Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{redirect|National identity card|cards referred to in the English language as "national identity card"}}{{redirect|Identity Card|films with this name}}
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An '''identity document''' (also called a '''piece of identification''' or '''ID''', or colloquially as '''papers''') is any [[documentation|document]] which may be used to prove a person's identity. If issued in a small, standard credit card size form, it is usually called an '''identity card''' ('''IC''', '''ID card''', '''citizen card'''),{{efn| Referred to as such in [[Cape Verde]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Portugal]] and [[Slovakia]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}}} or '''passport card'''.{{efn|Referred to as such in the [[United States]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Ukraine]] and the [[Seychelles]] (from 2018){{citation needed|date=January 2018}}}} Some countries issue formal identity documents, as [[national identification]] cards which may be [[List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country#Countries_with_compulsory_identity_cards|compulsory]] or [[List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country#Countries_with_non-compulsory_identity_cards|non-compulsory]], while others may require identity verification using [[regional identification]] or informal documents. When the identity document incorporates a person's photograph, it may be called [[Photo identification|photo ID]].<ref name="Alice5" />
In the absence of a formal identity document, a [[driver's license]] may be accepted in many countries for identity verification. Some countries do not accept driver's licenses for identification, often because in those countries they do not expire as documents and can be old or easily forged. Most countries accept [[passport]]s as a form of identification.
Some countries require all people to have an identity document available at any time. Many countries require all foreigners to have a passport or occasionally a national identity card from their country available at any time if they do not have a residence permit in the country.
The identity document is used to connect a person to information about the person, often in a [[database]]. The photo and the possession of it is used to connect the person with the document. The connection between the identity document and information database is based on personal information present on the document, such as the bearer's [[full name]], age, [[birth date]], [[Address (geography)|address]], an identification number, card number, gender, [[citizenship]] and more. A unique [[national identification number]] is the most secure way, but some countries lack such numbers or don't write them on identity documents.
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==History==
A version of the [[passport]] considered to be the earliest identity document inscribed into law was introduced by [[King Henry V of England]] with the [[Safe Conducts Act 1414]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/nov/17/travelnews "A brief history of the passport"], The Guardian, 17 November 2006</ref>
For the next 500 years and before [[World War I]], most people did not have or need an identity document.
Photographic identification appeared in 1876<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Roger, Gordon Dodds, Stanley Triggs|title=The World of William Notman|date=1993|publisher=David R. Godine|pages=46, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mX3CkG8qbmMC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45 |accessdate=31 December 2015|isbn=9780879239398}}</ref> but it did not become widely used until the early 20th century when photographs became part of passports and other ID documents such as driver's licenses, all of which came to be referred to as "[[photo ID]]s". Both Australia and Great Britain, for example, introduced the requirement for a photographic passport in 1915 after the so-called [[Carl Hans Lody|Lody spy scandal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doulman|first1=Jane, and David Lee|title=Every Assistance & Protection: A History of the Australian Passport|date=2008|publisher=Federation Press|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J76HvPIBFioC&pg=PA66 |accessdate=31 December 2015|isbn=9781862876873}}</ref>
The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by [[ISO/IEC 7810]]. Some modern identity documents are [[smart card]]s including a difficult-to-forge embedded integrated circuit that were standardized in 1988 by [[ISO/IEC 7816]]. New [[technology|technologies]] allow identity cards to contain [[Biometrics|biometric]] information, such as a [[photograph]]; [[facial geometry|face]], [[hand geometry|hand]], or [[iris scan|iris]] measurements; or [[fingerprint]]s. [[Electronic identity card]]s (or e-IDs) are already available in countries including [[Belgium]], [[Croatia]], [[Chile]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Guatemala]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain|Spain and Slovakia .]]
==Adoption==
Law enforcement officials claim that identity cards make surveillance and the search for criminals easier and therefore support the universal adoption of identity cards. In countries that don't have a national identity card, there is, however, concern about the projected large costs and potential abuse of high-tech smartcards.
In many countries - especially English-speaking countries such as [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] - there are no government-issued compulsory identity cards for all citizens. Ireland's Public Services Card is a not considered a national identity card by the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection (DEASP),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thejournal.ie/public-services-card-oireachtas-committee-2-3865142-Feb2018/ | title='If everything's fine, why's it being investigated?' - Social Protection peppered with tough questions over PSC}}</ref> but many say it is in fact becoming that, and without public debate or even a legislative foundation.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/wary-of-the-public-services-card-you-have-good-reason-to-be-1.3351106 Wary of the Public Services Card? You have good reason to be]</ref>
There is debate in these countries about whether such cards and their centralised database constitute an infringement of [[privacy]] and [[civil liberties]]. Most criticism is directed towards the enhanced possibilities of extensive abuse of centralised and comprehensive databases storing sensitive data. A 2006 survey of UK [[Open University]] students concluded that the planned compulsory identity card under the Identity Cards Act 2006 coupled with a [[central government]] [[database]] generated the most negative response among several alternative configurations. None of the countries listed above mandate possession of identity documents, but they have de facto equivalents since these countries still require proof of identity in many situations. For example, all vehicle drivers must have a driving licence, and young people may need to use specially issued "proof of age cards" when purchasing alcohol. In addition, and uniquely amongst native English speaking countries without ID cards, the USA requires all its male residents between the ages of 18 and 25, including foreigners, to [[Selective Service System|register]] for [[military conscription]].{{cn|date=November 2018}}
===Arguments for===
Arguments for identity documents as such:
* In order to avoid mismatching people, and to fight [[fraud]], there should be a way, as securely as possible, to prove a person's identity.
* Every human being already carries their own personal identification in the form of [[DNA]], which is extremely hard to falsify or to discard (in terms of modification). Even for non-state commercial and private interactions, this may shortly become the preferred [[identifier]], rendering a state-issued identity card a lesser evil than the potentially extensive privacy risks associated with everyday use of a person's [[DNA profiling|genetic profile]] for identification purposes.<ref name="Alice5">{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2003dltr0002.html |title=The case for national identification cards |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author=Ben Quarmby |authorlink= |date=2003-01-31 |work=2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0002 |publisher=Duke University |quote=If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regards to one's DNA information, the obtention of that information will not constitute a search. The DNA card scheme at issue here would not therefore come under 4th Amendment scrutiny
}}</ref><ref name="Alice6">{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnatesting.com/other/dnaIdBanking.php |title=DNA ID Profiling and Banking |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |date=2008-01-03 |work=Identigene website |quote=The powerful DNA profiling technology is encouraged to be used by parent(s) when adopting newborn children. Insurance companies use DNA profiling as a precautionary tool to protect against [[Insurance fraud#Life insurance|life insurance fraud]]. Lawyers are bundling these services with packages, such as the [[Will (law)|Last Will and Testament]], to assist in protecting the assets of large estates.
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027154934/http://www.dnatesting.com/other/dnaIdBanking.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-27}}</ref><ref name="Alice7">{{cite web|url=http://www.caslon.com.au/surveillanceprofile2.htm#dna |title=Surveillance & Identification: Identity |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |date=2006-12-13 |work=Caslon Analytics research, analysis and strategies consultancy |quote=As a German policeman once said, you are who your papers say you are. Take away those papers and you have no identity. Identification schemes - whether based on an individual's innate characteristics (e.g. DNA) or external attributes such as password or code number - facilitate participation by individuals with the requisite [[credential]]s in the "economic, social and political dimensions of society" |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126082558/http://caslon.com.au/surveillanceprofile2.htm |archivedate=January 26, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Alice8">{{cite web
|url=http://lcs-mo.com/PersonalID.htm |title=BEEsafe Personal ID program |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author= |last= |first= |publisher=Laboratory Collection Services |quote=The area of the DNA molecule used for identification testing is known as a non-coding region. This region gives absolutely no genetic information about your race, medical history, or pre-disposition to a disease. DNA is the ultimate tool for personal identification. Every individual has a unique set of DNA markers, which are inherited from their parent(s). Therefore, your loved one can be easily identified by their specific DNA profile. DNA Profiling is highly recommended by Law Enforcement Agencies nationwide as an identification method for all of your family. Acquiring a DNA Profile for your loved one is easy, painless, affordable, and need only be performed once, since his or her profile will not change over time.
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214035048/http://www.lcs-mo.com/PersonalID.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-14}}</ref><ref name="Alice9">{{cite book
|last=Garfinkel |first=Simson |title=Database Nation: The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century |origyear=2000 |date=January 2001 |type=Paperback |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |location= |isbn=978-0-596-00105-6 |pages= |chapter=3 Absolute Identification|chapterurl=http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/dbnationtp/chapter/ch03.html |quote=When the technology was first introduced, scientists, lawyers, and civil libertarians argued over whether the underlying science was sound, and if the technology actually worked. Today, DNA identification is widely accepted as absolutely accurate--and we are struggling with the social implications of this newfound precision.
}}</ref>
Arguments for national identity documents:
*If using only private alternatives, such as id cards issued by banks, the inherent lack of consistency regarding issuance policies can lead to downstream problems. For example, in Sweden private companies such as banks (citing security reasons) refused to issue ID cards to individuals without a Swedish card. This forced the government to start issuing national cards. It is also harder to control information usage by private companies, such as when credit card issuers or social media companies map purchase behaviour in order to assist ad targeting.
===Arguments against===
{{Further information|freedom of movement|Propiska in the Soviet Union{{!}}Propiska}}
Arguments against identity documents as such:
* The development and administration costs of an identity card system can be very high. Figures from GBP30 (USD45) to GBP90 or even higher were suggested for the abandoned [[United Kingdom|UK]] ID card. In countries like [[Chile]] the identity card is personally paid for by each person up to GBP6; in other countries, such as [[Venezuela]], the ID card is free.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/0,,1494944,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=ID cards to cost £300 per person | first=Jamie | last=Doward | date=2005-05-29 | accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> This, however, does not disclose the true cost of issuing ID cards as some additional portion may be borne by taxpayers in general (''See also'' [[Parable of the broken window]].)
Arguments against national identity documents:
* Rather than relying on government-issued ID cards, [[Federal law|US federal policy]] has the alternative to encourage the variety of identification systems that already exist, such as driver's or firearms licences or private cards.
Arguments against overuse or abuse of identity documents:
* Cards reliant on a centralized database can be used to track anyone's physical movements and private life, thus infringing on personal freedom and [[privacy]]. The proposed British ID card (see next section) proposes a series of linked databases managed by [[Marketing Intelligence|private sector]] firms. The management of disparate linked systems across a range of institutions and any number of personnel is alleged to be a security disaster in the making.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/Ideas/200505300020] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174435/http://www.newstatesman.com/Ideas/200505300020|date=May 16, 2008}}</ref>
*If religion or ethnicity is registered on mandatory ID documents, this data can enable [[racial profiling]].
==National policies==
{{Main article|List of identity card policies by country}}According to [[Privacy International]], {{As of|1996|lc=on}}, possession of identity cards was compulsory in about 100 countries, though what constitutes "compulsory" varies. In some countries (see below), it is compulsory to have an identity card when a person reaches a prescribed age. The penalty for non-possession is usually a fine, but in some cases it may result in [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]] until identity is established. For people suspected with crimes such as shoplifting or no bus ticket, non-possession might result in such detention, also in countries not formally requiring identity cards. In practice, random checks are rare, except in certain times.
A number of countries do not have national identity cards. These include [[Andorra]]<ref name=diariandorra>[https://www.diariandorra.ad/noticies/opinio/2017/06/07/cal_dni_andorra_117006_1129.html Cal un DNI andorrà] (7 June 2017)</ref>, [[Australia]], the [[Bahamas]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://m.tribune242.com/news/2013/dec/24/national-id-card-being-considered-government/?templates=mobile | title=NATIONAL ID CARD BEING CONSIDERED BY GOVERNMENT | the Tribune}}</ref> ,[[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[India]] (see below), [[Japan]] (see below), [[Kiribati]], the [[Marshall Islands]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]],<ref>New National Identity cards are planned to be introduced in 2020, uncertain date continuously postponed</ref> [[Palau]], [[Samoa]], [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldprivacyforum.org/2017/07/national-ids-around-the-world/ | title=National IDs Around the World — Interactive map | World Privacy Forum}}</ref>, [[Tuvalu]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. Other identity documents such as passports or driver's licenses are then used as identity documents when needed. However, governments of Kiribati, Norway, Samoa and Uzbekistan are planning to introduce new national identity cards in the near future<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1915-national-id-cards-may-be-introduced-in-uzbekistan | title=National ID cards may be introduced in Uzbekistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/reise/reisenyheter/2017/01/05/195268233/politiet-nye-pass-og-nasjonale-id-kort-kommer-1.-april-2018 | title=Politiet: Nye pass og nasjonale ID-kort kommer 1. April 2018| date=2017-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/21_07_2017/local/22423/National-ID-in-the-pipeline.htm | title=National ID in the pipeline}}</ref>. Some of these, e.g. Denmark, have more simple official identity cards, which do not match the security and level of acceptance of a national identity card, used by people without driver's licenses.
A number of countries have voluntary identity card schemes. These include [[Austria]], [[Belize]], [[Finland]], [[France]] (see [[#France|France section]]), [[Hungary]] (however, all citizens of Hungary must have at least one of: valid passport, photocard driving licence, or the National ID card), [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United States]]. The [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Identity Cards Act 2006|scheme]] was scrapped in January 2011 and the database was destroyed.
In the [[United States]], the Federal government issues optional identity cards known as "Passport Cards" (which include important information such as the nationality). On the other hand, states issue optional identity cards for people who do not hold a driver's license as an alternate means of identification. These cards are issued by the same organization responsible for driver's licenses, usually called the [[Department of Motor Vehicles]]. Note, this is not an obligatory identification card for citizens.
For the [[Sahrawi people]] of [[Western Sahara]], pre-1975 Spanish identity cards are the main proof that they were Saharawi citizens as opposed to recent [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[Colony|colonists]]. They would thus be allowed to vote in an eventual [[self-determination]] [[referendum]].
Companies and government departments may issue ID cards for security purposes or proof of a [[Professional certification|qualification]]. For example, all [[taxicab driver]]s in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] carry ID cards. Managers, supervisors, and operatives in construction in the UK have a photographic ID card, the CSCS (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) card, indicating training and skills including safety training. Those working on UK railway lands near working lines must carry a photographic ID card to indicate training in track safety (PTS and other cards) possession of which is dependent on periodic and random alcohol and [[Drug test|drug screening]]. In [[Queensland]] and [[Western Australia]], anyone working with children has to take a [[background check]] and get issued a [[Blue Card (Australia)|Blue Card]] or Working with Children Card, respectively.
===Africa===
====Republic of Liberia ====
Liberia has begun the issuance process of its national biometric identification card, which citizens and foreign residents will use to open bank accounts, and participate in other Govt. Services on daily basis.
More than 4.5 million people are expected to register and obtain ID cards of citizenship or residence in Liberia. The project has already started where NIR (National Identification Registry) is issuing Citizen National ID Cards. The centralized National Biometric Identification System (NBIS) will be integrated with other Govt Ministries. Resident ID Cards and ECOWAS ID Card will also be issued. Please visit this site for more information http://nir.gov.lr/
====Egypt====
It is compulsory for all Egyptian citizens age 16 or older to possess ID card ({{lang-ar|بطاقة تحقيق شخصية}} ''Biṭāqat taḥqīq shakhṣiyya'', literally, "Personal Verification Card"). In [[Egyptian Arabic|daily colloquial speech]], it is generally simply called "el-biṭāqa'' ("the card"). It is used for:
* Opening or closing a bank account
* Registering at a school or university
* registering the number of a mobile or [[Landline|landline telephone]]
* Interacting with most government agencies, including:
** Applying for or renewing a driver's license
** Applying for a passport
** Applying for any social services or [[Grant (money)|grants]]
** Registering to vote, and voting in elections
** Registering as a taxpayer
Egyptian ID cards consist of 14 digits, the national identity number, and expire after 7 years from the date of issue. Some feel that Egyptian ID cards are problematic, due to the general poor quality of card holders' photographs and the compulsory requirements for ID card holders to identify their religion and for married women to include their husband's name on their cards.
====Tunisia====
Every citizen of Tunisia is expected to apply for an ID card by the age of 18; however, with the approval of a parent(s), a Tunisian citizen may apply for, and receive, an ID card prior to their eighteenth birthday upon parental request.
In 2016, The government has introduced a new bill to the parliament to issue new biometric ID documents. The bill has created controversy amid civil society organizations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2016/12/7/tunisias-proposed-id-law-threatens-hard-won-privacy-rights|title=Tunisia's proposed ID law threatens hard-won privacy rights|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>
====The Gambia====
All [[The Gambia|Gambian citizens]] over 18 years of age are required to hold a Gambian National Identity Card. In July 2009, a new [[Biometrics|biometric]] Identity card was introduced. The biometric National Identity card is one of the acceptable documents required to apply for a Gambian Driving Licence.
====Mauritius====
Mauritius requires all citizens who have reached the age of 18 to apply for a National Identity Card. The National Identity Card is one of the few accepted forms of identification, along with passports. A National Identity Card is needed to apply for a passport for all adults, and all minors must take with them the National Identity Card of a parent(s) when applying for a passport.<ref>[http://google.com/search?q=cache:EdF1mH2UVF8J:www.maurinet.com/allform/pportnew.pdf+mauritius+national+card&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=nz]{{Dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
====Nigeria====
Nigeria first introduced a National Identity Card in 2005, but its adoption back then was limited and not widespread.
