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23:42, 12 December 2015: 115.188.5.73 (talk) triggered filter 135, performing the action "edit" on Terrorism in Australia. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: Repeating characters (examine | diff)

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{{Oceania topic|Terrorism in}}
{{Oceania topic|Terrorism in}}


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[[Category:Terrorism in Australia| ]]
[[Category:Terrorism by country|Australia]]

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'{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{Use Australian English|date=July 2011}} {{Terrorism in Australia}} [[Australia]] has known acts of modern [[terrorism]] since the 1960s, while the federal parliament, since the 1970s, has enacted legislation seeking to specifically target terrorism. ''Terrorism'' is defined as "an action or threat of action where the action causes certain defined forms of harm or interference and the action is done or the threat is made with the intention of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Commonwealth of Australia |authorlink=Government_of_Australia |title=''Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia'' |version=1.0 |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |date=15 July 2004 |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/transnational_terrorism.pdf |format=PDF |isbn=1-920959-04-1 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43449/20040726-0000/www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/transnational_terrorism.pdf |archivedate=26 July 2004 |via=[[Pandora Archive]]}}</ref> In a 2004 Australian government publication, [[Transnationalism|transnational]] terrorism in particular is identified as a threat to Australia, driven by [[Islamic terrorism|radical Islam]].<ref name=dfat-trans-nat-terror>{{cite web |author=Commonwealth of Australia |work=Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia |title=A New Kind of Foe |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/chapter2.html |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43449/20040726-0000/www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/chapter2.html |archivedate=26 July 2004 |date=2004 |quote= |ISBN=1-920959-04-1 |via=Pandora Archive}} Chap.&nbsp;2 - ([http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43449/20040726-0000/www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/transnational_terrorism.pdf PDF version] 1.7 Mb)</ref> == Terrorist attacks in Australia == A number of terrorists attacks have occurred in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |authorlink=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia) |url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/counter_terrorism/2_the_threat.cfm |title=Counter Terrorism White Paper: Securing Australia - Protecting our Community |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/117421/20100224-0824/www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/counter_terrorism/docs/counter-terrorism_white_paper.pdf |archivedate=24 February 2010 |isbn=978-1-921385-99-5 |via=Pandora Archive |format=PDF-1.63 MB |publisher=Dpmc.gov.au |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=10 March 2010}}</ref> ===Broken Hill shooting (1915)=== The [[Battle of Broken Hill]] was a fatal incident which took place near [[Broken Hill, New South Wales]], [[Australia]] on 1 January 1915. Two [[muslim]] men shot dead four people and wounded seven more, before being killed by police and military officers. At the time of their attack, they raised the [[Turkish flag]] to identify their cause. Neither of the men were members of any official armed force. In today's parlance, their attack would be described as an act of [[Lone wolf (terrorism)]]. The two men were later identified as being [[Afghan (Australia)|Muslims from the British colony of India]], modern day [[Pakistan]] (some sources incorrectly identify them as Turkish).<ref name=ict>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1051016.htm |title=Battle of Broken Hill |work=GNT History ([[George Negus Tonight]]) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 February 2004 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> ===Yugoslav travel agency bombing (1972)=== The [[Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing]] occurred in [[Haymarket, New South Wales|Haymarket, Sydney]] on 16 September 1972; the attack injured sixteen people.<ref>Abjorensen, Norman, and James C. Docherty. ''Historical Dictionary of Australia''. Rowman and Littlefield. 2014. Page 355.</ref> The perpetrators of the attack were believed to be Croatian separatists.<ref>''Democratic Oversight of Intelligence Services''. Daniel Baldino ed. Federation Press. 2010. Page 40.</ref> === Sydney Hilton bombing (1978) === The [[Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing]] occurred on 13 February 1978; a bomb exploded outside the [[Hilton Hotels & Resorts|Hilton Hotel]] in [[Sydney]], which was hosting the first [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting]]. Two garbage collectors and a police officer were killed and eleven others were injured. As a result of the bombing, [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]]'s powers and budget were greatly expanded. It was also a motivation for the formation of the [[Australian Federal Police]].<ref>Jane Freeman, "The Hilton bombing," ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 February 1995.</ref> === Sydney Turkish Consul General assassination (1980) === On 17 December 1980, Sydney Turkish Consul General Şarık Arıyak and his security attaché Engin Sever were assassinated by two people on motorcycles wielding firearms in Sydney. The [[Justice Commandos for the Armenian Genocide]] claimed responsibility but the culprits were never identified and no charges were laid. The Consul General was gunned down despite having taken precautions in the form of not travelling in the official consulate Mercedes Benz vehicle and instead being chauffeured in the trailing security attaché's car.<ref>Global Terrorism Database; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.</ref> === Jack Van Tongeran and the ANM (1980s, 2004) === Throughout the 1980s, West Australian Neo-Nazi group "The Australian Nationalist Movement", led by [[Jack van Tongeren]], engaged in a series of bombings of Asian restaurants and businesses, political violence, murder of a suspected informant and other acts targeted at intimidating the Asian population. Van Tongeren was eventually imprisoned for a long period of time until his release in the early-mid 2000s, where he resumed his activities until his re-arrest as part of Operation Atlantic in 2004, prompting a judge to order him to leave the state.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/07/1091732133392.html?from=storylhs "Supremacist leader in court"] ''theage.com.au''. AAP. 7 August 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015</ref> === Israeli consulate and Hakoah Club bombing (1982)=== The [[Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings|bombing of the Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club in Sydney]] occurred on 23 December 1982. The two bombings occurred on the same day within five hours of each other. The initial case led to a single arrest though charges were later dropped. In 2011, the NSW police and Australian federal police reopened the case citing new leads.<ref name=jewishnews1982>[http://jewishnews.net.au/jntv/2012/08/29/1982-hakoah-club-and-israeli-consulate-bombings-have-been-reopened/2582 "1982 HAKOAH CLUB AND ISRAELI CONSULATE BOMBINGS HAVE BEEN REOPENED."] ''JewishNews.net.au''. 29 August 2012.</ref><ref name=smh1982>Mercer, Neil. [http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-have-new-lead-in-hakoah-club-bombing-20121209-2b3k7.html "Police have new lead in Hakoah Club bombing."] ''Sydney Morning Herald''. 12 September 2012.</ref><ref name=newsau1982>[http://mobile.news.com.au/national/hakoah-bombing-mystery-re-opens/story-e6frfkp9-1226458015049 "Hakoah bombing mystery re-opens."] ''News.com.au'' 25 August 2012.</ref><ref name=abc1982>[http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-26/police-reopen-1982-sydney-bombings-case/4223184 "Police reopen 1982 Sydney bombings case."] ''ABC News''. Sunday 26 AUG 2012.</ref> === Melbourne police station bombing (1986) === On the 27 March 1986, [[Russell Street bombing|a bombing occurred at the Russell Street Police Station]] in Melbourne. The blast seriously injured 21-year-old [[Constable]] Angela Taylor, who died on 20 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/03/24/1143083990293.html|title=Remembering the day Russell Street shook|work=The Age|date=25 March 2006|accessdate=12 March 2008}}</ref> === Turkish consulate bombing (1986) === The [[Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing]] occurred on 23 November 1986; a [[car bomb]] exploded in a carpark beneath the [[Turkey|Turkish]] Consulate in [[South Yarra]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], killing the bomber who failed to correctly set up the explosive device. Levon Demirian, a [[Sydney]] resident with links to the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]], was charged over the attack and served 10 years.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4036 Greek Bulgarian armenian Front] MIPT</ref> ===Perth French Consulate bombing (1995) === In 1995, terrorists [[1995 bombing of the French Consulate in Perth, Western Australia|firebombed the French Consulate]] in Perth.<ref name=latimes-perth>{{cite news|title=French Consular Office in Australia Destroyed by Fire |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-18/news/mn-14597_1_nuclear-testing |accessdate=29 January 2015 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |agency=AP (Associated Press) |date=18 June 1995}}</ref> ===Abortion clinic attack (2001)=== {{main|Peter James Knight}} On 16 July 2001, [[Peter James Knight]], described as an "obsessive anti-abortionist" who lived alone in a makeshift camp in rural New South Wales, attacked the East Melbourne Family Planning clinic, a privately run clinic providing [[abortion]]s, carrying a rifle, and large quantities of kerosene and lighters. He shot and killed a security guard at the clinic before his capture and arrest. He was charged and convicted of murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 23 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/19/1037599408221.html|title=Anti-abortion killer jailed for life|work=theage.com.au}}</ref> While Knight was not charged with any specific terrorism offences, Australian terrorism academic Clive Williams listed the attack amongst incidents of politically motivated violence in Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Clive |author-link=|publication-date=|date=9 September 2006|title=No, minister we are not free of terror|periodical=The Canberra Times}}</ref> === Endeavour Hills stabbings (2014) === {{main|2014 Endeavour Hills stabbings}} On 23 September 2014 an 18-year-old man, Numan Haider, was shot and killed by police outside [[Endeavour Hills]] police station. Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner Luke Cornelius said Haider had been asked to come to the police station to discuss behaviour "which had been causing some concern". When the man arrived outside the station, he stabbed the two officers as they went to meet him. The two stabbed officers, one from Victoria Police and one from the Australian Federal Police, were working together as part of a joint operation on counter-terrorism between the AFP and Victoria Police.<ref name=age-end-hills>{{cite news |last1=Houston|first1=Cameron |last2=Butt|first2=Craig |last3=Mills|first3=Tammy |last4=Spooner|first4=Rania |last5=Zielinski|first5=Caroline |last6=Cook|first6=Henrietta |title=Terror suspect shot dead after two police officers stabbed in Endeavour Hills |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/terror-suspect-shot-dead-after-two-police-officers-stabbed-in-endeavour-hills-20140923-10l5d4.html#ixzz3EBBFXgEi |accessdate=10 March 2015 |work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=24 September 2014}}</ref> Haider was found to be carrying two knives and an [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] flag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silvester|first1=John |title=Melbourne terror shooting: Numan Haider 'planned to behead Victoria Police officers, drape bodies in IS flag' |url=http://www.smh.com.au/victoria/melbourne-terror-shooting-numan-haider-planned-to-behead-victoria-police-officers-drape-bodies-in-is-flag-20140924-10lb4i.html |accessdate=24 September 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |issue=24 September 2014}}</ref> ===Sydney hostage crisis (2014) === {{Main|2014 Sydney hostage crisis}} On 15 December 2014, a self-proclaimed [[Muslim]] [[sheikh]], [[Man Haron Monis]], took 17 people hostage inside a chocolate café in Sydney. He forced hostages to hold up a [[Black Standard#Jihadist black flag|jihadist black flag]] against a window of the café. On the early hours of 16 December, police breached the café and fatally shot Monis following the escape of several hostages. Two hostages also died, while another four people, including a police officer, were injured in the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/sydney-siege-martin-place-brush-with-terrorism-tony-abbott/5969614 |title=Sydney siege: A 'brush with terrorism', perpetrator 'cloaked actions' with Islamic State symbolism, Tony Abbott says |author=Griffiths, Emma|date=16 Dec 2014|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21636793-caf-siege-will-spark-fresh-debate-about-vulnerability-terrorism-nightmare-comes-true |title=A nightmare comes true |date=18 December 2014|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref> The designation of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis, also known as the Sydney Martin Place siege, has been subject to debate among terrorism experts and news commentators. Initially, during the early stages of the incident, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack,<ref>David Wroe and Lisa Cox, [http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/martin-place-siege-tony-abbott-convenes-national-security-committee-20141215-127brq.html "Martin Place siege: Tony Abbott convenes National Security Committee,"] ''The Canberra Times'', 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21636487-sydneys-business-district-locked-down-caf-customers-become-hostages-siege-martin-place Terrorism in Australia: The siege of Martin Place,"] ''The Economist'', 15 December 2014.</ref> however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counterterrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism.<ref>Nick Ralston and Emma Partridge, [http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/martin-place-siege-being-treated-as-terrorist-attack-police-confirm-20141215-127mh5.html "Martin Place siege being treated as terrorist attack, police confirm,"] ''The Sydney Morning Herald,'' 15 December 2014.</ref> Commentators have debated whether the perpetrator of the attack, [[Man Haron Monis]], was in fact a terrorist and whether his actions can be classified as an act of terrorism. One terrorism expert described Monis' actions as those of a "[[Lone wolf (terrorism)|lone wolf terrorist]] ... driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight."<ref name=Newscom>{{cite news|title=Man Haron Monis: Why did he carry out Sydney siege?|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/man-haron-monis-why-did-he-carry-out-sydney-siege/story-fnj3rq0y-1227159748676|accessdate=23 December 2014|publisher=News.com.au|date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=Fraser>{{cite news|last1=Fraser|first1=Jill|title=Australian expert warns of 'lone wolf' terror risk|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/437309--australian-expert-warns-of-lone-wolf-terror-risk|accessdate=23 December 2014|work=Anadolou Agency|date=18 December 2014}}</ref> Another wrote in an [[op-ed|opinion column]] that the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks{{mdash}}but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort."<ref name=Wesley>{{cite news|last1=Wesley|first1=Michael|title=Sydney siege: Welcome to Jihad 3.0, the third wave of terrorism and the most unpredictable|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/sydney-siege-welcome-to-jihad-30-the-third-wave-of-terrorism-and-the-most-unpredictable/story-e6frg6zo-1227162441570|work=The Australian|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Scott Stewart supervisor of the analysis of terrorism and security issues for [[Statfor]] said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/stratfor/2014/12/18/the-sydney-hostage-incident-was-grassroots-terrorism/|title=The Sydney Hostage Incident Was Grassroots Terrorism |author=Stewart, Scott|date=18 December 2014|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref> By contrast, criminologist Mark Lauchs stated that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack."