Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{About|the Australian Prime Minister|the British actor|Paul Keating (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Paul Keating
|image = Paul Keating - 2007.jpg
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Australia|24th]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]]<br /><small>Elections: [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993]], [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]]</small>
|monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
|governor-general = [[Bill Hayden]]<br>[[William Deane|Sir William Deane]]
|deputy = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]<br>[[Kim Beazley]]
|term_start = 20 December 1991
|term_end = 11 March 1996
|predecessor = [[Bob Hawke]]
|successor = [[John Howard]]
|office1 = [[Australian Labor Party#ALP Federal Parliamentary Leaders|Leader of the]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]]
|term_start1 = 20 December 1991
|term_end1 = 19 March 1996
|deputy1 = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]<br>[[Kim Beazley]]
|predecessor1 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|successor1 = [[Kim Beazley]]
|office2 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia#List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia|7th]] [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia]]
|primeminister2 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|term_start2 = 4 April 1990
|term_end2 = 3 June 1991
|predecessor2 = [[Lionel Bowen]]
|successor2 = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]
|office3 = [[Australian Labor Party#ALP Federal Deputy Parliamentary Leaders|Deputy Leader of the]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]]
|term_start3 = 4 April 1990
|term_end3 = 3 June 1991
|leader3 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|predecessor3 = [[Lionel Bowen]]
|successor3 = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]
|office4 = [[Treasurer of Australia]]
|primeminister4 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|term_start4 = 11 March 1983
|term_end4 = 3 June 1991
|predecessor4 = [[John Howard]]
|successor4 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|office5 = [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Northern Australia]]
|primeminister5 = [[Gough Whitlam]]
|term_start5 = 21 October 1975
|term_end5 = 11 November 1975
|predecessor5 = [[Rex Patterson]]
|successor5 = [[Ian Sinclair]]
|constituency_MP6 = [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]]
|parliament6 = Australian
|term_start6 = 25 October 1969
|term_end6 = 23 April 1996
|predecessor6 = [[Jim Harrison (politician)|Jim Harrison]]
|successor6 = [[Michael Hatton]]
|birth_name = Paul John Keating
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|1|18|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]], Sydney
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Australian Labor Party]]
|spouse = [[Annita van Iersel]] <br> (m. 1975–2008, divorced)
|children = 4
|religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|honorific-suffix =
|profession = [[Politician]]}}
'''Paul John Keating''' (born 18 January 1944) is an [[Australia]]n [[Politics of Australia|politician]] who was the [[List of Prime Ministers of Australia|24th]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]] and the [[Australian Labor Party|Leader of the Labor Party]] from [[Australian Labor Party leadership spill, December 1991|1991]] to [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]]. Born in a working-class Sydney suburb and having left school at 14, Keating was first elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] at 25, winning the seat of [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]] in [[Australian federal election, 1969|1969]].
Keating was appointed [[Treasurer of Australia]] by newly elected [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Bob Hawke]] in 1983. Although lacking any formal education in economics, Keating went on to become arguably the most reforming Treasurer in Australian history. During his time as Treasurer, the [[Australian dollar]] was floated, the financial sector deregulated, certain state sector industries were privatised, a capital gains tax was introduced, and a [[Prices and Incomes Accord]] was struck. In 1990 he was elected [[Australian Labor Party|Deputy Leader of the Labor Party]] and made [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]].
Keating later challenged Hawke for leadership in June 1991, and resigned from the Government following defeat. Six months later he challenged Hawke again, this time successfully, and subsequently became [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]. He would go on to deliver a record fifth consecutive victory for the Labor Party in [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993]], despite consistently poor opinion polling following the effects of the [[early 1990s recession]]. The [[Keating Government]] introduced [[Native Title Act 1993|native title]] to [[Australian Aborigine|Aborigines]], greatly increased the social wage and the family benefits system, saw increased bilateral relations between Australia and countries in [[Asia]], and aggressively promoted a vision of Australia as a [[republic]]. After being defeated by [[John Howard]] in [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]], Keating resigned as Prime Minister and retired from [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]].
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==Member of Parliament==
[[Image:Jamoe.jpg|left|thumb|Keating at age 34, second from left, with other ALP figures (from left) [[Colin Jamieson]], [[Peter Walsh (Australian politician)|Peter Walsh]] and [[David Combe]] in Wickham, Western Australia, c. 1978]]
Through his contacts in the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council, Keating met future senior Labor figures such as [[Laurie Brereton]], [[Graham Richardson]] and [[Bob Carr]]. He also developed a friendship with former [[Premier of New South Wales|New South Wales Premier]] [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]]. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2005/1509394.htm |title=Former PM Paul Keating and historian Frank Cain discuss Jack Lang's life, legacy and the Depression |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=17 November 2005 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Using his extensive contacts,{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Keating eventually gained the Labor endorsement for the seat of [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]] in the western suburbs of Sydney, and was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[Australian federal election, 1969|1969]] when he was 25 years old.<ref name="bio"/>
Keating was a backbencher for most of the [[Whitlam government]], although he briefly served as a Minister for the Northern Territory in October 1975, before the government was [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|controversially dismissed]] by the [[John Kerr (governor-general)|Governor-General]] that November. After Labor's defeat in [[Australian federal election, 1975|the election]] one month later, Keating was promoted to become an opposition spokesman; as an opposition spokesman, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, thus becoming the leader of the dominant [[Labor Right|right-wing faction]] in Labor. At this time, he initially supported [[Bill Hayden]] over [[Bob Hawke]] as leadership tensions between the two men began to mount; part of the reason for his support was that he privately hoped to succeed Hayden in the near future.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 153</ref> However, by 1982, his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keating's support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]].<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.159">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 159</ref> Although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him, and he eventually resigned in February 1983 after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected to replace him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the [[Australian federal election, 1983|election]] just six weeks later.<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.159"/>
==Treasurer of Australia==
Following Labor's victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed [[Treasurer of Australia]] by Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]] – he would go on to hold that post until 1991. Keating succeeded John Howard as treasurer and was able to use the size of the budget deficit that the [[Hawke government]] inherited to question the economic credibility of the Liberal–National Coalition. That the deficit had significantly increased in the lead up to the election had not been disclosed in pre-election documents released by the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser government]].<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.148">Hawke, Bob, ''The Hawke Memoirs'', William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p. 148</ref> According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition "became a stick with which we were justifiably able to beat the Liberal National Opposition for many years".<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.148"/> Although Howard was widely regarded at this time as being "discredited" by the hidden deficit, he had in fact argued unsuccessfully against Fraser that the revised figures should be disclosed before the election.<ref>Errington, W., & Van Onselen, Peter, ''John Winston Howard: The Biography'', Melbourne University Press, 2007, p. 102</ref><ref>Errington, W.,& Van Onselen, Peter, ''John Winston Howard: The Biography'', Melbourne University Press, 2007, p. 102</ref>
[[File:ABC Dollar Float.ogv|thumb|1983 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news report on the first day of trading with a floating Australian dollar]]
Keating was one of the major driving forces behind the various extensive [[macroeconomic|macro]] and [[microeconomic]] reforms of the Hawke government.<ref>Toner, Kieron, ''The Cart Before the Horse: Australian Exchange Rate Policy and Economic Reform in the 1980s'', Earlybrave Publications, 2000.</ref> As Treasurer, Keating pursued economic policies such as [[floating currency|floating]] the Australian dollar in 1983, reducing [[tariff]]s on imports, completely reforming the tax system, moving from centralised wage-fixing to [[Enterprise Bargaining Agreement|enterprise bargaining]], privatising publicly owned companies such as [[Qantas]] and the [[Commonwealth Bank]], and deregulating large parts of the banking system. Keating was also instrumental in the introduction of the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]], an agreement between the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] (ACTU) and the government to negotiate wages. His management of the Accord, and close working relationship with ACTU President [[Bill Kelty]], became a source of tremendous political power for Keating. Through the power given to him, Keating was often able to bypass the Cabinet altogether, notably in exercising monetary policy, and he was regularly referred to as "the most powerful Treasurer in modern times".<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Kelly (journalist)|title=The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EKXBgmYeO2QC&dq|accessdate=5 October 2007|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=1-86373-757-X}}</ref>
In 1985, Keating argued within the Cabinet for the introduction of a [[Consumption tax|broad-based consumption tax]], similar in nature to the [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]] that was later introduced by the [[John Howard|Howard government]].<ref name="Eccleston">{{cite book|last=Eccleston|first=Richard|title=Taxing reforms: the politics of the consumption tax in Japan, the United States, Canada and Australia|year=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|page=202|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Wh-tt6G2lEYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="Malone">{{cite book|last=Malone|first=Paul|title=Australian Department Heads Under Howard – Career Paths and Practice|publisher=ANU Press|year=2006|page=136|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Zi2Q5Dq_lQgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> In the build-up to the [[Australian federal election, 1984|1984 election]], Hawke had promised a policy paper on taxation reform to be discussed with all stakeholders at a tax summit. Three options – A, B and C – were presented in the Draft White Paper, with Keating and his Treasury colleagues fiercely advocating for C, which included a consumption tax of 15% on goods and services along with reductions in personal and company income tax, a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax. Although Keating was able to win the support of a reluctant Cabinet, Hawke believed that the opposition from the public, the ACTU, and the business community would be too great. He therefore decided to abandon any plans for a consumption tax, although the remainder of the reforms were adopted in the tax reform package. The loss of the consumption tax was seen a bitter defeat for Keating; he later joked about it at a press conference, saying, "It's a bit like ''Ben Hur''. We've crossed the line with one wheel off, but we have crossed the line."<ref name="DAlpuget">{{cite book|last=D'Alpuget|first=Blanche|title=Hawke: The Prime Minister|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2011|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3dsFOaoDqv4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
