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A '''land-grant university''' (also called '''land-grant college''' or '''land-grant institution''') is an institution of higher education in the [[United States]] designated by a state to receive the benefits of the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890]].
The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled [[land (economics)|land]] to the [[U.S. state|states]] for them to sell to raise funds to establish and [[Financial endowment|endow]] "land-grant" colleges. The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical [[agriculture]], [[science]], [[military science]] and [[engineering]] (though "without excluding ... classical studies"), as a response to the [[industrial revolution]] and changing social class.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|7|304}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Washington State University | title = What Is A Land-Grant College? | url = http://ext.wsu.edu/documents/landgrant.pdf | accessdate = 2011-07-12}}</ref> This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of higher education to focus on an abstract [[liberal arts]] curriculum.
Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large [[Public university|public universities]] that today offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are private schools, including [[Cornell University]], the [[University of Delaware]], and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
==History==
[[File:Flickr - USCapitol - Land Grant College.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of an early land grant college ([[Kansas State University]]) from the Westward Expansion Corridor at the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]]]
The concept of pubic fun agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to national attention through the efforts of [[Jonathan Baldwin Turner]] in the late 1840s.<ref name=NASULGC>{{Citation | publisher = NASULGC | title = The Land-Grant Tradition | year = 2008 | page = 3 | url = http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=780 | accessdate = 2010-07-28}}</ref> The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative [[Justin Smith Morrill]] of [[Vermont]] in 1857.<ref name=NASULGC/> The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President [[James Buchanan]].<ref name=NASULGC/> Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was ultimately enacted into law in 1862.
Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, on September 11, 1862.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Iowa State: Time Line, 1858–1874 |url=http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/150/template/timeline-1858.html |year=2006 |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=Pres>{{cite web |title= Sesquicentennial Message from President |url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~isu150/president.shtml |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College (now [[Iowa State University]]) as the land grant college on March 29, 1864.<ref name=Pres/><ref>{{cite web |title= Iowa State: 150 Points of Pride |url=http://www.ag.iastate.edu/coa150/pop8_20.php |publisher=Iowa State University | accessdate= 8 July 2011}}</ref> The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was [[Kansas State University]], which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863.<ref name= Nation>{{Citation | title = The National Schools of Science | journal = The Nation | page = 409 | date = November 21, 1867 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0xAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA409&lpg=PA409&dq=land+grant+kansas+february+16,+1863+pennsylvania+April#v=onepage&q=land%20grant%20kansas%20february%2016%2C%201863%20pennsylvania%20April&f=false }}</ref> The oldest school to hold land-grant status is [[Rutgers University]], founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864.
A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate states]]. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color.<ref>{{USC|7|323}}</ref> Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's [[historically black colleges and universities]]. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.
Later on, other colleges such as the [[University of the District of Columbia]] and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.
In imitation of the [[land-grant colleges]]' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of [[sea grant colleges]] (aquatic research, in 1966), [[urban grant colleges]] (urban research, in 1985), [[space grant colleges]] (space research, in 1988), and [[sun grant colleges]] (sustainable energy research, in 2003).
[[West Virginia State University]], a historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status when [[West Virginia State University#Desegregation|desegregation]] cost it its state funding in 1957, and then later to regain this status, which happened in 2001. It is also the smallest land-grant university in the country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
=== State law precedents ===
[[Image:Land grant college stamp.jpg|thumb|[[United States Postal Service]] commemorative [[postage stamp|stamp]]]]
Prior to enactment of the Morrill Act in 1862, [[Michigan State University]] was chartered under Michigan state law as a state agricultural land-grant institution on February 12, 1855, as the [[History of Michigan State University|Agricultural College of the State of Michigan]], receiving an appropriation of {{convert|14000|acre|km2}} of state-owned land. The Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania, later to become [[The Pennsylvania State University]], followed as a state agricultural land-grant school on February 22 of that year.
Michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863.
Older state universities – such as the [[University of Georgia]], which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of state land grants.<ref>[http://gradschool.uga.edu/about/about_UGA.html UGA Graduate School: About the University of Georgia]. Gradschool.uga.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref> Indeed, land grants to educational institutions are a practice inherited from Europe, and are traceable all the way back to the societies of [[classical antiquity]].<ref>http://www.lincolninst.edu/subcenters/managing-state-trust-lands/publications/trustlands-history.pdf</ref> These earlier examples, however, offered a different "mission" than the practical education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act (or the Michigan legislature).
