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00:57, 26 September 2017: Myass101 (talk | contribs) triggered filter 491, performing the action "edit" on Callus. Actions taken: Warn; Filter description: Edits ending with emoticons or ! (examine)

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My ass :)
{{About|calluses and corns of human skin}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| Name = Callus
| Image = Evolucion de un callo.jpg
| Caption = Examples of callus found on the toe
| Field = [[Dermatology]]
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|84||l|80}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|700}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D002145
}}

A '''callus''' (or '''[[callosity]]''') is a toughened area of [[skin]] which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause [[blister]]s rather than allow calluses to form. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on feet because of frequent walking. Calluses are generally not harmful, but may sometimes lead to other problems, such as [[Ulcer (dermatology)|skin ulceration]] or [[infection]].


==Cause==
==Cause==

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'{{About|calluses and corns of human skin}} {{Refimprove|date=January 2010}} {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Callus | Image = Evolucion de un callo.jpg | Caption = Examples of callus found on the toe | Field = [[Dermatology]] | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|84||l|80}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|700}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D002145 }} A '''callus''' (or '''[[callosity]]''') is a toughened area of [[skin]] which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause [[blister]]s rather than allow calluses to form. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on feet because of frequent walking. Calluses are generally not harmful, but may sometimes lead to other problems, such as [[Ulcer (dermatology)|skin ulceration]] or [[infection]]. ==Cause== Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the [[middle finger]] of their [[dominant hand]] due to writing with a pen or pencil. Another cause is from playing string instruments like the guitar or the violin; calluses will develop on the four fingers of the hand used in holding the strings down to the fingerboard, and sometimes on the fingers of the hand used for [[pizzicato]] or [[strumming]]. Calluses are also very common on the fingers of [[bass guitar]] and [[double bass]] players who use both the [[pizzicato]] and [[Slapping (music)|slapping]] techniques. This also applies to rock climbers on almost all of their fingers. There are many activities that can result in the formation of a callus, which may even be viewed as a badge of experience and commitment to the activity. On the feet, calluses may form on the small toes due to the compression applied by tightly fitting shoes. Activities that are notorious for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) [[list of construction trades|construction work]], many [[sports]], [[wood carving]], playing [[musical instruments]], use of a [[chef's knife]], [[rock climbing]], [[hiking]], [[martial arts]], [[weight training]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[BMX]]ing, [[dance|dancing]] (especially [[ballet]]), [[chopping wood]], [[monkey bars]] and wearing [[high heels]]. [[Tenpin bowling|Tenpin bowlers]] will often develop calluses on their thumbs and occasionally their middle fingers from frequent bowling. Although often found on the [[foot]] (where the most pressure and friction are applied), calluses can occur anywhere on the body as a reaction to moderate, constant "grinding" pressure. It is the natural reaction of the [[Anatomical terms of location#Hands and arms|palmar]] or [[plantar]] skin. Too much friction occurring too fast for the skin to develop a protective callus will cause a [[blister]] or [[abrasion (medical)|abrasion]] instead. Biologically, calluses are formed by the accumulation of [[cellular differentiation|terminally]] undifferentiated [[keratinocyte]]s in the outermost layer of skin. Though the cells of calluses are dead, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical insults due to extensive networks of cross-linked proteins and [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] keratin [[intermediate filaments]] containing many [[disulfide bonds]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantisiriwat N, Janchai S |title=Transglutaminases: multifunctional cross-linking enzymes that stabilize tissues. |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=5 |issue=15 |pages=3071–7 |date=Dec 1991 |pmid=1683845 |doi= |url=http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/15/3071.long}}</ref> Sometimes a callus occurs where there is no rubbing or pressure. These [[hyperkeratoses]] can have a variety of causes. Some toxic materials, such as [[arsenic]], can cause thick palms and soles. Some diseases, such as [[syphilis]], can cause thickening of the palms and soles as well as pinpoint hyperkeratoses. There is a benign condition called ''keratosis palmaris et plantaris'', which produces corns in the creases of