Keating's tenure as Treasurer was often criticised for high interest rates and the 1990s recession, which Keating referred to in an interview as "(the) recession we had to have". Through the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household interest rates peaked at 18%. It is often said that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession. In private, Keating had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues.<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/30/1093852180757.html |title=Keating still casts a shadow |publisher=Smh.com.au |date= 31 August 2004|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Publicly, Hawke and Keating had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when Keating announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990. Claiming that the recession was something Australia "had to have" was referred to by [[Paul Kelly (journalist)|Paul Kelly]] as "perhaps the most stupid remark of Keating's career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "... however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/the-real-reasons-why-it-was-the-1990s-recession-we-had-to-have/2006/12/01/1164777791623.html |publisher=theage.com.au |title=The real reasons why it was the 1990s recession we had to have |author=Ian McFarlane |date=2 December 2006 |accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> During the subsequent [[Howard government]], Keating would often criticise Howard for taking credit for the good economic conditions Australia experienced without acknowledging that it had been the early 1990s recession that had ended the inflation problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |title=Paul Keating on the lead-up to the federal election |publisher=[[Lateline]] – [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |date=7 June 2007 |accessdate=15 July 2007}}</ref>
Hawke led Labor to a third consecutive victory in the [[Australian federal election, 1987|1987 election]], but by his fifth anniversary as prime minister a year later, he had begun to suffer from poor opinion polling. It was at this time that Keating privately began to put pressure on Hawke to stand down in his favour as soon as possible. The two men eventually met at [[Kirribilli House]] later that year to discuss the handover of the leadership to Keating. Eventually, Hawke agreed in front of two witnesses that he would resign in Keating's favour a short time after the [[Australian federal election, 1990|1990 election]], which he convinced Keating he could win.<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994" /> Hawke subsequently won that election, and appointed Keating his [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]] to replace the retiring [[Lionel Bowen]], in theory preparing Keating to assume the leadership. However, Keating quickly became dissatisfied with the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might stand down, and subsequently made a number of provocative speeches questioning the direction of the government. This caused tensions between the two men to grow very quickly, and Hawke told Keating that he would renege on the deal on the basis that Keating had been publicly disloyal. Keating eventually resigned from the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] and challenged Hawke for the leadership in June 1991. Hawke won the ballot by 66 votes to 44, and in a press statement afterwards Keating declared that he had fired his "one shot".<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p.435</ref><ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 438</ref> Publicly, at least, this seemed to spell the end of his leadership ambitions. Having failed to defeat Hawke, Keating realised that events would have to move very much in his favour for a second challenge to be even possible, and he strongly considered retiring from politics altogether.<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.439">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 439</ref>
Several factors over the coming months enabled Keating to mount a second challenge to Hawke. Over the remainder of 1991, the economy showed no signs of recovery from the recession, and unemployment continued to rise.<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.544">Hawke, Bob, ''The Hawke Memoirs'', William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.544</ref><ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 440</ref> Opinion polling for Labor was poor, some of Keating's supporters actively undermined the government, and, perhaps more significantly, Liberal Leader [[John Hewson]] introduced '[[Fightback! (policy)|Fightback!]]', an economic policy package which, according to Keating's biographer, "appeared to astonish and stun Hawke's Cabinet".<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.439"/><ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.544"/><ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.441">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 441</ref> According to Edwards, "Hawke was unprepared to attack it and responded with windy rhetoric".<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.441"/> Following Hawke's lacklustre response to 'Fightback!', many began to openly speculate that nearly nine years as prime minister had left Hawke "tired", and he began to lose the confidence of many in the Labor caucus.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 442</ref> Keating was viewed as the only viable replacement for Hawke, and on 19 December 1991, Keating challenged Hawke for a second time, this time defeating him by 56 votes to 51.
==Prime Minister of Australia==
{{Main|Keating Government}}
On 20 December 1991, following his successful leadership challenge, Keating was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of Australia|24th Prime Minister of Australia]] by the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]. Keating had an extensive legislative agenda upon taking office, which included reconciliation with Australia's [[Australian Aborigine|indigenous population]], furthering economic and cultural ties with Asia, and [[Republicanism in Australia|making Australia a republic]]. The addressing of these issues came to be known as Keating's "big picture."<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/fast-forward/2007/11/19/1195321698340.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 Fast Forward], Shaun Carney, ''[[The Age]]'', 20 November 2007</ref> Keating's legislative program also included establishing the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA), a review of the Sex Discrimination Act, and the establishment of native title rights for Australia's indigenous peoples following the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo High Court decision]]. Throughout his time as prime minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sheriden|first=Greg|title=Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel|work=The Australian|date=28 January 2008|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23118079-5013460,00.html|accessdate=30 December 2008}}</ref> He also played a key role in the establishment of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] Forum (APEC), initiating the annual leaders' meeting and ensuring that they continued thereafter. Arguably Keating's most far-reaching legislative achievement was the introduction of a [[Superannuation in Australia|national superannuation scheme]], implemented to address the long-term problem of low national savings. This built on policies that Keating had introduced whilst Treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire. Keating also moved to introduce [[Mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention for asylum seekers]].<ref name=SBS>[http://www.ajustaustralia.com/informationandresources_researchandpapers.php?act=papers&id=101 Detention timeline], [[Special Broadcasting Service]], 17 June 2008]</ref> On 10 December 1992, Keating delivered the [[Redfern Park Speech|Redfern Speech]] on [[Aboriginal reconciliation]], a speech which has regularly been cited as among the greatest in Australian political history.<ref>{{cite web|author= Phillip Adams |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20876,21673159-12272,00.html |title=The greatest speech |work=The Australian |date=5 May 2007 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/Barani/news/KeatingsRedfernAddressanunforgettablespeech.htm |title=Keating's Redfern Address voted an unforgettable speech |publisher=Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister Paul Keating visits Indonesia ABC 1992.webm|thumb|[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] footage of Keating visiting [[Indonesia]] in 1992 and meeting with [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]].]]
As Prime Minister, Keating maintained his aggressive debating style. When asked by [[Leader of the Opposition|Opposition Leader]] [[John Hewson]] why he would not call an early election after he had become prime minister, Keating replied, "because I want to do you slowly." He referred to the [[Australian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] as "a motley, dishonest crew", and the [[Australian National Party|National Party]] as "dummies and dimwits; desperadoes". During an opposition debate that sought to censure Keating, he described being attacked by [[Peter Costello]] as "like being flogged with warm lettuce". Despite a very busy legislative agenda, many commentators predicted that the upcoming [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993 election]] was "unwinnable" for Labor. The government had been in power for the previous decade, and the pace of economic recovery from the [[early 1990s recession]] was slow.<ref>Dyster, B., & Meredith, D., ''Australia in the Global Economy'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 309</ref>
Such was the expectation that Labor would lose, many senior Labor figures openly told Keating that his job was to save as many seats as possible, so that their time in opposition would be short. Despite the overwhelming predictions that Labor would lose, Keating succeeded in winning over the electorate with a strong campaign opposing 'Fightback!' and a focus on creating jobs to reduce unemployment. In particular, Keating focused a great deal of his campaign on attacking the proposed [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]], arguing that it would make unemployment worse and would prove "a dead weight" on the economy. He was helped in this by his opponent, [[John Hewson]], struggling towards the end of the campaign to explain exactly which products would have the GST levied on them, and which would not. Having begun the campaign an average of ten points behind the [[Australian Liberal Party|Liberal]]/[[Australian National Party|National Coalition]], Keating led Labor to an [[Australian federal election, 1993|unexpected and record-breaking fifth consecutive election victory]] on 13 March 1993. At the party celebration Keating delivered the "true believers" speech – today remembered as one of the great Labor speeches.<ref>Bramston, Troy. (2012). ''For The True Believers: Great Labor Speeches that Shaped History''. Federation Press. ISBN 9781862878310.</ref><ref>Warhaft, Sarah. (7 August 2004). "The power of speech - Talking Point", ''The Age'', p8.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Michael|title=A True Believer: Paul Keating|year=1996|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702229407|page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gahan|first=Peter|title=Solidarity Forever? The 1993 ACTU Congress|journal=The Journal of Industrial Relations|date=December 1993|volume=35|issue=4|page=607}}</ref> Opening with "This is a victory for the true believers", the speech has been described as providing a source of inspiration for the party faithful, but also criticised as helping to create a perception that Keating's Labor government was not a government for all Australians.<ref>[[Don Watson|Watson, Don]]. (6 May 200) "[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/05/1019441460858.html The Keating we never knew]", ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved 31 December 2014.</ref>
[[File:Clinton Keating.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Keating with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] (left) in 1993.]]