<ref name=Newscom /> Media outlets have also provided conflicting designations for Monis; John Lehmann, editor of ''The Daily Telegraph'', wrote how Monis filled the criteria of an Islamic State terrorist,<ref>Lehmann, John "[http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/lets-be-honest-man-haron-monis-was-an-is-terrorist/story-fni0cwl5-1227158489614 Let’s be honest: Man Haron Monis was an IS terrorist]" ''The Daily Telegraph''. 17 December 2014.</ref> while a columnist for ''The Guardian'' wrote how the designation of a terrorist is misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL.<ref>Anne Ally. [http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/16/sydney-siege-dont-call-man-haron-monis-a-terrorist-it-only-helps-isis Sydney siege: "Don't call Man Haron Monis a 'terrorist' - it only helps Isis."] ''The Guardian''. 16 December 2014.</ref> On 15 January 2015, Australia's Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege in Sydney's Martin Place as a terrorist incident for insurance purposes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/martin-place-siege-an-act-of-terror-govt/story-e6frfku9-1227185927134 |title=Martin Place siege an act of terror: Govt |date=15 January 2015|work=[[News Ltd]]|accessdate=15 January 2015}}</ref> The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"{{mdash}}in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability."<ref name=Feneley3>{{cite news|last1=Feneley|first1=Rick|title=Sydney siege: Man Haron Monis, 'humanitarian' and terrorist|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-siege-man-haron-monis-humanitarian-and-terrorist-20141219-12ajn5.html|accessdate=22 December 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> One argument was that the gunman's lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club".<ref name=Maley3>{{cite news|last1=Maley|first1=Jacqueline|title=Let there be no doubt: Monis was a terrorist|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/let-there-be-no-doubt-monis-was-a-terrorist-20141219-129aic.html|accessdate=20 December 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Nick O'Brien, Associate Professor Counter Terrorism at Charles Sturt University has said [[Dabiq (magazine)|Islamic State's magazine]] claim that the Sydney siege gunman is a righteous [[jihadist]] should not be lightly dismissed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-31/obrien-why-islamic-state-glorified-the-sydney-siege/5993830 |title=Why Islamic State glorified the Sydney siege |author=O'Brien, Nick|date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Drum (TV program)|The Drum]] |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> Dr David Martin Jones, Senior Lecturer at the School of Government, University of Tasmania has said not to underestimate the politically destabilising intent of Monis' lone-actor violence, as it is a considered-tactic and a strategic-goal of ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=16983 |title=Lone wolves, stray dogs and leaderless resistance|author=Jones, David|date=5 January 2015|work=On Line Opinion|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> ===2015 Parramatta shooting=== {{main|2015 Parramatta shooting}} On 2 October 2015, a 15-year-old Iranian-born Iraqi-Kurdish boy shot dead a 58-year-old accountant, who worked for the [[New South Wales Police Force]], outside the [[Parramatta]] Police headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-03/nsw-police-headquarters-gunman-was-radicalised-youth/6825028|title=Gunman who shot dead NSW police employee was radicalised youth|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/oct/03/parramatta-shooting-gunman-was-radicalised-15-year-old-reports-say|title=Parramatta shooting of police employee by 15-year-old 'was act of terrorism'|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/parramatta-shooting-gunman-identified-as-farhad-jabar-khalil-mohammad-20151003-gk0jze.html|title=Parramatta shooting: Gunman identified as Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> The boy then shot at [[Special Constable#Australia|special constables]] guarding the building, and was shot dead by them. NSW Police Commissioner [[Andrew Scipione]] said “We believe that his actions were politically motivated and therefore linked to terrorism.” == Notable terror plots== ===Bob Hawke assassination plot=== In 1975, the Palestinian [[Black September (group)|Black September]] terrorist group and the Australian branch of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) terrorist group plotted to assassinate Australian Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]], then Australian Labor Party president, along with a number of notable journalists seen as being pro-Israel. A Black September member visited Australia under the guise of a journalist and was provided with materials from Australian PFLP members and returned to Israel; the Black September member who intended to carry out the attack was killed by Israeli forces before he could return to Australia.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/palestinian-plot-to-kill-hawke/2006/12/31/1167500010729.html "Palestinian plot to kill Hawke."] ''The Age''. 31 December 2006.</ref> === Faheem Khalid Lodhi === {{main|Faheem Khalid Lodhi}} [[Faheem Khalid Lodhi]] is an Australian architect accused of an October 2003 plot to bomb the national electricity grid or [[Sydney]] defence sites in the cause of violent jihad. He was convicted by a New South Wales Supreme Court jury in June 2006 on terrorism-related offences,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,19517154-2,00.html Lodhi guilty on terror charges] [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/lodhi-gets-20-years/2006/08/23/1156012586528.html Lodhi 'deserves' 20 years] [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20225106-601,00.html Lodhi jailed for 20 years over terror plot]</ref> namely: *Preparation for terrorist attack, by seeking information for the purpose of constructing explosive devices *Seeking information and collecting maps of the Sydney electricity supply system and possessing 38 aerial photos of military installations in preparation for terrorist attacks *Possessing terrorist manuals detailing how to manufacture poisons, detonators, explosives and incendiary devices In his judgement, Justice Anthony Whealy illustrated that that Lodhi’s behaviour breached the rules under the Anti Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa2004187/sch1.html|title=Anti-Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth)|work=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), the Criminal Code and the Crimes (Internationally Protected Persons) Act 1976 (Cth) <ref name="Regina v Lodhi">{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/supreme_ct/2006/691.html|title=Regina v Lodhi [2006] NSWSC 691 (23 August 2006)|work=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> His intended targets were the national electricity supply system, the [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], [[HMAS Penguin (naval base)|HMAS Penguin naval base]], and [[Holsworthy Barracks]]. Justice Anthony Whealy commented at sentencing that Lodhi had "the intent of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause, namely violent jihad" to "instill terror into members of the public so that they could never again feel free from the threat of bombing in Australia."<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1722511.htm Sydney terrorism suspect jailed for 20 years] ABC 23 August 2006</ref> Accordingly, Whealy said the sentence to be imposed “must be a substantial one to reflect the important principles of deterrence and denunciation. In relation to count 2 the appropriate sentence, in my view, is one of imprisonment for a term of 20 years. The sentence is to commence on 22 April 2004 and to expire on 21 April 2024.” <ref name="Regina v Lodhi"/> === Sydney Five === {{main|2005 Sydney terrorism plot}} Khaled Cheikho, Moustafa Cheikho, Mohamed Ali Elomar, Abdul Rakib Hasan and Mohammed Omar Jamal were found guilty of conspiring to commit a terrorist act or acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=664371|title=Australian and World News - ninemsn, Nine News|work=news}}</ref> They were jailed on 15 February 2010 for terms ranging from 23 to 28 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61E0W020100215|title=Five Australians jailed for jihad plot|accessdate=15 February 2010|date=15 February 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Benbrika Group in Melbourne === {{main|Abdul Nacer Benbrika}} In September 2008, of an original nine defendants, five men including the Muslim cleric, [[Abdul Nacer Benbrika]] were convicted of planning a terrorist attack. During the [[Abdul Nacer Benbrika#Trial|trial]], the jury heard evidence of plans to bomb the 2005 AFL Grand Final, 2006 Australian Grand Prix and the Crown Casino, as well as a plot to assassinate then Prime Minister [[John Howard]].<ref>http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24669683-661,00.html{{dead link |date=November 2015}}</ref><ref name=abc-twt-assassination>{{cite news |last1=Caldwell|first1=Alison |title=Tape alleges Howard assassination plot |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2008/s2183241.htm |accessdate=26 November 2015 |work=[[The World Today (Australian radio program)|The World Today]] ([[ABC Local Radio]]) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=7 March 2008 |format=transcript}}</ref> === Holsworthy Barracks terror plot === {{main|Holsworthy Barracks terror plot}} On 4 August 2009, four men in [[Melbourne]] were charged over the [[Holsworthy Barracks terror plot]], an alleged plan to storm the [[Holsworthy Barracks]] in Sydney with automatic weapons; and shoot army personnel or others until they were killed or captured.<ref>Cameron Stewart and Milanda Rout, 5 August 2009. [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25884512-601,00.html "Somali extremists on a 'fatwa order' from God"]. ''The Australian'', Retrieved on 5 August 2009</ref><ref>Melissa Iaria, 4 August 2009. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25883085-29277,00.html "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'"]. news.com.au, Retrieved on 4 August 2009</ref> The men are allegedly connected with the [[Somalia|Somali]]-based terrorist group [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|al-Shabaab]].<ref>Janet Fife-Yeomans and Carly Crawford, 5 August 2009. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25879579-421,00.html "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'"]. news.com.au. Retrieved on 5 August 2009</ref> [[Prime Minister]] [[Kevin Rudd]] subsequently announced a [[Government of Australia|federal government]] review of security at all military bases.<ref>5 August 2009. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25885273-29277,00.html "Govt orders review of security at military bases"]. news.com.au, Retrieved on 5 August 2009</ref> In December 2011 Justice [[Betty King]] sentenced three of the men to 18 years in prison with minimum terms of 13 1/2. She said that they were all "unrepentant radical Muslims and would remain a threat to the public while they held extremist views".<ref name=her-sun-berates>{{cite news |last1=Ross|first1=Norrie |title=Judge berates terrorists who were given refuge in Australia |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/three-would-be-terrorists-jailed-for-plotting-sydney-army-base-attack/story-fn7x8me2-1226223584865|accessdate=10 March 2015 |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=17 December 2011}}</ref> ==Other terrorist incidents== === Mohammed Abderrahman === {{main|Willie Brigitte}} [[Willie Brigitte|Mohammed Abderrahman]] aka Willie Brigitte, is a French Islamist al-Qaeda recruit who resided with Faheem Lodhi while in Australia in 2003, during which time he married a former [[Australian Army]] signaller.<ref name=TRIAL>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163343/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200702/s1841824.htm Brigitte terrorism trial nears] ABC News. March 2007 (archived from [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200702/s1841824.htm the original] on 2007-10-11)</ref> He was arrested by Australian immigration compliance officials in Sydney six weeks after the marriage<ref name=TANSCRIPT>Liz Jackson (9 February 2004) [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1132151.htm Testimony: Melanie Brown]. ''[[Four Corners]]'', Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> and deported to France. His wife said before a French investigating judge that at times he had 'bombarded' her with questions on the subject of her military knowledge and career.<ref name=TANSCRIPT/> She reports that she rebuffed such questioning or responded minimally 'so that he would leave [her] in peace' and that she burned three of her notebooks originating from the period of her military service in East Timor as a precaution. She reported his anger about her taking such precautions, his presumption to forbid her from further similar actions, and she exactly confirmed his repeated statement of the opinion that "[[Allah]] and all Muslims need this information" in order to obtain information of a military character from her.<ref name=TANSCRIPT/> In December 2006, it was reported that a basis for French terrorism-related charges laid against him was the allegation that he aided the murderers of [[Ahmad Shah Masood]] by supplying them with false identity documents.<ref name=MASOOD>Millar, Lisa (20 December 2006) [http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1815585.htm Brigitte claimed to be behind Masood assassination]. ABC Radio, ''The World Today''. Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> In early 2007 he was in custody as a terrorism suspect in France where prosecutors called for him to be sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for his admitted involvement in a terrorist organisation.<ref name=PRESSURE>Epstein, Rafael (10 February 2007) [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-02-10/brigitte-pressured-over-terrorism-plot-confession/2191512 Brigitte 'pressured' over terrorism plot confession] ABC News. Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> On 15 March 2007 Brigitte was found guilty and received a nine-year prison sentence.<ref name=abc-jailed>Epstein, Raphael (16 March 2007) [http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1874124.htm Brigitte jailed for planning Aust terrorist attacks] ABC News Online, Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> === Joseph T. Thomas === {{main|Joseph T. Thomas}} On 28 August 2006, following the quashing of his terrorism convictions, [[Joseph T. Thomas#Control order|Joseph T. Thomas]] (also dubbed "Jihad Jack") was the first person to be issued with a control order under the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 after written consent was provided by the Australian [[Attorney-General]] [[Philip Ruddock]].<ref>Michael Walton, ''[http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/Anti-Terrorism%20Bill%202005%20(consolidated).pdf A consolidation of the changes to the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) & Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) proposed in the Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 (Cth)]'', NSW Council for Civil Liberties, 16 October 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/curfew-for-jihad-jack/2006/08/28/1156617275236.html Jihad Jack wife's terror link] Sydney Morning Herald 29 August 2006</ref> In December 2007 a control order was issued against [[David Hicks]] to ensure that he was monitored upon his release.<ref>[http://205.188.238.109/time/world/article/0,8599,1698999,00.html Aussie Taliban Goes Free] Time Magazine 29 December 2007</ref> ==Counterterrorism efforts== {{see also|Islam in Australia#Radical Islam}} === Australians joining external conflicts === The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL), proscribed by the government as a terrorist organisation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |title=Australian National Security - Islamic State |work=Australian Government |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> has targeted Australian Muslims for recruitment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-20/isis-fighter-identfied-as-an-australian-in-recruitment-video/5540116 |title=Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video |author=Lloyd, Peter |date=21 June 2014 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> Making use of [[social media]], recruiters target those vulnerable to radicalisation,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/islamic-state-sets-sights-on-exanding-to-canberra/story-fni0fee2-1227349685613 |title=Islamic State sets sights on exanding to Canberra |author=Crawford, Carly |date=10 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun |accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=ISISevolution/> and encourage local jihad activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/keyboard-warrior-anzac-terror-plot-accused-sevdet-besim-allegedly-guided-online-20150509-ggxlaz.html |title=Keyboard warrior: Anzac terror plot accused Sevdet Besim allegedly guided online |first1=Michael|last1=Bachelard |first2=David|last2=Wroe |date=9 May 2015 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/one-missing-piece-in-the-neil-prakash-islamic-state-puzzle/story-e6frg6z6-1227347465597 |title=One missing piece in the Neil Prakash Islamic State puzzle |author=Maley, Paul |date=10 May 2015 |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref> Some of those targeted have been minors, including a teenager who was arrested in Melbourne in May 2015 for plotting to detonate [[Improvised explosive device|home-made bombs]].