the fingers and non-weight bearing spaces of the feet. Some of this may be caused by [[actinic keratosis]], which occurs due to overexposure to sun or with age and hormonal shifts. ===Corns=== {{Main|Corn (medicine)}} [[Image:Corns.jpg|thumb|Painful corns]] A [[corn (medicine)|corn]] (or ''clavus'', plural ''clavi'') is a specially shaped callus of dead skin that usually occurs on thin or [[glabrous]] (hairless and smooth) skin surfaces, especially on the [[Dorsum (anatomy)#Human anatomy|dorsal]] surface of toes or fingers. They can sometimes occur on the thicker [[Anatomical terms of location#Hands and arms|palmar]] or [[plantar]] skin surfaces. Corns form when the pressure point against the skin traces an elliptical or semi-elliptical path during the rubbing motion, the center of which is at the point of pressure, gradually widening. If there is constant stimulation of the tissue producing the corns, even after the corn is surgically removed, the skin may continue to grow as a corn.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The hard part at the center of the corn resembles a funnel with a broad raised top and a pointed bottom. Because of their shape, corns intensify the pressure at the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulceration]].<ref name=Silverberg>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089594-overview eMedicine > Clavus] By Nanette Silverberg. Updated: Apr 9, 2010</ref> The scientific name for a corn is ''heloma'' (plural ''helomata''). A hard corn is called a ''heloma durum'', while a soft corn is called a ''heloma molle''. The location of the soft corns tends to differ from that of hard corns. Hard corns occur on dry, flat surfaces of skin. Soft corns (frequently found between adjacent toes) stay moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. The corn's center is not soft however, but [[Induration|indurated]]. The specific diagnostic workup and treatments for corns may differ substantially from other forms of calluses. ==Prevention== Corns and calluses are easier to prevent than to treat. When it is usually not desirable to form a callus, minimizing rubbing and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be properly fitted,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/finding-the-right-footwear-for-your-foot-problem | title = Foot problems: Finding the right shoes | first = Shannon | last = Erstad | date = 6 March 2008 | work = [[WebMD]] Medical Reference from Healthwise | publisher = Healthwise | at = "How do I find the right shoes?" | accessdate = 2010-06-10 | quote = You should not have to "break in" shoes if they fit properly.}}</ref> gloves may be worn, and protective pads, rings or skin dressings may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin often for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize any damage. ==Treatment== [[File:Callus patient 17th century.jpg|thumb|A person with callus at the barber surgeon's, 17th century]] Calluses and corns may go away by themselves eventually, once the irritation is consistently avoided. They may also be dissolved with [[keratolytic]] agents containing [[salicylic acid]], sanded down with a [[pumice]] stone or filed down with a [[callus shaver]], or pared down by a professional such as a [[podiatrist]] or a [[foot health practitioner]].<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/corns-and-calluses/DS00033/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Corns and calluses: Treatments and drugs]. [[Mayo Clinic]]. Retrieved July 23, 2009.</ref> ===Diabetes=== People with [[diabetes]] face special skin challenges. Because diabetes affects the [[capillaries]], the small blood vessels which feed the skin, thickening of the skin with callus increases the difficulty of supplying nutrients to the skin.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} Callus formation is seen in high numbers of patients with diabetes, and together with absent foot pulses and formation of [[hammer toe]],<ref name="pmid19432661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alavi A, Sanjari M, Haghdoost A, Sibbald RG |title=Common foot examination features of 247 Iranian patients with diabetes |journal=Int Wound J |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=117–22 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19432661 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-481X.2009.00583.x |url=}} -12% having callus formation</ref><ref name="pmid18839852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantisiriwat N, Janchai S |title=Common foot problems in diabetic foot clinic |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=1097–101 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18839852 |doi= |url=}} -56% having callus present</ref> this may be an early sign of individuals at an increased risk for foot ulcers.