Johnny "Big John" |title=Hell on Wheels; The Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs |location=Bowling Green, Ohio |periodical=Journal of American Culture |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=Summer 1983 |pages=58–9 |quote=Outlaw cyclists are generally male and between 21 and 45 years of age.}}</ref> There are black gangs, white gangs, and Mexican and other Spanish-speaking gangs. Although race does not appear to be important{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} as a creed or philosophical orientation to them, virtually all of the clubs are racially unmixed. And it should be mentioned that bikers who are in prisons, as prisoners have done generally, band together along racial lines <ref>(Killinger and Cromwell, 1978). |doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1983.0602_58.x</ref><ref>[http://www.ozbiker.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=295&Itemid=35 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs]- OZBiker.org</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27296867 Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting]- MSNBC.com, Oct 21, 2008</ref> It is claimed that racial discrimination within clubs has led to creation of rival clubs in past, such as the [[Mongols (motorcycle club)|Mongols Motorcycle Club]] after members were rejected by the local [[Hells Angels]] chapter.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27296867 Dozens of Outlaw Bikers Arrested in ATF Sting.]- MSNBC.com, October 21, 2008</ref> Some clubs or individual chapters are now multi-racial, but the number of "white supremacist biker clubs are growing nationwide".<ref>http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/extremism/report-white-supremacist.html Anti-Defamation League report, "White Supremacist Biker Clubs Are Growing Nationwide"</ref><ref>http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/bigots-on-bikes.html#.U7rh4ChsE24 "Bigots on Bikes"</ref> ==Outlaw motorcycle clubs and crime== Some members of outlaw motorcycle clubs engage in criminal activities and organized crime.<ref name=USDOJ_Motorcycle_gangs>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle Gangs |url=http://www.justice.gov/criminal/gangunit/gangs/motorcycle.html |author=U.S. Dept. of Justice |accessdate=27 October 2009 }}</ref> Besides their connection with motorcycles and the ''[[One percenter (motorcycle)|one percenter]]'' subculture, such individuals and motorcycle clubs are seen by law enforcement agencies as being unique among groups carrying out crimes because they maintain websites, identify themselves through patches and tattoos, have written constitutions and bylaws, trademark their club names and logos, even carry out publicity campaigns aimed at cleaning up their public image.<ref name=Adler2001>{{Citation |title=The Fall of a Hells Angel Leader; Indictment Alleges Spokesman's Charity Masks Drug Ring. |first=Jeff |last= Adler | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location= Washington, D.C. |date= 2001-03-03 | page=A.07}}</ref><ref name=Barker2005/> There exists on an international level an ongoing conflictual environment between OMCs and the states of the nations in which they reside within which many unhelpful misconceptions and falsehoods are propagated for political purposes. These are used to amplify the deviance of the whole subculture and help define such motorcyclists as 'Outsiders',<ref>Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.</ref> 'evil doers'<ref>Cohen, S. (1980) Folk devils & moral panics</ref> and deviants rather than permitting diversity within society.<ref name="monash"/> ==Outlaw motorcycle gangs as criminal enterprises== The [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] defines "outlaw motorcycle gangs" (OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".<ref name=USDOJ_Motorcycle_gangs>{{Citation |title=Motorcycle gangs |url=http://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html |author=U.S. Dept. of Justice }}</ref> Both the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Criminal Intelligence Service Canada]] have designated four MCs as "outlaw motorcycle gangs"; the [[Hells Angels]], the [[Pagan's Motorcycle Club|Pagans]], the [[Outlaws Motorcycle Club|Outlaws]], and the [[Bandidos Motorcycle Club|Bandidos]],<ref>[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/eeuu/documents/ssgu00.pdf FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative - Report Fiscal Year 2000]- FBI.org</ref><ref>[http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf 2004 Annual Report]- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca</ref> known as the "Big Four".