<ref name=her-sun-ied>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/teenager-accused-of-terrorist-bomb-plot-spread-radical-views-of-british-hate-preacher/story-fni0fee2-1227350985154 |title=Teenager accused of terrorist bomb plot spread radical views of British hate preacher |author=Dowling, James et. al |date=11 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun |accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref> In June 2014, the government claimed that roughly 150 Australians had been recruited to fight in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq.<ref>"Australia Warns of Islamic Militant Migration: Australia Increases Counterterrorism Strategies to Combat Threat." ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 24, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-19/150-australians-fighting-with-extremists-in-iraq-and-syria/5535018|title=Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says |author=Latika Bourke, Latika |date=19 June 2014 |work=ABC News (Australia) |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> A list released in April 2015 showed that most were young males who have come from a range of occupations, including students.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/revealed-full-list-of-aussie-jihadis-fighting-with-isis-in-syria-and-iraq/story-fni0cx12-1227306163660 |title=Revealed: Full list of Aussie jihadis fighting with ISIS in Syria and Iraq |author=Chambers, Geoff |date=16 April 2015 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> It was also reported at the time that 20&nbsp;Australians had been killed fighting overseas for terror groups,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3043201/From-bricklayer-turned-bombmaker-schoolboy-suicide-mission-faces-TWENTY-Australians-killed-fighting-overseas-terrorist-groups-ordinary-backgrounds.html |title=From a bricklayer turned bombmaker to a schoolboy on a suicide mission: The faces of the TWENTY Australians killed fighting overseas for terrorist groups... and their very average backgrounds |author=Piotrowski, Daniel |date=18 April 2015 |work=[[Daily Mail]] |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> with 249&nbsp;suspected jihadists prevented from leaving Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/queensland-terror-suspects-removed-from-flights/story-fnii5v70-1227311096107 |title=Queensland terror suspects removed from flights |first1=Neil |last1=Doorley |first2=Tom|last2=Snowdon |date=20 April 2015 |work=[[Herald Sun]] |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Australian Border Force]] Counter-Terrorism Unit, tasked with stopping jihadists from leaving the country,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31900876 |title=Australian counter-terror police 'stopping 400 per day' - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date=|accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> had cancelled more than 100&nbsp;passports by the end of March 2015.<ref name=ISISevolution>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/the-rapid-evolution-of-the-isis-death-cult/story-e6frf7jo-1227282588525 |title=The rapid evolution of the ISIS death cult|publisher=Heraldsun.com.au |accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> Several jihadists have expressed the desire to return to Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/australian-laws-stopping-melbourne-woman-leaving-is-father-says/story-fni0fee2-1227360837677 |title=Australian laws stopping Melbourne woman leaving IS, father says |author=Dowling, James |date=20 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun |accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> but Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] has said that any who do would be prosecuted on their arrival.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/returning-islamic-state-foreign-fighters-face-jail-abbott-says/story-fnpdbcmu-1227360196499 |title=Returning Islamic State foreign fighters face jail, Abbott says |author=Owens, Jarad |date=19 May 2015 |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/cold-comfort-and-jail-for-returning-jihadists/story-fnpdbcmu-1227360829593 |title=Cold comfort and jail for returning jihadists |author=Maley, Paul |date=20 May 2015 |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> === September 2014 AFP raids === {{Anchor|September 2014 AFP raids: Sydney and Brisbane}} {{anchor|September 2014 AFP raids}} <!-- redirect here from [[Operation Appleby]] --> {{Main|2014 Australian terror raids}} ==== Sydney and Brisbane ==== In the early hours of 18 September 2014, large teams of [[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) and other security agencies conducted search operations in both Sydney and Brisbane. Australian Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] has alluded to an alleged plot aimed at conducting a random act of terrorism as the reason for the police action.<ref name=smh-raids-18-sep14/> This action is described as the largest in Australian history to date. One man arrested, from [[Guildford, New South Wales|Guildford]], allegedly conspired to commit a "horrifying" terrorist act with a man believed to be the most senior Australian Islamic State leader.<ref name=smh-raids-18-sep14>{{cite news |last1=Phan|first1=Sophia |last2=McNeilage|first2=Amy |last3=Levy|first3=Megan |title=Anti-terrorism raids across Sydney and Brisbane |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/live-antiterrorism-raids-across-sydney-and-brisbane-20140918-3fzkq.html |accessdate=12 February 2015 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=Fairfax Media |date=18 September 2014}}</ref> ==== Melbourne ==== On 30 September 2014 there were more raids in [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]]. The AFP executed seven search warrants in [[Broadmeadows, Victoria|Broadmeadows]], [[Flemington, Victoria|Flemington]], [[Kealba, Victoria|Kealba]], [[Meadow Heights, Victoria|Meadow Heights]] and [[Seabrook, Victoria|Seabrook]]. Over 100 officers from Federal and State police forces took part.<ref name=abc-afp&vic/> A man from Seabrook will be charged with "intentionally making funds available to a terrorist organisation knowing that organisation was a terrorist organisation," AFP Assistant Commissioner Gaughan said. The man is alleged to have provided money to a United States citizen who was fighting in Syria.<ref name=abc-afp&vic>{{cite news |title=Anti-terror raids in Melbourne: Man charged with sending funds to Islamic State and Al Qaeda affiliate |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-30/counter-terrorism-raids-afp-and-victoria-police-melbourne/5778116 |accessdate=30 September 2014 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC) |date=30 September 2014 |quote=... arrested for allegedly providing $12,000 to a US citizen fighting in Syria.}} Updated 1 October 2014</ref> === February 2015 Sydney raid === On 10 February 2015 two men were arrested in [[Fairfield, New South Wales]], and charged with "Acts done in preparation, for, or planning terrorists acts".<ref name=nsw-cops-12feb15/><ref name=abc-pm-murder/> On the morning of 10 February police were informed the two were planning a terrorist attack. They were quickly placed under surveillance and tracked. When they purchased a [[hunting knife]] from a store about 3:00 pm, NSW Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) forces decided to intervene and soon after 4:00 pm the men were arrested.<ref name=abc-pm-warn/> The men were a 24-year-old student from Iraq, and a 25-year-old nurse who moved from Kuwait in 2012. The two were unknown to police until the tip-off.<ref name=abc-pm-warn>{{cite news |last1=Rubinsztein-Dunlop|first1=Sean |title=Authorities warn of 'new normal' after thwarting terrorist plot |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4178317.htm?site=sydney |accessdate=12 February 2015 |work=[[7.30]] |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 February 2015}}</ref> The men's residence, a vehicle and places of work were searched.<ref name=nsw-cops-12feb15/> They were found with a machete, a hunting knife, a homemade [[Islamic State flag]] and "a video which depicted a man talking about carrying out an attack", according to NSW Police [[Deputy Commissioner]] (Specialist Operations) Catherine Burn.<ref name=abc-pm-murder/> One of the men arrested appeared in the video.<ref name=abc-pm-murder>{{cite news |last1=Mark|first1=David |title=Police say they've foiled murderous terror attack |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4178109.htm?site=sydney |accessdate=12 February 2015 |work=ABC Radio-[[PM (Australian radio program)|PM]] |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 February 2015}}</ref> Burn also said: "We will allege that both of these men were preparing to do this act yesterday" and "We believe that the men were potentially going to harm somebody, maybe even kill somebody ...".<ref name=abc-pm-murder/> The JCTT investigation has been given the code name Operation Castrum.<ref name=nsw-cops-12feb15>{{cite press release |author1=NSW Police Media Unit|title=Two arrested at Fairfield on Terrorism offences |url=http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/media_release_archive?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGNDQzMzAuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D |website=www.police.nsw.gov.au |accessdate=12 February 2015 |date=12 February 2015}}</ref> === May 2015 Melbourne === On 8 May 2015 a 17-year-old teenager was arrested in [[Greenvale, Victoria|Greenvale]], Melbourne for plotting to detonate home-made bombs.<ref name=her-sun-ied/> He was charged with: {{cquote|engaging in an act in preparation for, or planning, a terrorist act contrary to section 101.6 of the Criminal Code(Cth) and possess things connected with a terrorist act, contrary to section 101.4 of the Criminal Code (Cth)<ref name=afp-teen-bomb>{{cite press release |title=Media Release: Joint Operation Amberd |url=http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/news/afp/2015/may/media_release_joint_operation_amberd |website=afp.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |accessdate=3 October 2015 |date=9 May 2015}}</ref>}} Three alleged [[improvised explosive device]]s were found and rendered safe in a park by [[Controlled explosion|controlled detonation]].<ref name=afp-teen-bomb/><ref name=9news-teen-bomb/> The teenager appeared in court on 11&nbsp;May and was remanded to reappear on May 26.<ref name=her-sun-ied/> 'Operation Amberd' was formed, and investigations made for 9 days, after a call to a security hotline. AFP and [[Victorian police]] of the Melbourne Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) carried out the raid.<ref name=afp-teen-bomb/> AFP Deputy Commissioner Mike Phelan said: “We can absolutely guarantee we have stopped something.”<ref name=9news-teen-bomb>{{cite news |title='Closest call yet': Police say tip-off sparked Melbourne raids which found alleged improvised explosive devices |url=http://www.9news.com.au/national/2015/05/08/15/11/police-conduct-raids-in-melbourne-s-northern-suburbs |accessdate=3 October 2015 |work=9news.com.au |publisher=[[NineMSN]] |date=9 May 2015}}</ref> == Anti-terrorism Legislation == {{Main|Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004|Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005}} Prior to the 1960s, there had not been any act in Australia that could accurately be deemed "terrorism" in the modern political and strategic sense of the word. Politically motivated violent incidents were rare, usually isolated, and for the most part driven by issues arising from political legislation, greed, or individuals being singled out, such as the attempted assassination of Australian Labor Party Leader [[Arthur Calwell]] in 1965 over his [[Vietnam War]] stance. Likewise the [[1968 attack on the US Consulate in Melbourne]] was also regarded to be an isolated incident protesting the US involvement in Vietnam. The two exceptions to this state of affairs would be the [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha#Entering the Royal Navy|assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh]] in 1868 by an Irish Nationalist named O'Farrell, who was later executed for his crime, and [[The Battle of Broken Hill|an attack in Broken Hill]] in 1915 by Afghan supporters of the Sultan of Turkey. Although it had known sporadic acts through its history, and examples of modern terrorism for almost a decade, Australia did not introduce terrorism specific laws into Parliament until the late 1970s. In 1977, after a three-year inquiry into Australia's intelligence services, Justice Robert Hope delivered his [[Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security]] (RCIS). The RCIS recommended amongst other things that the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] (ASIO) areas of investigation be widened to include terrorism. A further Protective Security Review by Justice Hope in 1978 following the [[Sydney Hilton bombing]] designated ASIO as the government agency responsible for producing national [[threat assessment]]s in the field of terrorism and politically motivated violence. Since then, successive governments have reviewed and altered the shape of both legislation and the agencies that enforce it to cope with the changing face, threat and scope of terrorism. It was not until after the attacks of 11 September 2001 however, that Australian policy began to change to reflect a growing threat against Australia and Australians specifically. Until then the view held from the 1960s had been that terrorist actions in Australia were considered as a problem imported from conflicts overseas and concerned with foreign targets on Australian soil. Before 2006, the last legislation to be brought into effect was the Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Commonwealth of Australia |title=Anti-Terrorism Act (no. 2) 2005, No. 144, 2005 |date=16 February 2005 |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/Act1.nsf/0/4ED7D914ED94BAC9CA2572960010BEF8/$file/1442005.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=12 April 2008 }}</ref><!-- THIS MAY WELL BE INCORRECT! --> The [[Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Bill 2006]] (Act no.: 169) passed the Senate on 7 December 2006 and was [[Royal assent|assented]] to on 12 December.<ref name=parlinfo-terror-finance>{{cite web|title=Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Bill 2006|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:legislation/billhome/R2654|website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> === 2014 - 2015 === New anti-terror legislation was introduced in three stages: * In July 2014 The [[National Security Legislation Amendment Bill (No. 1) 2014]] was introduced to Parliament, and was passed on 25 September 2014.<ref name=abc-new-anti-terror-exp /> * In September 2014 the [[Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill]] was introduced by [[George Brandis]] the [[Attorney-General for Australia]], passed on 29 October 2014. and assented to on 3 November 2014. As part of this bill the [[Crimes (Foreign Incursions and Recruitment) Act 1978]] was repealed.<ref name=abc-new-anti-terror-exp /><ref name=comm-oz-fighters-2014>{{cite web |title=Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014 |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=s976 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=21 June 2015 |date=2014}}</ref><ref name=com-law-fighters-act>{{cite web |title=Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Act 2014 |url=https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2014A00116 |website=www.comlaw.gov.au |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> * In October 2014 the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014 was introduced to amend the [[Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979]], and then referred to Parliament's [[Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security]].<ref name=abc-new-anti-terror-exp>{{cite news |last1=Griffiths|first1=Emma |title=Explainer: What do the new anti-terrorism laws involve and how will they will be rolled out |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-22/new-anti-terrorism-laws-explained/5761516 |accessdate=21 June 2015 |work=ABC News (Australia) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=28 May 2015}}</ref> The Senate passed the bill as the [[Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015]] on 26 March 2015.