<ref name="pmid19432661"/> The stiffness of a callus or corn, coupled with the [[shear stress|shear]] and pressure that caused it, may tear the capillaries or adjoining tissue, causing bleeding within the callus or corn. Often, bleeding within a callus is an early sign of diabetes, even before elevated blood sugars may be noticed. Although the bleeding can be small, sometimes small pools of blood or [[hematoma]] are formed. The blood itself is an irritant, a foreign body within the callus that makes the area burn or itch. If the pool of blood is exposed to the outside, [[infection]] may follow. Infection may also lead to [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulceration]]. Fortunately, this process can be prevented at several places. Diabetic foot infections are the leading cause of diabetic limb [[amputation]]. ==Other meanings== In [[botany]], the term is also used to describe a condition of thickened surfaces of leaves or other plant parts. A callus also can refer to an undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a culture medium, which can be put into a [[bioreactor]] to produce genetically identical cells. This is a type of tissue culture, and can be started from almost any part of the plant, although tissues taken from the vicinity of meristems usually produce the best results.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Kingsley|title=Introductory Plant Biology|date=1997|publisher=Wm. C. Brown Publishers|edition=seven}}</ref> The term has also been used in [[orthopedic medicine]] to describe heterogeneous tissue involved in the intermediate stages of [[bone healing]]. In English, the adjective "callous" means insensitive or unfeeling, similarly to how calluses can cause a loss of pain sensitivity in the affected area. ==See also== * [[Hyperkeratosis]] * [[Callosity]] * [[Catagmatic]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * ''Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary'', 15th Edition, CL Thomas, M.D., M.P.H., editor, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1985. * ''The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home Edition'', R Berkow, M.D., et al., editors, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1997. ==External links== {{See Wiktionary|callous}} * [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/corns-and-calluses/DS00033 MayoClinic.com - Corns and calluses] {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} {{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}} [[Category:Foot diseases]] [[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]] [[es:Callo]] [[fr:Cal (médecine)]] [[ko:티눈]] [[io:Kalo]] [[it:Callo]] [[pl:Nagniotek]] [[pt:Calo]] [[tr:Nasır]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'My ass :) ==Cause== Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the [[middle finger]] of their [[dominant hand]] due to writing with a pen or pencil. Another cause is from playing string instruments like the guitar or the violin; calluses will develop on the four fingers of the hand used in holding the strings down to the fingerboard, and sometimes on the fingers of the hand used for [[pizzicato]] or [[strumming]]. Calluses are also very common on the fingers of [[bass guitar]] and [[double bass]] players who use both the [[pizzicato]] and [[Slapping (music)|slapping]] techniques. This also applies to rock climbers on almost all of their fingers. There are many activities that can result in the formation of a callus, which may even be viewed as a badge of experience and commitment to the activity. On the feet, calluses may form on the small toes due to the compression applied by tightly fitting shoes. Activities that are notorious for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) [[list of construction trades|construction work]], many [[sports]], [[wood carving]], playing [[musical instruments]], use of a [[chef's knife]], [[rock climbing]], [[hiking]], [[martial arts]], [[weight training]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[BMX]]ing, [[dance|dancing]] (especially [[ballet]]), [[chopping wood]], [[monkey bars]] and wearing [[high heels]]. [[Tenpin bowling|Tenpin bowlers]] will often develop calluses on their thumbs and occasionally their middle fingers from frequent bowling. Although often found on the [[foot]] (where the most pressure and friction are applied), calluses can occur anywhere on the body as a reaction to moderate, constant "grinding" pressure. It is the natural reaction of the [[Anatomical terms of location#Hands and arms|palmar]] or [[plantar]] skin. Too much friction occurring too fast for the skin to develop a protective callus will cause a [[blister]] or [[abrasion (medical)|abrasion]] instead. Biologically, calluses are formed by the accumulation of [[cellular differentiation|terminally]] undifferentiated [[keratinocyte]]s in the outermost layer of skin. Though the cells of calluses are dead, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical insults due to extensive networks of cross-linked proteins and [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] keratin [[intermediate filaments]] containing many [[disulfide bonds]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantisiriwat N, Janchai S |title=Transglutaminases: multifunctional cross-linking enzymes that stabilize tissues. |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=5 |issue=15 |pages=3071–7 |date=Dec 1991 |pmid=1683845 |doi= |url=http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/15/3071.long}}</ref> Sometimes a callus occurs where there is no rubbing or pressure. These [[hyperkeratoses]] can have a variety