== Hatch Act and Smith-Lever Act ==
The mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the [[Hatch Act of 1887]], which provided federal funds to states to establish a series of [[agricultural experiment station]]s under the direction of each state's land-grant college, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The outreach mission was further expanded by the [[Smith-Lever Act of 1914]] to include [[Cooperative extension service|cooperative extension]] — the sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the results of agricultural research to the end users. Beyond the original land grants, each land-grant college receives annual Federal appropriations for research and extension work on the condition that those funds are matched by state funds.
==Expansion==
While today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant [[college]]s, only a few of the [[List of land-grant universities|more than 70]] institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities.
The [[University of the District of Columbia]] received land-grant status in 1967 and a $7.24 million endowment ([[United States dollar|USD]]) in lieu of a land grant. In a 1972 Special Education Amendment, [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Micronesia]], [[Northern Marianas]], and [[Virgin Islands|the Virgin Islands]] each received $3 million.
In 1994, 29 [[tribal colleges and universities]] became land-grant institutions under the [[Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act of 1994|Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act]]. As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree.
==Nomenclature==
Land-grant universities are not to be confused with [[sea grant colleges]] (a program instituted in 1966), [[space grant colleges]] (instituted in 1988), [[urban-grant colleges]] or [[sun grant colleges]] (instituted in 2003). In some states, the land-grant missions for agricultural research and extension have been relegated to a statewide agency of the university system rather than the original land-grant campus; an example is the [[Texas A&M University System]], whose agricultural missions, including [[Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|the agricultural college]] at [[Texas A&M University|the system's main campus]], are now under the umbrella of [[Texas A&M AgriLife]].
== Relevant legislation ==
{{div col|cols=3}}
*The [[Morrill Act of 1862]]
*The [[Hatch Act of 1887]]
*The second [[Morrill Act of 1890]]
*The [[Adams Act]] – 1906
*The [[Nelson Act]] – 1907
*The [[Smith–Lever Act of 1914]]
*[[Chapter 79]] – May 8, 1914
*The [[Smith–Hughes Act]] – 1917
*The [[Parnell Act]] – 1925
*The [[Copper–Ketcham Act]] – 1928
*The [[Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935]]
*The [[Bankhead–Flannegan Act]] – 1945
*The [[Research Marketing Act]] – 1946
*Amendment to [[Smith–Lever Act]] – 1953, 1955, 1961, 1962, 1968
*Amended [[Hatch Act of 1887|Hatch Act]] – 1955
*The [[McIntire–Stennis Act]] – 1962
*The [[Research Facilities Act]] – 1965
*[[Public Law 89-106]] – 1965
*The [[National Sea Grant College and Program Act]] – 1966
*The [[Rural Development Act]] – 1972
*The [[Food and Agriculture Act]] – 1977
*The [[National Agricultural Research Extension and Teaching Act]] – Title XIV – 1977
*The [[Resource Extension Act]] – 1978
*Amendment to [[Title XIV]] – 1981
*The [[Agriculture and Food Act]] – 1981
*Amendment to [[Title XIV of Food Security Act]] – 1985
*[[Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act]] – 1994; extended land-grant status to [[Tribal colleges and universities]]
{{div end}}
== See also ==
*[[List of land-grant universities]]
*[[Morrill Land-Grant Acts]]
*[[Association of Public and Land-grant Universities]]
*[[Sea Grant Colleges]]
*[[Space Grant Colleges]]
*[[Sun Grant Colleges]]
*[[State university]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Land-grant universities and colleges|*]]
[[Category:History of United States colleges and universities]]
[[Category:Types of university or college]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '[[File:LandgrantCollegeCentennial.svg|thumb|150px]]
TREVOR FAULKNER is awesome and Lucas Newton is Gay The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled [[land (economics)|land]] to the [[U.S. state|states]] for them to sell to raise funds to establish and [[Financial endowment|endow]] "land-grant" colleges. The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical [[agriculture]], [[science]], [[military science]] and [[engineering]] (though "without excluding ... classical studies"), as a response to the [[industrial revolution]] and changing social class.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|7|304}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Washington State University | title = What Is A Land-Grant College? | url = http://ext.wsu.edu/documents/landgrant.pdf | accessdate = 2011-07-12}}</ref> This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of higher education to focus on an abstract [[liberal arts]] curriculum.
Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large [[Public university|public universities]] that today offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are private schools, including [[Cornell University]], the [[University of Delaware]], and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
==History==
[[File:Flickr - USCapitol - Land Grant College.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of an early land grant college ([[Kansas State University]]) from the Westward Expansion Corridor at the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]]]
The concept of pubic fun agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to national attention through the efforts of [[Jonathan Baldwin Turner]] in the late 1840s.<ref name=NASULGC>{{Citation | publisher = NASULGC | title = The Land-Grant Tradition | year = 2008 | page = 3 | url = http://www.aplu.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=780 | accessdate = 2010-07-28}}</ref> The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative [[Justin Smith Morrill]] of [[Vermont]] in 1857.<ref name=NASULGC/> The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President [[James Buchanan]].<ref name=NASULGC/> Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was ultimately enacted into law in 1862.
Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, on September 11, 1862.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Iowa State: Time Line, 1858–1874 |url=http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/150/template/timeline-1858.html |year=2006 |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=Pres>{{cite web |title= Sesquicentennial Message from President |url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~isu150/president.shtml |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College (now [[Iowa State University]]) as the land grant college on March 29, 1864.<ref name=Pres/><ref>{{cite web |title= Iowa State: 150 Points of Pride |url=http://www.ag.iastate.edu/coa150/pop8_20.php |publisher=Iowa State University | accessdate= 8 July 2011}}</ref> The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was [[Kansas State University]], which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863.<ref name= Nation>{{Citation | title = The National Schools of Science | journal = The Nation | page = 409 | date = November 21, 1867 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0xAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA409&lpg=PA409&dq=land+grant+kansas+february+16,+1863+pennsylvania+April#v=onepage&q=land%20grant%20kansas%20february%2016%2C%201863%20pennsylvania%20April&f=false }}</ref> The oldest school to hold land-grant status is [[Rutgers University]], founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864.
A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate states]]. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color.<ref>{{USC|7|323}}</ref> Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's [[historically black colleges and universities]]. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.
Later on, other colleges such as the [[University of the District of Columbia]] and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.
In imitation of the [[land-grant colleges]]' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of [[sea grant colleges]] (aquatic research, in 1966), [[urban grant colleges]] (urban research, in 1985), [[space grant colleges]] (space research, in 1988), and [[sun grant colleges]] (sustainable energy research, in 2003).
[[West Virginia State University]], a historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status when [[West Virginia State University#Desegregation|desegregation]] cost it its state funding in 1957, and then later to regain this status, which happened in 2001. It is also the smallest land-grant university in the country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
=== State law precedents ===
[[Image:Land grant college stamp.jpg|thumb|[[United States Postal Service]] commemorative [[postage stamp|stamp]]]]
Prior to enactment of the Morrill Act in 1862, [[Michigan State University]] was chartered under Michigan state law as a state agricultural land-grant institution on February 12, 1855, as the [[History of Michigan State University|Agricultural College of the State of Michigan]], receiving an appropriation of {{convert|14000|acre|km2}} of state-owned land. The Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania, later to become [[The Pennsylvania State University]], followed as a state agricultural land-grant school on February 22 of that year.
Michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863.
Older state universities – such as the [[University of Georgia]], which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of state land grants.<ref>[http://gradschool.uga.edu/about/about_UGA.html UGA Graduate School: About the University of Georgia]. Gradschool.uga.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.</ref> Indeed, land grants to educational institutions are a practice inherited from Europe, and are traceable all the way back to the societies of [[classical antiquity]].<ref>http://www.lincolninst.edu/subcenters/managing-state-trust-lands/publications/trustlands-history.pdf</ref> These earlier examples, however, offered a different "mission" than the practical education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act (or the Michigan legislature).
== Hatch Act and Smith-Lever Act ==
The mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the [[Hatch Act of 1887]], which provided federal funds to states to establish a series of [[agricultural experiment station]]s under the direction of each state's land-grant college, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The outreach mission was further expanded by the [[Smith-Lever Act of 1914]] to include [[Cooperative extension service|cooperative extension]] — the sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the results of agricultural research to the end users. Beyond the original land grants, each land-grant college receives annual Federal appropriations for research and extension work on the condition that those funds are matched by state funds.
==Expansion==
While today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant [[college]]s, only a few of the [[List of land-grant universities|more than 70]] institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities.
The [[University of the District of Columbia]] received land-grant status in 1967 and a $7.24 million endowment ([[United States dollar|USD]]) in lieu of a land grant. In a 1972 Special Education Amendment, [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Micronesia]], [[Northern Marianas]], and [[Virgin Islands|the Virgin Islands]] each received $3 million.