<ref name=itwire-data-retent-2014>{{cite web |last1=Philipson|first1=Graeme |title=Data retention now the law of the land |url=http://www.itwire.com/government-tech-news/technology-regulation/67470-data-retention-now-the-law-of-the-land |work=ITwire |accessdate=21 June 2015 |date=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=abc-data-retent-2014->{{cite news|last1=Griffiths|first1=Emma Updated|title=Data retention laws pass Federal Parliament as Coalition and Labor vote together|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-26/data-retention-laws-pass-federal-parliament/6351278|accessdate=21 June 2015|work=ABC News (Australia)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=26 Mar 2015}}</ref> Assent was received on 13 April 2015.<ref name=com-law-data-retent-2014>{{cite web |title=Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015 |url=https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2015A00039 |website=www.comlaw.gov.au |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> === Control orders === In the wake of the 2 October 2015 [[2015 Parramatta shooting|shooting death of a civilian police employee]], the New South Wales government requested legal changes to allow [[Control orders (Australia)|control orders]] on people aged 14 and over. [[George Brandis]] the [[Attorney-General for Australia]] agreed to the changes.<ref name=abc-control-14/> The [[NSW Council for Civil Liberties]] criticised the proposal. The councils president [[Stephen Blanks]] said: "The proposed laws are undoubtedly going to be in breach of human rights standards,"<ref name=abc-control-14>{{cite news| last1=Anderson|first1=Stephanie |title=Tougher terrorism laws to protect against 'incitement of genocide', Malcolm Turnbull says |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-13/terrorism-laws-to-protect-against-incitement-of-genocide/6848582 |accessdate=17 October 2015 |agency=Australian Broadcasting Commission |date=13 October 2015 |quote=Law changes requested by the New South Wales Government and agreed to by Attorney-General George Brandis could also see young people closely monitored under potential laws aiming to lower the age of control orders from 16 to 14.}}</ref> === Shooting policy === In November 2015 it was stated that New South Wales police were being retrained to "...shoot terrorists on sight rather than try to contain them and negotiate,...".<ref name=abc-shoot-terrorist>{{cite news |last1=Brown|first1=Michelle |last2=Kennedy|first2=Jean |title=NSW police trained to shoot terrorists on sight, rather than negotiate |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-17/nsw-police-trained-to-shoot-extremists-on-sight/6946658 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 November 2015}}</ref> === Terrorist organisations === {{Main|List of terrorist organisations outlawed in Australia}} In December 2014 there were 20 organisations designated and banned, by a court or a government department, for active involvement in terrorism. All but one of those organisations are Islamic. Identification of terrorist organisations may result from a prosecution for a terrorist offence, or from a listing determined by the [[Attorney-General of Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/WhatAustraliaisdoing/Pages/default.aspx|title=Australian National Security - What Australia is doing |accessdate=21 December 2014 |author=|authorlink=|date=|work= |publisher=[[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ==Terrorist groups in Australia== A number of terror organisations and terror cells have operated in Australia, their activities have varied from fundraising and providing material support for terror activities overseas, to plotting and executing domestic terrorism. ==="Ahmed Y" group=== An Algerian man, known as "Ahmed Y," arrived in Australia in the late 1980s. Ahmed established a small militant group in Australia in 2001 and supported the idea of establishing an Islamic State in Australia and the use of violence against Australians.<ref name=bendle>Bendle, Mervyn F. "Secret Saudi funding of radical Islamic groups in Australia." National Observer 72 (2007): 7.</ref>{{rp|14}} ===Benbrika group (Melbourne)=== A group led by Algerian cleric [[Abdul Nacer Benbrika]] in Melbourne was active until Australian police arrested its members in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=aeKIiR31aBXo&refer=asia |title=Australia's Howard Says Fanatical Islam Behind Terror |edition=2 |work=Bloomberg |date=9 November 2005 |accessdate= }}</ref> ===Cheikho group (Sydney)=== A group led by [[Khaled Cheikho]] was active in Sydney until the Australian police arrested its members in 2005 under [[Operation Pendennis]].<ref>RACHEL OLDING, [http://m.smh.com.au/nsw/terrifying-legacy-emerges-from-success-of-operation-pendennis-20140823-106ow0.html "Terrifying Legacy Emerges From Success of Operation Pendennis."] ''Sydney Morning Herald''. 24 August 2014.</ref> ===Lashkar-e-Taiba=== The [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a [[List of organisations outlawed in Australia for terrorism|proscribed terrorist organisation]] operating in India and Pakistan, set up a terror cell in Australia.<ref name=hogan>Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure." ''Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict'', Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18- 30.</ref><ref name=Koschade>Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007).</ref> French convert to Islam, [[Willie Brigitte]], accused of planning an attack in Australia, was trained by Lashkar-e-taiba.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1040952.htm "Four Corners: Willie Brigitte."] ''ABC News''. 9 February 2004.</ref> ===Mantiqi 4 (Jemaah Islamiah)=== A short-lived terror cell, known as Mantiqi 4, existed in Australia for several years. The group was sponsored by [[Jemaah Islamiah]] (JI), a terrorist group known for their attacks in Indonesia, and was established by [[Abdul Rahim Ayub]], a member of Jemaah Islamiah.<ref name=NATALIE>NATALIE O'BRIEN. [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/mother-of-militant-islams-dark-past/story-e6frg6n6-1111114006143?nk=35d4af11fed30e2be22266138d89df8a "Mother of militant Islam's dark past."] ''THE AUSTRALIAN''. JULY 21, 2007.</ref><ref name=DavidJones>David Martin Jones, ''Sacred Violence: Political Religion in a Secular Age'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.</ref>{{rp|111}} Ayub resided in Perth during the late 1990s all while being an active JI member, travelling and attending the group's leadership conferences in Indonesia.<ref name=smh1>Darren Goodsir, [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/25/1058853208964.html "Perth JI boss 'recruited bombers,'"] ''Sydney Morning Herald'', July 25, 2003.</ref> In contrast to the Jemaah Islamiah's other cells in Southeast Asia, the Mantiqi 4 cell was less of a focus for the organisation.<ref name=abuza>Zachary Abuza, ''Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia'', Routledge, 2006.</ref>{{rp|38}} The activities of the Australian branch of JI included fundraising among the local Indonesian community in Australia. Jemaah Islamiah leadership also expressed intent on identifying targets in Australia to be attacked by Al Qaeda.<ref name=abuza/>{{rp|128}} ===Al-Shabaab=== The [[List of organisations outlawed in Australia for terrorism|outlawed terrorist organisation]], [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] was believed to have been behind the [[Holsworthy Barracks terror plot]].<ref>Andrew Zammit, "THE HOLSWORTHY BARRACKS PLOT: A CASE STUDY OF AN AL-SHABAB SUPPORT NETWORK IN AUSTRALIA." June 21, 2012.</ref><ref>Ian Munro, “Terror on Tap,” ''Sydney Morning Herald'', December 24, 2010.</ref><ref>Raffaello Pantucci, “Operation Neath: Is Somalia’s al-Shabaab Movement Active in Australia?” Terrorism Monitor 9:3 (2011).</ref><ref>Leah Farrall, “What the al Shabab-al Qaeda Merger Means for Australia,” The Conversation, March 5, 2012.</ref> ===Syrian syndicate=== A group referred to as the "Syrian syndicate" has been investigated for sending Australian Muslims to fight in the [[Syrian Civil War]]. Australian Counterterrorism Police have investigated Wassim Fayad in connection to an attempt to ram an ATM during the [[2011 Auburn riots]]. It is suspected that the funds were to be used in connection to local efforts of involvement in the Syrian conflict.<ref>YONI BASHAN. [http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/ramraid-muslim-radicals-police-fear-crimes-are-funding-syrian-war-fighters/story-fni0cx12-1226775455240 "Ram-raid Muslim radicals - police fear crimes are funding Syrian war fighters."] ''THE DAILY TELEGRAPH''. 5 DECEMBER, 2013.</ref> == Future threats == In 2015 it was reported that more than 20 Australians who have fought with [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] have returned and are being monitored by security agencies. Foreign Minister [[Julie Bishop]] has said, "there is a risk they will come back as battle-hardened experienced terrorists . . . and try to carry out terrorist attacks".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/australian-death-cult-jihadists-who-fought-with-islamic-state-in-syria-return-to-roam-our-streets/story-fni0cx12-1227172123858 |title=Australian death cult jihadists who fought with Islamic State in Syria return to roam our streets |author=Meers, Daniel|date=2 January 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> ===ISIL propaganda and recruitment=== A number of incidents relating to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) terrorist group have involved Australians and garnered the attention of the Australian public. ISIL is a militant [[Sunni]] group which has been proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |title=Australian National Security - Islamic State |work=Australian Government|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> In 2014, two Australian Islamic extremists made a propaganda video encouraging Australians to join the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-20/isis-fighter-identfied-as-an-australian-in-recruitment-video/5540116 |title=Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video |author=Lloyd, Peter |date=21 June 2014|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> According to the Australian government, up to 150 Australians "have been or are currently overseas fighting with extremists in Iraq and Syria."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-19/150-australians-fighting-with-extremists-in-iraq-and-syria/5535018|title=Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says |author=Latika Bourke, Latika |date=19 June 2014 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> Some of their activities are thought to be [[war crimes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2705008/Australian-jihadist-poses-decapitated-heads-sickening-pictures-posted-online.html |title='Bucket full of heads any1 in aus want some organs please dont be shy to ask': Smirking Australian terrorist poses with decapitated heads in sickening pictures posted online |author=Foreign Service|date=25 July 2014|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> One Australian jihadist, [[2014 ISIL beheading incidents#Khaled Sharrouf incident|Khaled Sharrouf]], posted a picture of himself, and another of his son, holding a decapitated soldier's head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2721230/Thats-boy-Australian-jihadists-seven-year-old-son-poses-decapitated-head-Syrian-solider.html |title='I'm sure you've seen much worse than that': Staggering reaction of uncle of Australian boy, SEVEN, who was pictured brandishing head of slaughtered Syrian soldier|author=Crane, Emily|date=11 August 2014|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/jihads-child-soldiers-spark-calls-for-action-on-extremists/story-e6frg8yo-1227021107132 |title=Jihad’s ‘child soldiers’ spark calls for action on extremists |author=Maley, Paul|date=12 August 2014|work=[[The Australian]]|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref> ISIL recruited Australian nationals for terror attacks in the Middle East including [[suicide bombing]]s as late as March 2015.<ref name=bbc-oz-bilardi>{{cite news |title=Australia probes reports teenager died in IS suicide attack |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31843889 |accessdate=12 March 2015 |work=BBC News Australia |publisher=BBC |date=12 March 2015 |quote=IS propaganda published on Thursday claimed that Jake Bilardi, 18, died in a co-ordinated series of suicide bombs in Ramadi in Anbar province, Iraq.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/first-australian-suicide-bomber-in-iraq-reportedly-kills-three-people-in-baghdad-20140718-3c4oe.html|title=First Australian suicide bomber in Iraq reportedly kills three people in Baghdad|author=Wroe, David|date=18 July 2014|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald|SMH]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=telebombing>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/sydney-teen-kills-five-in-suicide-bombing-on-crowded-iraqi-market/story-fni0cx12-1226994186108 |title=Sydney teen kills five in suicide bombing on crowded Iraqi market|last1=Benson |first1=Simon |last2=Mullany |first2=Ashley |date=19 July 2014 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> 18 year old Jake Bilardi, known as [[Jihadi Jake]], converted to [[Sunni Islam]]. He died on 11 March 2015 when he carried out a suicide bombing in [[Ramadi, Iraq]].<ref name=bbc-teen-killed>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31843885 |title=Australian teen 'killed in IS suicide attack' in Iraq |work=BBC News |publisher=[[BBC]] (British Broadcasting Corporation) |date=12 March 2015 |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Attorney-General for Australia|Attorney-General]] Senator [[George Brandis]] has expressed concern that those fighting jihad, then returning from the Middle East, represent, "the most significant risk to Australia’s security that we have faced in many years."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/returned-radicalised-jihadis-a-significant-risk-says-asio/story-e6frg8yo-1226991564685 |title=Returned radicalised jihadis ‘a significant risk’, says ASIO|author=Brendan Nicholson|date=17 July 2014|work=[[The Australian]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] (ASIO) is concerned that Australians fighting jihad may return home to plan terror attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/asio-fears-australians-fighting-jihad-overseas-may-return-home-to-plan-terror-attacks/story-e6frg6n6-1226992686683 |title=ASIO fears Australians fighting jihad overseas may return home to plan terror attacks |author=Marszalek, Jessica|date=17 July 2014|work=[[The Australian]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asio.gov.au/Publications/Speeches-and-Statements/Speeches-and-Statements/DGs-Speech-12-August-2014.html|title=Director-General's speech: Address to the Australian Institute of International Affairs "Evolution of terrorism - and what it means for Australia"|author=Irvine, David|date=12 August 2014|work=[[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]]|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> In October 2014, ISIL published an online video in which a teenage Australian Jihadi, Abdullah Elmir, threatened the United States and Australia, naming US president [[Barack Obama]] and Australian prime minister [[Tony Abbott]] as targets.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2800992/to-obama-tony-abbott-not-weapons-reached-lands-australian-jihadist-issues-chilling-threat-new-video-flanked-isis-fighters.html "Abdullah Elmir vows revenge against Tony Abbott and Barack Obama in video."] ''Daily Mail'', 21 October 2014.</ref><ref>[http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-21/australian-is-fighter-threatens-tony-abbott-in-video/5830040 "Australian teenager Abdullah Elmir appears in Islamic State video."] ''ABC News''. 21 October 2014.</ref> ===Sovereign citizens=== In 2015 the [[New South Wales Police Force|New South Wales Police Force's]] Counter Terrorism and Special Tactics Command assessed that members of the anti-government [[sovereign citizen movement]] posed a potential terrorist threat. At the time there were reported to be 300 members of this movement in the state. While there had been no incidents of violence associated with sovereign citizens in Australia at that time, the NSW Police were concerned that members of the movement were becoming radicalised and could commit attacks such as those made by sovereign citizens in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=James|last2=McGregor|first2=Jeanavive|title=Sovereign citizens: Terrorism assessment warns of rising threat from anti-government extremists|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-30/australias-sovereign-citizen-terrorism-threat/6981114|accessdate=30 November 2015|work=ABC News|date=30 November 2015}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Terrorism|Australia}} * [[Crime in Australia]] * [[List of terrorist incidents in Australia]] * [[2014 Sydney hostage crisis]] - status as a terrorist incident is debated {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist|3}} {{Law enforcement in Australia}} {{Oceania topic|Terrorism in}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Terrorism In Australia}} [[Category:Terrorism in Australia| ]] [[Category:Terrorism by country|Australia]]'