Having secured a mandate in his own right as prime minister, Keating immediately set about implementing as much of his "big picture" as possible, leading the consultation and introducing legislation that would eventually lead to a 1999 [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|referendum on Australia becoming a republic]]. Keating also continued to pursue improved relations with countries throughout Asia, in particular [[Indo-China]]. In December 1993, he became involved in a diplomatic incident with [[Malaysia]] when he described Prime Minister [[Mahathir bin Mohamad|Mahathir Mohamad]] as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC summit]]. Keating said, ''"APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants."'' Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, and threatened to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.<ref name="NYT_recalcitrant">{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Shenon |title=Malaysia Premier Demands Apology |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DB113EF93AA35751C1A965958260 |work=The New York Times |date=9 December 1993 |accessdate=16 June 2008}}</ref> Keating dismantled the century-old [[protectionism]] that had been present in Australia, fuelling a productivity drive in the free market and increasing [[Standard of living in Australia|Australian living standards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Protectionism no cure for our woes|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-13/cowan-protectionism/5257426|publisher=[[ABC Australia|ABC]]|date=13 February 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref>
Keating's friendship with [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]] was also criticised by human rights activists supportive of East Timorese independence, and by [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[José Ramos-Horta]], who would later go on to become East Timor's president and prime minister. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the [[Timor Gap Treaty]], were also strongly criticised by these same groups. Many believed that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s57063.htm |title=The World Today – 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=October 5, 1999 |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>
Like Hawke before him, Keating benefited while prime minister from a split Liberal Party. Shortly after the 1993 election, [[John Hewson]] was replaced as Liberal Leader by [[Alexander Downer]], whose leadership was quickly marred by gaffes and controversies within months. After continuous poor polling, Downer resigned in 1995 and was replaced by [[John Howard]], who had previously led the Liberals from 1985 to 1989. Although at first showing no improvement, under Howard the Coalition soon regained momentum to move back ahead of Labor in opinion polls, and Keating was unable to wrest back the lead again. The first warning sign of a serious swing away from Labor came in March 1995, when Labor lost [[Division of Canberra|Canberra]] in a [[Canberra by-election, 1995|by-election]]. Later in 1995, the Queensland Labor Party barely held onto its majority at the [[Queensland state election, 1995|state election]], before losing it altogether in [[Mundingburra state by-election, 1996|a 1996 by-election]]. That by-election took place a week after Keating had called the [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996 election]]; the very public defeat severely hampered the launch of the Labor campaign, and the campaign was never able to regain momentum.
Howard, determined to avoid a repeat of the 1993 election, adopted a "small target" strategy, publicly committing to keep Labor reforms such as [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]], and defusing the republic issue by promising to hold a [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|constitutional convention]]. Howard was therefore successfully able to focus the campaign on the longevity of the Labor government, which by 1996 had been in power for 13 years. The narrative of "time for a change" proved impossible to defend against, and on 2 March 1996 the Keating government was swept from power in a landslide, suffering a five percent [[two party preferred]] swing. Although this was not a large swing in and of itself, Labor lost 29 seats, including 13 in New South Wales and 11 in Queensland—in terms of seats lost, the second-worst defeat ever of a sitting government in Australian history. Keating tendered his resignation as prime minister on 11 March 13 years to the day after [[Bob Hawke]] had first taken office, and stepped down from [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]] just over a month later on 23 April 1996.<ref>National Archives of Australia, [http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/after-office.aspx NAA.gov.au] Retrieved on 9 June 2009</ref>
==Retirement and later life==
Soon after leaving Parliament, Keating became a director of various companies and a senior adviser to [[Lazard]], an investment banking firm.<ref>For example {{cite web |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC |title=ASX listing for Brain Resource Company Ltd |publisher=Australian Stock Exchange |accessdate=21 August 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070607181407/http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC |archivedate=7 June 2007}}</ref><ref>Lazard (2010). [http://www.lazard.com.au/advisory-team.aspx Advisory Team]. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</ref> In 1997, Keating declined appointment as a [[Companion of the Order of Australia]], an honour which has been offered to all former Prime Ministers since the modern [[Australian Honours System]] was introduced in 1975.<ref name=naa_afteroffice>{{cite web |title=After office |work=Australia's PMs – Paul Keating |publisher=National Archives of Australia |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/after-office.aspx |accessdate = 15 July 2010}}</ref>
In 2000, he published his first book since leaving office, ''Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific'', which focused on foreign policy during his term as prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au/featuredbook1.asp?StoreUrl=booksinprint&bookid=0732910196&db=au |title=Books in Print |publisher=Booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au |date= |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> In 2002, Keating's former speechwriter and adviser, [[Don Watson]], published ''[[Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM]]''. The book first drew criticism from Keating's estranged wife, [[Annita Keating]], who said that it understated her contribution, a complaint Watson rejected.<ref>Michelle Grattan, "Annita Keating Draws Ire", ''The Age'', 22 April 2004, p. 3.</ref> Keating himself was so unhappy with the book that it brought the two men's friendship to an abrupt end.<ref>Michael Gordon, "Loves Lies Bleeding: The PM and the Pen", ''The Age'', 20 August 2011.</ref> Keating's primary complaint was about Watson's claim that he had authored the [[Redfern Park Speech|Redfern Speech]], something Keating strenuously denied.<ref>Andrew West, "Hear, Hear: Keating and May Add to Aural History", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 August 2010, p. 3.</ref><ref>Paul Keating, "On That Historic Day in Redfern, the Words I Spoke Were Mine", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 August 2010, p. 15</ref>
[[Image:Paul Keating bust.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Bust of Paul Keating located in the [[Prime Minister's Avenue]] in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens]]
During [[John Howard]]'s time as prime minister, Keating made occasional speeches strongly criticising his successor's social policies, and defending his own policies, such as those on [[East Timor]]. Keating described Howard as a "desiccated coconut" who was "[[Araldite]]d to the seat", and described him as "... an old [[antediluvian]] 19th century person who wanted to stomp forever ... on ordinary people's rights to organise themselves at work ... he's a pre-[[Copernican Revolution|Copernican]] [[obscurantism|obscurantist]]" when criticising Howard's controversial [[WorkChoices]] policy.<ref name="Middle-of-the-road fascists can't compose IR policy">{{cite news |title=Middle-of-the-road fascists can't compose IR policy |url=|work=[[The Australian]] |date=2 May 2007|accessdate=14 July 2007}}</ref> He described Howard's deputy, [[Peter Costello]], as being "all tip and no iceberg" when referring to an alleged pact made by Howard to hand the leadership over to Costello after two terms.<ref name="coconut">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1863256.htm |title=The World Today – Keating criticises ALP over compulsory super plan |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |year=2007 |accessdate=14 March 2007}}</ref> After Labor's landslide victory at the [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 election]], Keating said that he was relieved, rather than happy, that the Howard government had been removed. He claimed that there was "relief that the nation had put itself back on course...relief that the toxicity of the Liberal social agenda, the active disparagement of particular classes and groups, that feeling of alienation in your own country, was over."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22821565-5013904,00.html |title=Paul Keating relieved John Howard era is over |work=Herald Sun |date=26 November 2007 |accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref>
Keating was also publicly critical of the leadership team of [[Kevin Rudd]]. Just before the 2007 election, he criticised Rudd's deputy, [[Julia Gillard]], saying that she lacked an understanding of principles such as enterprise-bargaining that had been set under the [[Hawke–Keating government]] in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He also attacked Rudd's chief of staff, [[David Epstein]], and [[Gary Gray (Australian politician)|Gary Gray]], who was at that time a candidate for [[Kim Beazley]]'s former seat of [[Division of Brand|Brand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |title=Lateline, 7-Jun-2007 |publisher=Abc.net.au |date= |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>
In May 2007, Keating suggested that Sydney, rather than [[Canberra]], should be the capital of Australia, saying that, "John Howard has already effectively moved the [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]] there. Cabinet meets in [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Phillip Street]] in Sydney, and when they do go to Canberra, they fly down to the bush capital, and everybody flies out on Friday. There is an air of unreality about Canberra. If Parliament sat in Sydney, they would have a better understanding of the problems being faced by their constituents. These real things are camouflaged from Canberra."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s1933102.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071017161019/http://abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s1933102.htm|archivedate=17 October 2007|title=Keating: Sydney should be the capital|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=25 May 2007 |accessdate=12 July 2007}}</ref>
In February 2008, Keating joined former Prime Ministers [[Gough Whitlam]], [[Malcolm Fraser]] and [[Bob Hawke]] in [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] to witness Kevin Rudd deliver the apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Dylan |last=Welch |title=Kevin Rudd says sorry |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=22 February 2008 }}</ref> In August 2008, he spoke at the book launch of ''Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's Interrupted Revolution'', authored by economist David Love. Among the topics discussed during the launch were the need to increase compulsory superannuation contributions, as well as to restore incentives for people to receive their superannuation payments in annuities.<ref>[http://www.themonthly.com.au/tm/node/1153 Video of speech, part 1]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}[http://www.themonthly.com.au/tm/node/1152 Video of speech, part 2]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
Keating is currently a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the [[University of New South Wales]]. He has been awarded [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorates in law]] from [[Keio University]] in Tokyo, the [[National University of Singapore]], and the [[University of New South Wales]].<ref name=naa_afteroffice/>
==Personal life==
In 1975, Keating married [[Annita van Iersel]], a Dutch-born flight attendant for [[Alitalia]]. They had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in [[The Lodge (Australia)|The Lodge]], the Prime Minister's official residence in [[Canberra]]. The couple separated in November 1998. While they did not formally divorce until 2008, Annita had resumed her maiden name long before then. Since 1999, Keating's partner has been actress [[Julieanne Newbould]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/coy-keating-must-publicly-fess-his-love/story-fni0cvc9-1226659632261|title=Coy Keating must publicly 'fess his love|last=Sharp|first=Annette|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2013-06-08}}</ref> Keating's daughter, Katherine Keating, is a former adviser to former New South Wales minister [[Craig Knowles]] as well as former [[New South Wales Premier]] [[Bob Carr]]. Keating's interests include the music of [[Gustav Mahler]] and collecting French [[antique]] clocks.<ref name="bio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/keating-promoted-culture-as-something-to-celebrate-20090915-fp5e.html |title=Keating promoted culture as something to celebrate |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> He currently resides in [[Potts Point, New South Wales|Potts Point]], in inner-city Sydney.