of causes. Some toxic materials, such as [[arsenic]], can cause thick palms and soles. Some diseases, such as [[syphilis]], can cause thickening of the palms and soles as well as pinpoint hyperkeratoses. There is a benign condition called ''keratosis palmaris et plantaris'', which produces corns in the creases of the fingers and non-weight bearing spaces of the feet. Some of this may be caused by [[actinic keratosis]], which occurs due to overexposure to sun or with age and hormonal shifts. ===Corns=== {{Main|Corn (medicine)}} [[Image:Corns.jpg|thumb|Painful corns]] A [[corn (medicine)|corn]] (or ''clavus'', plural ''clavi'') is a specially shaped callus of dead skin that usually occurs on thin or [[glabrous]] (hairless and smooth) skin surfaces, especially on the [[Dorsum (anatomy)#Human anatomy|dorsal]] surface of toes or fingers. They can sometimes occur on the thicker [[Anatomical terms of location#Hands and arms|palmar]] or [[plantar]] skin surfaces. Corns form when the pressure point against the skin traces an elliptical or semi-elliptical path during the rubbing motion, the center of which is at the point of pressure, gradually widening. If there is constant stimulation of the tissue producing the corns, even after the corn is surgically removed, the skin may continue to grow as a corn.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The hard part at the center of the corn resembles a funnel with a broad raised top and a pointed bottom. Because of their shape, corns intensify the pressure at the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulceration]].<ref name=Silverberg>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089594-overview eMedicine > Clavus] By Nanette Silverberg. Updated: Apr 9, 2010</ref> The scientific name for a corn is ''heloma'' (plural ''helomata''). A hard corn is called a ''heloma durum'', while a soft corn is called a ''heloma molle''. The location of the soft corns tends to differ from that of hard corns. Hard corns occur on dry, flat surfaces of skin. Soft corns (frequently found between adjacent toes) stay moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. The corn's center is not soft however, but [[Induration|indurated]]. The specific diagnostic workup and treatments for corns may differ substantially from other forms of calluses. ==Prevention== Corns and calluses are easier to prevent than to treat. When it is usually not desirable to form a callus, minimizing rubbing and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be properly fitted,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/finding-the-right-footwear-for-your-foot-problem | title = Foot problems: Finding the right shoes | first = Shannon | last = Erstad | date = 6 March 2008 | work = [[WebMD]] Medical Reference from Healthwise | publisher = Healthwise | at = "How do I find the right shoes?" | accessdate = 2010-06-10 | quote = You should not have to "break in" shoes if they fit properly.}}</ref> gloves may be worn, and protective pads, rings or skin dressings may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin often for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize any damage. ==Treatment== [[File:Callus patient 17th century.jpg|thumb|A person with callus at the barber surgeon's, 17th century]] Calluses and corns may go away by themselves eventually, once the irritation is consistently avoided. They may also be dissolved with [[keratolytic]] agents containing [[salicylic acid]], sanded down with a [[pumice]] stone or filed down with a [[callus shaver]], or pared down by a professional such as a [[podiatrist]] or a [[foot health practitioner]].<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/corns-and-calluses/DS00033/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Corns and calluses: Treatments and drugs]. [[Mayo Clinic]]. Retrieved July 23, 2009.</ref> ===Diabetes=== People with [[diabetes]] face special skin challenges. Because diabetes affects the [[capillaries]], the small blood vessels which feed the skin, thickening of the skin with callus increases the difficulty of supplying nutrients to the skin.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} Callus formation is seen in high numbers of patients with diabetes, and together with absent foot pulses and formation of [[hammer toe]],<ref name="pmid19432661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alavi A, Sanjari M, Haghdoost A, Sibbald RG |title=Common foot examination features of 247 Iranian patients with diabetes |journal=Int Wound J |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=117–22 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19432661 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-481X.2009.00583.x |url=}} -12% having callus formation</ref><ref name="pmid18839852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantisiriwat N, Janchai S |title=Common foot problems in diabetic foot clinic |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=1097–101 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18839852 |doi= |url=}} -56% having callus present</ref> this may be an early sign of individuals at an increased risk for foot ulcers.