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'{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{Use Australian English|date=July 2011}} {{Terrorism in Australia}} [[Australia]] has known acts of modern [[terrorism]] since the 1960s, while the federal parliament, since the 1970s, has enacted legislation seeking to specifically target terrorism. ''Terrorism'' is defined as "an action or threat of action where the action causes certain defined forms of harm or interference and the action is done or the threat is made with the intention of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Commonwealth of Australia |authorlink=Government_of_Australia |title=''Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia'' |version=1.0 |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |date=15 July 2004 |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/transnational_terrorism.pdf |format=PDF |isbn=1-920959-04-1 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43449/20040726-0000/www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/transnational_terrorism.pdf |archivedate=26 July 2004 |via=[[Pandora Archive]]}}</ref> In a 2004 Australian government publication, [[Transnationalism|transnational]] terrorism in particular is identified as a threat to Australia, driven by [[Islamic terrorism|radical Islam]].<ref name=dfat-trans-nat-terror>{{cite web |author=Commonwealth of Australia |work=Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia |title=A New Kind of Foe |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/chapter2.html |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43449/20040726-0000/www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/chapter2.html |archivedate=26 July 2004 |date=2004 |quote= |ISBN=1-920959-04-1 |via=Pandora Archive}} Chap.&nbsp;2 - ([http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43449/20040726-0000/www.dfat.gov.au/publications/terrorism/transnational_terrorism.pdf PDF version] 1.7 Mb)</ref> == Terrorist attacks in Australia == A number of terrorists attacks have occurred in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |authorlink=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia) |url=http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/counter_terrorism/2_the_threat.cfm |title=Counter Terrorism White Paper: Securing Australia - Protecting our Community |archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/117421/20100224-0824/www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/counter_terrorism/docs/counter-terrorism_white_paper.pdf |archivedate=24 February 2010 |isbn=978-1-921385-99-5 |via=Pandora Archive |format=PDF-1.63 MB |publisher=Dpmc.gov.au |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=10 March 2010}}</ref> ===Broken Hill shooting (1915)=== The [[Battle of Broken Hill]] was a fatal incident which took place near [[Broken Hill, New South Wales]], [[Australia]] on 1 January 1915. Two [[muslim]] men shot dead four people and wounded seven more, before being killed by police and military officers. At the time of their attack, they raised the [[Turkish flag]] to identify their cause. Neither of the men were members of any official armed force. In today's parlance, their attack would be described as an act of [[Lone wolf (terrorism)]]. The two men were later identified as being [[Afghan (Australia)|Muslims from the British colony of India]], modern day [[Pakistan]] (some sources incorrectly identify them as Turkish).<ref name=ict>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1051016.htm |title=Battle of Broken Hill |work=GNT History ([[George Negus Tonight]]) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=23 February 2004 |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> ===Yugoslav travel agency bombing (1972)=== The [[Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing]] occurred in [[Haymarket, New South Wales|Haymarket, Sydney]] on 16 September 1972; the attack injured sixteen people.<ref>Abjorensen, Norman, and James C. Docherty. ''Historical Dictionary of Australia''. Rowman and Littlefield. 2014. Page 355.</ref> The perpetrators of the attack were believed to be Croatian separatists.<ref>''Democratic Oversight of Intelligence Services''. Daniel Baldino ed. Federation Press. 2010. Page 40.</ref> === Sydney Hilton bombing (1978) === The [[Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing]] occurred on 13 February 1978; a bomb exploded outside the [[Hilton Hotels & Resorts|Hilton Hotel]] in [[Sydney]], which was hosting the first [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting]]. Two garbage collectors and a police officer were killed and eleven others were injured. As a result of the bombing, [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation|ASIO]]'s powers and budget were greatly expanded. It was also a motivation for the formation of the [[Australian Federal Police]].<ref>Jane Freeman, "The Hilton bombing," ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 February 1995.</ref> === Sydney Turkish Consul General assassination (1980) === On 17 December 1980, Sydney Turkish Consul General Şarık Arıyak and his security attaché Engin Sever were assassinated by two people on motorcycles wielding firearms in Sydney. The [[Justice Commandos for the Armenian Genocide]] claimed responsibility but the culprits were never identified and no charges were laid. The Consul General was gunned down despite having taken precautions in the form of not travelling in the official consulate Mercedes Benz vehicle and instead being chauffeured in the trailing security attaché's car.<ref>Global Terrorism Database; Michael M. Gunter, p. 69.</ref> === Jack Van Tongeran and the ANM (1980s, 2004) === Throughout the 1980s, West Australian Neo-Nazi group "The Australian Nationalist Movement", led by [[Jack van Tongeren]], engaged in a series of bombings of Asian restaurants and businesses, political violence, murder of a suspected informant and other acts targeted at intimidating the Asian population. Van Tongeren was eventually imprisoned for a long period of time until his release in the early-mid 2000s, where he resumed his activities until his re-arrest as part of Operation Atlantic in 2004, prompting a judge to order him to leave the state.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/07/1091732133392.html?from=storylhs "Supremacist leader in court"] ''theage.com.au''. AAP. 7 August 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2015</ref> === Israeli consulate and Hakoah Club bombing (1982)=== The [[Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings|bombing of the Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club in Sydney]] occurred on 23 December 1982. The two bombings occurred on the same day within five hours of each other. The initial case led to a single arrest though charges were later dropped. In 2011, the NSW police and Australian federal police reopened the case citing new leads.<ref name=jewishnews1982>[http://jewishnews.net.au/jntv/2012/08/29/1982-hakoah-club-and-israeli-consulate-bombings-have-been-reopened/2582 "1982 HAKOAH CLUB AND ISRAELI CONSULATE BOMBINGS HAVE BEEN REOPENED."] ''JewishNews.net.au''. 29 August 2012.</ref><ref name=smh1982>Mercer, Neil. [http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-have-new-lead-in-hakoah-club-bombing-20121209-2b3k7.html "Police have new lead in Hakoah Club bombing."] ''Sydney Morning Herald''. 12 September 2012.</ref><ref name=newsau1982>[http://mobile.news.com.au/national/hakoah-bombing-mystery-re-opens/story-e6frfkp9-1226458015049 "Hakoah bombing mystery re-opens."] ''News.com.au'' 25 August 2012.</ref><ref name=abc1982>[http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-26/police-reopen-1982-sydney-bombings-case/4223184 "Police reopen 1982 Sydney bombings case."] ''ABC News''. Sunday 26 AUG 2012.</ref> === Melbourne police station bombing (1986) === On the 27 March 1986, [[Russell Street bombing|a bombing occurred at the Russell Street Police Station]] in Melbourne. The blast seriously injured 21-year-old [[Constable]] Angela Taylor, who died on 20 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/03/24/1143083990293.html|title=Remembering the day Russell Street shook|work=The Age|date=25 March 2006|accessdate=12 March 2008}}</ref> === Turkish consulate bombing (1986) === The [[Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing]] occurred on 23 November 1986; a [[car bomb]] exploded in a carpark beneath the [[Turkey|Turkish]] Consulate in [[South Yarra]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], killing the bomber who failed to correctly set up the explosive device. Levon Demirian, a [[Sydney]] resident with links to the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]], was charged over the attack and served 10 years.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4036 Greek Bulgarian armenian Front] MIPT</ref> ===Perth French Consulate bombing (1995) === In 1995, terrorists [[1995 bombing of the French Consulate in Perth, Western Australia|firebombed the French Consulate]] in Perth.<ref name=latimes-perth>{{cite news|title=French Consular Office in Australia Destroyed by Fire |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-18/news/mn-14597_1_nuclear-testing |accessdate=29 January 2015 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |agency=AP (Associated Press) |date=18 June 1995}}</ref> ===Abortion clinic attack (2001)=== {{main|Peter James Knight}} On 16 July 2001, [[Peter James Knight]], described as an "obsessive anti-abortionist" who lived alone in a makeshift camp in rural New South Wales, attacked the East Melbourne Family Planning clinic, a privately run clinic providing [[abortion]]s, carrying a rifle, and large quantities of kerosene and lighters. He shot and killed a security guard at the clinic before his capture and arrest. He was charged and convicted of murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 23 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/19/1037599408221.html|title=Anti-abortion killer jailed for life|work=theage.com.au}}</ref> While Knight was not charged with any specific terrorism offences, Australian terrorism academic Clive Williams listed the attack amongst incidents of politically motivated violence in Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Clive |author-link=|publication-date=|date=9 September 2006|title=No, minister we are not free of terror|periodical=The Canberra Times}}</ref> === Endeavour Hills stabbings (2014) === {{main|2014 Endeavour Hills stabbings}} On 23 September 2014 an 18-year-old man, Numan Haider, was shot and killed by police outside [[Endeavour Hills]] police station. Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner Luke Cornelius said Haider had been asked to come to the police station to discuss behaviour "which had been causing some concern". When the man arrived outside the station, he stabbed the two officers as they went to meet him. The two stabbed officers, one from Victoria Police and one from the Australian Federal Police, were working together as part of a joint operation on counter-terrorism between the AFP and Victoria Police.<ref name=age-end-hills>{{cite news |last1=Houston|first1=Cameron |last2=Butt|first2=Craig |last3=Mills|first3=Tammy |last4=Spooner|first4=Rania |last5=Zielinski|first5=Caroline |last6=Cook|first6=Henrietta |title=Terror suspect shot dead after two police officers stabbed in Endeavour Hills |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/terror-suspect-shot-dead-after-two-police-officers-stabbed-in-endeavour-hills-20140923-10l5d4.html#ixzz3EBBFXgEi |accessdate=10 March 2015 |work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |date=24 September 2014}}</ref> Haider was found to be carrying two knives and an [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] flag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silvester|first1=John |title=Melbourne terror shooting: Numan Haider 'planned to behead Victoria Police officers, drape bodies in IS flag' |url=http://www.smh.com.au/victoria/melbourne-terror-shooting-numan-haider-planned-to-behead-victoria-police-officers-drape-bodies-in-is-flag-20140924-10lb4i.html |accessdate=24 September 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |issue=24 September 2014}}</ref> ===Sydney hostage crisis (2014) === {{Main|2014 Sydney hostage crisis}} On 15 December 2014, a self-proclaimed [[Muslim]] [[sheikh]], [[Man Haron Monis]], took 17 people hostage inside a chocolate café in Sydney. He forced hostages to hold up a [[Black Standard#Jihadist black flag|jihadist black flag]] against a window of the café. On the early hours of 16 December, police breached the café and fatally shot Monis following the escape of several hostages. Two hostages also died, while another four people, including a police officer, were injured in the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/sydney-siege-martin-place-brush-with-terrorism-tony-abbott/5969614 |title=Sydney siege: A 'brush with terrorism', perpetrator 'cloaked actions' with Islamic State symbolism, Tony Abbott says |author=Griffiths, Emma|date=16 Dec 2014|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21636793-caf-siege-will-spark-fresh-debate-about-vulnerability-terrorism-nightmare-comes-true |title=A nightmare comes true |date=18 December 2014|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref> The designation of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis, also known as the Sydney Martin Place siege, has been subject to debate among terrorism experts and news commentators. Initially, during the early stages of the incident, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack,<ref>David Wroe and Lisa Cox, [http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/martin-place-siege-tony-abbott-convenes-national-security-committee-20141215-127brq.html "Martin Place siege: Tony Abbott convenes National Security Committee,"] ''The Canberra Times'', 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21636487-sydneys-business-district-locked-down-caf-customers-become-hostages-siege-martin-place Terrorism in Australia: The siege of Martin Place,"] ''The Economist'', 15 December 2014.</ref> however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counterterrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism.<ref>Nick Ralston and Emma Partridge, [http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/martin-place-siege-being-treated-as-terrorist-attack-police-confirm-20141215-127mh5.html "Martin Place siege being treated as terrorist attack, police confirm,"] ''The Sydney Morning Herald,'' 15 December 2014.</ref> Commentators have debated whether the perpetrator of the attack, [[Man Haron Monis]], was in fact a terrorist and whether his actions can be classified as an act of terrorism. One terrorism expert described Monis' actions as those of a "[[Lone wolf (terrorism)|lone wolf terrorist]] ... driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight."<ref name=Newscom>{{cite news|title=Man Haron Monis: Why did he carry out Sydney siege?|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/man-haron-monis-why-did-he-carry-out-sydney-siege/story-fnj3rq0y-1227159748676|accessdate=23 December 2014|publisher=News.com.au|date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=Fraser>{{cite news|last1=Fraser|first1=Jill|title=Australian expert warns of 'lone wolf' terror risk|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/437309--australian-expert-warns-of-lone-wolf-terror-risk|accessdate=23 December 2014|work=Anadolou Agency|date=18 December 2014}}</ref> Another wrote in an [[op-ed|opinion column]] that the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks{{mdash}}but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort."<ref name=Wesley>{{cite news|last1=Wesley|first1=Michael|title=Sydney siege: Welcome to Jihad 3.0, the third wave of terrorism and the most unpredictable|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/sydney-siege-welcome-to-jihad-30-the-third-wave-of-terrorism-and-the-most-unpredictable/story-e6frg6zo-1227162441570|work=The Australian|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Scott Stewart supervisor of the analysis of terrorism and security issues for [[Statfor]] said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/stratfor/2014/12/18/the-sydney-hostage-incident-was-grassroots-terrorism/|title=The Sydney Hostage Incident Was Grassroots Terrorism |author=Stewart, Scott|date=18 December 2014|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref> By contrast, criminologist Mark Lauchs stated that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack."<ref name=Newscom /> Media outlets have also provided conflicting designations for Monis; John Lehmann, editor of ''The Daily Telegraph'', wrote how Monis filled the criteria of an Islamic State terrorist,<ref>Lehmann, John "[http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/lets-be-honest-man-haron-monis-was-an-is-terrorist/story-fni0cwl5-1227158489614 Let’s be honest: Man Haron Monis was an IS terrorist]" ''The Daily Telegraph''. 17 December 2014.