==Musical==
In 2005, ''[[Keating!]]'', a musical based on Keating's life and career, premiered at the [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]]. It went on to run until 2010, winning a number of awards and eventually being broadcast on [[ABC2]].<ref name="arse">{{cite web |author=Staff writer |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/08/10/1186530622418.html |title=Bleeding heart songs from the 'arse end' |work=The Age |date=11 August 2007 |accessdate=6 October 2008}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Australia|New South Wales|Politics|Biography|Organized Labour|City of Bankstown}}
* [[First Keating Ministry]]
* [[Second Keating Ministry]]
* [[Redfern Park Speech|Redfern Speech]]
==Further reading==
* Carew, Edna (1991), ''Paul Keating Prime Minister'', Allen and Unwin.
* Edwards, John (1996), ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking.
* Gordon, Michael (1993), ''A Question of Leadership. Paul Keating. Political Fighter'', University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland. ISBN 0-7022-2494-4
* Gordon, Michael (1996), ''A True Believer: Paul Keating'', UQP.
* Keating, Paul (1995), ''Advancing Australia'', Big Picture.
* Keating, Paul (2011), "After Words", Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74237-759-9
* Lowe, David (2008), ''[[Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's interrupted revolution]]'', Scribe.
* [[Don Watson|Watson, Don]] (2002), ''[[Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM]]'', Knopf.
* Paul Keating (2011), ''After Words: The Post-Prime Ministerial Speeches'', Allen & Unwin.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource author|Paul Keating}}
* [http://www.keating.org.au/ Paul Keating's official website]
* {{cite web|title=Paul Keating |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/|work= Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |accessdate=29 June 2010 }}
* {{cite web|title=Prime Ministers of Australia: Paul Keating |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]]|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/primeministers/paul_keating |accessdate=29 June 2010}}
* [http://www.webcity.com.au/keating/ Paul Keating Insults Archive]
* [http://colsearch.nfsa.afc.gov.au/nfsa/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv=yes;name=;groupequals=;page=0;parentid=;query=Number%3A638432%20|%20Number%3A638423;querytype=;resCount=10 Paul Keating at the National Film and Sound Archive]
* {{YouTube|uKN4qWo7x1Y|Video – Re: The Great Motion}}
* {{YouTube|F77RdystNxE|Video – Floating the dollar}}
* [http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200907/r393588_1841613.jpg Photo – Delivering the annual John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture 2009]
* [http://john.curtin.edu.au/events/speeches/keating2009.html Text – 2009 John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture]
* [http://www.roberthannaford.com.au/images/gallery%20images/paulkeatingcloseup.jpg Painting – Paul Keating]
* Watch a recording of the [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/ Redfern Address] on [http://aso.gov.au/ australianscreen online]
* The Redfern Address was added to the [[National Film and Sound Archive]]'s [[Sounds of Australia]] registry in 2010
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{{Persondata
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[[Category:1975 Australian constitutional crisis]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Irish diaspora politicians]]
[[Category:Australian Living Treasures]]
[[Category:Microeconomists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Blaxland]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{About|the Australian Prime Minister|the British actor|Paul Keating (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Paul Keating
|image = Paul Keating - 2007.jpg
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Australia|24th]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]]<br /><small>Elections: [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993]], [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]]</small>
|monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
|governor-general = [[Bill Hayden]]<br>[[William Deane|Sir William Deane]]
|deputy = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]<br>[[Kim Beazley]]
|term_start = 20 December 1991
|term_end = 11 March 1996
|predecessor = [[Bob Hawke]]
|successor = [[John Howard]]
|office1 = [[Australian Labor Party#ALP Federal Parliamentary Leaders|Leader of the]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]]
|term_start1 = 20 December 1991
|term_end1 = 19 March 1996
|deputy1 = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]<br>[[Kim Beazley]]
|predecessor1 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|successor1 = [[Kim Beazley]]
|office2 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia#List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia|7th]] [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia]]
|primeminister2 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|term_start2 = 4 April 1990
|term_end2 = 3 June 1991
|predecessor2 = [[Lionel Bowen]]
|successor2 = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]
|office3 = [[Australian Labor Party#ALP Federal Deputy Parliamentary Leaders|Deputy Leader of the]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]]
|term_start3 = 4 April 1990
|term_end3 = 3 June 1991
|leader3 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|predecessor3 = [[Lionel Bowen]]
|successor3 = [[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]
|office4 = [[Treasurer of Australia]]
|primeminister4 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|term_start4 = 11 March 1983
|term_end4 = 3 June 1991
|predecessor4 = [[John Howard]]
|successor4 = [[Bob Hawke]]
|office5 = [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Northern Australia]]
|primeminister5 = [[Gough Whitlam]]
|term_start5 = 21 October 1975
|term_end5 = 11 November 1975
|predecessor5 = [[Rex Patterson]]
|successor5 = [[Ian Sinclair]]
|constituency_MP6 = [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]]
|parliament6 = Australian
|term_start6 = 25 October 1969
|term_end6 = 23 April 1996
|predecessor6 = [[Jim Harrison (politician)|Jim Harrison]]
|successor6 = [[Michael Hatton]]
|birth_name = Paul John Keating
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|1|18|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]], Sydney
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Australian Labor Party]]
|spouse = [[Annita van Iersel]] <br> (m. 1975–2008, divorced)
|children = 4
|religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|honorific-suffix =
|profession = [[Politician]]}}
'''Paul John Keating''' (born 18 January 1944) is an [[Australia]]n [[Politics of Australia|politician]] who was the [[List of Prime Ministers of Australia|24th]] [[Prime Minister of Australia]] and the [[Australian Labor Party|Leader of the Labor Party]] from [[Australian Labor Party leadership spill, December 1991|1991]] to [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]]. Born in a working-class Sydney suburb and having left school at 14, Keating was first elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] at 25, winning the seat of [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]] in [[Australian federal election, 1969|1969]].
Keating was appointed [[Treasurer of Australia]] by newly elected [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Bob Hawke]] in 1983. Although lacking any formal education in economics, Keating went on to become arguably the most reforming Treasurer in Australian history. During his time as Treasurer, the [[Australian dollar]] was floated, the financial sector deregulated, certain state sector industries were privatised, a capital gains tax was introduced, and a [[Prices and Incomes Accord]] was struck. In 1990 he was elected [[Australian Labor Party|Deputy Leader of the Labor Party]] and made [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]].
Keating later challenged Hawke for leadership in June 1991, and resigned from the Government following defeat. Six months later he challenged Hawke again, this time successfully, and subsequently became [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]. He would go on to deliver a record fifth consecutive victory for the Labor Party in [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993]], despite consistently poor opinion polling following the effects of the [[early 1990s recession]]. The [[Keating Government]] introduced [[Native Title Act 1993|native title]] to [[Australian Aborigine|Aborigines]], greatly increased the social wage and the family benefits system, saw increased bilateral relations between Australia and countries in [[Asia]], and aggressively promoted a vision of Australia as a [[republic]]. After being defeated by [[John Howard]] in [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996]], Keating resigned as Prime Minister and retired from [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]].