<ref>[http://ctgia.org/mcgang.html Motorcycle Gangs]- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association</ref> These four have a large enough national impact to be prosecuted under the Federal [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations]] (RICO) statute.<ref>[http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf 2004 Annual Report]- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC), cisc.gc.ca</ref> The [[Attorney General of California|California Attorney General]] also lists the [[Mongols (motorcycle club)|Mongols]] and the [[Vagos Motorcycle Club]] as outlaw motorcycle gangs.<ref>[http://ag.ca.gov/publications/org_crime2004.pdf Organized Crime in California - 2004 Annual Report to the Legislature]- California Department of Justice</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27296867/ Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting]- MSBNC.com, October 21, 2008</ref> The FBI asserts that OMGs support themselves primarily through [[drug dealing]], trafficking in stolen goods, and [[extortion]], and that they fight over territory and the [[illegal drug trade]]<ref>[http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/3220/3220lect07a.htm Organized Crime Investigation]- by T. O'Connor, Austin PEA State University</ref> and collect $1 billion in illegal income annually.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/11/30/77184/index.htm The Hells Angels' Devilish Business]- CNN.com, November 30, 1992</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bikergangs/ Biker Gangs in Canada]- CBC News, April 5, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/news/2005_10_04_NDW_Vol_4_No_40_Gangs.pdf Narcotics Digest, Gangs In The United States]- the National Gang Center</ref><ref>[http://www.dea.gov/speeches/s102005.html Comprehensively Combating Methamphetamine: Impact on Health and the Environment]- DEA Deputy Chief Joseph Rannazzisi, congressional testimony on October 20, 2005</ref><ref>[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/11/30/77184/index.htm The Hells Angels' Devilish Business]- by Andrew E. Serwer, Fortune Magazine, November 30, 1992</ref><ref>[http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1992-12-02/news/look-homeward-angelcycle-icon-sonny-barger-kick-starts-life-as-a-free-man-by-violating-parole/ Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole]- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992.</ref> In 1985<ref>[http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1992-12-02/news/look-homeward-angelcycle-icon-sonny-barger-kick-starts-life-as-a-free-man-by-violating-parole/ Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole]- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992</ref> a three-year, eleven-state FBI operation named Roughrider culminated in the largest OMG bust in history, with the confiscation of $2 million worth of [[illegal drugs]], as well as an illegal arsenal of weapons, ranging from Uzi submachine guns to antitank weapons.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968213,00.html Busting Hell's Angels]- Time Magazine, May 13, 1985</ref> In October, 2008, the FBI announced the end of a 6-month undercover operation by agents into the narcotics trafficking by the Mongols Motorcycle Club. The bust went down with 160 search warrants and 110 arrest warrants<ref>[http://www.kval.com/news/31724039.html Feds bust motorcycle gang with Ore. ties] - KVAL-CBS, October 21, 2008</ref> Canada, especially, has in the past two decades experienced a significant upsurge in crime involving outlaw motorcycle clubs, most notably in what has been dubbed the [[Quebec Biker war]], which has involved more than 150 [[murders]]<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,382689,00.html Was Noye case witness killed by Hell's Angels?]- Guardian Observer, October 15, 2000</ref> (plus a young bystander killed by an exploding [[car bomb]]), 84 [[bombings]], and 130 cases of [[arson]].<ref name="Organized Crime Fact Sheet"/> The increased violence in Canada has been attributed to turf wars over the illegal [[drug trafficking]] business, specifically relating to access to the [[Port of Montreal]],<ref>''The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels'', by Paul Cherry, ECW Press, 2005</ref> but also as the Hells Angels have sought to obtain control of the street level trade from other rival and/or independent gangs in various regions of Canada.<ref>''Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick in the Canadian Hells Angels'', by Jerry Langton, Wiley & Sons, 2006</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] Gazette, quoting from the [[Provincial Court of Manitoba]], defines these groups as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment to band together and abide by their organizations' rigorous rules enforced by [[violence]], who engage in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".