</ref> while a columnist for ''The Guardian'' wrote how the designation of a terrorist is misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL.<ref>Anne Ally. [http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/16/sydney-siege-dont-call-man-haron-monis-a-terrorist-it-only-helps-isis Sydney siege: "Don't call Man Haron Monis a 'terrorist' - it only helps Isis."] ''The Guardian''. 16 December 2014.</ref> On 15 January 2015, Australia's Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege in Sydney's Martin Place as a terrorist incident for insurance purposes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/martin-place-siege-an-act-of-terror-govt/story-e6frfku9-1227185927134 |title=Martin Place siege an act of terror: Govt |date=15 January 2015|work=[[News Ltd]]|accessdate=15 January 2015}}</ref> The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"{{mdash}}in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability."<ref name=Feneley3>{{cite news|last1=Feneley|first1=Rick|title=Sydney siege: Man Haron Monis, 'humanitarian' and terrorist|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-siege-man-haron-monis-humanitarian-and-terrorist-20141219-12ajn5.html|accessdate=22 December 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> One argument was that the gunman's lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club".<ref name=Maley3>{{cite news|last1=Maley|first1=Jacqueline|title=Let there be no doubt: Monis was a terrorist|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/let-there-be-no-doubt-monis-was-a-terrorist-20141219-129aic.html|accessdate=20 December 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Nick O'Brien, Associate Professor Counter Terrorism at Charles Sturt University has said [[Dabiq (magazine)|Islamic State's magazine]] claim that the Sydney siege gunman is a righteous [[jihadist]] should not be lightly dismissed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-31/obrien-why-islamic-state-glorified-the-sydney-siege/5993830 |title=Why Islamic State glorified the Sydney siege |author=O'Brien, Nick|date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Drum (TV program)|The Drum]] |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> Dr David Martin Jones, Senior Lecturer at the School of Government, University of Tasmania has said not to underestimate the politically destabilising intent of Monis' lone-actor violence, as it is a considered-tactic and a strategic-goal of ISIL.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=16983 |title=Lone wolves, stray dogs and leaderless resistance|author=Jones, David|date=5 January 2015|work=On Line Opinion|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> ===2015 Parramatta shooting=== {{main|2015 Parramatta shooting}} On 2 October 2015, a 15-year-old Iranian-born Iraqi-Kurdish boy shot dead a 58-year-old accountant, who worked for the [[New South Wales Police Force]], outside the [[Parramatta]] Police headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-03/nsw-police-headquarters-gunman-was-radicalised-youth/6825028|title=Gunman who shot dead NSW police employee was radicalised youth|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/oct/03/parramatta-shooting-gunman-was-radicalised-15-year-old-reports-say|title=Parramatta shooting of police employee by 15-year-old 'was act of terrorism'|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/parramatta-shooting-gunman-identified-as-farhad-jabar-khalil-mohammad-20151003-gk0jze.html|title=Parramatta shooting: Gunman identified as Farhad Khalil Mohammad Jabar|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> The boy then shot at [[Special Constable#Australia|special constables]] guarding the building, and was shot dead by them. NSW Police Commissioner [[Andrew Scipione]] said “We believe that his actions were politically motivated and therefore linked to terrorism.” == Notable terror plots== ===Bob Hawke assassination plot=== In 1975, the Palestinian [[Black September (group)|Black September]] terrorist group and the Australian branch of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) terrorist group plotted to assassinate Australian Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]], then Australian Labor Party president, along with a number of notable journalists seen as being pro-Israel. A Black September member visited Australia under the guise of a journalist and was provided with materials from Australian PFLP members and returned to Israel; the Black September member who intended to carry out the attack was killed by Israeli forces before he could return to Australia.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/palestinian-plot-to-kill-hawke/2006/12/31/1167500010729.html "Palestinian plot to kill Hawke."] ''The Age''. 31 December 2006.</ref> === Faheem Khalid Lodhi === {{main|Faheem Khalid Lodhi}} [[Faheem Khalid Lodhi]] is an Australian architect accused of an October 2003 plot to bomb the national electricity grid or [[Sydney]] defence sites in the cause of violent jihad. He was convicted by a New South Wales Supreme Court jury in June 2006 on terrorism-related offences,<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,19517154-2,00.html Lodhi guilty on terror charges] [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/lodhi-gets-20-years/2006/08/23/1156012586528.html Lodhi 'deserves' 20 years] [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20225106-601,00.html Lodhi jailed for 20 years over terror plot]</ref> namely: *Preparation for terrorist attack, by seeking information for the purpose of constructing explosive devices *Seeking information and collecting maps of the Sydney electricity supply system and possessing 38 aerial photos of military installations in preparation for terrorist attacks *Possessing terrorist manuals detailing how to manufacture poisons, detonators, explosives and incendiary devices In his judgement, Justice Anthony Whealy illustrated that that Lodhi’s behaviour breached the rules under the Anti Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa2004187/sch1.html|title=Anti-Terrorism Act 2004 (Cth)|work=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), the Criminal Code and the Crimes (Internationally Protected Persons) Act 1976 (Cth) <ref name="Regina v Lodhi">{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/supreme_ct/2006/691.html|title=Regina v Lodhi [2006] NSWSC 691 (23 August 2006)|work=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> His intended targets were the national electricity supply system, the [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], [[HMAS Penguin (naval base)|HMAS Penguin naval base]], and [[Holsworthy Barracks]]. Justice Anthony Whealy commented at sentencing that Lodhi had "the intent of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause, namely violent jihad" to "instill terror into members of the public so that they could never again feel free from the threat of bombing in Australia."<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1722511.htm Sydney terrorism suspect jailed for 20 years] ABC 23 August 2006</ref> Accordingly, Whealy said the sentence to be imposed “must be a substantial one to reflect the important principles of deterrence and denunciation. In relation to count 2 the appropriate sentence, in my view, is one of imprisonment for a term of 20 years. The sentence is to commence on 22 April 2004 and to expire on 21 April 2024.” <ref name="Regina v Lodhi"/> === Sydney Five === {{main|2005 Sydney terrorism plot}} Khaled Cheikho, Moustafa Cheikho, Mohamed Ali Elomar, Abdul Rakib Hasan and Mohammed Omar Jamal were found guilty of conspiring to commit a terrorist act or acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=664371|title=Australian and World News - ninemsn, Nine News|work=news}}</ref> They were jailed on 15 February 2010 for terms ranging from 23 to 28 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61E0W020100215|title=Five Australians jailed for jihad plot|accessdate=15 February 2010|date=15 February 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Benbrika Group in Melbourne === {{main|Abdul Nacer Benbrika}} In September 2008, of an original nine defendants, five men including the Muslim cleric, [[Abdul Nacer Benbrika]] were convicted of planning a terrorist attack. During the [[Abdul Nacer Benbrika#Trial|trial]], the jury heard evidence of plans to bomb the 2005 AFL Grand Final, 2006 Australian Grand Prix and the Crown Casino, as well as a plot to assassinate then Prime Minister [[John Howard]].<ref>http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24669683-661,00.html{{dead link |date=November 2015}}</ref><ref name=abc-twt-assassination>{{cite news |last1=Caldwell|first1=Alison |title=Tape alleges Howard assassination plot |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2008/s2183241.htm |accessdate=26 November 2015 |work=[[The World Today (Australian radio program)|The World Today]] ([[ABC Local Radio]]) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=7 March 2008 |format=transcript}}</ref> === Holsworthy Barracks terror plot === {{main|Holsworthy Barracks terror plot}} On 4 August 2009, four men in [[Melbourne]] were charged over the [[Holsworthy Barracks terror plot]], an alleged plan to storm the [[Holsworthy Barracks]] in Sydney with automatic weapons; and shoot army personnel or others until they were killed or captured.<ref>Cameron Stewart and Milanda Rout, 5 August 2009. [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25884512-601,00.html "Somali extremists on a 'fatwa order' from God"]. ''The Australian'', Retrieved on 5 August 2009</ref><ref>Melissa Iaria, 4 August 2009. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25883085-29277,00.html "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'"]. news.com.au, Retrieved on 4 August 2009</ref> The men are allegedly connected with the [[Somalia|Somali]]-based terrorist group [[al-Shabaab (Somalia)|al-Shabaab]].<ref>Janet Fife-Yeomans and Carly Crawford, 5 August 2009. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25879579-421,00.html "Terror suspects 'sought holy approval'"]. news.com.au. Retrieved on 5 August 2009</ref> [[Prime Minister]] [[Kevin Rudd]] subsequently announced a [[Government of Australia|federal government]] review of security at all military bases.<ref>5 August 2009. [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25885273-29277,00.html "Govt orders review of security at military bases"]. news.com.au, Retrieved on 5 August 2009</ref> In December 2011 Justice [[Betty King]] sentenced three of the men to 18 years in prison with minimum terms of 13 1/2. She said that they were all "unrepentant radical Muslims and would remain a threat to the public while they held extremist views".<ref name=her-sun-berates>{{cite news |last1=Ross|first1=Norrie |title=Judge berates terrorists who were given refuge in Australia |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/three-would-be-terrorists-jailed-for-plotting-sydney-army-base-attack/story-fn7x8me2-1226223584865|accessdate=10 March 2015 |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=17 December 2011}}</ref> ==Other terrorist incidents== === Mohammed Abderrahman === {{main|Willie Brigitte}} [[Willie Brigitte|Mohammed Abderrahman]] aka Willie Brigitte, is a French Islamist al-Qaeda recruit who resided with Faheem Lodhi while in Australia in 2003, during which time he married a former [[Australian Army]] signaller.<ref name=TRIAL>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163343/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200702/s1841824.htm Brigitte terrorism trial nears] ABC News. March 2007 (archived from [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200702/s1841824.htm the original] on 2007-10-11)</ref> He was arrested by Australian immigration compliance officials in Sydney six weeks after the marriage<ref name=TANSCRIPT>Liz Jackson (9 February 2004) [http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1132151.htm Testimony: Melanie Brown]. ''[[Four Corners]]'', Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> and deported to France. His wife said before a French investigating judge that at times he had 'bombarded' her with questions on the subject of her military knowledge and career.<ref name=TANSCRIPT/> She reports that she rebuffed such questioning or responded minimally 'so that he would leave [her] in peace' and that she burned three of her notebooks originating from the period of her military service in East Timor as a precaution. She reported his anger about her taking such precautions, his presumption to forbid her from further similar actions, and she exactly confirmed his repeated statement of the opinion that "[[Allah]] and all Muslims need this information" in order to obtain information of a military character from her.<ref name=TANSCRIPT/> In December 2006, it was reported that a basis for French terrorism-related charges laid against him was the allegation that he aided the murderers of [[Ahmad Shah Masood]] by supplying them with false identity documents.<ref name=MASOOD>Millar, Lisa (20 December 2006) [http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1815585.htm Brigitte claimed to be behind Masood assassination]. ABC Radio, ''The World Today''. Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> In early 2007 he was in custody as a terrorism suspect in France where prosecutors called for him to be sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for his admitted involvement in a terrorist organisation.<ref name=PRESSURE>Epstein, Rafael (10 February 2007) [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-02-10/brigitte-pressured-over-terrorism-plot-confession/2191512 Brigitte 'pressured' over terrorism plot confession] ABC News. Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> On 15 March 2007 Brigitte was found guilty and received a nine-year prison sentence.<ref name=abc-jailed>Epstein, Raphael (16 March 2007) [http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1874124.htm Brigitte jailed for planning Aust terrorist attacks] ABC News Online, Retrieved 29 January 2015</ref> === Joseph T. Thomas === {{main|Joseph T. Thomas}} On 28 August 2006, following the quashing of his terrorism convictions, [[Joseph T. Thomas#Control order|Joseph T. Thomas]] (also dubbed "Jihad Jack") was the first person to be issued with a control order under the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 after written consent was provided by the Australian [[Attorney-General]] [[Philip Ruddock]].<ref>Michael Walton, ''[http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/Anti-Terrorism%20Bill%202005%20(consolidated).pdf A consolidation of the changes to the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) & Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) proposed in the Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 (Cth)]'', NSW Council for Civil Liberties, 16 October 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/curfew-for-jihad-jack/2006/08/28/1156617275236.html Jihad Jack wife's terror link] Sydney Morning Herald 29 August 2006</ref> In December 2007 a control order was issued against [[David Hicks]] to ensure that he was monitored upon his release.<ref>[http://205.188.238.109/time/world/article/0,8599,1698999,00.html Aussie Taliban Goes Free] Time Magazine 29 December 2007</ref> ==Counterterrorism efforts== {{see also|Islam in Australia#Radical Islam}} === Australians joining external conflicts === The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL), proscribed by the government as a terrorist organisation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |title=Australian National Security - Islamic State |work=Australian Government |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> has targeted Australian Muslims for recruitment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-20/isis-fighter-identfied-as-an-australian-in-recruitment-video/5540116 |title=Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video |author=Lloyd, Peter |date=21 June 2014 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> Making use of [[social media]], recruiters target those vulnerable to radicalisation,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/islamic-state-sets-sights-on-exanding-to-canberra/story-fni0fee2-1227349685613 |title=Islamic State sets sights on exanding to Canberra |author=Crawford, Carly |date=10 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun |accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=ISISevolution/> and encourage local jihad activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/keyboard-warrior-anzac-terror-plot-accused-sevdet-besim-allegedly-guided-online-20150509-ggxlaz.html |title=Keyboard warrior: Anzac terror plot accused Sevdet Besim allegedly guided online |first1=Michael|last1=Bachelard |first2=David|last2=Wroe |date=9 May 2015 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/one-missing-piece-in-the-neil-prakash-islamic-state-puzzle/story-e6frg6z6-1227347465597 |title=One missing piece in the Neil Prakash Islamic State puzzle |author=Maley, Paul |date=10 May 2015 |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref> Some of those targeted have been minors, including a teenager who was arrested in Melbourne in May 2015 for plotting to detonate [[Improvised explosive device|home-made bombs]].