The country is now in the process of introducing a new biometric ID Card complete with a SmartCard and other security features. The National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimc.gov.ng |title=National Identity management Commission |publisher=Nimc.gov.ng |accessdate=2013-10-28}}</ref> is the Federal Government Agency responsible for the issuance of these new cards, as well as the management of the new National Identity Database.
The Federal Government of Nigeria announced in April 2013 <ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/elections-fg-okays-inecs-national-id-cards-plan/ |title=Elections: FG okays INEC's national ID cards plan — The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper |publisher=Punchng.com |date=2013-04-11 |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195428/http://www.punchng.com/news/elections-fg-okays-inecs-national-id-cards-plan/ |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> that after the next General Election in 2015, all subsequent elections will require that voters will only be eligible to stand for office or vote provided the Citizen possesses a NIMC-issued Identity Card.
The Central Bank of Nigeria is also looking into instructing banks to request for a National Identity Number (NIN) for any citizen maintaining an account with any of the banks operating in Nigeria. The proposed kick off date is yet to be determined.
====South Africa====
{{Main|South African identity card}}
[[File:ZA Smart ID Front.png|thumb|The front of the South African [[South African identity card|Smart ID]]]]
[[File:ZA Smart ID Reverse.png|thumb|The reverse of the South African Smart ID]]<!--
[[File:Persoonskaart.jpg|thumb|upright|Old (1958) South African identity card issued to a permanent resident (PR).]] -->
South African citizens aged 15 years and 6 months or older are eligible for an ID card. The South African identity document is not valid as a travel document or valid for use outside South Africa. Although carrying the document is not required in daily life, it is necessary to show the document or a certified copy as proof of identity when:
* Signing a contract, including
** Opening or closing a bank account
** Registering at a school or university
** Buying a [[mobile phone]] and registering the number
* Interacting with most government agencies, including
** Applying for or renewing a driving licence or firearm licence
** Applying for a passport
** Applying for any social services or grants
** Registering to vote, and voting in elections
** Registering as a taxpayer or for unemployment insurance
The South African identity document used to also contain driving and [[firearms licence]]s; however, these documents are now issued separately in card format.
In mid 2013 a smart card ID was launched to replace the ID book. The cards were launched on 18 July 2013 when a number of dignitaries received the first cards at a ceremony in Pretoria.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/ad1464804065168c800a832154f093f8/ID-Smart-Card-launched-in-Union-Buildings |title=SABC News.com - ID Smart Card launched in Union Buildings:Thursday 18 July 2013 |publisher=Sabc.co.za |date=2013-07-18 |accessdate=2013-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200642/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/ad1464804065168c800a832154f093f8/ID-Smart-Card-launched-in-Union-Buildings |archive-date=2013-10-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> The government plans to have the ID books phased out over a six to eight-year period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=37743&tid=111812 |title=Minister Naledi Pandor: Introduction of Smart Card Identity Document (Smart ID Cards) (English) |publisher=Info.gov.za |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213205/http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=37743&tid=111812 |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> The South African government is looking into possibly using this smart card not just as an identification card but also for licences, [[National Health Insurance]], and social grants.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa to pilot smart ID cards|url=http://www.southafrica.info/services/government/smart-id-081512.htm|access-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085334/http://www.southafrica.info/services/government/smart-id-081512.htm|archive-date=2012-06-14|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
====Zimbabwe====
[[Zimbabwe]]ans are required to apply for National Registration at the age of 16. Zimbabwean citizens are issued with a plastic card which contains a photograph and their particulars onto it. Before the introduction of the plastic card, the Zimbabwean ID card used to be printed on anodised aluminium. Along with Driving Licences, the National Registration Card (including the old metal type) is universally accepted as proof of identity in Zimbabwe. Zimbabweans are required by law to carry identification on them at all times and visitors to Zimbabwe are expected to carry their passport with them at all times.
===Asia===
====Afghanistan====
{{Main|Afghan identity card}}
Afghan citizens over the age of 18 are required to carry a national ID document called [[Afghan identity card|Tazkira]].
====Bahrain====
Bahraini citizens must have both an ID card, called a "smart card", that is recognized as an official document and can be used within the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] and a passport, that is recognized worldwide.
====Bangladesh====
{{main article|Bangladeshi national identity card}}
Biometric identification has existed in [[Bangladesh]] since 2008. All Bangladeshis who are 18 years of age and older are included in a central Biometric Database, which is used by the Bangladesh [http://www.nidw.gov.bd/ Election Commission] to oversee the electoral procedure in Bangladesh. All Bangladeshis are issued with an ''NID Card'' which can be used to obtain a passport, Driving Licence, credit card, and to register land ownership.
====China====
{{CSS image crop
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{{Main article|Resident Identity Card (PRC)}}
The People's Republic of China requires each of its citizens aged 16 and over to carry an identity card. The card is the only acceptable legal document to obtain employment, a residence permit, driving licence or passport and to open bank accounts or apply for entry to tertiary education and technical colleges.
====Hong Kong====
{{Main article|Hong Kong Identity Card}}
The '''Hong Kong Identity Card''' (or '''HKID''') is an official identity document issued by the [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department of Hong Kong]] to all people who hold the right of abode, right to land or other forms of limited stay longer than 180 days in Hong Kong. According to [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]], all permanent residents are eligible to obtain the '''Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card''' which states that the holder has the [[Right of abode issue, Hong Kong|right of abode in Hong Kong]]. All persons aged 16 and above must carry a valid legal government identification document in public. All persons aged 16 and above must be able to produce valid legal government identification documents when requested by legal authorities, otherwise, they may be held in detention to investigate his or her identity and legal right to be in Hong Kong.
====India====
{{Main article|Identity documents of India}}
While there is no mandatory identity card in India, the [[Aadhaar]] card, a multi-purpose national identity card, carrying 16 personal details and a unique identification number is available to all citizens since 2007. The card contains a photograph, full name, date of birth and a unique, randomly generated 12-digit [[National Identification Number]]. However, the card itself is rarely required as proof; the number or a copy of the card being sufficient. The card has a SCOSTA QR code embedded on the card, through which all the details on the card are accessible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/a-smart-card-thatll-unite-india/41427-3.html |title=A smart card that'll unite India - India News |publisher=IBNLive |date=2007-05-27 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> In addition to Aadhaar, [[Permanent account number|PAN]] cards, [[Ration card (India)|Ration cards]], Voter Cards and driving licences are also used. These may be issued by either the Government of India or the Government of any state, and are valid throughout the nation.The Indian Passport may also be used.
====Indonesia====
{{Main article|Indonesian identity card}}
Residents over 17 are required to hold a KTP (Kartu Tanda Penduduk) identity card. The card will identifies whether the holder is an [[Indonesia|Indonesian citizen]] or [[foreign national]]. In 2011, the Indonesian government started a two-year ID issuance campaign that utilizes smartcard technology and biometric duplication of fingerprint and [[iris recognition]]. This card, called the Electronic KTP (e-KTP), will replace the conventional ID (KTP) beginning in 2013. By 2013, it is estimated that approximately 172 million Indonesian nationals will have an e-KTP issued to them.
====Iran====
Every citizen of Iran has an identification document called Shenasnameh in [[Persian language|Persian]] (شناسنامه). This is a booklet based on the citizen's birth certificate which features their Shenasnameh National ID number; their birth date; their birthplace; the names, birth dates and National ID numbers of their legal ascendant(s). In other pages of the Shenasnameh, their marriage status, spouse(s) name(s), names of children, date of every vote cast and eventually their death would be recorded.<ref>[http://www.sabteahval.ir/default-29.aspx Shenasnameh Laws and Services] {{fa icon}}</ref>
Every Iranian permanent resident above the age of 15 must hold a valid [[Iranian National Identity Card|National Identity Card]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]:کارت ملی) or at least obtain their unique National Number from any of the local Vital Records branches of the Iranian [[Ministry of Interior]].<ref>[http://www.sabteahval.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=178 Obligation of National ID number for Iranian citizens] {{fa icon}}</ref>
In order to apply for an NID card, the applicant must be at least 15 years old and have a photograph attached to their [[Birth Certificate]], which is undertaken by the Vital Records branch.
Since June 21, 2008, NID cards have been compulsory for many things in Iran and Iranian Missions abroad (e.g., obtaining a passport, driver's license, any banking procedure, etc.)<ref>[https://archive.is/20070603044159/http://www.salamiran.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=249&Itemid=374]</ref>
====Iraq====
{{main article|Iraq National Card}}
Every [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]] citizen must have a [[Iraq National Card|National Card]] (البطاقة الوطنية).
====Israel====
{{Main article|Teudat Zehut}}
Israeli law requires every permanent resident above the age of 16, whether a citizen or not, to carry an identification card called ''te'udat zehut'' ({{lang-he|תעודת זהות}}) in [[Hebrew]] or ''biţāqat huwīya'' ({{lang|ar|بطاقة هوية|rtl=yes}}) in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].
The card is designed in a bilingual form, printed in [[Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]], however, the personal data is presented in Hebrew by default and may be presented in Arabic as well if the owner decides so. The card must be presented to an official on duty (e.g., a policeman) upon request, but if the resident is unable to do this, one may contact the relevant authority within five days to avoid a penalty.
Until the mid-1990s, the identification card was considered the only legally reliable document for many actions such as voting or opening a bank account. Since then, the new Israeli driver's licenses which include photos and extra personal information are now considered equally reliable for most of these transactions. In other situations any government-issued photo ID, such as a passport or a military ID, may suffice.
=====Palestinian Authority=====
The [[Palestinian Authority]] Issues Identification card following agreements with Israel since 1995 in accordance to the [[Oslo Accords]], the data is forwarded to Israeli database and confirmed. In February 2014, a presidential decision issued by Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] to abolish the religion field was announced.<ref>[[Ma'an News Agency]] - [http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=673377 PA to remove religion from ID cards]</ref> Israel has objected to abolishing religion on Palestinian IDs because it controls their official records, IDs and passports and the PA does not have the right to make amendments to this effect without the prior approval of Israel, Palestinian Authority in [[Ramallah]] said that abolishing religion on the ID has been at the center of negotiations with Israel since 1995. The decision was criticized by [[Hamas]] officials in [[Gaza Strip]], saying it is unconstitutional and will not be implemented in Gaza because it undermines the Palestinian cause.<ref>[http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/palestinian-authority-hamas-national-id-religion.html# Al-Monitor - Hamas slams PA for removing religion from ID cards]</ref>
====Japan====
Japanese citizens are not required to have identification documents with them within the territory of Japan. When necessary, official documents, such as one's [[Driver licensing in Japan|Japanese driver's license]], basic resident registration card,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soumu.go.jp/english/lab/index.html |title=Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | Local Administration Bureau(LAB) |publisher=Soumu.go.jp |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> radio operator license,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/e/sys/operator/index.htm |title=MIC The Radio Use Website | Radio Operator System |publisher=Tele.soumu.go.jp |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> social insurance card, health insurance card or passport are generally used and accepted. On the other hand, mid- to long term foreign residents are required to carry their [[Zairyū card]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi-moj.go.jp/newimmiact_1/en/q-and-a_page2.html#q42-a |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Immigration Bureau of Japan |accessdate=2013-10-27}}</ref> while short term visitors and tourists (those with a Temporary Visitor status sticker in their passport) are required to carry their [[passport]]s.
====Macau====
{{main article|Macau Resident Identity Card}}
The [[Macau Resident Identity Card]] is an official identity document issued by the Identification Department to permanent residents and non-permanent residents.
====Malaysia====
{{Main article|MyKad}}
In Malaysia, the '''MyKad''' is the compulsory identity document for [[Malaysia]]n citizens aged 12 and above. Introduced by the ''National Registration Department of Malaysia'' on 5 September 2001 as one of four [[MSC Malaysia]] flagship applications<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jpn.gov.my/sites/default/files/rotor/mykad_banner2.png| title = MSC Malaysia Flagship Applications| accessdate = 28 December 2010| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502110045/http://www.jpn.gov.my/sites/default/files/rotor/mykad_banner2.png| archivedate = 2 May 2013| df = }}</ref> and a replacement for the '''High Quality Identity Card''' (''Kad Pengenalan Bermutu Tinggi''), Malaysia became the first country in the world to use an identification card that incorporates both photo identification and [[fingerprint]] [[biometrics|biometric]] data on an in-built computer chip embedded in a piece of plastic.<ref name="Star">{{cite web| url = http://smartcard.msc.com.my/images/MyID%20-%20Star%20-%20010210.bmp| title = One for All| accessdate = 28 December 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
====Myanmar====
{{Main article|Burmese nationality law}}
Myanmar citizens are required to obtain a National Registration Card (NRC), while non-citizens are given a Foreign Registration Card (FRC).
====Pakistan====
{{Main article|Computerised National Identity Card}}
In [[Pakistan]], all adult citizens must register for the Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC), with a unique number, at age 18. CNIC serves as an identification document to authenticate an individual's identity as a citizen of [[Pakistan]].
Earlier on, National Identity Cards (NICs) were issued to citizens of Pakistan. Now government has shifted all its existing records of National Identity Cards (NIC) to the central computerized database managed by [[NADRA]].
New CNIC's are machine readable and have security features such as facial and finger print information. At the end of 2013, Smart national identity cards, SNICs, were also made available.
====Philippines====
{{Main article|Philippine Identification Systems}}
A new Philippines identity card known as the '''Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) ID card''' will start to be issued in August 2018 to Filipino citizens and foreign residents aged 18 and above. This national ID card is non-compulsory but should harmonize existing government-initiated identification cards that have been issued - including the Unified Multi-Purpose ID issued to members of the [[Social Security System]], [[Government Service Insurance System]], [[Philippine Health Insurance Corporation]] and the [[Home Development Mutual Fund]] (Pag-IBIG Fund).
====Singapore====
{{Main article|National Registration Identity Card}}
In [[Singapore]], every citizen, and permanent resident (PR) must register at the age of 15 for an Identity Card (IC). The card is necessary not only for procedures of state but also in the day-to-day transactions of registering for a mobile phone line, obtaining certain discounts at stores, and logging on to certain websites on the internet. Schools frequently use it to identify students, both on-line and in exams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ica.gov.sg/services_centre_overview.aspx?pageid=264&secid=72 |title=Identity Card services |publisher=ICA |accessdate=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610084855/http://www.ica.gov.sg/services_centre_overview.aspx?pageid=264&secid=72 |archive-date=2012-06-10 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
====South Korea====
{{Main article|South Korean identity card}}
Every citizen of South Korea over the age 17 is issued an ID card called ''Jumindeungrokjeung'' (주민등록증). It has had several changes in its history, the most recent form is a plastic card meeting the ISO 7810 standard. The card has the holder's photo and a 15 digit ID number calculated from the holder's birthday and birthplace. A hologram technology is applied for the purpose of hampering forgery. This card has no additional features used to identify the holder except comparing the photo and a holder's face. Other than this card, the South Korean Government accepts a Korean driver's license card, an Alien Registration Card, a passport and a public officer ID card as an official ID card.
====Sri Lanka====
{{main article|National identity card (Sri Lanka)}}
The E-'''National Identity Card''' ([[abbreviation]]: E-NIC) is the identity document in use in [[Sri Lanka]]. It is compulsory for all Sri Lankan citizens who are sixteen years of age and older to have a NIC. NICs are issued from the [http://www.drp.gov.lk/ Department for Registration of Persons]. The Registration of Persons Act No.32 of 1968 as amended by Act Nos 28 and 37 of 1971 and Act No.11 of 1981 legislates the issuance and usage of NICs.
[[Sri Lanka]] is in the process of developing a [[Smart Card]] based [[RFID]] NIC card which will replace the obsolete 'laminated type' cards by storing the holders information on a chip that can be read by banks, offices, etc., thereby reducing the need to have documentation of these data physically by storing in the [[Cloud Computing|cloud]].
The NIC number is used for unique personal identification, similar to the [[social security number]] in the US.
In [[Sri Lanka]], all citizens over the age of 16 need to apply for a [[National identity card (Sri Lanka)|National Identity Card]] (NIC). Each NIC has a unique 10 digit number, in the format 000000000A (where 0 is a digit and A is a letter). The first two digits of the number are your year of birth (e.g.: 93xxxxxxxx for someone born in 1993). The final letter is generally a 'V' or 'X'. An NIC number is required to apply for a passport (over 16), driving license (over 18) and to vote (over 18). In addition, all citizens are required to carry their NIC on them at all times as proof of identity, given the security situation in the country. NICs are not issued to non-citizens, who are still required to carry a form of photo identification (such as a photocopy of their passport or foreign driving license) at all times. At times the Postal ID card may also be used.
====Taiwan====
{{Main article|National Identification Card (Taiwan)}}
[[File:TaiwanIDCard jchung.jpg|thumb|upright|ID card issued in [[Taiwan]]]]
The "National Identification Card" ({{zh|t=國民身分證}}) is issued to all nationals of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Official name of Taiwan)]] aged 14 and older who have [[hukou system|household registration]] in the [[Free Area of the Republic of China|Taiwan area]]. The Identification Card is used for virtually all activities that require identity verification within Taiwan such as opening bank accounts, renting apartments, [[application for employment|employment applications]] and voting.
The Identification Card contains the holder's photo, [[National identification number#Taiwan|ID number]], [[Chinese language|Chinese name]], and ([[Minguo calendar]]) date of birth. The back of the card also contains the person's registered address where official correspondence is sent, place of birth, and the name of legal ascendant(s) and spouse (if any).