<ref name="Organized Crime Fact Sheet">[http://ww2.ps-sp.gc.ca/policing/organized_crime/FactSheets/omg_e.asp Organized Crime Fact Sheet]- Public Safety Canada</ref> Members and supporters of these clubs insist that illegal activities are isolated occurrences and that they, as a whole, are not criminal organizations. They often compare themselves to police departments, wherein the occasional "bad cop" does not make a police department a criminal organization and the Hells Angels sponsors charitable events for [[Toys for Tots]] in an attempt to legitimize themselves with public opinion.<ref>[http://www.missoulian.com/specials/hellsangels/ha01.html Storm Approaching]- by Michael Jamison, The Missoulian, July 2000</ref> Contrary to other criminal organizations, OMGs operate on an individual basis instead of top-down, which is how supporters can claim that only some members are committing crimes. Belonging guarantees to each member the option of running criminal activity, using other members as support - the main characteristic of OMGs being "amoral individualism" in contrast to the hierarchical orders and bonds of "amoral familism" of other criminal organizations such as the Mafia.<ref>[http://www.tandemnews.com/printer.php?storyid=96] Tandem News, Angels With Dirty Faces by Antonio Nicaso</ref> [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] agent [[William Queen]], who infiltrated the [[Mongols (motorcycle club)|Mongols]], wrote that what makes a group like them different from the [[Mafia]] is that crime and violence are not used as expedients in pursuit of profit, but that the priorities are reversed. Mayhem and lawlessness are inherent in living "The Life" and the money they obtain by illegal means is only wanted as a way to perpetuate that lifestyle.<ref>{{Citation |authorlink=William Queen |title=Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang |first=William |last= Queen |publisher=Random House |year= 2006 |isbn=0-345-48752-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=s85YVXxHZgIC&pg=PA65 |page=65 }}</ref> Recently, authorities have tried tactics aimed at undermining the gang identity and breaking up the membership. But in June 2011 the [[High Court of Australia]] overturned a law that outlawed crime focused motorcycle clubs and required members to avoid contact with one another.<ref name= Godfrey2011>{{Citation |newspaper= [[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title= Hells Angel kills NSW anti-bikie laws |first= Miles |last= Godfrey |date= 23 June 23, 2011 |accessdate= 2011-06-23 |url= http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/hells-angel-kills-nsw-antibikie-laws-20110623-1ggao.html }}</ref> In the US, a Federal judge rejected a prosecutor's request to seize ownership of the [[Mongols Motorcycle Club]] logo and name, saying the government had no right to the trademarks.<ref name=Risling2011>{{Citation |title= Judge sides with biker gang over logo |first1= Greg |author2= Associated Press |url= http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18420209 |accessdate=2011-07-07 |last= Risling |newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |authorlink2= Associated Press }}</ref><ref name= Clough2011>{{Citation |title= Judge Rejects Government Attempt to Seize Mongols Biker Gang's 'Colors'; The U.S. Attorney's Office says the effort marks the first time in which the government has sought a gang's trademarks |first= Craig |last= Clough |newspaper= [[North Hollywood and Toluca Lake Patch]] |url= http://northhollywood.patch.com/articles/judge-rejects-government-attempt-to-seize-mongols-biker-gangs-colors |accessdate=2011-07-07 }}</ref> Federal prosecutors had requested, as part of a larger criminal indictment, a court order giving the government ownership of the logo in order to prevent members from wearing the gang's colors.<ref name=Mather2011>{{Citation |first= Kate |last= Mather |title= Feds want to bar Mongols biker gang from using its trademarked logo |date= 20 Kune 2011 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate= 2011-06-23 |url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/06/feds-wants-to-bar-mongols-biker-gang-from-trademarking-its-logo-.html }}</ref> ==Relationships between outlaw motorcycle clubs== Certain large one-percent MCs have rivalry between each other and will fight over territory and other issues. Sometimes smaller clubs are forced into or willingly accept supportive roles for a larger one-percent club and are sometimes required to wear a "support patch" on their vests that shows their affiliation with the dominant regional club. Smaller clubs are often allowed to form with the permission of the dominant regional club. Clubs which resist have been forcibly disbanded by being told to hand over their colors or the threat of aggression. This is although the coalition is supposed to be a voluntary thing.