heres some digits of Pie cake day. 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284811174502841027019385211055596446229489549303819644288109756659334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603486104543266482133936072602491412737245870066063155881748815209209628292540917153643678925903600113305305488204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921861173819326117931051185480744623799627495673518857527248912279381830119491298336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798609437027705392171762931767523846748184676694051320005681271452635608277857713427577896091736371787214684409012249534301465495853710507922796892589235420199561121290219608640344181598136297747713099605187072113499999983729780499510597317328160963185950244594553469083026425223082533446850352619311881710100031378387528865875332083814206171776691473035982534904287554687311595628638823537875937519577818577805321712268066130019278766111959092164201989380952572010654858632788659361533818279682303019520353018529689957736225994138912497217752834791315155748572424541506959508295
==Member of Parliament==
[[Image:Jamoe.jpg|left|thumb|Keating at age 34, second from left, with other ALP figures (from left) [[Colin Jamieson]], [[Peter Walsh (Australian politician)|Peter Walsh]] and [[David Combe]] in Wickham, Western Australia, c. 1978]]
Through his contacts in the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council, Keating met future senior Labor figures such as [[Laurie Brereton]], [[Graham Richardson]] and [[Bob Carr]]. He also developed a friendship with former [[Premier of New South Wales|New South Wales Premier]] [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]]. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2005/1509394.htm |title=Former PM Paul Keating and historian Frank Cain discuss Jack Lang's life, legacy and the Depression |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=17 November 2005 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Using his extensive contacts,{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Keating eventually gained the Labor endorsement for the seat of [[Division of Blaxland|Blaxland]] in the western suburbs of Sydney, and was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[Australian federal election, 1969|1969]] when he was 25 years old.<ref name="bio"/>
Keating was a backbencher for most of the [[Whitlam government]], although he briefly served as a Minister for the Northern Territory in October 1975, before the government was [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|controversially dismissed]] by the [[John Kerr (governor-general)|Governor-General]] that November. After Labor's defeat in [[Australian federal election, 1975|the election]] one month later, Keating was promoted to become an opposition spokesman; as an opposition spokesman, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, thus becoming the leader of the dominant [[Labor Right|right-wing faction]] in Labor. At this time, he initially supported [[Bill Hayden]] over [[Bob Hawke]] as leadership tensions between the two men began to mount; part of the reason for his support was that he privately hoped to succeed Hayden in the near future.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 153</ref> However, by 1982, his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keating's support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]].<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.159">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 159</ref> Although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him, and he eventually resigned in February 1983 after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected to replace him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the [[Australian federal election, 1983|election]] just six weeks later.<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.159"/>
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==Prime Minister of Australia==
{{Main|Keating Government}}
On 20 December 1991, following his successful leadership challenge, Keating was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of Australia|24th Prime Minister of Australia]] by the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]. Keating had an extensive legislative agenda upon taking office, which included reconciliation with Australia's [[Australian Aborigine|indigenous population]], furthering economic and cultural ties with Asia, and [[Republicanism in Australia|making Australia a republic]]. The addressing of these issues came to be known as Keating's "big picture."<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/fast-forward/2007/11/19/1195321698340.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 Fast Forward], Shaun Carney, ''[[The Age]]'', 20 November 2007</ref> Keating's legislative program also included establishing the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA), a review of the Sex Discrimination Act, and the establishment of native title rights for Australia's indigenous peoples following the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo High Court decision]]. Throughout his time as prime minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sheriden|first=Greg|title=Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel|work=The Australian|date=28 January 2008|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23118079-5013460,00.html|accessdate=30 December 2008}}</ref> He also played a key role in the establishment of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] Forum (APEC), initiating the annual leaders' meeting and ensuring that they continued thereafter. Arguably Keating's most far-reaching legislative achievement was the introduction of a [[Superannuation in Australia|national superannuation scheme]], implemented to address the long-term problem of low national savings. This built on policies that Keating had introduced whilst Treasurer, and was aimed at ensuring that most Australians would have enough money to retire. Keating also moved to introduce [[Mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention for asylum seekers]].<ref name=SBS>[http://www.ajustaustralia.com/informationandresources_researchandpapers.php?act=papers&id=101 Detention timeline], [[Special Broadcasting Service]], 17 June 2008]</ref> On 10 December 1992, Keating delivered the [[Redfern Park Speech|Redfern Speech]] on [[Aboriginal reconciliation]], a speech which has regularly been cited as among the greatest in Australian political history.<ref>{{cite web|author= Phillip Adams |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20876,21673159-12272,00.html |title=The greatest speech |work=The Australian |date=5 May 2007 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/Barani/news/KeatingsRedfernAddressanunforgettablespeech.htm |title=Keating's Redfern Address voted an unforgettable speech |publisher=Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister Paul Keating visits Indonesia ABC 1992.webm|thumb|[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] footage of Keating visiting [[Indonesia]] in 1992 and meeting with [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]].]]
As Prime Minister, Keating maintained his aggressive debating style. When asked by [[Leader of the Opposition|Opposition Leader]] [[John Hewson]] why he would not call an early election after he had become prime minister, Keating replied, "because I want to do you slowly." He referred to the [[Australian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]] as "a motley, dishonest crew", and the [[Australian National Party|National Party]] as "dummies and dimwits; desperadoes". During an opposition debate that sought to censure Keating, he described being attacked by [[Peter Costello]] as "like being flogged with warm lettuce". Despite a very busy legislative agenda, many commentators predicted that the upcoming [[Australian federal election, 1993|1993 election]] was "unwinnable" for Labor. The government had been in power for the previous decade, and the pace of economic recovery from the [[early 1990s recession]] was slow.<ref>Dyster, B., & Meredith, D., ''Australia in the Global Economy'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 309</ref>
Such was the expectation that Labor would lose, many senior Labor figures openly told Keating that his job was to save as many seats as possible, so that their time in opposition would be short. Despite the overwhelming predictions that Labor would lose, Keating succeeded in winning over the electorate with a strong campaign opposing 'Fightback!' and a focus on creating jobs to reduce unemployment. In particular, Keating focused a great deal of his campaign on attacking the proposed [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]], arguing that it would make unemployment worse and would prove "a dead weight" on the economy. He was helped in this by his opponent, [[John Hewson]], struggling towards the end of the campaign to explain exactly which products would have the GST levied on them, and which would not. Having begun the campaign an average of ten points behind the [[Australian Liberal Party|Liberal]]/[[Australian National Party|National Coalition]], Keating led Labor to an [[Australian federal election, 1993|unexpected and record-breaking fifth consecutive election victory]] on 13 March 1993. At the party celebration Keating delivered the "true believers" speech – today remembered as one of the great Labor speeches.<ref>Bramston, Troy. (2012). ''For The True Believers: Great Labor Speeches that Shaped History''. Federation Press. ISBN 9781862878310.</ref><ref>Warhaft, Sarah. (7 August 2004). "The power of speech - Talking Point", ''The Age'', p8.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Michael|title=A True Believer: Paul Keating|year=1996|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=0702229407|page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gahan|first=Peter|title=Solidarity Forever? The 1993 ACTU Congress|journal=The Journal of Industrial Relations|date=December 1993|volume=35|issue=4|page=607}}</ref> Opening with "This is a victory for the true believers", the speech has been described as providing a source of inspiration for the party faithful, but also criticised as helping to create a perception that Keating's Labor government was not a government for all Australians.<ref>[[Don Watson|Watson, Don]]. (6 May 200) "[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/05/1019441460858.html The Keating we never knew]", ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved 31 December 2014.</ref>
[[File:Clinton Keating.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Keating with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] (left) in 1993.]]
Having secured a mandate in his own right as prime minister, Keating immediately set about implementing as much of his "big picture" as possible, leading the consultation and introducing legislation that would eventually lead to a 1999 [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|referendum on Australia becoming a republic]]. Keating also continued to pursue improved relations with countries throughout Asia, in particular [[Indo-China]]. In December 1993, he became involved in a diplomatic incident with [[Malaysia]] when he described Prime Minister [[Mahathir bin Mohamad|Mahathir Mohamad]] as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC summit]]. Keating said, ''"APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants."'' Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, and threatened to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.<ref name="NYT_recalcitrant">{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Shenon |title=Malaysia Premier Demands Apology |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DB113EF93AA35751C1A965958260 |work=The New York Times |date=9 December 1993 |accessdate=16 June 2008}}</ref> Keating dismantled the century-old [[protectionism]] that had been present in Australia, fuelling a productivity drive in the free market and increasing [[Standard of living in Australia|Australian living standards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Protectionism no cure for our woes|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-13/cowan-protectionism/5257426|publisher=[[ABC Australia|ABC]]|date=13 February 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref>
Keating's friendship with [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Suharto]] was also criticised by human rights activists supportive of East Timorese independence, and by [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[José Ramos-Horta]], who would later go on to become East Timor's president and prime minister. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the [[Timor Gap Treaty]], were also strongly criticised by these same groups. Many believed that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s57063.htm |title=The World Today – 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=October 5, 1999 |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>
Like Hawke before him, Keating benefited while prime minister from a split Liberal Party. Shortly after the 1993 election, [[John Hewson]] was replaced as Liberal Leader by [[Alexander Downer]], whose leadership was quickly marred by gaffes and controversies within months. After continuous poor polling, Downer resigned in 1995 and was replaced by [[John Howard]], who had previously led the Liberals from 1985 to 1989. Although at first showing no improvement, under Howard the Coalition soon regained momentum to move back ahead of Labor in opinion polls, and Keating was unable to wrest back the lead again. The first warning sign of a serious swing away from Labor came in March 1995, when Labor lost [[Division of Canberra|Canberra]] in a [[Canberra by-election, 1995|by-election]]. Later in 1995, the Queensland Labor Party barely held onto its majority at the [[Queensland state election, 1995|state election]], before losing it altogether in [[Mundingburra state by-election, 1996|a 1996 by-election]]. That by-election took place a week after Keating had called the [[Australian federal election, 1996|1996 election]]; the very public defeat severely hampered the launch of the Labor campaign, and the campaign was never able to regain momentum.