If residents move, they must re-register at a municipal office ({{zh|t=戶政事務所}}).
ROC nationals with household registration in Taiwan are known as "registered nationals". ROC nationals who do not have household registration in Taiwan (known as "unregistered nationals") do not qualify for the Identification Card and its associated privileges (e.g., the right to vote and the right of abode in Taiwan), but qualify for the [[Republic of China passport]], which unlike the Identification Card, is not indicative of residency rights in Taiwan. If such "unregistered nationals" are resident in Taiwan, they will hold a [[Resident Certificate (Republic of China)|Taiwan Area Resident Certificate]] as an identity document, which is nearly identical to the Alien Resident Certificate issued to foreign nationals/citizens resident in Taiwan.
====Thailand====
{{main article|Thai national ID card}}
In [[Thailand]], the Thai National ID Card (Thai: บัตรประจำตัวประชาชน; RTGS: bat pracham tua pracha chon) is an official identity document issued only to Thai Nationals. The card proves the holder's identity for receiving government services and other entitlements.
====United Arab Emirates (UAE)====
Emirates Identity Authority (EIDA) is a federal authority that is responsible for issuing the National Identity Cards for the citizens (UAE nationals), GCC (Gulf Corporation Council) nationals and residents in the country. All individuals are mandated to apply for the ID card at all ages. For individuals of 15 years and above, fingerprint biometrics (10 fingerprints, palm, and writer) are captured in the registration process. Each person has a unique 15-digit identification number (IDN) that a person holds throughout his/her life.
The Identity Card is a smart card that has a state-of-art technology in the smart cards field with very high security features which make it difficult to duplicate. It is a 144KB Combi Smart Card, where the electronic chip includes personal information, 2 fingerprints, 4-digit pin code, digital signature, and certificates (digital and encryption). Personal photo, IDN, name, date of birth, signature, nationality, and the ID card expiry date are fields visible on the physical card.
In the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] it is used as an official identification document for all individuals to benefit from services in the government, some of the non-government, and private entities in the UAE. This supports the UAE’s vision of smart government as the ID card is used to securely access e-services in the country. The ID card could also be used by citizens as an official travel document between GCC countries instead of using passports. The implementation of the national ID program in the UAE enhanced security of the individuals by protecting their identities and preventing identity theft.
<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.id.gov.ae | title=الهيئة الاتحادية للهوية والجنسية}}</ref>
====Vietnam====
In Vietnam, all citizens above 14 years old must possess a '''People's Identity Card''' provided by the local authority.
===Europe===
====European Economic Area====
{{See also|National identity cards in the European Economic Area|PRADO - Public Register of Travel and Identity Documents Online}}
National identity cards issued to citizens of the EEA ([[European Union]], [[Iceland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Norway]]) and [[Switzerland]], which states EEA or Swiss citizenship, can not only be used as an identity document within the home country, but also as a [[travel document]] to exercise the [[Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely|right of free movement]] in the [[European Economic Area|EEA]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/what-are-acceptable-travel-documents-for-entry-clearance-ecb08/ecb08-what-are-acceptable-travel-documents-for-entry-clearance#ecb811-identity-cards-of-eea-and-swiss-nationals ECB08: What are acceptable travel documents for entry clearance], UK Visas and Immigration. Retrieved 12 January 2015.</ref>
During the [[EU presidency#Rotation|UK Presidency of the EU in 2005]] a decision was made to: "Agree common standards for security features and secure issuing procedures for ID cards (December 2005), with detailed standards agreed as soon as possible thereafter. In this respect, the UK Presidency put forward a proposal for the EU-wide use of biometrics in national identity cards".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/4440/330 |title=EU: UK Presidency advances EU-wide ID card standards, data retention and intelligence sharing to fight terrorism |publisher=eGovernment News |date=2005-07-14 |accessdate=2007-04-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821085425/http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/4440/330 |archivedate=August 21, 2007 }}</ref>
=====Belgium=====
[[File:Belgium ID 2010 (dutch).jpg|thumb|upright|Belgian national identity card]]
{{Main article|Belgian national identity card}}
In [[Belgium]], everyone above the age of 12 is issued an identity card ({{lang|fr|carte d'identité}} in French, {{lang|nl|identiteitskaart}} in Dutch and {{lang|de|Personalausweis}} in German), and from the age of 15 carrying this card at all times is mandatory. For foreigners residing in Belgium similar cards (foreigner's cards, {{lang|nl|vreemdelingenkaart}} in Dutch, {{lang|fr|carte pour étrangers}} in French) are issued, although they may also carry a passport, a work permit or a (temporary) residence permit.
Since 2000, all newly issued Belgian identity cards have a chip ([[Electronic identity card|eID card]]), and roll-out of these cards is expected to be complete in the course of 2009. Since 2008, the aforementioned foreigner's card has also been replaced by an eID card, containing a similar chip. The eID cards can be used both in the public and private sector for identification and for the creation of legally binding electronic signatures.
Until end 2010 Belgian consulates issued old style ID cards (105 x 75 mm) to Belgian citizens who were permanently residing in their jurisdiction and who chose to be registered at the consulate (which is strongly advised).
Since 2011 Belgian consulates issue electronic ID cards, the electronic chip on which is not activated however.
=====Bulgaria=====
[[File:Bulgarian identity card.png|thumb|upright|[[Bulgarian identity card|Bulgarian ID card]]]]
{{Main article|Bulgarian identity card}}
In [[Bulgaria]], it is obligatory to possess an identity card (Bulgarian - лична карта, lichna karta) at the age of 14. Any person above 14 being checked by the police without carrying at least some form of identification is liable to a fine of 50 Bulgarian levs (about €25).
=====Croatia=====
{{Main article|Croatian identity card}}
[[File:Osobna iskaznica 2015 - prednja strana.jpg|thumb|[[Croatian identity card|Croatian ID card]] specimen|upright]]
All Croatian citizens may request an Identity Card, called [[Croatian identity card|Osobna iskaznica]] (literally Personal card). All persons over the age of 18 must have an Identity Card and carry it at all times. Refusal to carry or produce an Identity Card to a police officer can lead to a fine of 100 [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] or more and detention until the individual's identity can be verified by fingerprints.
The Croatian ID card is valid in the entire European Union, and can also be used to travel throughout the non-EU countries of the Balkans.
The 2013 design of the Croatian ID card is prepared for future installation of an [[Electronic identity card]] chip, which is set for implementation in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akd.hr/?p=8 |title=Osobna iskaznica | AKD |publisher=Akd.hr |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060601/http://www.akd.hr/?p=8 |archivedate=May 11, 2015 }}</ref>
=====Cyprus=====
[[File:Cypriot_ID_card_specimen_-_front.jpg|thumb|169x169px|[[Cypriot identity card]]]]
The acquisition and possession of a Civil Identity Card is compulsory for any eligible person who has reached twelve years of age. On 29 January 2015, it was announced that all future IDs to be issued will be biometric.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=el:Στη έκδοση βιομετρικών ταυτοτήτων προχωρεί η κυβέρνηση|url=http://www.philenews.com/el-gr/koinonia-eidiseis/160/239744/sti-ekdosi-viometrikon-taftotiton-prochorei-i-kyvernisi|accessdate=29 January 2015|work=Philenews|date=29 January 2015|language=el}}</ref> They can be applied for at Citizen Service Centres (KEP) or at consulates with biometric data capturing facilities.
An ID card costs €30 for adults and €20 for children with 10/5 years validity respectively. It is a valid travel document for the entire European Union.
=====Czech Republic=====
{{Main article|Czech national identity card}}
An identity card with a photo is issued to all citizens of the [[Czech Republic]] at the age of 15. It is officially recognised by all member states of the [[European Union]] for intra EU travel. Travelling outside the EU mostly requires the [[Czech passport]].
=====Denmark=====
Denmark is one of few EU countries that currently do not issue national identity cards (not counting [[driver's licenses|driving licences]] and [[passports]] issued for other purposes).
Danish citizens are not required by law to carry an identity card. A traditional identity document (without photo), the ''personal identification number certificate'' (Danish:''Personnummerbevis'') is of little use in Danish society, as it has been largely replaced by the much more versatile ''National Health Insurance Card'' (Danish:''Sundhedskortet'') which contains the same information and more. The National Health Insurance Card is issued to all citizens age 12 and above. It is commonly referred to as an identity card despite the fact it has no photo of the holder. Both certificates retrieve their information from the Civil Registration System. However, the ''personnummerbevis'' is still issued today and has been since September 1968.
Danish driver's licenses and passports are the only identity cards issued by the government containing both the [[Personal identification number (Denmark)|personal identification number]] and a photo. A foreign citizen without driving skills living in Denmark can not get such documents. Foreign driving licenses and passports are accepted with limitations. A foreigner living in Denmark will have a residence permit with their [[Personal identification number (Denmark)|personal identification number]] and a photo.
In Denmark, since 2004, counties have issued a "photo identity card" ({{lang-da|billedlegitimationskort}}), which can be used as age verification, but it is limited for identification purposes because of limited security for issuing, and it is not valid for EU travel.
Until 2004, the national debit card [[Dankort]] contained a photo of the holder and was widely accepted as an identity card. The Danish banks lobbied successfully to have pictures removed from the national debit cards and so since 2004 the Dankort has no longer contained a photo. Hence it is rarely accepted for identification.
=====Estonia=====
{{Main article|Estonian ID card}}
The Estonian identity card ({{lang-et|ID-kaart}}) is a [[chipped card|chipped]] picture ID in the [[Republic of Estonia]]. An Estonian identity card is officially recognised by all member states of the [[European Union]] for intra EU travel. For travelling outside the EU, Estonian citizens may also require a [[Estonian passport|passport]].
The card's chip stores a [[key pair]], allowing users to cryptographically sign digital documents based on principles of [[public key cryptography]] using [[DigiDoc]]. Under Estonian law, since 15 December 2000 the cryptographic signature is legally equivalent to a manual [[signature]].
The Estonian identity card is also used for authentication in Estonia's ambitious [[Electronic voting in Estonia|Internet-based voting]] programme. In February 2007, Estonia was the first country in the world to institute electronic voting for parliamentary elections. Over 30 000 voters participated in the country's first e-election.<ref>[http://www.idcreator.com/the-number-of-electronic-voters-tripled] idBlog - The number of electronic voters tripled</ref> By 2014, at the European Parliament elections, the number of e-voters has increased to more than 100,000 comprising 31% of the total votes cast.<ref>[http://ep2014.vvk.ee/detailed.html] Detailed results of Estonian European Parliament elections</ref>
=====Finland=====
{{Main article|Finnish identity card}}
In Finland, any citizen can get an identification card (''henkilökortti''/''identitetskort''). This, along with the passport, is one of two official identity documents. It is available as an electronic ID card (''sähköinen henkilökortti''/''elektroniskt identitetskort''), which enables logging into certain government services on the Internet.
Driving licenses and [[KELA (Finnish Social Insurance)|KELA]] (social security) cards with a photo are also widely used for general identification purposes even though they are not officially recognized as such. However, KELA has ended the practice of issuing social security cards with the photograph of the bearer, while it has become possible to embed the social security information onto the national ID card. For most purposes when identification is required, only valid documents are ID card, passport or driving license. However, a citizen is not required to carry any of these.
=====France=====
{{Main article|French national identity card}}
France has had a national ID card for all citizens since the beginning of [[World War II]] in 1940. Compulsory identity documents were created before, for workers from 1803 to 1890, nomads (''[[:fr:gens du voyage|gens du voyage]]'') in 1912, and foreigners in 1917 during World War I.
National identity cards were first issued as the ''carte d'identité Française'' under the law of October 27, 1940, and were compulsory for everyone over the age of 16. Identity cards were valid for 10 years, had to be updated within a year in case of change of residence, and their renewal required paying a fee. Under the [[Vichy regime]], in addition to the face photograph, the family name, first names, date and place of birth, the card included the national identity number managed by the national statistics [[INSEE]], which is also used as the national service registration number, as the Social Security account number for health and retirement benefits, for access to court files and for tax purposes.
Under the decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19551027&pageDebut=10604&pageFin=&pageCourante=10604 |title=Decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955, initial version. |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |date=1955-10-27 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.com/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000848756&fastPos=1&fastReqId=684983788&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte |title=Decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955 |language=French |publisher=Legifrance.com |accessdate=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306105304/http://www.legifrance.com/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000848756&fastPos=1&fastReqId=684983788&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> a revised non-compulsory card, the ''carte nationale d'identité'' (CNI) was introduced.
The law (Art. 78-1 to 78-6 of the French Code of criminal procedure (''Code de procédure pénale'')<ref name="195.83.177.9">{{cite web |url=http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=34&r=3914 |title=Code of criminal procedure, Book I, Title II, Chapter III |language=French |publisher=195.83.177.9 |accessdate=2012-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226213414/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=34&r=3914 |archivedate=2012-02-26 |df= }}</ref> mentions only that during an ID check performed by police, gendarmerie or customs officer, one can prove his identity "by any means", the validity of which is left to the judgment of the law enforcement official. Though not stated explicitly in the law, an ID card, a driving licence, a passport, a visa, a ''[[Permanent residency|Carte de Séjour]]'', a [[Voter registration|voting card]] are sufficient according to jurisprudency. The decision to accept other documents, with or without the bearer's photograph, like a [[Social Security card]], a [[travel card]] or a [[ATM card|bank card]], is left to the discretion of the law enforcement officer.
According to Art. 78-2 of the French Penal Procedure Code ID checks are only possible:<ref>[http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/F1036.xhtml#titreN100F0 Service-Public.fr, Le site officiel de l'administration française.] ''Quelles sont les règles en matière de contrôle et de vérification d'identité ?''</ref>
* alineas 1 & 2 : if you are the object of inquiries or investigations, have committed, prepared or attempted to commit an offence or if you are able to give information about it (''contrôle judiciaire'');<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechExpJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000017830085&fastReqId=1726079256&fastPos=1 |title=Cass. crim. 05/02/2007, n°07-81517, Bull., n°112 |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
* alinea 4 : within 20 km of French borders and in ports, airports and railway stations open to international traffic (''contrôle aux frontières'');<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechExpJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000017830144&fastReqId=637441257&fastPos=1 |title=Cass. crim. 05/03/2007, n°07-81331, Bull., n°117 |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
* alinea 3 : whatever the person's behaviour, to prevent a breach of public order and in particular an offence against the safety of persons or property (''contrôle administratif'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechExpJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000007070821&fastReqId=119383168&fastPos=1 |title=Cass. crim. 05/12/1999, n°99-81153, Bull., n°95 |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
The last case allows checks of passers-by ID by the police, especially in neighborhoods with a higher criminality rate which are often the poorest at the condition, according to the ''[[Court of Cassation (France)|Cour de cassation]]'', that the policeman doesn't refer only to "general and abstract conditions" but to "particular circumstances able to characterise a risk of breach of public order and in particular an offence against the safety of persons or property" (Cass. crim. 05/12/1999, n°99-81153, Bull., n°95).
In case of necessity to establish your identity, not being able to prove it "by any means" (for example the legality of a road traffic ''[[procès-verbal]]'' depends of it), may lead to a temporary arrest (''vérification d'identité'') of up to 4 hours for the time strictly required for ascertaining your identity according to art. 78-3 of the French Code of criminal procedure (''Code de procédure pénale'').<ref name="195.83.177.9"/>
For financial transactions, ID cards and passports are almost always accepted as proof of identity. Due to possible [[Identity document forgery|forgery]], driver's licenses are sometimes refused. For transactions by cheque involving a larger sum, two different ID documents are frequently requested by merchants.
The current identification cards are now issued free of charge and optional, and are valid for ten years for minors, and fifteen for adults<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/services-aux-citoyens/documents-officiels-a-l-etranger/article/extension-de-la-duree-de-validite-de-la-carte-nationale-d-identite |title=Durée de validité de la carte nationale d'identité et séjour à l'étranger |publisher=diplomatie.gouv.fr |language=French}}</ref>. The current government has proposed a compulsory biometric card system, which has been opposed by human rights groups and by the national authority and regulator on computing systems and databases, the ''Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés'', [[CNIL]]. Another non-compulsory project is being discussed.
=====Germany=====
{{Main article|German identity card}}
[[Image:Mustermann nPA.jpg|thumb|upright|Specimen of a [[Germany|German]] [[German identity card|identity card]] issued since November 2010.]]
It is compulsory for all [[Germany|German]] citizens aged 16 or older to possess either a ''Personalausweis'' (identity card) or a passport but not to carry one. Police officers and other officials have a right to demand to see one of those documents ([[obligation of identification]]); however the law does not state that one is obliged to submit the document at that very moment. But as [[driver's licence]]s, although sometimes accepted, are not legally accepted forms of identification in Germany, people usually choose to carry their ''Personalausweis'' with them.
Beginning in November 2010, German ID cards are issued in the ID-1 format and can also contain an integrated digital signature, if so desired. Until October 2010, German ID cards were issued in [[ISO/IEC 7810]] ID-2 format. The cards have a photograph and a chip with biometric data, including, optionally, fingerprints.
=====Gibraltar=====
{{Main article|Gibraltar identity card|History of nationality in Gibraltar}}
Gibraltar has operated an identity card system since 1943.
The cards issued were originally folded cardboard, similar to the wartime UK Identity cards abolished in 1950. There were different colours for British and non-British residents. Gibraltar requires all residents to hold identity cards, which are issued free.