<ref name="pmid19432661"/> The stiffness of a callus or corn, coupled with the [[shear stress|shear]] and pressure that caused it, may tear the capillaries or adjoining tissue, causing bleeding within the callus or corn. Often, bleeding within a callus is an early sign of diabetes, even before elevated blood sugars may be noticed. Although the bleeding can be small, sometimes small pools of blood or [[hematoma]] are formed. The blood itself is an irritant, a foreign body within the callus that makes the area burn or itch. If the pool of blood is exposed to the outside, [[infection]] may follow. Infection may also lead to [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulceration]]. Fortunately, this process can be prevented at several places. Diabetic foot infections are the leading cause of diabetic limb [[amputation]]. ==Other meanings== In [[botany]], the term is also used to describe a condition of thickened surfaces of leaves or other plant parts. A callus also can refer to an undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a culture medium, which can be put into a [[bioreactor]] to produce genetically identical cells. This is a type of tissue culture, and can be started from almost any part of the plant, although tissues taken from the vicinity of meristems usually produce the best results.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Kingsley|title=Introductory Plant Biology|date=1997|publisher=Wm. C. Brown Publishers|edition=seven}}</ref> The term has also been used in [[orthopedic medicine]] to describe heterogeneous tissue involved in the intermediate stages of [[bone healing]]. In English, the adjective "callous" means insensitive or unfeeling, similarly to how calluses can cause a loss of pain sensitivity in the affected area. ==See also== * [[Hyperkeratosis]] * [[Callosity]] * [[Catagmatic]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * ''Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary'', 15th Edition, CL Thomas, M.D., M.P.H., editor, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1985. * ''The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home Edition'', R Berkow, M.D., et al., editors, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1997. ==External links== {{See Wiktionary|callous}} * [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/corns-and-calluses/DS00033 MayoClinic.com - Corns and calluses] {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} {{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}} [[Category:Foot diseases]] [[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]] [[es:Callo]] [[fr:Cal (médecine)]] [[ko:티눈]] [[io:Kalo]] [[it:Callo]] [[pl:Nagniotek]] [[pt:Calo]] [[tr:Nasır]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,21 +1,3 @@ -{{About|calluses and corns of human skin}} -{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}} -{{Infobox medical condition - | Name = Callus - | Image = Evolucion de un callo.jpg - | Caption = Examples of callus found on the toe - | Field = [[Dermatology]] - | DiseasesDB = - | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|84||l|80}} - | ICD9 = {{ICD9|700}} - | ICDO = - | OMIM = - | MedlinePlus = - | eMedicineSubj = - | eMedicineTopic = - | MeshID = D002145 -}} - -A '''callus''' (or '''[[callosity]]''') is a toughened area of [[skin]] which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause [[blister]]s rather than allow calluses to form. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on feet because of frequent walking. Calluses are generally not harmful, but may sometimes lead to other problems, such as [[Ulcer (dermatology)|skin ulceration]] or [[infection]]. +My ass :) ==Cause== '
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Old page size (old_size)
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[ 0 => '{{About|calluses and corns of human skin}}', 1 => '{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}', 2 => '{{Infobox medical condition ', 3 => ' | Name = Callus ', 4 => ' | Image = Evolucion de un callo.jpg', 5 => ' | Caption = Examples of callus found on the toe ', 6 => ' | Field = [[Dermatology]]', 7 => ' | DiseasesDB = ', 8 => ' | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|84||l|80}} ', 9 => ' | ICD9 = {{ICD9|700}} ', 10 => ' | ICDO = ', 11 => ' | OMIM = ', 12 => ' | MedlinePlus = ', 13 => ' | eMedicineSubj = ', 14 => ' | eMedicineTopic = ', 15 => ' | MeshID = D002145 ', 16 => '}}', 17 => false, 18 => 'A '''callus''' (or '''[[callosity]]''') is a toughened area of [[skin]] which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause [[blister]]s rather than allow calluses to form. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on feet because of frequent walking. Calluses are generally not harmful, but may sometimes lead to other problems, such as [[Ulcer (dermatology)|skin ulceration]] or [[infection]].' ]
New page wikitext, pre-save transformed (new_pst)