Howard, determined to avoid a repeat of the 1993 election, adopted a "small target" strategy, publicly committing to keep Labor reforms such as [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]], and defusing the republic issue by promising to hold a [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|constitutional convention]]. Howard was therefore successfully able to focus the campaign on the longevity of the Labor government, which by 1996 had been in power for 13 years. The narrative of "time for a change" proved impossible to defend against, and on 2 March 1996 the Keating government was swept from power in a landslide, suffering a five percent [[two party preferred]] swing. Although this was not a large swing in and of itself, Labor lost 29 seats, including 13 in New South Wales and 11 in Queensland—in terms of seats lost, the second-worst defeat ever of a sitting government in Australian history. Keating tendered his resignation as prime minister on 11 March 13 years to the day after [[Bob Hawke]] had first taken office, and stepped down from [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]] just over a month later on 23 April 1996.<ref>National Archives of Australia, [http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/after-office.aspx NAA.gov.au] Retrieved on 9 June 2009</ref>
==Retirement and later life==
Soon after leaving Parliament, Keating became a director of various companies and a senior adviser to [[Lazard]], an investment banking firm.<ref>For example {{cite web |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC |title=ASX listing for Brain Resource Company Ltd |publisher=Australian Stock Exchange |accessdate=21 August 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070607181407/http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC |archivedate=7 June 2007}}</ref><ref>Lazard (2010). [http://www.lazard.com.au/advisory-team.aspx Advisory Team]. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</ref> In 1997, Keating declined appointment as a [[Companion of the Order of Australia]], an honour which has been offered to all former Prime Ministers since the modern [[Australian Honours System]] was introduced in 1975.<ref name=naa_afteroffice>{{cite web |title=After office |work=Australia's PMs – Paul Keating |publisher=National Archives of Australia |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/after-office.aspx |accessdate = 15 July 2010}}</ref>
In 2000, he published his first book since leaving office, ''Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific'', which focused on foreign policy during his term as prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au/featuredbook1.asp?StoreUrl=booksinprint&bookid=0732910196&db=au |title=Books in Print |publisher=Booksinprint.seekbooks.com.au |date= |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> In 2002, Keating's former speechwriter and adviser, [[Don Watson]], published ''[[Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM]]''. The book first drew criticism from Keating's estranged wife, [[Annita Keating]], who said that it understated her contribution, a complaint Watson rejected.<ref>Michelle Grattan, "Annita Keating Draws Ire", ''The Age'', 22 April 2004, p. 3.</ref> Keating himself was so unhappy with the book that it brought the two men's friendship to an abrupt end.<ref>Michael Gordon, "Loves Lies Bleeding: The PM and the Pen", ''The Age'', 20 August 2011.</ref> Keating's primary complaint was about Watson's claim that he had authored the [[Redfern Park Speech|Redfern Speech]], something Keating strenuously denied.<ref>Andrew West, "Hear, Hear: Keating and May Add to Aural History", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 August 2010, p. 3.</ref><ref>Paul Keating, "On That Historic Day in Redfern, the Words I Spoke Were Mine", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 August 2010, p. 15</ref>
[[Image:Paul Keating bust.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Bust of Paul Keating located in the [[Prime Minister's Avenue]] in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens]]
During [[John Howard]]'s time as prime minister, Keating made occasional speeches strongly criticising his successor's social policies, and defending his own policies, such as those on [[East Timor]]. Keating described Howard as a "desiccated coconut" who was "[[Araldite]]d to the seat", and described him as "... an old [[antediluvian]] 19th century person who wanted to stomp forever ... on ordinary people's rights to organise themselves at work ... he's a pre-[[Copernican Revolution|Copernican]] [[obscurantism|obscurantist]]" when criticising Howard's controversial [[WorkChoices]] policy.<ref name="Middle-of-the-road fascists can't compose IR policy">{{cite news |title=Middle-of-the-road fascists can't compose IR policy |url=|work=[[The Australian]] |date=2 May 2007|accessdate=14 July 2007}}</ref> He described Howard's deputy, [[Peter Costello]], as being "all tip and no iceberg" when referring to an alleged pact made by Howard to hand the leadership over to Costello after two terms.<ref name="coconut">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1863256.htm |title=The World Today – Keating criticises ALP over compulsory super plan |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |year=2007 |accessdate=14 March 2007}}</ref> After Labor's landslide victory at the [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 election]], Keating said that he was relieved, rather than happy, that the Howard government had been removed. He claimed that there was "relief that the nation had put itself back on course...relief that the toxicity of the Liberal social agenda, the active disparagement of particular classes and groups, that feeling of alienation in your own country, was over."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22821565-5013904,00.html |title=Paul Keating relieved John Howard era is over |work=Herald Sun |date=26 November 2007 |accessdate=12 January 2007}}</ref>
Keating was also publicly critical of the leadership team of [[Kevin Rudd]]. Just before the 2007 election, he criticised Rudd's deputy, [[Julia Gillard]], saying that she lacked an understanding of principles such as enterprise-bargaining that had been set under the [[Hawke–Keating government]] in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He also attacked Rudd's chief of staff, [[David Epstein]], and [[Gary Gray (Australian politician)|Gary Gray]], who was at that time a candidate for [[Kim Beazley]]'s former seat of [[Division of Brand|Brand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |title=Lateline, 7-Jun-2007 |publisher=Abc.net.au |date= |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>
In May 2007, Keating suggested that Sydney, rather than [[Canberra]], should be the capital of Australia, saying that, "John Howard has already effectively moved the [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]] there. Cabinet meets in [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Phillip Street]] in Sydney, and when they do go to Canberra, they fly down to the bush capital, and everybody flies out on Friday. There is an air of unreality about Canberra. If Parliament sat in Sydney, they would have a better understanding of the problems being faced by their constituents. These real things are camouflaged from Canberra."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s1933102.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071017161019/http://abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s1933102.htm|archivedate=17 October 2007|title=Keating: Sydney should be the capital|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=25 May 2007 |accessdate=12 July 2007}}</ref>
In February 2008, Keating joined former Prime Ministers [[Gough Whitlam]], [[Malcolm Fraser]] and [[Bob Hawke]] in [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] to witness Kevin Rudd deliver the apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Dylan |last=Welch |title=Kevin Rudd says sorry |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=22 February 2008 }}</ref> In August 2008, he spoke at the book launch of ''Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's Interrupted Revolution'', authored by economist David Love. Among the topics discussed during the launch were the need to increase compulsory superannuation contributions, as well as to restore incentives for people to receive their superannuation payments in annuities.<ref>[http://www.themonthly.com.au/tm/node/1153 Video of speech, part 1]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}[http://www.themonthly.com.au/tm/node/1152 Video of speech, part 2]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
Keating is currently a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the [[University of New South Wales]]. He has been awarded [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorates in law]] from [[Keio University]] in Tokyo, the [[National University of Singapore]], and the [[University of New South Wales]].<ref name=naa_afteroffice/>
==Personal life==
In 1975, Keating married [[Annita van Iersel]], a Dutch-born flight attendant for [[Alitalia]]. They had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in [[The Lodge (Australia)|The Lodge]], the Prime Minister's official residence in [[Canberra]]. The couple separated in November 1998. While they did not formally divorce until 2008, Annita had resumed her maiden name long before then. Since 1999, Keating's partner has been actress [[Julieanne Newbould]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/coy-keating-must-publicly-fess-his-love/story-fni0cvc9-1226659632261|title=Coy Keating must publicly 'fess his love|last=Sharp|first=Annette|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2013-06-08}}</ref> Keating's daughter, Katherine Keating, is a former adviser to former New South Wales minister [[Craig Knowles]] as well as former [[New South Wales Premier]] [[Bob Carr]]. Keating's interests include the music of [[Gustav Mahler]] and collecting French [[antique]] clocks.<ref name="bio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/keating-promoted-culture-as-something-to-celebrate-20090915-fp5e.html |title=Keating promoted culture as something to celebrate |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> He currently resides in [[Potts Point, New South Wales|Potts Point]], in inner-city Sydney.
==Musical==
In 2005, ''[[Keating!]]'', a musical based on Keating's life and career, premiered at the [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]]. It went on to run until 2010, winning a number of awards and eventually being broadcast on [[ABC2]].<ref name="arse">{{cite web |author=Staff writer |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/08/10/1186530622418.html |title=Bleeding heart songs from the 'arse end' |work=The Age |date=11 August 2007 |accessdate=6 October 2008}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Australia|New South Wales|Politics|Biography|Organized Labour|City of Bankstown}}
* [[First Keating Ministry]]
* [[Second Keating Ministry]]
* [[Redfern Park Speech|Redfern Speech]]
==Further reading==
* Carew, Edna (1991), ''Paul Keating Prime Minister'', Allen and Unwin.
* Edwards, John (1996), ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking.
* Gordon, Michael (1993), ''A Question of Leadership. Paul Keating. Political Fighter'', University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland. ISBN 0-7022-2494-4
* Gordon, Michael (1996), ''A True Believer: Paul Keating'', UQP.
* Keating, Paul (1995), ''Advancing Australia'', Big Picture.
* Keating, Paul (2011), "After Words", Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74237-759-9
* Lowe, David (2008), ''[[Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's interrupted revolution]]'', Scribe.
* [[Don Watson|Watson, Don]] (2002), ''[[Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM]]'', Knopf.