In 1993 the cardboard ID card was replaced with a laminated version. However, although valid as a [[Passport|travel documen]]t to the UK, they were not accepted by Spain.
A new version in an EU compliant format was issued and is valid for use around the EU although as very few are seen there are sometimes problems in its use, even in the UK. ID cards are needed for some financial transactions, but apart from that and to cross the frontier with Spain, they are not in common use.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
=====Greece=====
{{Main article|Greek identity card}}
[[Image:Greek ID Card-Front.jpg|thumb|upright|Greek ID card (front)]]
A compulsory, universal ID system based on personal ID cards has been in place in Greece since [[World War II]]. ID cards are issued by the police on behalf of the Headquarters of the Police (previously issued by the Ministry of Public Order, now incorporated in the Ministry of Internal Affairs) and display the holder's signature, standardized face photograph, name and surname, legal ascendant(s) name and surname, date and place of birth, height, municipality, and the issuing police precinct. There are also two optional fields designed to facilitate emergency medical care: [[ABO]] and [[Rhesus blood group system|Rhesus factor]] [[Blood type|blood typing]].
Fields included in previous ID card formats, such as vocation or profession, religious denomination, domiciliary address, name and surname of spouse, fingerprint, eye and hair color, citizenship and ethnicity were removed permanently as being intrusive of personal data and/or superfluous for the sole purpose of personal identification.
Since 2000, name fields have been filled in both [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] characters. According to the Signpost Service of the European Commission [reply to Enquiry 36581], old type Greek ID cards "are as valid as the new type according to Greek law and thus they constitute valid travel documents that all other EU Member States are obliged to accept". In addition to being equivalent to passports within the [[European Economic Area]], Greek ID cards are the principal means of identification of voters during elections.
Since 2005, the procedure to issue an ID card has been automated and now all citizens over 12 years of age must have an ID card, which is issued within one work day.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Prior to that date, the age of compulsory issue was at 14 and the whole procedure could last several months.
In Greece, an ID card is a citizen's most important state document{{Original research inline|date=November 2016}}. For instance, it is required to perform banking transactions if the teller personnel is unfamiliar with the apparent account holder, to interact with the Citizen Service Bureaus (KEP),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kep.gov.gr/portal/page/portal/MyNewPortal?lng=us | title=Untitled Document}}</ref> receive parcels or registered mail etc. Citizens are also required to produce their ID card at the request of law enforcement personnel.
All the above functions can be fulfilled also with a valid Greek passport (e.g., for people who have lost their ID card and have not yet applied for a new one, people who happen to carry their passport instead of their ID card or Greeks who reside abroad and do not have an identity card, which can be issued only in Greece in contrast to passports also issued by consular authorities abroad).
=====Hungary=====
[[Image:HunIDfront.jpg|thumb|upright|Front of a Hungarian national ID card]]
[[Image:HunIDback.jpg|thumb|upright|Back of a Hungarian national ID card]]
{{Main article|Hungarian identity card}}
Currently, there are three types of valid ID documents (''Személyazonosító igazolvány'', née ''Személyi igazolvány'', abbr. ''Sz.ig.'') in Hungary: the oldest valid ones are hard-covered, multi-page booklets and issued before 1989 by the People's Republic of Hungary, the second type is a soft-cover, multi-page booklet issued after the change of regime; these two have one, original photo of the owner embedded, with original signatures of the owner and the local police's representative. The third type is a plastic card with the photo and the signature of the holder digitally reproduced. These are generally called Personal Identity Card.
The plastic card shows the owners full name, maiden name if applicable, birth date and place, mother's maiden name, the cardholder's gender, the ID's validity period and the local state authority which issued the card. The card has a 6 digit number + 2 letter unique ID and a separate machine readable zone on the back for identity document scanning devices. It does not have any information about the owner's residential address, nor their personal identity number – this sensitive information is contained on a separate card, called a Residency Card (''Lakcímkártya''). Personal identity numbers have been issued since 1975; they have the following format in numbers: gender (1 number) – birth date (6 numbers) – unique ID (4 numbers). They are no longer used as a personal identification number, but as a statistical signature.
Other valid documents are the passport (blue colored or red colored with [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]] chip) and the [[driver's license]]; an individual is required to have at least one of them on hand all the time. The Personal Identity Card is mandatory to vote in state elections or open a bank account in the country.
ID cards are issued to permanent residents of Hungary; if a foreign citizen, the card has a different color.
===== Iceland =====
The Icelandic state-issued identity cards are called "Nafnskírteini". Most people use driver's licences instead. Identity documents are not mandatory to carry by law (unless driving a car), but can be needed for bank services, age verification and other situations.
=====Ireland=====
[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] does not issue mandatory national identity cards as such. Except for a brief period during the second world war when the Irish Department of External Affairs issued ID Cards to those wishing to travel to the UK,</small><ref>Page 117 of ''Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921-1971'' by Enda Delaney, published by Liverpool University Press 2000</ref> Ireland has never issued national identity cards as such.
Identity documentation is optional for Irish and British citizens. Nevertheless, identification is mandatory to obtain certain services such as air travel, banking, interactions regarding welfare and public services, age verification and additional situations.
"Non-nationals" (no connection to an [[European Economic Area|EEA]] country or Switzerland) aged 16 years and over must produce identification on demand to any immigration officer or a member of the Garda Síochána (police).<ref>Section 12 of the 2004 Immigration Act as amended by section 34 of The Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011. Section 11 of the 2011 Act specifies that Irish and (in most cases) EEA citizens are exempted from the requirement to produce identification on demand. Section 5 of the 2004 Act exempts a) People whose applications for asylum are pending. This does not extend to people whose applications for protection (under the Refugee Act of 2006) have been unsuccessful, but who have submitted an application to the Minister for a discretionary permission to remain (what is often called “humanitarian leave to remain”) b) People whose refugee status has been recognised c)Family members of refugees, who have joined them here under the refugee family reunification process (again, under the Refugee Act 2006) c) Programme refugees</ref>
Passport booklets, passport cards, driver's licenses, GNIB Registration Certificates<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/moving_to_ireland/rights_of_residence_in_ireland/registration_of_non_eea_nationals_in_ireland.html | title=Registration of non-EEA nationals}}</ref> and other forms of identity cards can be used for identification. Ireland has issued optional [[Irish passport#Passport Card|passport cards]] since October 2015.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/credit-card-size-passport-for-european-travel-available-today-1.2379368 Credit-card size passport for European travel available today]</ref> The cards are the size of a credit card and have all the information from the biographical page of an Irish passport booklet and can be explicitly used for travel in the [[European Economic Area|EEA]].
Ireland issues a "Public Services Card" which are useful when identification is needed for contacts regarding welfare and public services. They have photos but not birth dates and are therefore not accepted by banks. The card is also not considered as being an ID card by the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection (DEASP). In a [[Oireachtas]] committee hearing held on February 22, 2018, Tim Duggan of that department stated “A national ID card is an entirely different idea. People are generally compelled to carry (such a card).”<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thejournal.ie/public-services-card-oireachtas-committee-2-3865142-Feb2018/ | title='If everything's fine, why's it being investigated?' - Social Protection peppered with tough questions over PSC}}</ref>
=====Italy=====
{{See also|Italian electronic identity card}}
All Italian citizens are entitled to request an identity card which would be issued by the municipality in which they live. The card lasts ten years and is a valid document to leave the country when travelling to another [[European Union|EU]] country.<ref>''Testo unico delle leggi di pubblica sicurezza'' ("Single body of laws on public security"), also known as TULPS, article 3; see for example here {{cite web |url=http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712080608/http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza.html |archivedate=2010-07-12 |df= }}.</ref>
It is not compulsory to carry the card itself, as the authorities only have the right to ask for the identity of a person, not for a specific document. However, if public-security officers are not convinced of the claimed identity, such as may be the case for a verbally provided identity claim, they may keep the claimant in custody until his/her identity is ascertained;<ref>''Testo unico delle leggi di pubblica sicurezza'' ("Single body of laws on public security"), also known as TULPS, article 157; see for example here {{cite web |url=http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza/16.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911021220/http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza/16.html |archivedate=2009-09-11 |df= }}.</ref> such an arrest is limited to the time necessary for identification and has no legal consequence.
[[File:Carta identita italiana.jpg|thumb|upright|Italian classic paper booklet ID card, front page]]
[[File:Italian electronic ID card.png|thumb|170px|Italian new eID card (front)]]
A classic Italian identity card (now in the process of being replaced by a newer template) has four pages, containing:
# Issuing municipality, card number and owner's name and surname;
# Owner's name, surname, birth date and place, citizenship, city of residence, address, civil status (optional) and profession; in addition, physical features such as height, hair and eye color, and any other particular feature not visible from the photo (e.g., having a twin or being an amputee) can be noted;
# Photo and signature of the owner, date of issue and stamp of the issuing municipality.
# Expiration date and card number.
A field for fingerprints has been present for a long time at the bottom of the third page, but is rarely if ever used. Also, physical features are normally not measured rigorously, but are just verbally asked to the applicant (such as height) or quickly ascertained by administrative personnel on the spot, with no checks for hair dying or cosmetic lenses.
The classic Italian ID card is made of paper, not plastic, and its [[lamination]] with plastic pouches is explicitly forbidden, because it would interfere with the anti-forging heat sensitive pattern on the back of the card (see reference).<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=it&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.villacortese.mi.it%2Fdefault.cfm%3FID%3D1167 On lamination of ID cards], Web site of the municipality of [[Villa Cortese]].</ref>
Lamination of ID cards was popular and widely practised until the current prohibition was introduced, because of the low quality of the employed paper, which tends to break apart after a few months in a wallet.
Removable pouches are often employed to limit damage, but the odd size of the card (about 1 cm larger than a plastic credit card in both directions) makes it difficult to store it easily in a wallet.
Furthermore, the usage of paper makes the card easy to forge, and foreign countries outside the EU sometimes refuse to accept it as a valid document.
These common criticism were considered in the development of the [[Italian electronic identity card]], which is in the more common credit-card format.
All foreigners in Italy are required by law to have an ID with them at all times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sicurezzapubblica.wikidot.com/identificazione-di-persone#toc7 |title=On identification of foreigners in Italy |publisher=Sicurezzapubblica.wikidot.com |accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref>
Citizens of EU member countries must be always ready to display an identity document that is legally government-issued in their country. Non-EU residents must have their passport with customs entrance stamp or a residence permit issued by Italian authorities; while all the resident/immigrant aliens must have a residence permit (otherwise they are illegal and face deportation), foreigners from certain non-EU countries staying in Italy for a limited amount of time (typically for tourism) may be only required to have their passport with proper customs stamp. Additionally permanently resident foreigners can ask to be issued an Italian ID card by the local authorities of their city/town of residence.
=====Netherlands=====
{{See also|Dutch identity card|Dutch passport}}
Dutch citizens from the age of 14 are required to be able to show a valid identity document upon request by a police officer or similar official. Furthermore, identity documents are required when opening bank accounts and upon start of work for a new employer. Official identity documents for residents in the Netherlands are:
* [[Dutch passport]]
* [[Dutch identity card]]
* Alien's Residence permit
* ''Geprivilegieerdenkaart'' (amongst others for the corps diplomatique and their family members)
* Passports/national ID cards of members of other [[European Economic Area|E.E.A. countries]]
For the purpose of identification in public (but not for other purposes), also a Dutch [[driving license]] often may serve as an identity document.
In the [[Caribbean Netherlands]], Dutch and other EEA identity cards are not valid; and the [[Identity card BES]] is an obligatory document for all residents.
===== Norway =====
In Norway there is no law penalising non possession of an identity document. But there are rules requiring it for services like banking, air travel and voting (where personal recognition or other identification methods have not been possible).
The following documents are generally considered valid (varying a little, since no law lists them):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nordea.no/privat/bli+kunde/bli+kunde+i+nordea/godkjent+legitimasjon/1145562.html|title=Godkjent legitimasjon|publisher=Nordea.no|accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref> Nordic driving licence, passport (often only from EU and EFTA), national ID card from EU, Norwegian ID card from banks and some more.
There is no ID card for anyone except bank ID card (normally printed on the reverse of a credit card). To get a bank ID card either a Nordic passport or another passport together with Norwegian residence and work permit is needed.
There is an ongoing plan to introduce a national ID card accrediting Norwegian citizenship, usable for travel within the EU, and for general identification. The plan started in 2007 and has been delayed several times and is now expected in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/reise/reisenyheter/2018/05/07/195393945/justisdepartementet-tipper-nye-id-kort-og-pass-kommer-i-2020|title=Justisdepartementet: – Tipper nye ID-kort og pass kommer i 2020 {{!}} ABC Nyheter|date=2018-05-07|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> Banks are campaigning to be freed from the task of issuing ID cards, stating that it should be the responsibility of state authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinside.no/887139/bankkortet-skal-ikke-lenger-vaere-legitimasjon|title=Bankkortet skal ikke lenger være legitimasjon|publisher=Dinside.no|accessdate=2013-11-11|date=2012-01-12}}</ref> Some banks have already ceased issuing ID cards, so people need to bring their passport for such things as credit card purchases or buying prescribed medication if not in possession of a driving licence.<ref name="kastet_av_toget">[http://www.rb.no/lokale_nyheter/article6270991.ece Ble kastet av toget] (Norwegian. Translation:Thrown off train)</ref><ref>[http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/britt-har-ikke-annet-id-bevis-enn-passet/3422799126.html Britt har ikke annet ID-bevis enn passet] (Norwegian. Translated quote:''Britt has no other ID than the passport. Without a driving license and with a new credit card with no picture, Brit Thoresen must carry her passport to identify herself. "Today you have to identify yourself everywhere. Either you need to retrieve the Get box at Spaceworld, get new library card or have prescription medications at the pharmacy", she explains.'')</ref>
=====Poland=====
{{CSS image crop
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{{Main article|Polish National Identity Card}}
Every Polish citizen 18 years of age or older residing permanently in [[Poland]] must have an Identity Card (''Dowód osobisty'') issued by the local Office of Civic Affairs. Polish citizens living permanently abroad are entitled, but not required, to have one.
=====Portugal=====
{{Main article|Citizen Card (Portugal)}}
All Portuguese citizens are required by law to obtain an Identity Card as they turn 6 years of age. They are not required to carry with them always but are obligated to present them to the lawful authorities if requested.
The old format of the cards (yellow laminated paper document) featured a portrait of the bearer, their fingerprint, and the name of parent(s), among other information.
[[File:Cartão de Cidadão Português.jpg|thumb|upright|Front of a Portuguese national ID card]]
They are currently being replaced by grey plastic cards with a chip, called ''Cartão de Cidadão'' (Citizen's Card), which now incorporate NIF (Tax Number), Cartão de Utente (Health Card) and Social Security, all of which are protected by a PIN obtained when the card is issued.
The new Citizen's Card is technologically more advanced than the former Identity Card and has the following characteristics:
* From the '''physical point of view''' the Citizen's Card will have a 'smart card' format and will replace the existing Identity Card, taxpayer card, Social Security card, voter's card and National Health Service user's card.
* From the '''visual point of view''' the front of the card will display the holder's photograph and basic personal details. The back will list the numbers under which the holder is registered with the different bodies whose cards the Citizen's Card combines and replaces. The back will also contain an optical reader and the chip.
* From the '''electronic point of view''' the card will have a contact chip, with digital certificates (for electronic authentication and signature purposes). The chip may also hold the same information as the physical card itself, together with other data such as the holder's address.
=====Romania=====
{{Main article|Romanian identity card}}
[[Image:Idrou.jpg|thumb|upright|Specimen of a [[Romanian identity card]] issued since 2009.]]
Every citizen of [[Romania]] must register for an ID card ('''Carte de identitate''', abbreviated '''CI''') at the age of 14. The CI offers proof of the identity, address, sex and other data of the possessor. It has to be renewed every 10 years. It can be used instead of a passport for travel inside the European Union and several other countries outside the EU.
Another ID Card is the Provisional ID Card ('''Cartea de Identitate Provizorie''') issued temporarily when an individual cannot get a normal ID Card. Its validity extends for up to 1 year. It cannot be used in order to travel within the EU, unlike the normal ID card.
Other forms of officially accepted identification include the [[driver's license]] and the birth certificate. However, these are accepted only in limited circumstances and cannot take the place of the ID Card in most cases. The ID Card is mandatory for dealing with government institutions, banks or currency exchange shops. A valid passport may also be accepted, but usually only for foreigners.
In addition, citizens can be expected to provide the personal identification number (CNP) in many circumstances; purposes range from simple unique identification and internal book-keeping (for example when drawing up the papers for the warranty of purchased goods) to being asked for identification by the police. The CNP is 13 characters long, with the format S-YY-MM-DD-RR-XXX-Y. Where S is the sex, YY is year of birth, MM is month of birth, DD is day of birth, RR is a regional id, XXX is a unique random number and Y is a control digit.
Presenting the ID Card is preferred but not mandatory when asked by police officers; however, in such cases people are expected to provide a CNP or alternate means of identification which can be checked on the spot (via radio if needed).
The information on the ID Card is required to be kept updated by the owner; current address of domicile in particular. Doing otherwise can expose the citizen to certain fines or be denied service by those institutions that require a valid, up to date Card. In spite of this, it is common for people to let the information lapse or go around with expired ID Cards.