<ref name=her-sun-ied>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/teenager-accused-of-terrorist-bomb-plot-spread-radical-views-of-british-hate-preacher/story-fni0fee2-1227350985154 |title=Teenager accused of terrorist bomb plot spread radical views of British hate preacher |author=Dowling, James et. al |date=11 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun |accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref> In June 2014, the government claimed that roughly 150 Australians had been recruited to fight in the conflicts in Syria and Iraq.<ref>"Australia Warns of Islamic Militant Migration: Australia Increases Counterterrorism Strategies to Combat Threat." ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 24, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-19/150-australians-fighting-with-extremists-in-iraq-and-syria/5535018|title=Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says |author=Latika Bourke, Latika |date=19 June 2014 |work=ABC News (Australia) |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> A list released in April 2015 showed that most were young males who have come from a range of occupations, including students.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/revealed-full-list-of-aussie-jihadis-fighting-with-isis-in-syria-and-iraq/story-fni0cx12-1227306163660 |title=Revealed: Full list of Aussie jihadis fighting with ISIS in Syria and Iraq |author=Chambers, Geoff |date=16 April 2015 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> It was also reported at the time that 20&nbsp;Australians had been killed fighting overseas for terror groups,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3043201/From-bricklayer-turned-bombmaker-schoolboy-suicide-mission-faces-TWENTY-Australians-killed-fighting-overseas-terrorist-groups-ordinary-backgrounds.html |title=From a bricklayer turned bombmaker to a schoolboy on a suicide mission: The faces of the TWENTY Australians killed fighting overseas for terrorist groups... and their very average backgrounds |author=Piotrowski, Daniel |date=18 April 2015 |work=[[Daily Mail]] |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> with 249&nbsp;suspected jihadists prevented from leaving Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/queensland-terror-suspects-removed-from-flights/story-fnii5v70-1227311096107 |title=Queensland terror suspects removed from flights |first1=Neil |last1=Doorley |first2=Tom|last2=Snowdon |date=20 April 2015 |work=[[Herald Sun]] |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Australian Border Force]] Counter-Terrorism Unit, tasked with stopping jihadists from leaving the country,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31900876 |title=Australian counter-terror police 'stopping 400 per day' - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date=|accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> had cancelled more than 100&nbsp;passports by the end of March 2015.<ref name=ISISevolution>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/the-rapid-evolution-of-the-isis-death-cult/story-e6frf7jo-1227282588525 |title=The rapid evolution of the ISIS death cult|publisher=Heraldsun.com.au |accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> Several jihadists have expressed the desire to return to Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/australian-laws-stopping-melbourne-woman-leaving-is-father-says/story-fni0fee2-1227360837677 |title=Australian laws stopping Melbourne woman leaving IS, father says |author=Dowling, James |date=20 May 2015 |work=Herald Sun |accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> but Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] has said that any who do would be prosecuted on their arrival.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/returning-islamic-state-foreign-fighters-face-jail-abbott-says/story-fnpdbcmu-1227360196499 |title=Returning Islamic State foreign fighters face jail, Abbott says |author=Owens, Jarad |date=19 May 2015 |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/cold-comfort-and-jail-for-returning-jihadists/story-fnpdbcmu-1227360829593 |title=Cold comfort and jail for returning jihadists |author=Maley, Paul |date=20 May 2015 |work=[[The Australian]] |accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> === September 2014 AFP raids === {{Anchor|September 2014 AFP raids: Sydney and Brisbane}} {{anchor|September 2014 AFP raids}} <!-- redirect here from [[Operation Appleby]] --> {{Main|2014 Australian terror raids}} ==== Sydney and Brisbane ==== In the early hours of 18 September 2014, large teams of [[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) and other security agencies conducted search operations in both Sydney and Brisbane. Australian Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] has alluded to an alleged plot aimed at conducting a random act of terrorism as the reason for the police action.<ref name=smh-raids-18-sep14/> This action is described as the largest in Australian history to date. One man arrested, from [[Guildford, New South Wales|Guildford]], allegedly conspired to commit a "horrifying" terrorist act with a man believed to be the most senior Australian Islamic State leader.<ref name=smh-raids-18-sep14>{{cite news |last1=Phan|first1=Sophia |last2=McNeilage|first2=Amy |last3=Levy|first3=Megan |title=Anti-terrorism raids across Sydney and Brisbane |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/live-antiterrorism-raids-across-sydney-and-brisbane-20140918-3fzkq.html |accessdate=12 February 2015 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=Fairfax Media |date=18 September 2014}}</ref> ==== Melbourne ==== On 30 September 2014 there were more raids in [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]]. The AFP executed seven search warrants in [[Broadmeadows, Victoria|Broadmeadows]], [[Flemington, Victoria|Flemington]], [[Kealba, Victoria|Kealba]], [[Meadow Heights, Victoria|Meadow Heights]] and [[Seabrook, Victoria|Seabrook]]. Over 100 officers from Federal and State police forces took part.<ref name=abc-afp&vic/> A man from Seabrook will be charged with "intentionally making funds available to a terrorist organisation knowing that organisation was a terrorist organisation," AFP Assistant Commissioner Gaughan said. The man is alleged to have provided money to a United States citizen who was fighting in Syria.<ref name=abc-afp&vic>{{cite news |title=Anti-terror raids in Melbourne: Man charged with sending funds to Islamic State and Al Qaeda affiliate |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-30/counter-terrorism-raids-afp-and-victoria-police-melbourne/5778116 |accessdate=30 September 2014 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC) |date=30 September 2014 |quote=... arrested for allegedly providing $12,000 to a US citizen fighting in Syria.}} Updated 1 October 2014</ref> === February 2015 Sydney raid === On 10 February 2015 two men were arrested in [[Fairfield, New South Wales]], and charged with "Acts done in preparation, for, or planning terrorists acts".<ref name=nsw-cops-12feb15/><ref name=abc-pm-murder/> On the morning of 10 February police were informed the two were planning a terrorist attack. They were quickly placed under surveillance and tracked. When they purchased a [[hunting knife]] from a store about 3:00 pm, NSW Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) forces decided to intervene and soon after 4:00 pm the men were arrested.<ref name=abc-pm-warn/> The men were a 24-year-old student from Iraq, and a 25-year-old nurse who moved from Kuwait in 2012. The two were unknown to police until the tip-off.<ref name=abc-pm-warn>{{cite news |last1=Rubinsztein-Dunlop|first1=Sean |title=Authorities warn of 'new normal' after thwarting terrorist plot |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4178317.htm?site=sydney |accessdate=12 February 2015 |work=[[7.30]] |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 February 2015}}</ref> The men's residence, a vehicle and places of work were searched.<ref name=nsw-cops-12feb15/> They were found with a machete, a hunting knife, a homemade [[Islamic State flag]] and "a video which depicted a man talking about carrying out an attack", according to NSW Police [[Deputy Commissioner]] (Specialist Operations) Catherine Burn.<ref name=abc-pm-murder/> One of the men arrested appeared in the video.<ref name=abc-pm-murder>{{cite news |last1=Mark|first1=David |title=Police say they've foiled murderous terror attack |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2015/s4178109.htm?site=sydney |accessdate=12 February 2015 |work=ABC Radio-[[PM (Australian radio program)|PM]] |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 February 2015}}</ref> Burn also said: "We will allege that both of these men were preparing to do this act yesterday" and "We believe that the men were potentially going to harm somebody, maybe even kill somebody ...".<ref name=abc-pm-murder/> The JCTT investigation has been given the code name Operation Castrum.<ref name=nsw-cops-12feb15>{{cite press release |author1=NSW Police Media Unit|title=Two arrested at Fairfield on Terrorism offences |url=http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/media_release_archive?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGNDQzMzAuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D |website=www.police.nsw.gov.au |accessdate=12 February 2015 |date=12 February 2015}}</ref> === May 2015 Melbourne === On 8 May 2015 a 17-year-old teenager was arrested in [[Greenvale, Victoria|Greenvale]], Melbourne for plotting to detonate home-made bombs.<ref name=her-sun-ied/> He was charged with: {{cquote|engaging in an act in preparation for, or planning, a terrorist act contrary to section 101.6 of the Criminal Code(Cth) and possess things connected with a terrorist act, contrary to section 101.4 of the Criminal Code (Cth)<ref name=afp-teen-bomb>{{cite press release |title=Media Release: Joint Operation Amberd |url=http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/news/afp/2015/may/media_release_joint_operation_amberd |website=afp.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |accessdate=3 October 2015 |date=9 May 2015}}</ref>}} Three alleged [[improvised explosive device]]s were found and rendered safe in a park by [[Controlled explosion|controlled detonation]].<ref name=afp-teen-bomb/><ref name=9news-teen-bomb/> The teenager appeared in court on 11&nbsp;May and was remanded to reappear on May 26.<ref name=her-sun-ied/> 'Operation Amberd' was formed, and investigations made for 9 days, after a call to a security hotline. AFP and [[Victorian police]] of the Melbourne Joint Counter Terrorism Team (JCTT) carried out the raid.<ref name=afp-teen-bomb/> AFP Deputy Commissioner Mike Phelan said: “We can absolutely guarantee we have stopped something.”<ref name=9news-teen-bomb>{{cite news |title='Closest call yet': Police say tip-off sparked Melbourne raids which found alleged improvised explosive devices |url=http://www.9news.com.au/national/2015/05/08/15/11/police-conduct-raids-in-melbourne-s-northern-suburbs |accessdate=3 October 2015 |work=9news.com.au |publisher=[[NineMSN]] |date=9 May 2015}}</ref> == Anti-terrorism Legislation == {{Main|Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004|Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005}} Prior to the 1960s, there had not been any act in Australia that could accurately be deemed "terrorism" in the modern political and strategic sense of the word. Politically motivated violent incidents were rare, usually isolated, and for the most part driven by issues arising from political legislation, greed, or individuals being singled out, such as the attempted assassination of Australian Labor Party Leader [[Arthur Calwell]] in 1965 over his [[Vietnam War]] stance. Likewise the [[1968 attack on the US Consulate in Melbourne]] was also regarded to be an isolated incident protesting the US involvement in Vietnam. The two exceptions to this state of affairs would be the [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha#Entering the Royal Navy|assassination attempt on the Duke of Edinburgh]] in 1868 by an Irish Nationalist named O'Farrell, who was later executed for his crime, and [[The Battle of Broken Hill|an attack in Broken Hill]] in 1915 by Afghan supporters of the Sultan of Turkey. Although it had known sporadic acts through its history, and examples of modern terrorism for almost a decade, Australia did not introduce terrorism specific laws into Parliament until the late 1970s. In 1977, after a three-year inquiry into Australia's intelligence services, Justice Robert Hope delivered his [[Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security]] (RCIS). The RCIS recommended amongst other things that the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] (ASIO) areas of investigation be widened to include terrorism. A further Protective Security Review by Justice Hope in 1978 following the [[Sydney Hilton bombing]] designated ASIO as the government agency responsible for producing national [[threat assessment]]s in the field of terrorism and politically motivated violence. Since then, successive governments have reviewed and altered the shape of both legislation and the agencies that enforce it to cope with the changing face, threat and scope of terrorism. It was not until after the attacks of 11 September 2001 however, that Australian policy began to change to reflect a growing threat against Australia and Australians specifically. Until then the view held from the 1960s had been that terrorist actions in Australia were considered as a problem imported from conflicts overseas and concerned with foreign targets on Australian soil. Before 2006, the last legislation to be brought into effect was the Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Commonwealth of Australia |title=Anti-Terrorism Act (no. 2) 2005, No. 144, 2005 |date=16 February 2005 |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/Act1.nsf/0/4ED7D914ED94BAC9CA2572960010BEF8/$file/1442005.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=12 April 2008 }}</ref><!-- THIS MAY WELL BE INCORRECT! --> The [[Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Bill 2006]] (Act no.: 169) passed the Senate on 7 December 2006 and was [[Royal assent|assented]] to on 12 December.<ref name=parlinfo-terror-finance>{{cite web|title=Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Bill 2006|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:legislation/billhome/R2654|website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> === 2014 - 2015 === New anti-terror legislation was introduced in three stages: * In July 2014 The [[National Security Legislation Amendment Bill (No. 1) 2014]] was introduced to Parliament, and was passed on 25 September 2014.<ref name=abc-new-anti-terror-exp /> * In September 2014 the [[Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill]] was introduced by [[George Brandis]] the [[Attorney-General for Australia]], passed on 29 October 2014. and assented to on 3 November 2014. As part of this bill the [[Crimes (Foreign Incursions and Recruitment) Act 1978]] was repealed.<ref name=abc-new-anti-terror-exp /><ref name=comm-oz-fighters-2014>{{cite web |title=Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Bill 2014 |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=s976 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=21 June 2015 |date=2014}}</ref><ref name=com-law-fighters-act>{{cite web |title=Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign Fighters) Act 2014 |url=https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2014A00116 |website=www.comlaw.gov.au |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> * In October 2014 the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014 was introduced to amend the [[Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979]], and then referred to Parliament's [[Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security]].<ref name=abc-new-anti-terror-exp>{{cite news |last1=Griffiths|first1=Emma |title=Explainer: What do the new anti-terrorism laws involve and how will they will be rolled out |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-22/new-anti-terrorism-laws-explained/5761516 |accessdate=21 June 2015 |work=ABC News (Australia) |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=28 May 2015}}</ref> The Senate passed the bill as the [[Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015]] on 26 March 2015.<ref name=itwire-data-retent-2014>{{cite web |last1=Philipson|first1=Graeme |title=Data retention now the law of the land |url=http://www.itwire.com/government-tech-news/technology-regulation/67470-data-retention-now-the-law-of-the-land |work=ITwire |accessdate=21 June 2015 |date=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=abc-data-retent-2014->{{cite news|last1=Griffiths|first1=Emma Updated|title=Data retention laws pass Federal Parliament as Coalition and Labor vote together|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-26/data-retention-laws-pass-federal-parliament/6351278|accessdate=21 June 2015|work=ABC News (Australia)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=26 Mar 2015}}</ref> Assent was received on 13 April 2015.