* Paul Keating (2011), ''After Words: The Post-Prime Ministerial Speeches'', Allen & Unwin.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource author|Paul Keating}}
* [http://www.keating.org.au/ Paul Keating's official website]
* {{cite web|title=Paul Keating |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/|work= Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |accessdate=29 June 2010 }}
* {{cite web|title=Prime Ministers of Australia: Paul Keating |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]]|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/primeministers/paul_keating |accessdate=29 June 2010}}
* [http://www.webcity.com.au/keating/ Paul Keating Insults Archive]
* [http://colsearch.nfsa.afc.gov.au/nfsa/search/summary/summary.w3p;adv=yes;name=;groupequals=;page=0;parentid=;query=Number%3A638432%20|%20Number%3A638423;querytype=;resCount=10 Paul Keating at the National Film and Sound Archive]
* {{YouTube|uKN4qWo7x1Y|Video – Re: The Great Motion}}
* {{YouTube|F77RdystNxE|Video – Floating the dollar}}
* [http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200907/r393588_1841613.jpg Photo – Delivering the annual John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture 2009]
* [http://john.curtin.edu.au/events/speeches/keating2009.html Text – 2009 John Curtin Prime Ministerial Lecture]
* [http://www.roberthannaford.com.au/images/gallery%20images/paulkeatingcloseup.jpg Painting – Paul Keating]
* Watch a recording of the [http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/ Redfern Address] on [http://aso.gov.au/ australianscreen online]
* The Redfern Address was added to the [[National Film and Sound Archive]]'s [[Sounds of Australia]] registry in 2010
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{{s-bef|before=[[Bob Hawke]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Australian Labor Party|Leader of the Labor Party]]|years=1991–1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kim Beazley]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Prime Ministers of Australia}}
{{Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia}}
{{First Keating Ministry}}
{{Leaders of the Australian Labor Party}}
{{Australian Labor Party}}
{{City of Bankstown topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Keating, Paul John
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = former Prime Minister of Australia
|DATE OF BIRTH = 18 January 1944
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Sydney
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keating, Paul}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian republicans]]
[[Category:Australian trade unionists]]
[[Category:1975 Australian constitutional crisis]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Irish diaspora politicians]]
[[Category:Australian Living Treasures]]
[[Category:Microeconomists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Blaxland]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:Republic Advisory Committee]]
[[Category:People from Sydney]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Treasurers of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -74,17 +74,32 @@
Keating was a backbencher for most of the [[Whitlam government]], although he briefly served as a Minister for the Northern Territory in October 1975, before the government was [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|controversially dismissed]] by the [[John Kerr (governor-general)|Governor-General]] that November. After Labor's defeat in [[Australian federal election, 1975|the election]] one month later, Keating was promoted to become an opposition spokesman; as an opposition spokesman, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. In 1981, he was elected president of the New South Wales Labor Party, thus becoming the leader of the dominant [[Labor Right|right-wing faction]] in Labor. At this time, he initially supported [[Bill Hayden]] over [[Bob Hawke]] as leadership tensions between the two men began to mount; part of the reason for his support was that he privately hoped to succeed Hayden in the near future.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 153</ref> However, by 1982, his faction had swung behind Hawke, and Keating endorsed his challenge. The formal announcement of Keating's support for Hawke was written by a fellow Labor politician, [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]].<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.159">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p. 159</ref> Although Hayden survived the challenge, pressure continued to mount on him, and he eventually resigned in February 1983 after a poor by-election result. Hawke was elected to replace him, and he subsequently led Labor to a landslide victory in the [[Australian federal election, 1983|election]] just six weeks later.<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.159"/>
- ==Treasurer of Australia==
- Following Labor's victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed [[Treasurer of Australia]] by Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]] – he would go on to hold that post until 1991. Keating succeeded John Howard as treasurer and was able to use the size of the budget deficit that the [[Hawke government]] inherited to question the economic credibility of the Liberal–National Coalition. That the deficit had significantly increased in the lead up to the election had not been disclosed in pre-election documents released by the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser government]].<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.148">Hawke, Bob, ''The Hawke Memoirs'', William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p. 148</ref> According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition "became a stick with which we were justifiably able to beat the Liberal National Opposition for many years".<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.148"/> Although Howard was widely regarded at this time as being "discredited" by the hidden deficit, he had in fact argued unsuccessfully against Fraser that the revised figures should be disclosed before the election.<ref>Errington, W., & Van Onselen, Peter, ''John Winston Howard: The Biography'', Melbourne University Press, 2007, p. 102</ref><ref>Errington, W.,& Van Onselen, Peter, ''John Winston Howard: The Biography'', Melbourne University Press, 2007, p. 102</ref>
-
- [[File:ABC Dollar Float.ogv|thumb|1983 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news report on the first day of trading with a floating Australian dollar]]
- Keating was one of the major driving forces behind the various extensive [[macroeconomic|macro]] and [[microeconomic]] reforms of the Hawke government.<ref>Toner, Kieron, ''The Cart Before the Horse: Australian Exchange Rate Policy and Economic Reform in the 1980s'', Earlybrave Publications, 2000.</ref> As Treasurer, Keating pursued economic policies such as [[floating currency|floating]] the Australian dollar in 1983, reducing [[tariff]]s on imports, completely reforming the tax system, moving from centralised wage-fixing to [[Enterprise Bargaining Agreement|enterprise bargaining]], privatising publicly owned companies such as [[Qantas]] and the [[Commonwealth Bank]], and deregulating large parts of the banking system. Keating was also instrumental in the introduction of the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]], an agreement between the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] (ACTU) and the government to negotiate wages. His management of the Accord, and close working relationship with ACTU President [[Bill Kelty]], became a source of tremendous political power for Keating. Through the power given to him, Keating was often able to bypass the Cabinet altogether, notably in exercising monetary policy, and he was regularly referred to as "the most powerful Treasurer in modern times".<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Kelly (journalist)|title=The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EKXBgmYeO2QC&dq|accessdate=5 October 2007|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=1-86373-757-X}}</ref>
-
- In 1985, Keating argued within the Cabinet for the introduction of a [[Consumption tax|broad-based consumption tax]], similar in nature to the [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]] that was later introduced by the [[John Howard|Howard government]].<ref name="Eccleston">{{cite book|last=Eccleston|first=Richard|title=Taxing reforms: the politics of the consumption tax in Japan, the United States, Canada and Australia|year=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|page=202|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Wh-tt6G2lEYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="Malone">{{cite book|last=Malone|first=Paul|title=Australian Department Heads Under Howard – Career Paths and Practice|publisher=ANU Press|year=2006|page=136|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Zi2Q5Dq_lQgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> In the build-up to the [[Australian federal election, 1984|1984 election]], Hawke had promised a policy paper on taxation reform to be discussed with all stakeholders at a tax summit. Three options – A, B and C – were presented in the Draft White Paper, with Keating and his Treasury colleagues fiercely advocating for C, which included a consumption tax of 15% on goods and services along with reductions in personal and company income tax, a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax. Although Keating was able to win the support of a reluctant Cabinet, Hawke believed that the opposition from the public, the ACTU, and the business community would be too great. He therefore decided to abandon any plans for a consumption tax, although the remainder of the reforms were adopted in the tax reform package. The loss of the consumption tax was seen a bitter defeat for Keating; he later joked about it at a press conference, saying, "It's a bit like ''Ben Hur''. We've crossed the line with one wheel off, but we have crossed the line."<ref name="DAlpuget">{{cite book|last=D'Alpuget|first=Blanche|title=Hawke: The Prime Minister|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2011|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3dsFOaoDqv4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
-
- Keating's tenure as Treasurer was often criticised for high interest rates and the 1990s recession, which Keating referred to in an interview as "(the) recession we had to have". Through the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household interest rates peaked at 18%. It is often said that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession. In private, Keating had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues.<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/30/1093852180757.html |title=Keating still casts a shadow |publisher=Smh.com.au |date= 31 August 2004|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Publicly, Hawke and Keating had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when Keating announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990. Claiming that the recession was something Australia "had to have" was referred to by [[Paul Kelly (journalist)|Paul Kelly]] as "perhaps the most stupid remark of Keating's career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "... however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/the-real-reasons-why-it-was-the-1990s-recession-we-had-to-have/2006/12/01/1164777791623.html |publisher=theage.com.au |title=The real reasons why it was the 1990s recession we had to have |author=Ian McFarlane |date=2 December 2006 |accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> During the subsequent [[Howard government]], Keating would often criticise Howard for taking credit for the good economic conditions Australia experienced without acknowledging that it had been the early 1990s recession that had ended the inflation problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |title=Paul Keating on the lead-up to the federal election |publisher=[[Lateline]] – [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |date=7 June 2007 |accessdate=15 July 2007}}</ref>
-
- Hawke led Labor to a third consecutive victory in the [[Australian federal election, 1987|1987 election]], but by his fifth anniversary as prime minister a year later, he had begun to suffer from poor opinion polling. It was at this time that Keating privately began to put pressure on Hawke to stand down in his favour as soon as possible. The two men eventually met at [[Kirribilli House]] later that year to discuss the handover of the leadership to Keating. Eventually, Hawke agreed in front of two witnesses that he would resign in Keating's favour a short time after the [[Australian federal election, 1990|1990 election]], which he convinced Keating he could win.<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994" /> Hawke subsequently won that election, and appointed Keating his [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]] to replace the retiring [[Lionel Bowen]], in theory preparing Keating to assume the leadership. However, Keating quickly became dissatisfied with the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might stand down, and subsequently made a number of provocative speeches questioning the direction of the government. This caused tensions between the two men to grow very quickly, and Hawke told Keating that he would renege on the deal on the basis that Keating had been publicly disloyal. Keating eventually resigned from the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] and challenged Hawke for the leadership in June 1991. Hawke won the ballot by 66 votes to 44, and in a press statement afterwards Keating declared that he had fired his "one shot".<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p.435</ref><ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 438</ref> Publicly, at least, this seemed to spell the end of his leadership ambitions. Having failed to defeat Hawke, Keating realised that events would have to move very much in his favour for a second challenge to be even possible, and he strongly considered retiring from politics altogether.<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.439">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 439</ref>
-
- Several factors over the coming months enabled Keating to mount a second challenge to Hawke. Over the remainder of 1991, the economy showed no signs of recovery from the recession, and unemployment continued to rise.<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.544">Hawke, Bob, ''The Hawke Memoirs'', William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.544</ref><ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 440</ref> Opinion polling for Labor was poor, some of Keating's supporters actively undermined the government, and, perhaps more significantly, Liberal Leader [[John Hewson]] introduced '[[Fightback! (policy)|Fightback!]]', an economic policy package which, according to Keating's biographer, "appeared to astonish and stun Hawke's Cabinet".<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.439"/><ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.544"/><ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.441">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 441</ref> According to Edwards, "Hawke was unprepared to attack it and responded with windy rhetoric".<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.441"/> Following Hawke's lacklustre response to 'Fightback!', many began to openly speculate that nearly nine years as prime minister had left Hawke "tired", and he began to lose the confidence of many in the Labor caucus.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 442</ref> Keating was viewed as the only viable replacement for Hawke, and on 19 December 1991, Keating challenged Hawke for a second time, this time defeating him by 56 votes to 51.