=====Slovakia=====
{{CSS image crop
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|bSize = 170
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The Slovak ID card ({{lang-sk|Občiansky preukaz}}) is a picture ID in [[Slovakia]]. It is issued to citizens of the Slovak Republic who are 15 or older. A Slovak ID card is officially recognised by all member states of the [[European Economic Area]] and Switzerland for travel. For travel outside the EU, Slovak citizens may also require a [[Slovak passport|passport]], which is a legally accepted form of picture ID as well. Police officers and some{{Who|date=July 2012}} other officials have a right to demand to see one of those documents, and the law states that one is obliged to submit such a document at that very moment. If one fails to comply, law enforcement officers are allowed to insist on personal identification at the police station.
=====Slovenia=====
Every Slovenian citizen regardless of age has the right to acquire an Identity Card ({{lang-sl|Osebna izkaznica}}) where every citizen of the [[Republic of Slovenia]] of 18 years of age or older is obliged by law to acquire one and carry it at all times (or any other Identity document with a picture i.e., Slovene Passport). The Card is a valid Identity Document within all members states of the [[European Union]] for travel within the EU. With exception of the Faroe Islands and Greenland, though it may be used to travel outside of the EU: [[Norway]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[BiH]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]], [[Switzerland]]. The front side displays the name and surname, sex, nationality, date of birth and expiration date of the card, as well as the number of the ID card a black and white photograph and a signature. On the back, permanent address, administrative unit, date of issue, [[Unique Master Citizen Number|EMŠO]], and a code with key information in a [[Machine-readable passport|machine-readable zone]].
Depending on the holders age (and sometimes also other factors), the card had a validity of 5 years or 10 years, and 1 year for foreigners living in Slovenia.
In Slovenia the ID cards importance is equaled only by the [[passport|Slovenian passport]], but a due to size a lot more practical.
=====Spain=====
[[File:DNIe3.0 Spanish ID Card.png|thumb|upright|Spanish national ID card (front)]]
In Spain citizens, resident foreigners and companies have similar but distinct identity numbers, some with prefix letters, all with a check-code<ref>{{cite web|title=Verificacion de Codigos DNI CIF NIF (validity check) NIE|language=Spanish|url=http://www.argored.com/validar-cif-nif-nie.php|publisher=Argored s.l.}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''NIF''' Both natural and legal persons have a tax code or ''[[:es:Número de identificación fiscal|Número de Identificación Fiscal]]'' (NIF), which is the same as their identity document. For companies this was formerly known as ''Código de Identificación Fiscal'' (CIF)
* '''DNI''' Spanish Citizens have a ''Documento Nacional de Identidad'' (DNI), which bears this number without any letter prefix. This is sometimes known by obsolete names such as ''Cédula de Ciudadanía'' (CC),''Carné de Identidad'' (CI) or ''Cédula de Identidad'' (CI)
:Spanish citizens under 14 may, but over 14 must, acquire a National Identity Card ''(DNI)''. It is issued by the National Police formerly [[ISO/IEC 7810|ID-1]] (bank-card) format paper encapsulated in plastic. Since 2006 a new version of the 'DNI' has been introduced. The new 'Electronic DNI' is a [[Smart card]] that allows for digital signing of documents. The chip contains most of the personal information printed on the card and a digitized version of the bearer's face, signature and fingerprints.<ref>{{cite conference
| title =The new Spanish electronic identity card: DNI-e
| first1 =Luis
| first2=Javier
| first3=Araceli
| last1 =Hernández Encinas
| last2=Espinosa García
| last3=Queiruga Dios
|date=September 2007
| conference =International Conference on Information Technologies (InfoTech-2007)
| conferenceurl =
| editor =
| others =
| volume =vol I: Technological Aspects of the e-Governance and Data Protection.
| isbn =978-954-9518-41-2
| bibcode =
| oclc =
| doi =
|hdl = 10261/15941}}</ref>
:On the front there is a photograph, the name and surname (see [[Spanish naming customs]]), the bearer's signature, an id number, the issue date and the expiry date. On the reverse appears the date and place of birth, the gender, legal ascendant(s) name and the current address. At the bottom there is key information in a [[Machine-readable passport|machine-readable zone]]. Depending on holder's age, the card has a validity of 5 years, 10 years or indefinite (for the elderly).<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Identity Card BO-03001|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/2274/docHome.html|publisher=[[European Council]]|date=27 November 2009|accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref>
* '''CIF''' ''Código de Identidad Fiscal'' has been retained only for associations and foundation have a CIF which starts with the letter -G
* '''NIE''' Foreigners ( e'''X'''tranjeros in Spanish) are issued with a Número de Identificación de Extranjero, which starts with the letter X or Y. NIE cards for EU citizens have been abolished and replaced by a printed A4 page, which does not need to be carried, whilst cards are still issued to non-EU citizens, now following the standard European format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investinspain.org/invest/es/invertir-en-espana/extranjeria/numero-y-tarjeta-de-identificacion-de-extranjero/index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-03-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329001403/http://www.investinspain.org/invest/es/invertir-en-espana/extranjeria/numero-y-tarjeta-de-identificacion-de-extranjero/index.html |archivedate=2015-03-29 |df= }}</ref>
Despite the NIF/CIF/NIE/NIF distinctions the ''identity number'' is unique and always has eight digits (the NIE has 7 digits see https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Número_de_identidad_de_extranjero) ) followed by a letter calculated from a 23-[[Modular arithmetic]] [[Cyclic redundancy check|check]] used to verify the correctness of the number. The letters I, Ñ, O and U are not used and the
sequence is as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:20px;"| 0 !! style="width:20px;"| 1 !! style="width:20px;"| 2 !! style="width:20px;"| 3 !! style="width:20px;"| 4 !! style="width:20px;"| 5 !! style="width:20px;"| 6 !! style="width:20px;"| 7 !! style="width:20px;"| 8 !! style="width:20px;"| 9 !! style="width:20px;"| 10 !! style="width:20px;"| 11 !! style="width:20px;"| 12 !! style="width:20px;"| 13 !! style="width:20px;"| 14 !! style="width:20px;"| 15 !! style="width:20px;"| 16 !! style="width:20px;"| 17 !! style="width:20px;"| 18 !! style="width:20px;"| 19 !! style="width:20px;"| 20 !! style="width:20px;"| 21 !! style="width:20px;"| 22
|-
| T || R || W || A || G || M || Y || F || P || D || X || B || N || J || Z || S || Q || V || H || L || C || K || E
|}
This number is the same for tax, social security and all legal purposes. Without this number (or a foreign equivalent such as a passport number) a contract may not be enforceable.
In Spain the formal identity number on an ID card is the most important piece of identification. It is used in all public and private transactions. It is required to open a bank account, to sign a contract, to have state insurance and to register at a university and should be shown when being fined by a police officer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Art 20.1 LOPSC|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo1-1992.html#a20}}</ref> It is one of the official documents required to vote at any election, although any other form of official ID such as a driving licence or passport may be used. The card also constitutes a valid [[travel document]] within the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vueling.pt/atencion_cliente/documentacion_viaje_EN.html |title=Travel Documentation |publisher=[[Vueling]] |accessdate=14 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129053103/http://www.vueling.pt/atencion_cliente/documentacion_viaje_EN.html |archivedate=January 29, 2011 }}</ref>
Non-resident citizens of countries such as the United Kingdom, where passport numbers are not fixed for the holder's life but change with renewal, may experience difficulty with legal transactions after the document is renewed since the old number is no longer verifiable on a valid (foreign) passport. However a NIE is issued for life and does not change and can be used for the same purposes.
=====Sweden=====
{{Main article|Identity documents in Sweden}}
Sweden does not have a legal statute for compulsory identity documents. However ID-cards are regularly used to ascertain a person's identity when completing certain transactions. These include but are not limited to banking and age verification. Also interactions with public authorities often require it, in spite of the fact that there is no law explicitly requiring it, because there are laws requiring authorities to somehow verify people's identity. Without Swedish identity documents difficulties can occur accessing health care services, receiving prescription medications and getting salaries or grants. From 2008, EU passports have been accepted for these services due to EU legislation (with exceptions including banking), but non-EU passports are not accepted.
Identity cards have therefore become an important part of everyday life.
There are currently three public authorities that issue ID-cards. The tax office (Skatteverket), the Police and the [[transportstyrelsen|transport board]].
The tax office cards can only be used within Sweden to validate a persons identity, but they can be obtained both by Swedish citizens and those that currently reside in Sweden. A [[Personal identity number (Sweden)|Swedish personal identity number]] is required. It is possible to get one without having any Swedish id-card. In this case a person holding such a card must guarantee the identity, and the person must be a verifiable relative or the boss at the company the person has been working or a few other verifiable people.
The Police can only issue identity documents to Swedish citizens. They issue an internationally recognised id-card according to EU standard usable for intra-[[Europe]]an travel, and Swedish passports which are acceptable as identity documents worldwide.<ref name="Swedpolice">{{cite web|url=http://www.polisen.se/Service/Pass-och-id-kort/Fragor-kring-pass--och-id-kort/ |title=Frågor och svar om pass, nationellt id-kort och legitimation |publisher=Polisen.se |accessdate=2012-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174008/http://www.polisen.se/Service/Pass-och-id-kort/Fragor-kring-pass--och-id-kort/ |archivedate=June 16, 2012 }}</ref>
The Transport board issues [[drivers licence|driving licences]] which are valid as identity documents in Sweden. To obtain one, one must be approved as a driver and strictly have another Swedish identity document as proof of identity.
In the past there have been certain groups that have experienced problems obtaining valid identification documents. This was due to the initial process that was required to validate one's identity, unregulated security requirements by the commercial companies which issued them. Since July 2009, the tax office has begun to issue identity cards and this has simplified the identity validation process for foreign passport holders. Still there are requirements for the identity validation that can cause trouble especially for foreign citizens but the list of people who can validate one's identity has been extended.
===== Switzerland =====
{{Main article|Swiss identity card|Swiss passport}}
[[Swiss citizen]]s have no [[obligation of identification]] in [[Switzerland]] and thus, are not required by law to be able to show a valid identity document upon request by a police officer or similar official. Furthermore, identity documents are required when opening a bank account or when dealing with [[public administration]].
Relevant in daily life of Swiss citizens are Swiss [[ID card]]<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/prado-documents/che/b/index.html PRADO document category B]</ref> and Swiss [[driver's license]];<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/prado-documents/che/f/index.html PRADO document category F]</ref> latter needs to presented upon request by a police officer, when driving a motor-vehicle as e.g. a car, a motorcycle, a bus or a truck. Swiss passport<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/prado-documents/che/a/index.html PRADO document category A]</ref> is needed only for e.g. travel abroad to countries not accepting Swiss ID card as travel document.
=====United Kingdom=====
{{Main article|Identity Cards Act 2006}}
{{See also|Identity Documents Act 2010}}
The UK had an identity card during World War II as part of a package of emergency powers; this was abolished in 1952 by repealing the [[National Registration Act 1939]]. Identity cards were first proposed in the mid-1980s for people attending football matches, following a series of high-profile [[Football hooliganism|hooliganism]] incidents involving English football fans. However, this proposed identity card scheme never went ahead as [[Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth|Lord Taylor]] of [[Gosforth]] ruled it out as "unworkable" in the [[Taylor Report]] of 1990.
By 2006 several groups such as [[No2ID]] had formed to campaign against ID cards in Britain. The UK Labour government progressively introduced compulsory identity cards for non-EU residents in Britain starting late 2008. After the 2010 general election a new government was formed, comprising a coalition between two parties that had pledged to scrap ID cards - the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats - and the [[United Kingdom Home Office|Home Office]] announced that the national identity register had been destroyed on 10 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/news/database-destruction |title=ID card database destroyed |publisher=Home Office |date=2011-02-10 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
Identity cards for British nationals were introduced in 2009 on a voluntary basis. Only workers in certain high-security professions, such as airport workers, were required to have an identity card, and this general lack of ID being compulsory tends to remain the case today.
[[Driving licence in the United Kingdom|Driving licences]], particularly the photocard driving licence introduced in 1998, and [[passport]]s are now the most widely used ID documents in the United Kingdom, but the former cannot be used as travel documents, except within the [[Common Travel Area]]. However, driving licences from the UK and other EU countries are usually accepted within other EEA countries for identity verification. Given that passports do not fit in a typical [[wallet]] or [[Handbag|purse]], most people do not carry their passports in public without an advance that they are going to need them. For people from the UK and other countries where national ID cards are not used or not common, this leaves driving licences as the only valid form of ID to be presented, if requested by an authority for a legitimately-given reason, but unlike a travel document, they do not show the holder's nationality or immigration status. Colloquially, in day-to-day life, most authorities do not ask for identification from individuals in a sudden, spot check type manner, such as by police or security guards, although this may become a concern in instances of [[stop and search]].
There are also various [[Proof of Age Standards Scheme|PASS]]-accredited cards, used mainly for proof-of-age purposes, but {{cn span|they are not very commonly carried other than by those aged in their late teens or early twenties who do not drive and frequently purchase age-restricted goods|date=March 2016}}.
====Other European and Asian countries====
=====Albania=====
[[File:Leternjoftimi shqiptar biometrik...jpg|upright|thumb|[[Albanian Identity Card|Albanian electronic ID Card]] 2009]]
{{Main article|Albanian Identity Card}}
From January 12, 2009 the Government of [[Albania]] is issuing a compulsory [[Albanian Identity Card|electronic and biometric ID Card]] ''(Letërnjoftim)'' for its citizens.<ref>[http://www.sagem-securite.com/eng/site.php?spage=04010822] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112100648/http://www.sagem-securite.com/eng/site.php?spage=04010822|date=November 12, 2008}}</ref>
Every citizen at age 16 must apply for Biometric ID card.
=====Azerbaijan=====
{{Main article|Azerbaijan identity card}}
[[Azerbaijan]] is issuing a compulsory [[Azerbaijan identity card|ID Card]] ''(Şəxsiyyət vəsiqəsi)'' for its citizens.
Every citizen at age 16 must apply for ID card.
=====Belarus=====
{{Main article|Belarusian passport}}
Belarus has combined the international [[passport]] and the [[internal passport]] into one document which is compulsory from age 14. It follows the international passport convention but has extra pages for domestic use.
=====Bosnia and Herzegovina=====
{{Main article|Bosnian-Herzegovinian identity card}}
[[File:Bosnian ID card B.gif|upright|thumb|[[Bosnian-Herzegovinian identity card]]]]
Bosnia and Herzegovina allows every person over the age of 15 to apply for an ID card, and all citizens over the age of 18 must have the national ID card with them at all times. A penalty is issued if the citizen does not have the acquired ID card on them or if the citizen refuses to show proof of identification.
=====Macedonia=====
[[File:Macedonian id.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[Macedonian identity card]]]]
{{Main article|Macedonian identity card}}
The Macedonian identity card ({{lang-mk|Лична карта, Lična karta}}) is a compulsory identity document issued in the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. The document is issued by the police on behalf of the Ministry of Interior. Every person over 18 can get and must get an identity card.
=====Moldova=====
{{Main article|Moldovan Identity Card}}
In Moldova Identity Cards ({{lang-ro|Buletin de identitate}}) are being issued since 1996. The first person to get identity card was former president of Moldova - [[Mircea Snegur]]. Since then all the Moldovan citizens are required to have and use it inside the country. It can't be used to travel outside the country, however it is possible to pass so-called [[Transnistria]]n border with it.
The Moldovan Identity card may be obtained by a child from his/her date of birth. State company "Registru" is responsible for issuing Identity cards and for storing data of all Moldovan citizens.
=====Monaco=====
{{Main article|Monégasque identity card}}
Monégasque identity cards are issued to [[Nationality law of Monaco|Monégasque citizens]] and can be used for travel within the [[Schengen Area]].
=====Montenegro=====
[[Image:Montenegrin identity card.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Montenegrin identity card|Montenegrin national ID card]]]]
{{Main article|Montenegrin identity card}}
In [[Montenegro]] every resident citizen over the age of 14 can have their ''[[Montenegrin identity card|Lična karta]]'' issued, and all persons over the age of 18 must have ID cards and carry them at all times when they are in public places. It can be used for international travel to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]] and [[Albania]] instead of the [[passport]].
=====Russia=====
[[File:RussianPassport.jpg|thumb|upright|Domestic Passport: front]]
[[File:Pasport RF.jpg|thumb|upright|Domestic Passport: Data and Signature page]]
{{Main article|Internal passport of Russia}}
The role of identity documentation is primarily played by the so-called [[Internal Passport of Russia|Russian internal passport]], a passport-size booklet which contains a person's photograph, birth information and other data such as registration at the place of residence (informally known as [[Resident registration in Russia|propiska]]), marital data, information about military service and underage children. Internal passports are issued by the [[Main Directorate for Migration Affairs (Russia)|Main Directorate for Migration Affairs]] to all citizens who reach their 14th birthday and do not reside outside Russia. They are re-issued at the age 20 and 45.
The internal passport is commonly considered the only acceptable ID document in governmental offices, banks, while traveling by train or plane, getting a subscription service, etc. If the person does not have an internal passport (i.e., foreign nationals or Russian citizens who live abroad), an international passport can be accepted instead, theoretically in all cases. Another exception is army conscripts, who produce the [[Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces]].
Internal passports can also be used to travel to Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
Other documents, such as driver's licenses or student cards, can sometimes be accepted as ID, subject to regulations.