In 1994, 29 [[tribal colleges and universities]] became land-grant institutions under the [[Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act of 1994|Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act]]. As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree.
==Nomenclature==
Land-grant universities are not to be confused with [[sea grant colleges]] (a program instituted in 1966), [[space grant colleges]] (instituted in 1988), [[urban-grant colleges]] or [[sun grant colleges]] (instituted in 2003). In some states, the land-grant missions for agricultural research and extension have been relegated to a statewide agency of the university system rather than the original land-grant campus; an example is the [[Texas A&M University System]], whose agricultural missions, including [[Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|the agricultural college]] at [[Texas A&M University|the system's main campus]], are now under the umbrella of [[Texas A&M AgriLife]].
== Relevant legislation ==
{{div col|cols=3}}
*The [[Morrill Act of 1862]]
*The [[Hatch Act of 1887]]
*The second [[Morrill Act of 1890]]
*The [[Adams Act]] – 1906
*The [[Nelson Act]] – 1907
*The [[Smith–Lever Act of 1914]]
*[[Chapter 79]] – May 8, 1914
*The [[Smith–Hughes Act]] – 1917
*The [[Parnell Act]] – 1925
*The [[Copper–Ketcham Act]] – 1928
*The [[Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935]]
*The [[Bankhead–Flannegan Act]] – 1945
*The [[Research Marketing Act]] – 1946
*Amendment to [[Smith–Lever Act]] – 1953, 1955, 1961, 1962, 1968
*Amended [[Hatch Act of 1887|Hatch Act]] – 1955
*The [[McIntire–Stennis Act]] – 1962
*The [[Research Facilities Act]] – 1965
*[[Public Law 89-106]] – 1965
*The [[National Sea Grant College and Program Act]] – 1966
*The [[Rural Development Act]] – 1972
*The [[Food and Agriculture Act]] – 1977
*The [[National Agricultural Research Extension and Teaching Act]] – Title XIV – 1977
*The [[Resource Extension Act]] – 1978
*Amendment to [[Title XIV]] – 1981
*The [[Agriculture and Food Act]] – 1981
*Amendment to [[Title XIV of Food Security Act]] – 1985
*[[Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act]] – 1994; extended land-grant status to [[Tribal colleges and universities]]
{{div end}}
== See also ==
*[[List of land-grant universities]]
*[[Morrill Land-Grant Acts]]
*[[Association of Public and Land-grant Universities]]
*[[Sea Grant Colleges]]
*[[Space Grant Colleges]]
*[[Sun Grant Colleges]]
*[[State university]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Land-grant universities and colleges|*]]
[[Category:History of United States colleges and universities]]
[[Category:Types of university or college]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
[[File:LandgrantCollegeCentennial.svg|thumb|150px]]
-A '''land-grant university''' (also called '''land-grant college''' or '''land-grant institution''') is an institution of higher education in the [[United States]] designated by a state to receive the benefits of the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890]].
-
-The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled [[land (economics)|land]] to the [[U.S. state|states]] for them to sell to raise funds to establish and [[Financial endowment|endow]] "land-grant" colleges. The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical [[agriculture]], [[science]], [[military science]] and [[engineering]] (though "without excluding ... classical studies"), as a response to the [[industrial revolution]] and changing social class.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|7|304}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Washington State University | title = What Is A Land-Grant College? | url = http://ext.wsu.edu/documents/landgrant.pdf | accessdate = 2011-07-12}}</ref> This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of higher education to focus on an abstract [[liberal arts]] curriculum.
+TREVOR FAULKNER is awesome and Lucas Newton is Gay The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled [[land (economics)|land]] to the [[U.S. state|states]] for them to sell to raise funds to establish and [[Financial endowment|endow]] "land-grant" colleges. The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical [[agriculture]], [[science]], [[military science]] and [[engineering]] (though "without excluding ... classical studies"), as a response to the [[industrial revolution]] and changing social class.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|7|304}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Washington State University | title = What Is A Land-Grant College? | url = http://ext.wsu.edu/documents/landgrant.pdf | accessdate = 2011-07-12}}</ref> This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of higher education to focus on an abstract [[liberal arts]] curriculum.
Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large [[Public university|public universities]] that today offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are private schools, including [[Cornell University]], the [[University of Delaware]], and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
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