'My ass :) ==Cause== Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to friction over a long period of time. For example, people often develop calluses on the [[middle finger]] of their [[dominant hand]] due to writing with a pen or pencil. Another cause is from playing string instruments like the guitar or the violin; calluses will develop on the four fingers of the hand used in holding the strings down to the fingerboard, and sometimes on the fingers of the hand used for [[pizzicato]] or [[strumming]]. Calluses are also very common on the fingers of [[bass guitar]] and [[double bass]] players who use both the [[pizzicato]] and [[Slapping (music)|slapping]] techniques. This also applies to rock climbers on almost all of their fingers. There are many activities that can result in the formation of a callus, which may even be viewed as a badge of experience and commitment to the activity. On the feet, calluses may form on the small toes due to the compression applied by tightly fitting shoes. Activities that are notorious for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) [[list of construction trades|construction work]], many [[sports]], [[wood carving]], playing [[musical instruments]], use of a [[chef's knife]], [[rock climbing]], [[hiking]], [[martial arts]], [[weight training]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[BMX]]ing, [[dance|dancing]] (especially [[ballet]]), [[chopping wood]], [[monkey bars]] and wearing [[high heels]]. [[Tenpin bowling|Tenpin bowlers]] will often develop calluses on their thumbs and occasionally their middle fingers from frequent bowling. Although often found on the [[foot]] (where the most pressure and friction are applied), calluses can occur anywhere on the body as a reaction to moderate, constant "grinding" pressure. It is the natural reaction of the [[Anatomical terms of location#Hands and arms|palmar]] or [[plantar]] skin. Too much friction occurring too fast for the skin to develop a protective callus will cause a [[blister]] or [[abrasion (medical)|abrasion]] instead. Biologically, calluses are formed by the accumulation of [[cellular differentiation|terminally]] undifferentiated [[keratinocyte]]s in the outermost layer of skin. Though the cells of calluses are dead, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical insults due to extensive networks of cross-linked proteins and [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] keratin [[intermediate filaments]] containing many [[disulfide bonds]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantisiriwat N, Janchai S |title=Transglutaminases: multifunctional cross-linking enzymes that stabilize tissues. |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=5 |issue=15 |pages=3071–7 |date=Dec 1991 |pmid=1683845 |doi= |url=http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/15/3071.long}}</ref> Sometimes a callus occurs where there is no rubbing or pressure. These [[hyperkeratoses]] can have a variety of causes. Some toxic materials, such as [[arsenic]], can cause thick palms and soles. Some diseases, such as [[syphilis]], can cause thickening of the palms and soles as well as pinpoint hyperkeratoses. There is a benign condition called ''keratosis palmaris et plantaris'', which produces corns in the creases of the fingers and non-weight bearing spaces of the feet. Some of this may be caused by [[actinic keratosis]], which occurs due to overexposure to sun or with age and hormonal shifts. ===Corns=== {{Main|Corn (medicine)}} [[Image:Corns.jpg|thumb|Painful corns]] A [[corn (medicine)|corn]] (or ''clavus'', plural ''clavi'') is a specially shaped callus of dead skin that usually occurs on thin or [[glabrous]] (hairless and smooth) skin surfaces, especially on the [[Dorsum (anatomy)#Human anatomy|dorsal]] surface of toes or fingers. They can sometimes occur on the thicker [[Anatomical terms of location#Hands and arms|palmar]] or [[plantar]] skin surfaces. Corns form when the pressure point against the skin traces an elliptical or semi-elliptical path during the rubbing motion, the center of which is at the point of pressure, gradually widening. If there is constant stimulation of the tissue producing the corns, even after the corn is surgically removed, the skin may continue to grow as a corn.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The hard part at the center of the corn resembles a funnel with a broad raised top and a pointed bottom. Because of their shape, corns intensify the pressure at the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulceration]].<ref name=Silverberg>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089594-overview eMedicine > Clavus] By Nanette Silverberg. Updated: Apr 9, 2010</ref> The scientific name for a corn is ''heloma'' (plural ''helomata''). A hard corn is called a ''heloma durum'', while a soft corn is called a ''heloma molle''. The location of the soft corns tends to differ from that of hard corns. Hard corns occur on dry, flat surfaces of skin. Soft corns (frequently found between adjacent toes) stay moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. The corn's center is not soft however, but [[Induration|indurated]]. The specific diagnostic workup and treatments for corns may differ substantially from other forms of calluses. ==Prevention== Corns and calluses are easier to prevent than to treat. When it is usually not desirable to form a callus, minimizing rubbing and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be properly fitted,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/finding-the-right-footwear-for-your-foot-problem | title = Foot problems: Finding the right shoes | first = Shannon | last = Erstad | date = 6 March 2008 | work = [[WebMD]] Medical Reference from Healthwise | publisher = Healthwise | at = "How do I find the right shoes?" | accessdate = 2010-06-10 | quote = You should not have to "break in" shoes if they fit properly.