=====Serbia=====
[[Image:ChippedSerbianID face.png|upright|thumb|[[Serbian identity card|Serbian national ID card]]]]
{{Main article|Serbian identity card}}
In [[Serbia]] every resident citizen over the age of 10 can have their ''[[Serbian identity card|Lična karta]]'' issued, and all persons over the age of 16 must have ID cards and carry them at all times when they are in public places.<ref>[http://www.mup.gov.rs/domino/dokumenta.nsf/licnakarta?OpenPage Serbian new biometric ID card] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502232832/http://www.mup.gov.rs/domino/dokumenta.nsf/licnakarta?OpenPage |date=2009-05-02 }} {{sr icon}}</ref> It can be used for international travel to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] instead of the passport.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/konzularni-poslovi/putovanja-u-inostranstvo/vize-za-inostranstvo-i-informacije-o-drzavama Конзуларне земље - визе за иностранство<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Contact microchip on ID is optional.
[[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]] issues its own [[Kosovo identity card|identity cards]]. These documents are accepted by Serbia when used as identification while crossing the Serbia-Kosovo border.<ref>[http://euobserver.com/enlargement/32583 EUobserver / Serbia and Kosovo sign first post-independence agreement<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> They can also be used for international travel to [[Montenegro]]<ref>[http://www.mvpei.gov.me/en/sections/consular-affairs/visa-regimes-for-foreign-citizens/kosovo Kosovo<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Albania]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.al/index.php?option=com_multicategories&view=article&id=7206%3Acitizens-of-which-countries-enter-the-republic-of-albania-without-a-visa&Itemid=89&lang=en Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=====Ukraine=====
{{Main article|Ukrainian identity card}}
[[File:Passport_of_the_Citizen_of_Ukraine_(Since_2016).jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ukrainian identity card]]]]
The Ukrainian identity card or Passport of the Citizen of Ukraine (also known as the [[Internal passport|Internal Passport]] or Passport Card) is an identity document issued to citizens of Ukraine. Every Ukrainian citizen aged 14 <ref>Effective 1 October 2016 - 14 years. {{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=56689|title=On amendment of certain laws of Ukraine as to documents certifying Ukrainian nationality, identifying person or its special status, aimed at EU visa liberalization.}}</ref> or above and permanently residing in Ukraine must possess an identity card issued by local authorities of the State Migration Service of Ukraine.
Ukrainian identity cards are valid for 10 years (or 4 years, if issued for citizens aged 14 but less than 18) and afterwards must be exchanged for a new document.
=====Turkey=====
{{Main article|Turkish identity card}}
[[File:TR Nat ID Card Front.png|upright|thumb|[[Turkish identity card]]]]
The Turkish national ID card ({{lang-tr|Nüfus Cüzdanı}}) is compulsory for all Turkish citizens from birth. Cards for males and females have a different color. The front shows the first and last name of the holder, first name of legal ascendant(s), birth date and place, and an 11 digit ID number. The back shows marital status, religious affiliation, the region of the county of origin, and the date of issue of the card. On February 2, 2010 the European Court of Human Rights ruled in a 6 to 1 vote that the religious affiliation section of the Turkish identity card violated articles 6, 9, and 12 of the European Convention of Human Rights, to which Turkey is a signatory. The ruling should coerce the Turkish government to completely omit religious affiliation on future identity cards. The Turkish police are allowed to ask any person to show ID, and refusing to comply may lead to arrest. It can be used for international travel to [[Northern Cyprus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Ukraine]] instead of a passport.
[[Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)|Ministry of Interior]] of Turkey has released EU-like identity cards for all Turkish citizens starting from 02.01.2017. New identity cards are fully and can be used as a bank card, bus ticket or at international trips.
===North America===
====Canada====
In Canada, different forms of identification documentation are used, but there is no de jure national identity card. The [[Canadian passport]] is issued by the federal (national) government, and the provinces and territories issue various documents which can be used for identification purposes. The most commonly used forms of identification within Canada are the health card and [[Driving licence in Canada|driver's licence]] issued by provincial and territorial governments. The widespread usage of these two documents for identification purposes has made them de facto identity cards.
In Canada, a driver's license usually lists the name, home address, height and date of birth of the bearer. A photograph of the bearer is usually present, as well as additional information, such as restrictions to the bearer's driving licence. The bearer is required by law to keep the address up to date.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
A few provinces, such as Québec and Ontario, issue provincial health care cards which contain identification information, such as a photo of the bearer, their home address, and their date of birth. British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Ontario are among the provinces that produce photo identification cards for individuals who do not possess a driving licence, with the cards containing the bearer's photo, home address, and date of birth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/government-id/bc-services-card/types-of-cards/photo|title=Photo BC Services Card - Province of British Columbia|last=Services|first=Ministry of Citizens|website=www2.gov.bc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgi.sk.ca/non-driver-id|title=Non-driver ID and discount - SGI|last=SGI|website=SGI|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-photo-card|title=https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-photo-card|website=www.ontario.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref>
For travel abroad, a passport is almost always required. There are a few minor exceptions to this rule; required documentation to travel among North American countries is subject to the [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative]] , such as the [[NEXUS (frequent traveller program)|NEXUS programme]] and the [[Enhanced Drivers License]] programme implemented by a few provincial governments as a pilot project. These programmes have not yet gained widespread acceptance, and the Canadian passport remains the most useful and widely accepted international travel document.
====Costa Rica====
[[File:Cedula de Costa Rica.JPG|thumb|200px|Cédula de identidad (National Identity Card) of Costa Rica]]
Every [[Costa Rica]]n [[citizen]] must carry an [[identity card]] immediately after turning 18. The card is named ''[[Cédula de Identidad]]'' and it is issued by the local registrar's office (''Registro Civil''), an office belonging to the local elections committee (''Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones''), which in Costa Rica has the same rank as the Supreme Court. Each card has a unique number composed of nine numerical digits, the first of them being the province where the citizen was born (with other significance in special cases such as granted citizenship to foreigners, [[adoption|adopted persons]] or in rare cases with old people where no [[birth certificate]] was processed at birth); after this digit, two blocks of four digits follow; the combination corresponds to the unique identifier of the citizen.
It is widely requested as part of every legal and financial purpose, often requested at payment with [[credit card|credit]] or [[debit cards]] for identification guarantee and requested for buying [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]]ic beverages or cigarettes or upon entrance to adults-only places like bars.
The card must be renewed every ten years and is freely issued again if lost. Among the information included there are, on the front, two identification pictures and digitized signature of the owner, identification number (known colloquially just as the ''cédula''), first name, first and second-last names and an optional ''known as'' field. On the back, there is again the identification number, birth date, where the citizen issues its vote for national elections or referendums, birthplace, gender, date when it must be renewed and a [[Barcode|matrix code]] that includes all this information and even a digitized fingerprint of the thumb and index finger.
The matrix code is not currently being used nor inspected by any kind of scanner.
Besides this identification card, every vehicle driver must carry a [[driver's license|driving licence]], an additional card that uses the same identification number as the ID card (Cédula de Identidad) for the driving license number. A passport is also issued with the same identification number used in the ID card. The same situation occurs with the Social Security number; it is the same number used for the ID card.
All non-Costa Rican citizens with a ''resident status'' must carry an ID card (''Cédula de Residencia''), otherwise, a passport and a valid visa. Each resident's ID card has a unique number composed of 12 digits; the first three of them indicate their nationality and the rest of them a sequence used by the immigration authority (called Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería). As with the Costa Rican citizens, their Social Security number and their driver's license (if they have it) would use the same number as in their own resident's ID card.
====Dominican Republic====
{{Main article|Cédula de Identidad y Electoral}}
A "[[Cedula|Cédula]] de Identidad y Electoral" (Identity and Voting Document) is a National ID that is also used for voting in both Presidential and Congressional ballots. Each "Cédula de Identidad y Electoral" has its unique serial number composed by the serial of the municipality of current residence, a sequential number plus a verification digit. This National ID card is issued to all legal residents of [[adult]] age. It is usually required to validate job applications, legally binding contracts, official documents, buying/selling [[real estate]], opening a personal bank account, obtaining a [[Driver's License]] and the like. It is issued free of charge<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jce.gob.do/Dependencias/Cedulaci%C3%B3n/Tasas.aspx |title=Junta Central Electoral de la República Dominicana - JCE > Dependencias > Cedulación > Tasas |publisher=JCE |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195320/http://www.jce.gob.do/Dependencias/Cedulaci%C3%B3n/Tasas.aspx |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> by the "Junta Central Electoral" (Central Voting Committee) to all [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] not living abroad at the time of reaching [[Age of majority|adulthood]] (16 years of age) or younger is they are [[Emancipation of minors|legally emancipated]]. Foreigners that have taken permanent residence and have not yet applied for Dominican [[naturalization]] (i.e., have not opted for Dominican citizenship but have taken permanent residence) are required to pay an issuing tariff and must bring along their non-expired Country of Origin passport, deposit photocopies of their Residential Card and Dominican Red Cross Blood Type card. Foreigners residing on a permanent basis must renew their "Foreign ID" on a 2, 4 or 10-year renewal basis (about US$63 - US$240, depending on desired renewal period).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soporte.jce.gob.do/PreguntasFrecuentes/Detalle/tabid/64/ArticleId/72/%C2%BFQue-documentos-se-requieren-para-que-los-extranjeros-obtengan-su-Cedula-de-Identidad.aspx |title=¿Qué documentos se requieren para que los extranjeros obtengan su Cédula de Identidad ? |publisher=Soporte.jce.gob.do |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194509/http://soporte.jce.gob.do/PreguntasFrecuentes/Detalle/tabid/64/ArticleId/72/%C2%BFQue-documentos-se-requieren-para-que-los-extranjeros-obtengan-su-Cedula-de-Identidad.aspx |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref>
====El Salvador====
In El Salvador, ID Card is called Documento Único de Identidad (DUI) (Unique Identity Document). Every citizen above 18 years must carry this ID for identification purposes at any time. It is not based on a smartcard but on a standard plastic card with two-dimensional bar-coded information with picture and signature.
====Guatemala====
In January 2009, the National Registry of Persons (RENAP) in [[Guatemala]] began offering a new identity document in place of the ''Cédula de Vecindad'' (neighborhood identity document) to all Guatemala citizens and foreigners. The new document is called "Documento Personal de Identification" (DPI) (Personal Identity Document). It is based on a smartcard with a chip and includes an electronic signature and several measures against fraud. [http://www.renap.gob.gt/]
====Nicaragua====
[[Archivo:http://www.cse.gob.ni/images/stories/cse/cedula.jpg|Cedula Nicaraguense.]]
https://web.archive.org/web/20160715174910/http://www.cse.gob.ni/index.php/servicios/tramite-cedula
====Mexico====
Not mandatory, but needed in almost all official documents, the [[Unique Population Registry Code#CURP Card|CURP]] is the standardized version of an identity document. It actually could be a printed green wallet-sized card (without a photo) or simply an 18-character identification key printed on a birth or death certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://curpyrfc.org/curp-gratis-para-imprimir/ |title=Curp gratis: Print your curp México |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227210307/http://curpyrfc.org/curp-gratis-para-imprimir/ |archive-date=2014-12-27 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
While Mexico has a national identity card (''cédula de identitad personal''), it is only issued to children aged 4-17<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.renapo.gob.mx/swb/es/RENAPO/FaqCEDI#faq5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153932/https://www.renapo.gob.mx/swb/es/RENAPO/FaqCEDI#faq5#faq5 |archive-date=2017-12-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
Unlike most other countries, Mexico has assigned a CURP to nearly all minors, since both the government and most private schools ask parent(s) to supply their children's CURP to keep a data base of all the children. Also, minors must produce their CURP when applying for a passport or being registered at Public Health services by their parent(s).
Most adults need the CURP code too, since it is required for almost all governmental paperwork like tax filings and passport applications. Most companies ask for a prospective employee's CURP, voting card, or passport rather than birth certificates{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}.
To have a CURP issued for a person, a birth certificate or similar proof must be presented to the issuing authorities to prove that the information supplied on the application is true. Foreigners applying for a CURP must produce a certificate of legal residence in Mexico. Foreign-born Mexican naturalized citizens must present their naturalization certificate.
On 21 August 2008 the Mexican cabinet passed the National Security Act, which compels all Mexican citizens to have a biometric identity card, called Citizen Identity Card (''Cédula de identidad ciudadana'') before 2011{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}.
On February 13, 2009 the Mexican government designated the state of [[Tamaulipas]] to start procedures for issuing a pilot program of the national Mexican ID card{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}.
Although the CURP is the ''[[de jure]]'' official identification document in Mexico, the [[National Electoral Institute|Instituto Nacional Electoral]]'s voting card is the ''[[de facto]]'' official identification and proof of legal age for citizens of ages 18 and older.
On July 28, 2009 Mexican President Felipe Calderón, facing the Mexican House of Representatives, announced the launch of the Mexican national Identity card project, which will see the first card issued before the end of 2009.
====United States====
{{Main article|Identity documents in the United States}}
[[File:Passport card.jpg|thumb|United States of America Passport Card/National Identity card (Front)]]
[[File:Ppt card back.jpg|thumb|United States of America Passport Card/National Identity card (Back)]]
There is no compulsory federal-level ID card issued to all US citizens. US citizens and nationals may obtain [[US passport|passports]] or [[US passport card]]s if they chose to, but the alternatives described below are more popular.
For most people, [[Driver's license in the United States|driver's licenses]] issued by the respective [[U.S. state|state]] and territorial governments have become the ''de facto'' identity cards, and are used for many identification purposes, such as when purchasing alcohol and tobacco, opening bank accounts, and boarding planes, along with confirming a voter's identity in states with [[Voter ID laws in the United States|voter photo identification]] initiatives. Individuals who do not drive are able to obtain an identification card with the same functions from the same state agency that issues driver's licenses. In addition, many schools issue student and teacher ID cards.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://student-id.net/| title=Intro| publisher=Student-ID.net| accessdate=March 12, 2014}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The United States passed a bill entitled the [[REAL ID Act]] on May 11, 2005. The bill compels states to begin redesigning their driver's licenses to comply with federal security standards by December 2009. Federal agencies would reject licenses or identity cards that do not comply, which would force Americans accessing everything from airplanes to national parks and courthouses to have the federally mandated cards. At airports, those not having compliant licenses or cards would simply be redirected to a secondary screening location. The REAL ID Act is highly controversial, and with 25 states have approved either resolutions or binding legislation not to participate in the program, and with President Obama's selection of [[Janet Napolitano]] (a prominent critic of the program) to head the [[Department of Homeland Security]], the future of the law remains uncertain,<ref>{{cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Jaikumar |url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/12/22/Obama_Will_Inherit_A_Real_Mess_On_Real_ID_2.html |title=Obama will inherit a real mess on Real ID |publisher=Infoworld.com |date=2008-12-22 |accessdate=2012-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328123852/http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/12/22/Obama_Will_Inherit_A_Real_Mess_On_Real_ID_2.html |archivedate=2009-03-28 |df= }}</ref> and bills have been introduced into Congress to amend or repeal it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rep. Thomas “Tom” Allen [D-ME1, 1997-2009] |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1117 |title=H.R. 1117: REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 |publisher=Govtrack.us |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> The most recent of these, dubbed [[PASS ID]], would eliminate many of the more burdensome technological requirements but still require states to meet federal standards in order to have their ID cards accepted by federal agencies.
The bill takes place as governments are growing more interested in implanting technology in ID cards to make them smarter and more secure. In 2006, the U.S. State Department studied issuing passports with [[Radio-frequency identification]], or RFID, chips embedded in them. Virginia may become the first state to glue RFID tags into all its driver's licenses. Seventeen states, however, have passed statutes opposing or refusing to implement the Real ID Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realnightmare.org/news/105/ |title=Real Nightmare |publisher=Real Nightmare |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
The [[United States passport]] verifies both personal identity and citizenship, but is not mandatory for citizens to possess within the country and is issued by the US State Department on a discretionary basis.
Since February 1, 2008, U.S. citizens may apply for [[United States Passport Card|passport card]]s, in addition to the usual [[U.S. passport|passport]] books. Although their main purpose is [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative|for land and sea travel within North America]], the passport card may also be accepted by federal authorities (such as for domestic air travel or entering federal buildings), which may make it an attractive option for people residing where state [[driver's licenses]] and I.D. cards are not REAL ID-compliant, should those requirements go into effect. TSA regulations list the passport card as an acceptable identity document at airport security checkpoints.<ref>[http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/acceptable_documents.shtm Driver's License or Passports Preferred ID at Checkpoints], retrieved May 30, 2008.</ref>
[[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services]] has indicated that the U.S. Passport Card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form [[I-9 (form)]] process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=8daff5a7ebd9b110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=55b2aca797e63110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD |title=USCIS - USCIS Informs The Public That New Passport Card Is Acceptable For Employment Eligibility Verification |publisher=Uscis.gov |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> The passport card is considered a “List A” document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status. “List A” documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I-9.
The basic document needed to establish a person's identity and citizenship in order to obtain a passport is a [[birth certificate]]. These are issued by either the US state of birth or by the US Department of State for overseas births to US citizens. A child born in the US is in nearly all cases (except for children of foreign diplomats) automatically a US citizen. A child born overseas to US citizens must have the birth registered with the corresponding US embassy/consulate to obtain citizenship at birth, or they will need to apply for recognition of their citizenship at a later date.