<ref name=com-law-data-retent-2014>{{cite web |title=Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015 |url=https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2015A00039 |website=www.comlaw.gov.au |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> === Control orders === In the wake of the 2 October 2015 [[2015 Parramatta shooting|shooting death of a civilian police employee]], the New South Wales government requested legal changes to allow [[Control orders (Australia)|control orders]] on people aged 14 and over. [[George Brandis]] the [[Attorney-General for Australia]] agreed to the changes.<ref name=abc-control-14/> The [[NSW Council for Civil Liberties]] criticised the proposal. The councils president [[Stephen Blanks]] said: "The proposed laws are undoubtedly going to be in breach of human rights standards,"<ref name=abc-control-14>{{cite news| last1=Anderson|first1=Stephanie |title=Tougher terrorism laws to protect against 'incitement of genocide', Malcolm Turnbull says |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-13/terrorism-laws-to-protect-against-incitement-of-genocide/6848582 |accessdate=17 October 2015 |agency=Australian Broadcasting Commission |date=13 October 2015 |quote=Law changes requested by the New South Wales Government and agreed to by Attorney-General George Brandis could also see young people closely monitored under potential laws aiming to lower the age of control orders from 16 to 14.}}</ref> === Shooting policy === In November 2015 it was stated that New South Wales police were being retrained to "...shoot terrorists on sight rather than try to contain them and negotiate,...".<ref name=abc-shoot-terrorist>{{cite news |last1=Brown|first1=Michelle |last2=Kennedy|first2=Jean |title=NSW police trained to shoot terrorists on sight, rather than negotiate |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-17/nsw-police-trained-to-shoot-extremists-on-sight/6946658 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 November 2015}}</ref> === Terrorist organisations === {{Main|List of terrorist organisations outlawed in Australia}} In December 2014 there were 20 organisations designated and banned, by a court or a government department, for active involvement in terrorism. All but one of those organisations are Islamic. Identification of terrorist organisations may result from a prosecution for a terrorist offence, or from a listing determined by the [[Attorney-General of Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/WhatAustraliaisdoing/Pages/default.aspx|title=Australian National Security - What Australia is doing |accessdate=21 December 2014 |author=|authorlink=|date=|work= |publisher=[[Australian Government]]}}</ref> ==Terrorist groups in Australia== A number of terror organisations and terror cells have operated in Australia, their activities have varied from fundraising and providing material support for terror activities overseas, to plotting and executing domestic terrorism. ==="Ahmed Y" group=== An Algerian man, known as "Ahmed Y," arrived in Australia in the late 1980s. Ahmed established a small militant group in Australia in 2001 and supported the idea of establishing an Islamic State in Australia and the use of violence against Australians.<ref name=bendle>Bendle, Mervyn F. "Secret Saudi funding of radical Islamic groups in Australia." National Observer 72 (2007): 7.</ref>{{rp|14}} ===Benbrika group (Melbourne)=== A group led by Algerian cleric [[Abdul Nacer Benbrika]] in Melbourne was active until Australian police arrested its members in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=aeKIiR31aBXo&refer=asia |title=Australia's Howard Says Fanatical Islam Behind Terror |edition=2 |work=Bloomberg |date=9 November 2005 |accessdate= }}</ref> ===Cheikho group (Sydney)=== A group led by [[Khaled Cheikho]] was active in Sydney until the Australian police arrested its members in 2005 under [[Operation Pendennis]].<ref>RACHEL OLDING, [http://m.smh.com.au/nsw/terrifying-legacy-emerges-from-success-of-operation-pendennis-20140823-106ow0.html "Terrifying Legacy Emerges From Success of Operation Pendennis."] ''Sydney Morning Herald''. 24 August 2014.</ref> ===Lashkar-e-Taiba=== The [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a [[List of organisations outlawed in Australia for terrorism|proscribed terrorist organisation]] operating in India and Pakistan, set up a terror cell in Australia.<ref name=hogan>Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure." ''Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict'', Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18- 30.</ref><ref name=Koschade>Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007).</ref> French convert to Islam, [[Willie Brigitte]], accused of planning an attack in Australia, was trained by Lashkar-e-taiba.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2004/s1040952.htm "Four Corners: Willie Brigitte."] ''ABC News''. 9 February 2004.</ref> ===Mantiqi 4 (Jemaah Islamiah)=== A short-lived terror cell, known as Mantiqi 4, existed in Australia for several years. The group was sponsored by [[Jemaah Islamiah]] (JI), a terrorist group known for their attacks in Indonesia, and was established by [[Abdul Rahim Ayub]], a member of Jemaah Islamiah.<ref name=NATALIE>NATALIE O'BRIEN. [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/mother-of-militant-islams-dark-past/story-e6frg6n6-1111114006143?nk=35d4af11fed30e2be22266138d89df8a "Mother of militant Islam's dark past."] ''THE AUSTRALIAN''. JULY 21, 2007.</ref><ref name=DavidJones>David Martin Jones, ''Sacred Violence: Political Religion in a Secular Age'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.</ref>{{rp|111}} Ayub resided in Perth during the late 1990s all while being an active JI member, travelling and attending the group's leadership conferences in Indonesia.<ref name=smh1>Darren Goodsir, [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/25/1058853208964.html "Perth JI boss 'recruited bombers,'"] ''Sydney Morning Herald'', July 25, 2003.</ref> In contrast to the Jemaah Islamiah's other cells in Southeast Asia, the Mantiqi 4 cell was less of a focus for the organisation.<ref name=abuza>Zachary Abuza, ''Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia'', Routledge, 2006.</ref>{{rp|38}} The activities of the Australian branch of JI included fundraising among the local Indonesian community in Australia. Jemaah Islamiah leadership also expressed intent on identifying targets in Australia to be attacked by Al Qaeda.<ref name=abuza/>{{rp|128}} ===Al-Shabaab=== The [[List of organisations outlawed in Australia for terrorism|outlawed terrorist organisation]], [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] was believed to have been behind the [[Holsworthy Barracks terror plot]].<ref>Andrew Zammit, "THE HOLSWORTHY BARRACKS PLOT: A CASE STUDY OF AN AL-SHABAB SUPPORT NETWORK IN AUSTRALIA." June 21, 2012.</ref><ref>Ian Munro, “Terror on Tap,” ''Sydney Morning Herald'', December 24, 2010.</ref><ref>Raffaello Pantucci, “Operation Neath: Is Somalia’s al-Shabaab Movement Active in Australia?” Terrorism Monitor 9:3 (2011).</ref><ref>Leah Farrall, “What the al Shabab-al Qaeda Merger Means for Australia,” The Conversation, March 5, 2012.</ref> ===Syrian syndicate=== A group referred to as the "Syrian syndicate" has been investigated for sending Australian Muslims to fight in the [[Syrian Civil War]]. Australian Counterterrorism Police have investigated Wassim Fayad in connection to an attempt to ram an ATM during the [[2011 Auburn riots]]. It is suspected that the funds were to be used in connection to local efforts of involvement in the Syrian conflict.<ref>YONI BASHAN. [http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/ramraid-muslim-radicals-police-fear-crimes-are-funding-syrian-war-fighters/story-fni0cx12-1226775455240 "Ram-raid Muslim radicals - police fear crimes are funding Syrian war fighters."] ''THE DAILY TELEGRAPH''. 5 DECEMBER, 2013.</ref> == Future threats == In 2015 it was reported that more than 20 Australians who have fought with [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] have returned and are being monitored by security agencies. Foreign Minister [[Julie Bishop]] has said, "there is a risk they will come back as battle-hardened experienced terrorists . . . and try to carry out terrorist attacks".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/australian-death-cult-jihadists-who-fought-with-islamic-state-in-syria-return-to-roam-our-streets/story-fni0cx12-1227172123858 |title=Australian death cult jihadists who fought with Islamic State in Syria return to roam our streets |author=Meers, Daniel|date=2 January 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=4 January 2015}}</ref> ===ISIL propaganda and recruitment=== A number of incidents relating to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) terrorist group have involved Australians and garnered the attention of the Australian public. ISIL is a militant [[Sunni]] group which has been proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |title=Australian National Security - Islamic State |work=Australian Government|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> In 2014, two Australian Islamic extremists made a propaganda video encouraging Australians to join the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-20/isis-fighter-identfied-as-an-australian-in-recruitment-video/5540116 |title=Australian militants Abu Yahya ash Shami and Abu Nour al-Iraqi identified in ISIS recruitment video |author=Lloyd, Peter |date=21 June 2014|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> According to the Australian government, up to 150 Australians "have been or are currently overseas fighting with extremists in Iraq and Syria."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-19/150-australians-fighting-with-extremists-in-iraq-and-syria/5535018|title=Number of Australians fighting with militants in Iraq and Syria 'extraordinary', Julie Bishop says |author=Latika Bourke, Latika |date=19 June 2014 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> Some of their activities are thought to be [[war crimes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2705008/Australian-jihadist-poses-decapitated-heads-sickening-pictures-posted-online.html |title='Bucket full of heads any1 in aus want some organs please dont be shy to ask': Smirking Australian terrorist poses with decapitated heads in sickening pictures posted online |author=Foreign Service|date=25 July 2014|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> One Australian jihadist, [[2014 ISIL beheading incidents#Khaled Sharrouf incident|Khaled Sharrouf]], posted a picture of himself, and another of his son, holding a decapitated soldier's head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2721230/Thats-boy-Australian-jihadists-seven-year-old-son-poses-decapitated-head-Syrian-solider.html |title='I'm sure you've seen much worse than that': Staggering reaction of uncle of Australian boy, SEVEN, who was pictured brandishing head of slaughtered Syrian soldier|author=Crane, Emily|date=11 August 2014|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/jihads-child-soldiers-spark-calls-for-action-on-extremists/story-e6frg8yo-1227021107132 |title=Jihad’s ‘child soldiers’ spark calls for action on extremists |author=Maley, Paul|date=12 August 2014|work=[[The Australian]]|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref> ISIL recruited Australian nationals for terror attacks in the Middle East including [[suicide bombing]]s as late as March 2015.<ref name=bbc-oz-bilardi>{{cite news |title=Australia probes reports teenager died in IS suicide attack |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31843889 |accessdate=12 March 2015 |work=BBC News Australia |publisher=BBC |date=12 March 2015 |quote=IS propaganda published on Thursday claimed that Jake Bilardi, 18, died in a co-ordinated series of suicide bombs in Ramadi in Anbar province, Iraq.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/first-australian-suicide-bomber-in-iraq-reportedly-kills-three-people-in-baghdad-20140718-3c4oe.html|title=First Australian suicide bomber in Iraq reportedly kills three people in Baghdad|author=Wroe, David|date=18 July 2014|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald|SMH]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=telebombing>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/sydney-teen-kills-five-in-suicide-bombing-on-crowded-iraqi-market/story-fni0cx12-1226994186108 |title=Sydney teen kills five in suicide bombing on crowded Iraqi market|last1=Benson |first1=Simon |last2=Mullany |first2=Ashley |date=19 July 2014 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> 18 year old Jake Bilardi, known as [[Jihadi Jake]], converted to [[Sunni Islam]]. He died on 11 March 2015 when he carried out a suicide bombing in [[Ramadi, Iraq]].<ref name=bbc-teen-killed>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31843885 |title=Australian teen 'killed in IS suicide attack' in Iraq |work=BBC News |publisher=[[BBC]] (British Broadcasting Corporation) |date=12 March 2015 |accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Attorney-General for Australia|Attorney-General]] Senator [[George Brandis]] has expressed concern that those fighting jihad, then returning from the Middle East, represent, "the most significant risk to Australia’s security that we have faced in many years."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/returned-radicalised-jihadis-a-significant-risk-says-asio/story-e6frg8yo-1226991564685 |title=Returned radicalised jihadis ‘a significant risk’, says ASIO|author=Brendan Nicholson|date=17 July 2014|work=[[The Australian]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] (ASIO) is concerned that Australians fighting jihad may return home to plan terror attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/asio-fears-australians-fighting-jihad-overseas-may-return-home-to-plan-terror-attacks/story-e6frg6n6-1226992686683 |title=ASIO fears Australians fighting jihad overseas may return home to plan terror attacks |author=Marszalek, Jessica|date=17 July 2014|work=[[The Australian]]|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asio.gov.au/Publications/Speeches-and-Statements/Speeches-and-Statements/DGs-Speech-12-August-2014.html|title=Director-General's speech: Address to the Australian Institute of International Affairs "Evolution of terrorism - and what it means for Australia"|author=Irvine, David|date=12 August 2014|work=[[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]]|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> In October 2014, ISIL published an online video in which a teenage Australian Jihadi, Abdullah Elmir, threatened the United States and Australia, naming US president [[Barack Obama]] and Australian prime minister [[Tony Abbott]] as targets.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2800992/to-obama-tony-abbott-not-weapons-reached-lands-australian-jihadist-issues-chilling-threat-new-video-flanked-isis-fighters.html "Abdullah Elmir vows revenge against Tony Abbott and Barack Obama in video."] ''Daily Mail'', 21 October 2014.</ref><ref>[http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-21/australian-is-fighter-threatens-tony-abbott-in-video/5830040 "Australian teenager Abdullah Elmir appears in Islamic State video."] ''ABC News''. 21 October 2014.</ref> ===Sovereign citizens=== In 2015 the [[New South Wales Police Force|New South Wales Police Force's]] Counter Terrorism and Special Tactics Command assessed that members of the anti-government [[sovereign citizen movement]] posed a potential terrorist threat. At the time there were reported to be 300 members of this movement in the state. While there had been no incidents of violence associated with sovereign citizens in Australia at that time, the NSW Police were concerned that members of the movement were becoming radicalised and could commit attacks such as those made by sovereign citizens in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=James|last2=McGregor|first2=Jeanavive|title=Sovereign citizens: Terrorism assessment warns of rising threat from anti-government extremists|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-30/australias-sovereign-citizen-terrorism-threat/6981114|accessdate=30 November 2015|work=ABC News|date=30 November 2015}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Terrorism|Australia}} * [[Crime in Australia]] * [[List of terrorist incidents in Australia]] * [[2014 Sydney hostage crisis]] - status as a terrorist incident is debated {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist|3}} {{Law enforcement in Australia}} {{Oceania topic|Terrorism in}} codsnvosdbvjsadbvjsnadvicjdasivbchdbvcoisdbvidbhivcbvhbcbvohbocbhbvihdbbobchoadbvihdbsvohbdshcbhdubuewbfuwebfuwbfweufbhwbchudbchudbcuhbuhbhusubuwbfuwgfubfuwbfbiubfbshfhdshfjdhfjsdhfhdsufhudhfuidhufhudhfudhfuhufhdufhudhfughughugufhughufhufhughuhfuhfughuhdfughughufhughfuhudhfjihduqwrhiueryytvbbvncsksjgfbfncjdhfbfnbhvdfhvhajboibfvifdbifvbivihdbidbvdsihbvbvisbvvifbhbvisfbvibisueueud9q8rueq89ue0'
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