<ref>[http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/Oct-05-Thu-2006/news/10051829.html Ex-Hells Angels official says cops kept out of club]- by Adrienne Packer, Las Vegas Review-Journal, October 5, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2002/Apr-30-Tue-2002/news/18638909.html Laughlin Shootout: Signs told of melee in making]- by Glenn Puit and Dave Berns, Las Vegas Review Journal, April 30, 2002</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE0DA1239F930A25750C0A9649C8B63 73 Bikers Arrested]- New York Times, March 13, 2002</ref> In Australia<ref>Diverse groups unite to fight anti-association laws. David Weber ABC News Australia. [http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2012/s3492444.htm]</ref> and the United States, many MCs have established state-wide MC coalitions.<ref name="ball" /> These coalitions are composed of MCs who have chapters in the state, and the occasional interested third party organization, and hold periodic meetings on neutral ground where representatives from each club meet in closed session to resolve disputes between clubs and discuss issues of common interest. Local coalitions or confederations of clubs have eliminated some of the inter-club rivalry and together they have acted to hire legal and PR representation.<ref name="ball">Terry the Tramp: The Life and Dangerous Times of a One Percenter. K. Randall Ball. MotorBooks International, 30 Oct 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/ferrets-manifesto/story-e6frg8h6-1225894609789 |title=Ferret's manifesto. RICHARD GUILLIATT. The Australian July 20, 2010 |publisher=Theaustralian.com.au |date=2013-08-29 |accessdate=2013-11-12}}</ref> ==Cultural influence== Outlaw motorcyclists and their clubs have been frequently portrayed and [[parody|parodied]] to the point of [[victimization]] in movies and the media generally, giving rise to an "[[outlaw biker film]]" genre.<ref>Two Wheels on Two Reels: A History of Biker Movies. Mike Seate. Whitehorse Press, 24 Dec 2000</ref> It generally exists as a negative stereotype in the public's subconscious<ref>At the Moives, Strandberg, Keith. American Motorcyclist, Oct 1987</ref> and yet has inspired [[fashion|fashion trends]]<ref>The Dictionary of Fashion History. Valerie Cumming, C. W. Cunnington, P. E. Cunnington. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref><ref>Harley-Davidson and Philosophy: Full-Throttle Aristotle. Bernard E. Rollin. Open Court Publishing, 9 Feb 2006</ref><ref>The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Daniel R. Wolf. University of Toronto Press, 1991</ref> for both males and females, as "biker babes".<ref>Consumers. Eric J. Arnould, Linda Price, George Martin Zinkhan. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004</ref><ref>Elle, Issues 273-275. Elle Publishing Company, 2008</ref><ref>The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. Lisa Marsh. John Wiley & Sons, 18 Aug 2003</ref> The appearance has even been exploited by the fashion industry bringing it into legal conflict with some clubs <ref>'Hells Angels sue luxury fashion house'. Brichall, Jonathan. Financial Times, Oct 27 2010 [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caf87e7a-e153-11df-90b7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xBrfaPXA]</ref> and simultaneously encouraging a cultural specific fetishistic look which conveys sex, danger, rebelliousness, masculinity and [[working class]] values.<ref name="Wojcik" /> The biker style has influenced the look of other sub-cultures such as [[Punk subculture|punk]],<ref name="Wojcik">Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art. Daniel Wojcik. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1995</ref> [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]],<ref>The Post-Subcultures Reader. David Muggleton, Rupert Weinzierl. Berg, 17 Apr 2004</ref> [[leather subculture]]<ref>Movie-made America: a cultural history of American movies. Robert Sklar. Vintage Books, 1994</ref> and [[cybergoth]] fashion,<ref>As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. Daniel Delis Hill. Texas Tech University Press, 15 Sep 2007</ref> and, initially as an American [[subculture]], has had an international influence.<ref>The Berg Companion to Fashion. Valerie Steele. Berg, 15 Nov 2010</ref> Bikers, their clothing and motorcycles have become [[cultural icon]]s<ref>Mobility Without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship. Jeremy Packer. Duke University Press, 5 Feb 2008</ref><ref>Profane Culture. Paul E. Willis. Taylor & Francis, 1978</ref> of mythic status, their portrayal generally exaggerating a criminal or deviant association exploited by the media for their own often financial interests.