[[Social Security number]]s and cards are issued by the US Social Security Administration for tracking of Social Security taxes and benefits. They have become the ''de facto'' national identification number for federal and state taxation, private financial services, and identification with various companies. SSNs do not establish citizenship because they can also be issued to permanent residents as well as citizens. They typically can only be part of the establishment of a person's identity; a photo ID that verifies date of birth is also usually requested.
A mix of various documents can be presented to, for instance, verify one's legal eligibility to take a job within the US. ''Identity'' and ''citizenship'' is established by presenting a passport alone, but this must be accompanied by a Social Security card for taxation ID purposes. A driver's license/state ID establishes ''identity'' alone, but does not establish ''citizenship'', as these can be provided to non-citizens as well. In this case, an applicant without a passport may sign an affidavit of citizenship or be required to present a birth certificate. They must still also submit their Social Security number.
"Residency" within a certain US jurisdiction, such as a voting precinct, can be proven if the driver's license or state ID has the home address printed on it corresponding to that jurisdiction. Utility bills or other pieces of official printed mail can also suffice for this purpose. In the case of voting, citizenship must also be proven with a passport, birth certificate, or signed citizenship affidavit. Receiving in-state tuition at a state's public college or university also requires proof of residency using one of the above methods. Ownership of property, proved by a [[deed]], also immediately confers residency in most cases.
A Social Security number does not prove any form of residency, and neither does a passport, as neither of these documents is tied to a specific jurisdiction apart from the US as a whole, and a person can be issued either of these without living in the US (such as being born abroad to American citizen parent(s). Thus, "residency in the US" is not clearly defined, and determining this often depends on the particular administrative process at hand.
The [[Selective Service System]] has in the past, in times of a military draft, issued something close to a National ID Card, only for men that were eligible for the draft.
===Oceania===
====Australia====
{{Main article|Identity documents of Australia}}
Australia does not have a national identity card. Instead, various identity documents are used or required to prove a person's identity, whether for government or commercial purposes.
Currently, [[Driver's licence in Australia|driver licences]] and [[Australian state and territory issued identity photo cards|photo cards]], both issued by the [[States and territories of Australia|states and territories]], are the most widely used personal identification documents in Australia.
Photo cards are also called "Proof of Age Cards" or similar and can be issued to people as another type of identity. Identification indicating age is commonly required to purchase alcohol and tobacco and to enter nightclubs and gambling venues.
Other important identity documents include a passport, an official birth certificate, an official marriage certificate, cards issued by government agencies (typically social security cards), some cards issued by commercial organisations (e.g., a debit or credit card), and utility accounts. Often, some combination of identity documents is required, such as an identity document linking a name, photograph and signature (typically photo-ID in the form of a driver licence or passport), evidence of operating in the community, and evidence of a current residential address.
New alcohol laws in the state of Queensland require some Brisbane-based pubs and bars to scan ID documents against a database of people who should be denied alcohol, for which foreign passports and driver licences are not valid.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/news/surprising-ways-alcohol-laws-are-really-affecting-brisbane/news-story/14ecc60b4fda37ec715753ce55e1cd7f Surprising ways alcohol laws are really affecting Brisbane]</ref>
====New Zealand====
[[File:18+_Card_New_Zealand.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[New Zealand]] 18+ card]]
Legal forms of identification are used mainly for buying alcohol and cigarettes where the purchaser looks younger than 25 and entry to nightclubs. They can also be required for the purchase of spray paint and glues, and for some government and bank transactions. Forms of legal identification are New Zealand and overseas passports, New Zealand Driving Licences and 18+ cards from the Hospitality Association of New Zealand. Overseas driver's licenses may not be sufficient for the purchase of alcohol and tobacco. Firearms licences are a form of photo identification issued by the New Zealand Police.
===South America===
[[File:DNIArg-anv-wikipedia.jpg|thumb|upright|Current front side of [[Argentina|Argentine]] DNI Card]]
====Argentina====
{{Main article|Documento Nacional de Identidad (Argentina)}}
[[Documento Nacional de Identidad (Argentina)|Documento Nacional de Identidad or DNI]] (which means National Identity Document) is the main identity document for Argentine citizens. It is issued at a person's birth, and must be updated at 8 and 14 years of age, and thereafter every 15 years in one format: a card (DNI tarjeta); it is valid if identification is required, and is required for voting. They are produced at a special plant by the Argentine national registry of people (ReNaPer).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuevodni.gov.ar/ |title=Re.Na.Per - Ministerio del Interior – República Argentina |publisher=Nuevo DNI |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013110627/http://www.nuevodni.gov.ar/ |archivedate=2013-10-13 |df= }}</ref>
====Brazil====
{{Main article|Brazilian Identity Card}}
[[File:Modelo da nova carteira de identidade brasileira.jpg|thumb|upright|Model of the Brazilian identity card, currently in force.]]
In Brazil, at the age of 18, all Brazilian citizens are supposed to be issued a ''cédula de identidade'' (ID card), usually known by its number, the ''Registro Geral (RG)'', Portuguese for "General Registry". The cards are needed to obtain a job, to vote, and to use credit cards. Foreigners living in Brazil have a different kind of ID card. Since the RG is not unique, being issued in a state-basis, in many places the CPF (the Brazilian revenue agency's identification number) is used as a replacement. The current Brazilian driver's license contains both the RG and the CPF, and as such can be used as an identification card as well.
There are plans in course to replace the current RG system with a new ''Documento Nacional de Identificação'' (National Identification Document), which will be electronic (accessible by a [[mobile application]]) and national in scope, and to change the current ID card to a new [[smartcard]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/governo-lanca-documento-de-identidade-unificada-05022018|title=Governo lança documento de identidade unificada|last=|first=|work= [[R7.com]]|date=5 February 2018|accessdate=11 November 2018|publisher= Agência Brasil|agency=|language=pt|trans-title=Government launches unified identity document<!--Google Translate-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/correios-vao-emitir-documento-nacional-de-identificacao-04072018|title=Correios vão emitir Documento Nacional de Identificação|last=|first=|date= 4 July 2018|work= [[R7.com]]|accessdate=11 November 2018|publisher= Agência Brasil|agency=|language=pt|trans-title=Correios will issue National Identification Document<!--Google Translate-->}}</ref>
====Colombia====
[[File:Cédula de Ciudadanía Colombia año 2000.jpg|thumb|upright|Colombian Cedula de Ciudadania]]
Every resident of [[Colombia]] over the age of 14 is issued an identity card (''Tarjeta de Identidad''). Upon turning 18 every resident must obtain a ''[[Cédula de Ciudadanía]]'', which is the only document that proves the identity of a person for legal purposes. ID cards must be carried at all times and must be presented to the police upon request. If the individual fails to present the ID card upon request by the police or the military, he/she is most likely going to be detained at police station even if he/she is not a suspect of any wrongdoing. ID cards are needed to obtain employment, open bank accounts, obtain a passport, driver's license, military card, to enroll in educational institutions, vote or enter public buildings including airports and courthouses. Failure to produce ID is a misdemeanor punishable with a fine.
ID duplicate costs must be assumed by citizens.
====Chile====
[[File:El ejemplo de Cedula identidad Chile 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Chilean Cédula de Identidad]]
Every resident of Chile over the age of 18 must have and carry at all times their ID Card called ''Cédula de Identidad'' issued by the [[Civil Registry and Identification Service of Chile]]. It contains the full name, gender, nationality, date of birth, photograph of the data subject, right thumb print, ID number, and personal signature.
This is the only official form of identification for residents in Chile and is widely used and accepted as such. It is necessary for every contract, most bank transactions, voting, driving (along with the driver's licence) and other public and private situations.
Biometrics collection is mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.registrocivil.cl/PortalOI/html/faq/Cod_Area_2/Cod_Tema_4/pregunta_46.html | title=Cédula de identidad y Pasaporte}}</ref>
====Peru====
[[File:DNI peruano.jpg|thumb|upright|Peruvian Documento Nacional de Identidad. (ISO ID-1)]]
In [[Peru]], it is mandatory for all citizens over the age of 18, whether born inside or outside the territory of the Republic, to obtain a '''National Identity Document''' (''Documento Nacional de Identidad'').
The DNI is a public, personal and untransferable document.
The '''DNI''' is the only means of identification permitted for participating in any civil, legal, commercial, administrative, and judicial acts. It is also required for [[voting]] and must be presented to authorities upon request. The DNI can be used as a [[passport]] to travel to all South American countries that are members of [[UNASUR]].
The DNI is issued by the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status ([[RENIEC]]). For Peruvians abroad, service is provided through the Consulates of Peru, in accordance with Articles 26, 31 and 8 of Law No. 26,497.
The document is card-sized as defined by ISO format ID-1 (prior to 2005 the DNI was size ISO ID-2; renewal of the card due to the size change was not mandatory, nor did previously-emitted cards lose validity). The front of the card presents photographs of the holder's face, their name, date and place of birth (the latter in coded form), [[gender]] and [[marital status]]; the bottom quarter consists of [[Machine-readable passport|machine-readable]] text. Three dates are listed as well; the date the citizen was first registered at RENIEC; the date the document was issued; and the expiration date of the document. The back of the DNI features the holder's address (including [[Districts of Peru|district]], [[Regions of Peru|department and/or province]]) and voting group. Eight voting record blocks are successively covered with metallic labels when the citizen presents themselves at their voting group on voting days. The back also denotes whether the holder is an [[organ donor]], presents the holder's right index finger print, a [[PDF417]] bar code, and a 1D [[bar code]].
====Uruguay====
[[File:Cédula de Identidad electrónica de Uruguay - Frente.jpg|thumb|Uruguayan Cédula de Identidad.]]
Identity Card (Renewal)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tramites.gub.uy/wps/portal/peu/tramites.gub.uy/ampliados?id=608 |title=Cédula de Identidad Renovación | Portal del Estado Uruguayo |language= Spanish |publisher=Tramites.gub.uy |date=2012-03-23 |accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref>
In Uruguay, the identity card is issued by the Ministry of Interior and the National Civil Identification (DNIC). It is mandatory and essential for several steps at either governmental or private. The document is mandatory for all inhabitants of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, are native citizens, legal citizens or resident aliens in the country, even for children from 45 days old.
It is a laminated cardboard 9 cm wide and approximately 5 cm high, dominated by the blue color, showing the flag in the center of the Treinta y Tres Orientales, with the inscription "Liberty or Death." On the back appears the photo of the owner, the number assigned by the DNIC (Including a self-generated or check digit), name / s full / s with name / s and the corresponding signature (or proof of not knowing or not to sign).
On the reverse appears nationality, date of birth, date of issuing the document and the date it is due (usually 10 years after the date of issue, even if issued after 70 years of age, lifetime and for the children is valid for five years). There is also the right thumbprint and observations if any.
Identity cards are demanded widespread in all formal transactions, from credit card purchases to any identity validation, proof of age, and so on.
Not to be confused with the civic badge, which is used exclusively for voting in elections (elections and plebiscites).
Check Digit Calculation '
They take the 7 card numbers and multiply each by 2987634 one by one (the first number by 2, the second by 9 and so on, when each result exceeds one digit, the unit takes only).
Example:
UT: 1234567-X -> 2987634 -> 2, 8, 4, 8, 0, 8, 8
It is the sum of the results, the example would be 2 +8 +4 +8 +0 +8 +8 = 38 for the first number is greater than 38 that ends in 0 and is subtracted: 40-38 = 2 (is the same as 10 - (38 mod 10)). X = 2 then the check digit for the card 1,234,567.
Another simple way to look at it as a scalar product of vectors in module 10. The first 7 digits of the card can be viewed as a vector of length 7. This vector is multiplied by the vector scalar obtaining a number N 8123476 The check digit is found to be N module 10.
Example: CI: 1234567-X -> X = [(1x8) + (2x1) + (3x2) + (4x3) + (5x4) + (6x7) + (7x6)] mod 10 -> X = [8 +2 +6 +12 +20 +42 +42] mod 10 = 132 mod 10 = 2
====Venezuela====
[[File:EXAMPLEVENEZUELANID.jpg|thumb|upright|Current ID card issued by the Government of Venezuela.]]
Identity cards in Venezuela consist of a plastic-laminated paper which contains the national ID number (''Cédula de Identidad'') as well as a color-photo and the last names, given names, date of birth, right thumb print, signature, and [[marital status]] (single, married, divorced, widowed) of the bearer. It also contains the documents expedition and expiration date. Two different prefixes can be found before the ID number: "V" for Venezuelans and "E" for foreigners (''Extranjeros'' in Spanish). This distinction is also shown in the document at the very bottom by a bold all-caps typeface displaying either the word VENEZOLANO or EXTRANJERO, respectively.
Despite Venezuela being the second country in the Americas (after the United States) to adopt a [[biometric passport]], the current Venezuelan ID document is remarkably low-security, even for regional standards. It can hardly be called a card. The paper inside the laminated cover contains only two security measures, first, it is a special type of government-issued paper, and second, it has microfilaments in the paper that glow in the presence of UV light. The laminated cover itself is very simplistic and quite large for the paper it covers and the photo, although is standard sized (3x3.5 cm) is rather blurred. Government officials in charge of issuing the document openly recommend each individual to cut the excess plastic off and re-laminate the document in order to protect it from bending. The requirements for getting a Venezuelan identity document are quite relaxed and Venezuela lacks high-security in its birth certificates and other documents that give claim to citizenship.
[[File:Cedula Antigua de Venezuela.jpg|thumb|upright|Old Venezuelan ''[[Cédula de identidad]]''.]]
Because one can get a Venezuelan passport and register to vote only by virtue of possessing a Venezuelan identity card and, since the Venezuelan government has been accused by the media and the opposition of naturalizing substantial numbers of foreigners for electoral purposes, many Venezuelans accused the government of a lack of a plan to ramp-up the security of the ''cédula de identidad'' along with other Venezuelan vital documents such as birth certificates as part of a strategy by the Chávez regime to continue the practice of naturalizing foreigners for electoral purposes. The government has announced that a new ''cédula de identidad'' will be available to all citizens somewhere around the first quarter of 2011. This proposed ID is indeed a polycarbonate bankcard-sized document with [[biometric]] and [[RFID]] technology. It resembles the analogous card that has been in place in the Venezuelan biometric passports since 2007. However, the release of this new card to the public has been delayed on several occasions and as of October 2018 there are no news as to when it will be available.
==See also==
* [[List of identity card policies by country]]
* [[Access badge]]
* [[Anthropometry]]
* [[GlobalPlatform|GlobalPlatform standard]]
* [[Home Return Permit]]
* [[ID card printer]]
* [[Identity Cards Act 2006]]
* [[Location-based authentication]]
* [[Magnetic stripe card]]
* [[NO2ID]]
* [[Pass laws]]
* [[Physical security]]
* [[Police certificate]]
* [[Proximity card]]
* [[Warrant card]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
* Kruger, Stephen. “Documentary Identification in the Nascent American Police State” (2012). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2029798].
* Kruger, Stephen. “Police Demands for Hong Kong Identity Cards” (2012). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1451238].
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Identity documents}}
* [https://www.internetidentitycard.com/ HTTPS CARD - Internet identity card]
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/homeIndex.html PRADO - Public Register of European Travel and ID Documents Online]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/09/25/nid25.xml Telegraph story: the case for and against identity cards]
* [http://news.scotsman.com/identitycards/ID-cards-will-lead-to.2670398.jp Scotsman story: ID Cards will lead to "massive fraud"]
* [http://www.diffusionradio.com/2007/03/id_card_is_big_brother_stalkin_1.html ID Card – Is Big Brother Stalking You?] –
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/glossaryPopup.html#_028 PRADO Glossary - EU site detailing document security technologies (security features)]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Identity Document}}
[[Category:Identity documents| ]]
[[Category:Identity management systems|Document]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{redirect|National identity card|cards referred to in the English language as "national identity card"}}{{redirect|Identity Card|films with this name}}
{{very long|date=March 2015}}
An '''identity document''' (also called a '''piece of identification''' or '''ID''', or colloquially as '''papers''') is any [[documentation|document]] which may be used to prove a person's identity. If issued in a small, standard credit card size form, it is usually called an '''identity card''' ('''IC''', '''ID card''', '''citizen card'''),{{efn| Referred to as such in [[Cape Verde]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Portugal]] and [[Slovakia]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}}} or '''passport card'''.{{efn|Referred to as such in the [[United States]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Ukraine]] and the [[Seychelles]] (from 2018){{citation needed|date=January 2018}}}} Some countries issue formal identity documents, as [[national identification]] cards which may be [[List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country#Countries_with_compulsory_identity_cards|compulsory]] or [[List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country#Countries_with_non-compulsory_identity_cards|non-compulsory]], while others may require identity verification using [[regional identification]] or informal documents. When the identity document incorporates a person's photograph, it may be called [[Photo identification|photo ID]].<ref name="Alice5" />
In the absence of a formal identity document, a [[driver's license]] may be accepted in many countries for identity verification. Some countries do not accept driver's licenses for identification, often because in those countries they do not expire as documents and can be old or easily forged. Most countries accept [[passport]]s as a form of identification.
Some countries require all people to have an identity document available at any time. Many countries require all foreigners to have a passport or occasionally a national identity card from their country available at any time if they do not have a residence permit in the country.
The identity document is used to connect a person to information about the person, often in a [[database]]. The photo and the possession of it is used to connect the person with the document. The connection between the identity document and information database is based on personal information present on the document, such as the bearer's [[full name]], age, [[birth date]], [[Address (geography)|address]], an identification number, card number, gender, [[citizenship]] and more. A unique [[national identification number]] is the most secure way, but some countries lack such numbers or don't write them on identity documents.