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==Prime Minister of Australia==
' |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines ) | [
0 => ' ==Treasurer of Australia==',
1 => ' Following Labor's victory in the 1983 election, Keating was appointed [[Treasurer of Australia]] by Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]] – he would go on to hold that post until 1991. Keating succeeded John Howard as treasurer and was able to use the size of the budget deficit that the [[Hawke government]] inherited to question the economic credibility of the Liberal–National Coalition. That the deficit had significantly increased in the lead up to the election had not been disclosed in pre-election documents released by the [[Malcolm Fraser|Fraser government]].<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.148">Hawke, Bob, ''The Hawke Memoirs'', William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p. 148</ref> According to Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition "became a stick with which we were justifiably able to beat the Liberal National Opposition for many years".<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.148"/> Although Howard was widely regarded at this time as being "discredited" by the hidden deficit, he had in fact argued unsuccessfully against Fraser that the revised figures should be disclosed before the election.<ref>Errington, W., & Van Onselen, Peter, ''John Winston Howard: The Biography'', Melbourne University Press, 2007, p. 102</ref><ref>Errington, W.,& Van Onselen, Peter, ''John Winston Howard: The Biography'', Melbourne University Press, 2007, p. 102</ref>',
2 => ' ',
3 => ' [[File:ABC Dollar Float.ogv|thumb|1983 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news report on the first day of trading with a floating Australian dollar]]',
4 => ' Keating was one of the major driving forces behind the various extensive [[macroeconomic|macro]] and [[microeconomic]] reforms of the Hawke government.<ref>Toner, Kieron, ''The Cart Before the Horse: Australian Exchange Rate Policy and Economic Reform in the 1980s'', Earlybrave Publications, 2000.</ref> As Treasurer, Keating pursued economic policies such as [[floating currency|floating]] the Australian dollar in 1983, reducing [[tariff]]s on imports, completely reforming the tax system, moving from centralised wage-fixing to [[Enterprise Bargaining Agreement|enterprise bargaining]], privatising publicly owned companies such as [[Qantas]] and the [[Commonwealth Bank]], and deregulating large parts of the banking system. Keating was also instrumental in the introduction of the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]], an agreement between the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] (ACTU) and the government to negotiate wages. His management of the Accord, and close working relationship with ACTU President [[Bill Kelty]], became a source of tremendous political power for Keating. Through the power given to him, Keating was often able to bypass the Cabinet altogether, notably in exercising monetary policy, and he was regularly referred to as "the most powerful Treasurer in modern times".<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Kelly (journalist)|title=The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EKXBgmYeO2QC&dq|accessdate=5 October 2007|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=1-86373-757-X}}</ref>',
5 => ' ',
6 => ' In 1985, Keating argued within the Cabinet for the introduction of a [[Consumption tax|broad-based consumption tax]], similar in nature to the [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]] that was later introduced by the [[John Howard|Howard government]].<ref name="Eccleston">{{cite book|last=Eccleston|first=Richard|title=Taxing reforms: the politics of the consumption tax in Japan, the United States, Canada and Australia|year=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|page=202|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Wh-tt6G2lEYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="Malone">{{cite book|last=Malone|first=Paul|title=Australian Department Heads Under Howard – Career Paths and Practice|publisher=ANU Press|year=2006|page=136|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Zi2Q5Dq_lQgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> In the build-up to the [[Australian federal election, 1984|1984 election]], Hawke had promised a policy paper on taxation reform to be discussed with all stakeholders at a tax summit. Three options – A, B and C – were presented in the Draft White Paper, with Keating and his Treasury colleagues fiercely advocating for C, which included a consumption tax of 15% on goods and services along with reductions in personal and company income tax, a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax. Although Keating was able to win the support of a reluctant Cabinet, Hawke believed that the opposition from the public, the ACTU, and the business community would be too great. He therefore decided to abandon any plans for a consumption tax, although the remainder of the reforms were adopted in the tax reform package. The loss of the consumption tax was seen a bitter defeat for Keating; he later joked about it at a press conference, saying, "It's a bit like ''Ben Hur''. We've crossed the line with one wheel off, but we have crossed the line."<ref name="DAlpuget">{{cite book|last=D'Alpuget|first=Blanche|title=Hawke: The Prime Minister|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|year=2011|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3dsFOaoDqv4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>',
7 => ' ',
8 => ' Keating's tenure as Treasurer was often criticised for high interest rates and the 1990s recession, which Keating referred to in an interview as "(the) recession we had to have". Through the 1980s, both the global and Australian economies grew quickly, and by the late 1980s inflation had grown to around 9%. By 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia began tightening monetary policy, and household interest rates peaked at 18%. It is often said that the Bank was too slow in easing monetary policy, and that this ultimately led to a recession. In private, Keating had argued for rates to rise earlier than they did, and fall sooner, although his view was at odds with the Reserve Bank and his Treasury colleagues.<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/30/1093852180757.html |title=Keating still casts a shadow |publisher=Smh.com.au |date= 31 August 2004|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Publicly, Hawke and Keating had said there would be no recession – or that there would be a "soft landing" – but this changed when Keating announced the country was indeed in recession in 1990. Claiming that the recession was something Australia "had to have" was referred to by [[Paul Kelly (journalist)|Paul Kelly]] as "perhaps the most stupid remark of Keating's career, and it nearly cost him the Prime Ministership." Kelly did also concede that, "... however, it is largely true that the boom begat the recession."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/the-real-reasons-why-it-was-the-1990s-recession-we-had-to-have/2006/12/01/1164777791623.html |publisher=theage.com.au |title=The real reasons why it was the 1990s recession we had to have |author=Ian McFarlane |date=2 December 2006 |accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> During the subsequent [[Howard government]], Keating would often criticise Howard for taking credit for the good economic conditions Australia experienced without acknowledging that it had been the early 1990s recession that had ended the inflation problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm |title=Paul Keating on the lead-up to the federal election |publisher=[[Lateline]] – [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |date=7 June 2007 |accessdate=15 July 2007}}</ref>',
9 => ' ',
10 => ' Hawke led Labor to a third consecutive victory in the [[Australian federal election, 1987|1987 election]], but by his fifth anniversary as prime minister a year later, he had begun to suffer from poor opinion polling. It was at this time that Keating privately began to put pressure on Hawke to stand down in his favour as soon as possible. The two men eventually met at [[Kirribilli House]] later that year to discuss the handover of the leadership to Keating. Eventually, Hawke agreed in front of two witnesses that he would resign in Keating's favour a short time after the [[Australian federal election, 1990|1990 election]], which he convinced Keating he could win.<ref name="PKelly_EndOfCertainty1994" /> Hawke subsequently won that election, and appointed Keating his [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]] to replace the retiring [[Lionel Bowen]], in theory preparing Keating to assume the leadership. However, Keating quickly became dissatisfied with the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might stand down, and subsequently made a number of provocative speeches questioning the direction of the government. This caused tensions between the two men to grow very quickly, and Hawke told Keating that he would renege on the deal on the basis that Keating had been publicly disloyal. Keating eventually resigned from the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] and challenged Hawke for the leadership in June 1991. Hawke won the ballot by 66 votes to 44, and in a press statement afterwards Keating declared that he had fired his "one shot".<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story, Viking'', 1996, p.435</ref><ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 438</ref> Publicly, at least, this seemed to spell the end of his leadership ambitions. Having failed to defeat Hawke, Keating realised that events would have to move very much in his favour for a second challenge to be even possible, and he strongly considered retiring from politics altogether.<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.439">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 439</ref>',
11 => ' ',
12 => ' Several factors over the coming months enabled Keating to mount a second challenge to Hawke. Over the remainder of 1991, the economy showed no signs of recovery from the recession, and unemployment continued to rise.<ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.544">Hawke, Bob, ''The Hawke Memoirs'', William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.544</ref><ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 440</ref> Opinion polling for Labor was poor, some of Keating's supporters actively undermined the government, and, perhaps more significantly, Liberal Leader [[John Hewson]] introduced '[[Fightback! (policy)|Fightback!]]', an economic policy package which, according to Keating's biographer, "appeared to astonish and stun Hawke's Cabinet".<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.439"/><ref name="Hawke, Bob 1994, p.544"/><ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.441">Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 441</ref> According to Edwards, "Hawke was unprepared to attack it and responded with windy rhetoric".<ref name="Edwards, John 1996, p.441"/> Following Hawke's lacklustre response to 'Fightback!', many began to openly speculate that nearly nine years as prime minister had left Hawke "tired", and he began to lose the confidence of many in the Labor caucus.<ref>Edwards, John, ''Keating: The Inside Story'', Viking, 1996, p. 442</ref> Keating was viewed as the only viable replacement for Hawke, and on 19 December 1991, Keating challenged Hawke for a second time, this time defeating him by 56 votes to 51.'
] |