<ref>Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, August E. Grant. Routledge, 1 Jun 2003</ref> On television, the series ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' portrays a fictional outlaw motorcycle club, founded mainly by [[Vietnam War]] veterans, which is involved in various crimes, its interactions within their community and with underworld gangs. The show's creator thought it was too obvious to have them be [[methamphetamine]] dealers, and so instead they deal in [[Arms trafficking|illegal guns]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/826/826342p1.html |title=FX Greenlights New Series from Shield Producer |publisher=IGN |date=10 October 2007 |accessdate=19 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=Bellafante2008>{{Citation |title=Sons of Anarchy;Wild Bunch on Wheels, Playing by Its Rules |date=September 3, 2008 |accessdate=2009-11-18 | first=Gina |last=Bellafante |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/arts/television/03sons.html }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Culture}} * [[Biker bar]] * [[List of Motorcycle Club terms]] * [[Outlaw biker film]] * [[Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== * {{citation |title= The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos - Bikers United Against the Hells Angels |first1 = Edward |last1= Winterhalder |first2= Wil |last2= De Clercq |publisher= ECW Press |year= 2008 |ISBN= 1-55022-824-2 }} * {{Citation |title= Out in Bad Standings: Inside the Bandidos Motorcycle Club - the Making of a Worldwide Dynasty |first= Edward |last= Winterhalder |publisher =Blockhead City Press |year= 2006 |ISBN= 0-9771747-0-0 }} *Coulthart, Ross and McNab, Duncan, ''Dead Man Running: An Insider's Story on One of the World's Most Feared Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, the Bandidos'' Allen & Unwin, 2008, (ISBN 1-74175-463-1) *Hayes, Bill. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NL4UIEZohVwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Original Wild Ones: Tales of The Boozefighters Motorcycle Club, Est. 1946]''. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks, 2005. *Veno, Arthur, ''The Mammoth Book of Bikers'', Constable & Robinson, 2007 (ISBN 0-7867-2046-8) *Vieth, Errol, "Angels in the Media: Constructing Outlaw Motorcyclists", in ''Consent and Consensus'', edited by Denis Cryle and Jean Hiliier, Perth, API Network, 2005, 97–116 (ISBN 1-920845-12-7). ==External links== {{Commons category|Outlaw motorcycle clubs}} {{Commons category|Motorcycle club colors}} * {{dmoz|/Recreation/Motorcycles/Organizations/One_Percent/|One percenter motorcycle clubs}} * {{dmoz|/Society/Crime/Organized_Crime/Outlaw_Biker_Gangs/|Outlaw biker gangs}} {{Prone to spam|date=November 2013}} {{Z148}}<!-- {{No more links}} Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}. --> {{OutlawMotorcycleGroups}} {{Biker culture}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Outlaw Motorcycle Club}} [[Category:Organized crime]] [[Category:Outlaw motorcycle clubs| ]]'
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'@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ===One percenter=== [[File:Bandidos MC Berlin - One Percenter.jpg|thumb|upright|"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin]] -Some outlaw motorcycle clubs can be distinguished by a 1% patch worn on the colors. This is claimed to be a reference to a comment made by the [[American Motorcyclist Association]] (AMA) in which they stated that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} +lololoollololololololololololololololololomotorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying that the last one percent were outlaws.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The alleged AMA comment, supposedly a response to the [[Hollister riot]] in 1947,<ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-05 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron1.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Dougherty | first= C.I.| title = 2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again' | work = San Francisco Chronicle| date = 1947-07-06 | url = http://www.cestcop.com/chron2.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref> is denied by the AMA, who claim to have no record of such a statement to the press, and that the story is a misquote.<ref name=Dulaney2002a>{{Citation |last=Dulaney |first=William L. |periodical=[[International Journal of Motorcycle Studies]] |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2005/IJMS_Artcl.Dulaney.html |date = November 2005|title=A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs |quote=The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We <nowiki>[the American Motorcyclist Association]</nowiki> acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'}}</ref> '
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