}}</ref> gloves may be worn, and protective pads, rings or skin dressings may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin often for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize any damage. ==Treatment== [[File:Callus patient 17th century.jpg|thumb|A person with callus at the barber surgeon's, 17th century]] Calluses and corns may go away by themselves eventually, once the irritation is consistently avoided. They may also be dissolved with [[keratolytic]] agents containing [[salicylic acid]], sanded down with a [[pumice]] stone or filed down with a [[callus shaver]], or pared down by a professional such as a [[podiatrist]] or a [[foot health practitioner]].<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/corns-and-calluses/DS00033/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Corns and calluses: Treatments and drugs]. [[Mayo Clinic]]. Retrieved July 23, 2009.</ref> ===Diabetes=== People with [[diabetes]] face special skin challenges. Because diabetes affects the [[capillaries]], the small blood vessels which feed the skin, thickening of the skin with callus increases the difficulty of supplying nutrients to the skin.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} Callus formation is seen in high numbers of patients with diabetes, and together with absent foot pulses and formation of [[hammer toe]],<ref name="pmid19432661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alavi A, Sanjari M, Haghdoost A, Sibbald RG |title=Common foot examination features of 247 Iranian patients with diabetes |journal=Int Wound J |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=117–22 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19432661 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-481X.2009.00583.x |url=}} -12% having callus formation</ref><ref name="pmid18839852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantisiriwat N, Janchai S |title=Common foot problems in diabetic foot clinic |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=1097–101 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18839852 |doi= |url=}} -56% having callus present</ref> this may be an early sign of individuals at an increased risk for foot ulcers.<ref name="pmid19432661"/> The stiffness of a callus or corn, coupled with the [[shear stress|shear]] and pressure that caused it, may tear the capillaries or adjoining tissue, causing bleeding within the callus or corn. Often, bleeding within a callus is an early sign of diabetes, even before elevated blood sugars may be noticed. Although the bleeding can be small, sometimes small pools of blood or [[hematoma]] are formed. The blood itself is an irritant, a foreign body within the callus that makes the area burn or itch. If the pool of blood is exposed to the outside, [[infection]] may follow. Infection may also lead to [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulceration]]. Fortunately, this process can be prevented at several places. Diabetic foot infections are the leading cause of diabetic limb [[amputation]]. ==Other meanings== In [[botany]], the term is also used to describe a condition of thickened surfaces of leaves or other plant parts. A callus also can refer to an undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a culture medium, which can be put into a [[bioreactor]] to produce genetically identical cells. This is a type of tissue culture, and can be started from almost any part of the plant, although tissues taken from the vicinity of meristems usually produce the best results.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Kingsley|title=Introductory Plant Biology|date=1997|publisher=Wm. C. Brown Publishers|edition=seven}}</ref> The term has also been used in [[orthopedic medicine]] to describe heterogeneous tissue involved in the intermediate stages of [[bone healing]]. In English, the adjective "callous" means insensitive or unfeeling, similarly to how calluses can cause a loss of pain sensitivity in the affected area. ==See also== * [[Hyperkeratosis]] * [[Callosity]] * [[Catagmatic]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * ''Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary'', 15th Edition, CL Thomas, M.D., M.P.H., editor, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1985. * ''The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home Edition'', R Berkow, M.D., et al., editors, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1997. ==External links== {{See Wiktionary|callous}} * [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/corns-and-calluses/DS00033 MayoClinic.com - Corns and calluses] {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} {{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}} [[Category:Foot diseases]] [[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]] [[es:Callo]] [[fr:Cal (médecine)]] [[ko:티눈]] [[io:Kalo]] [[it:Callo]] [[pl:Nagniotek]] [[pt:Calo]] [[tr:Nasır]]'
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