{{TOC limit|5}}
==History==
A version of the [[passport]] considered to be the earliest identity document inscribed into law was introduced by [[King Henry V of England]] with the [[Safe Conducts Act 1414]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/nov/17/travelnews "A brief history of the passport"], The Guardian, 17 November 2006</ref>
For the next 500 years and before [[World War I]], most people did not have or need an identity document.
Photographic identification appeared in 1876<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Roger, Gordon Dodds, Stanley Triggs|title=The World of William Notman|date=1993|publisher=David R. Godine|pages=46, 47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mX3CkG8qbmMC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45 |accessdate=31 December 2015|isbn=9780879239398}}</ref> but it did not become widely used until the early 20th century when photographs became part of passports and other ID documents such as driver's licenses, all of which came to be referred to as "[[photo ID]]s". Both Australia and Great Britain, for example, introduced the requirement for a photographic passport in 1915 after the so-called [[Carl Hans Lody|Lody spy scandal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doulman|first1=Jane, and David Lee|title=Every Assistance & Protection: A History of the Australian Passport|date=2008|publisher=Federation Press|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J76HvPIBFioC&pg=PA66 |accessdate=31 December 2015|isbn=9781862876873}}</ref>
The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by [[ISO/IEC 7810]]. Some modern identity documents are [[smart card]]s including a difficult-to-forge embedded integrated circuit that were standardized in 1988 by [[ISO/IEC 7816]]. New [[technology|technologies]] allow identity cards to contain [[Biometrics|biometric]] information, such as a [[photograph]]; [[facial geometry|face]], [[hand geometry|hand]], or [[iris scan|iris]] measurements; or [[fingerprint]]s. [[Electronic identity card]]s (or e-IDs) are already available in countries including [[Belgium]], [[Croatia]], [[Chile]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Guatemala]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain|Spain and Slovakia .]]
==Adoption==
Law enforcement officials claim that identity cards make surveillance and the search for criminals easier and therefore support the universal adoption of identity cards. In countries that don't have a national identity card, there is, however, concern about the projected large costs and potential abuse of high-tech smartcards.
In many countries - especially English-speaking countries such as [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] - there are no government-issued compulsory identity cards for all citizens. Ireland's Public Services Card is a not considered a national identity card by the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection (DEASP),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thejournal.ie/public-services-card-oireachtas-committee-2-3865142-Feb2018/ | title='If everything's fine, why's it being investigated?' - Social Protection peppered with tough questions over PSC}}</ref> but many say it is in fact becoming that, and without public debate or even a legislative foundation.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/wary-of-the-public-services-card-you-have-good-reason-to-be-1.3351106 Wary of the Public Services Card? You have good reason to be]</ref>
There is debate in these countries about whether such cards and their centralised database constitute an infringement of [[privacy]] and [[civil liberties]]. Most criticism is directed towards the enhanced possibilities of extensive abuse of centralised and comprehensive databases storing sensitive data. A 2006 survey of UK [[Open University]] students concluded that the planned compulsory identity card under the Identity Cards Act 2006 coupled with a [[central government]] [[database]] generated the most negative response among several alternative configurations. None of the countries listed above mandate possession of identity documents, but they have de facto equivalents since these countries still require proof of identity in many situations. For example, all vehicle drivers must have a driving licence, and young people may need to use specially issued "proof of age cards" when purchasing alcohol. In addition, and uniquely amongst native English speaking countries without ID cards, the USA requires all its male residents between the ages of 18 and 25, including foreigners, to [[Selective Service System|register]] for [[military conscription]].{{cn|date=November 2018}}
===Arguments for===
Arguments for identity documents as such:
* In order to avoid mismatching people, and to fight [[fraud]], there should be a way, as securely as possible, to prove a person's identity.
* Every human being already carries their own personal identification in the form of [[DNA]], which is extremely hard to falsify or to discard (in terms of modification). Even for non-state commercial and private interactions, this may shortly become the preferred [[identifier]], rendering a state-issued identity card a lesser evil than the potentially extensive privacy risks associated with everyday use of a person's [[DNA profiling|genetic profile]] for identification purposes.<ref name="Alice5">{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2003dltr0002.html |title=The case for national identification cards |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author=Ben Quarmby |authorlink= |date=2003-01-31 |work=2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0002 |publisher=Duke University |quote=If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regards to one's DNA information, the obtention of that information will not constitute a search. The DNA card scheme at issue here would not therefore come under 4th Amendment scrutiny
}}</ref><ref name="Alice6">{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnatesting.com/other/dnaIdBanking.php |title=DNA ID Profiling and Banking |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |date=2008-01-03 |work=Identigene website |quote=The powerful DNA profiling technology is encouraged to be used by parent(s) when adopting newborn children. Insurance companies use DNA profiling as a precautionary tool to protect against [[Insurance fraud#Life insurance|life insurance fraud]]. Lawyers are bundling these services with packages, such as the [[Will (law)|Last Will and Testament]], to assist in protecting the assets of large estates.
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027154934/http://www.dnatesting.com/other/dnaIdBanking.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-27}}</ref><ref name="Alice7">{{cite web|url=http://www.caslon.com.au/surveillanceprofile2.htm#dna |title=Surveillance & Identification: Identity |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |date=2006-12-13 |work=Caslon Analytics research, analysis and strategies consultancy |quote=As a German policeman once said, you are who your papers say you are. Take away those papers and you have no identity. Identification schemes - whether based on an individual's innate characteristics (e.g. DNA) or external attributes such as password or code number - facilitate participation by individuals with the requisite [[credential]]s in the "economic, social and political dimensions of society" |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126082558/http://caslon.com.au/surveillanceprofile2.htm |archivedate=January 26, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Alice8">{{cite web
|url=http://lcs-mo.com/PersonalID.htm |title=BEEsafe Personal ID program |accessdate=2008-01-11 |author= |last= |first= |publisher=Laboratory Collection Services |quote=The area of the DNA molecule used for identification testing is known as a non-coding region. This region gives absolutely no genetic information about your race, medical history, or pre-disposition to a disease. DNA is the ultimate tool for personal identification. Every individual has a unique set of DNA markers, which are inherited from their parent(s). Therefore, your loved one can be easily identified by their specific DNA profile. DNA Profiling is highly recommended by Law Enforcement Agencies nationwide as an identification method for all of your family. Acquiring a DNA Profile for your loved one is easy, painless, affordable, and need only be performed once, since his or her profile will not change over time.
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214035048/http://www.lcs-mo.com/PersonalID.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-14}}</ref><ref name="Alice9">{{cite book
|last=Garfinkel |first=Simson |title=Database Nation: The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century |origyear=2000 |date=January 2001 |type=Paperback |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |location= |isbn=978-0-596-00105-6 |pages= |chapter=3 Absolute Identification|chapterurl=http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/dbnationtp/chapter/ch03.html |quote=When the technology was first introduced, scientists, lawyers, and civil libertarians argued over whether the underlying science was sound, and if the technology actually worked. Today, DNA identification is widely accepted as absolutely accurate--and we are struggling with the social implications of this newfound precision.
}}</ref>
Arguments for national identity documents:
*If using only private alternatives, such as id cards issued by banks, the inherent lack of consistency regarding issuance policies can lead to downstream problems. For example, in Sweden private companies such as banks (citing security reasons) refused to issue ID cards to individuals without a Swedish card. This forced the government to start issuing national cards. It is also harder to control information usage by private companies, such as when credit card issuers or social media companies map purchase behaviour in order to assist ad targeting.
===Arguments against===
{{Further information|freedom of movement|Propiska in the Soviet Union{{!}}Propiska}}
Arguments against identity documents as such:
* The development and administration costs of an identity card system can be very high. Figures from GBP30 (USD45) to GBP90 or even higher were suggested for the abandoned [[United Kingdom|UK]] ID card. In countries like [[Chile]] the identity card is personally paid for by each person up to GBP6; in other countries, such as [[Venezuela]], the ID card is free.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/0,,1494944,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=ID cards to cost £300 per person | first=Jamie | last=Doward | date=2005-05-29 | accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> This, however, does not disclose the true cost of issuing ID cards as some additional portion may be borne by taxpayers in general (''See also'' [[Parable of the broken window]].)
Arguments against national identity documents:
* Rather than relying on government-issued ID cards, [[Federal law|US federal policy]] has the alternative to encourage the variety of identification systems that already exist, such as driver's or firearms licences or private cards.
Arguments against overuse or abuse of identity documents:
* Cards reliant on a centralized database can be used to track anyone's physical movements and private life, thus infringing on personal freedom and [[privacy]]. The proposed British ID card (see next section) proposes a series of linked databases managed by [[Marketing Intelligence|private sector]] firms. The management of disparate linked systems across a range of institutions and any number of personnel is alleged to be a security disaster in the making.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/Ideas/200505300020] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174435/http://www.newstatesman.com/Ideas/200505300020|date=May 16, 2008}}</ref>
*If religion or ethnicity is registered on mandatory ID documents, this data can enable [[racial profiling]].
==National policies==
{{Main article|List of identity card policies by country}}According to [[Privacy International]], {{As of|1996|lc=on}}, possession of identity cards was compulsory in about 100 countries, though what constitutes "compulsory" varies. In some countries (see below), it is compulsory to have an identity card when a person reaches a prescribed age. The penalty for non-possession is usually a fine, but in some cases it may result in [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]] until identity is established. For people suspected with crimes such as shoplifting or no bus ticket, non-possession might result in such detention, also in countries not formally requiring identity cards. In practice, random checks are rare, except in certain times.
A number of countries do not have national identity cards. These include [[Andorra]]<ref name=diariandorra>[https://www.diariandorra.ad/noticies/opinio/2017/06/07/cal_dni_andorra_117006_1129.html Cal un DNI andorrà] (7 June 2017)</ref>, [[Australia]], the [[Bahamas]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://m.tribune242.com/news/2013/dec/24/national-id-card-being-considered-government/?templates=mobile | title=NATIONAL ID CARD BEING CONSIDERED BY GOVERNMENT | the Tribune}}</ref> ,[[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[India]] (see below), [[Japan]] (see below), [[Kiribati]], the [[Marshall Islands]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]],<ref>New National Identity cards are planned to be introduced in 2020, uncertain date continuously postponed</ref> [[Palau]], [[Samoa]], [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldprivacyforum.org/2017/07/national-ids-around-the-world/ | title=National IDs Around the World — Interactive map | World Privacy Forum}}</ref>, [[Tuvalu]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. Other identity documents such as passports or driver's licenses are then used as identity documents when needed. However, governments of Kiribati, Norway, Samoa and Uzbekistan are planning to introduce new national identity cards in the near future<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/1915-national-id-cards-may-be-introduced-in-uzbekistan | title=National ID cards may be introduced in Uzbekistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/reise/reisenyheter/2017/01/05/195268233/politiet-nye-pass-og-nasjonale-id-kort-kommer-1.-april-2018 | title=Politiet: Nye pass og nasjonale ID-kort kommer 1. April 2018| date=2017-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/21_07_2017/local/22423/National-ID-in-the-pipeline.htm | title=National ID in the pipeline}}</ref>. Some of these, e.g. Denmark, have more simple official identity cards, which do not match the security and level of acceptance of a national identity card, used by people without driver's licenses.
A number of countries have voluntary identity card schemes. These include [[Austria]], [[Belize]], [[Finland]], [[France]] (see [[#France|France section]]), [[Hungary]] (however, all citizens of Hungary must have at least one of: valid passport, photocard driving licence, or the National ID card), [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United States]]. The [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Identity Cards Act 2006|scheme]] was scrapped in January 2011 and the database was destroyed.
In the [[United States]], the Federal government issues optional identity cards known as "Passport Cards" (which include important information such as the nationality). On the other hand, states issue optional identity cards for people who do not hold a driver's license as an alternate means of identification. These cards are issued by the same organization responsible for driver's licenses, usually called the [[Department of Motor Vehicles]]. Note, this is not an obligatory identification card for citizens.
For the [[Sahrawi people]] of [[Western Sahara]], pre-1975 Spanish identity cards are the main proof that they were Saharawi citizens as opposed to recent [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[Colony|colonists]]. They would thus be allowed to vote in an eventual [[self-determination]] [[referendum]].
Companies and government departments may issue ID cards for security purposes or proof of a [[Professional certification|qualification]]. For example, all [[taxicab driver]]s in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] carry ID cards. Managers, supervisors, and operatives in construction in the UK have a photographic ID card, the CSCS (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) card, indicating training and skills including safety training. Those working on UK railway lands near working lines must carry a photographic ID card to indicate training in track safety (PTS and other cards) possession of which is dependent on periodic and random alcohol and [[Drug test|drug screening]]. In [[Queensland]] and [[Western Australia]], anyone working with children has to take a [[background check]] and get issued a [[Blue Card (Australia)|Blue Card]] or Working with Children Card, respectively.
===Africa===
====Republic of Liberia ====
Liberia has begun the issuance process of its national biometric identification card, which citizens and foreign residents will use to open bank accounts, and participate in other Govt. Services on daily basis.
More than 4.5 million people are expected to register and obtain ID cards of citizenship or residence in Liberia. The project has already started where NIR (National Identification Registry) is issuing Citizen National ID Cards. The centralized National Biometric Identification System (NBIS) will be integrated with other Govt Ministries. Resident ID Cards and ECOWAS ID Card will also be issued. Please visit this site for more information http://nir.gov.lr/
====Egypt====
It is compulsory for all Egyptian citizens age 16 or older to possess ID card ({{lang-ar|بطاقة تحقيق شخصية}} ''Biṭāqat taḥqīq shakhṣiyya'', literally, "Personal Verification Card"). In [[Egyptian Arabic|daily colloquial speech]], it is generally simply called "el-biṭāqa'' ("the card"). It is used for:
* Opening or closing a bank account
* Registering at a school or university
* registering the number of a mobile or [[Landline|landline telephone]]
* Interacting with most government agencies, including:
** Applying for or renewing a driver's license
** Applying for a passport
** Applying for any social services or [[Grant (money)|grants]]
** Registering to vote, and voting in elections
** Registering as a taxpayer
Egyptian ID cards consist of 14 digits, the national identity number, and expire after 7 years from the date of issue. Some feel that Egyptian ID cards are problematic, due to the general poor quality of card holders' photographs and the compulsory requirements for ID card holders to identify their religion and for married women to include their husband's name on their cards.
====Tunisia====
Every citizen of Tunisia is expected to apply for an ID card by the age of 18; however, with the approval of a parent(s), a Tunisian citizen may apply for, and receive, an ID card prior to their eighteenth birthday upon parental request.
In 2016, The government has introduced a new bill to the parliament to issue new biometric ID documents. The bill has created controversy amid civil society organizations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2016/12/7/tunisias-proposed-id-law-threatens-hard-won-privacy-rights|title=Tunisia's proposed ID law threatens hard-won privacy rights|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>
====The Gambia====
All [[The Gambia|Gambian citizens]] over 18 years of age are required to hold a Gambian National Identity Card. In July 2009, a new [[Biometrics|biometric]] Identity card was introduced. The biometric National Identity card is one of the acceptable documents required to apply for a Gambian Driving Licence.
====Mauritius====
Mauritius requires all citizens who have reached the age of 18 to apply for a National Identity Card. The National Identity Card is one of the few accepted forms of identification, along with passports. A National Identity Card is needed to apply for a passport for all adults, and all minors must take with them the National Identity Card of a parent(s) when applying for a passport.<ref>[https://sarkariresultinhindi.online/category/document-verification/]{{Dead link|date=janwery 2019}}</ref>
====Nigeria====
Nigeria first introduced a National Identity Card in 2005, but its adoption back then was limited and not widespread.
The country is now in the process of introducing a new biometric ID Card complete with a SmartCard and other security features. The National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimc.gov.ng |title=National Identity management Commission |publisher=Nimc.gov.ng |accessdate=2013-10-28}}</ref> is the Federal Government Agency responsible for the issuance of these new cards, as well as the management of the new National Identity Database.
The Federal Government of Nigeria announced in April 2013 <ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/elections-fg-okays-inecs-national-id-cards-plan/ |title=Elections: FG okays INEC's national ID cards plan — The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper |publisher=Punchng.com |date=2013-04-11 |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195428/http://www.punchng.com/news/elections-fg-okays-inecs-national-id-cards-plan/ |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> that after the next General Election in 2015, all subsequent elections will require that voters will only be eligible to stand for office or vote provided the Citizen possesses a NIMC-issued Identity Card.
The Central Bank of Nigeria is also looking into instructing banks to request for a National Identity Number (NIN) for any citizen maintaining an account with any of the banks operating in Nigeria. The proposed kick off date is yet to be determined.
====South Africa====
{{Main|South African identity card}}
[[File:ZA Smart ID Front.png|thumb|The front of the South African [[South African identity card|Smart ID]]]]
[[File:ZA Smart ID Reverse.png|thumb|The reverse of the South African Smart ID]]<!--
[[File:Persoonskaart.jpg|thumb|upright|Old (1958) South African identity card issued to a permanent resident (PR).]] -->
South African citizens aged 15 years and 6 months or older are eligible for an ID card. The South African identity document is not valid as a travel document or valid for use outside South Africa. Although carrying the document is not required in daily life, it is necessary to show the document or a certified copy as proof of identity when:
* Signing a contract, including
** Opening or closing a bank account
** Registering at a school or university
** Buying a [[mobile phone]] and registering the number
* Interacting with most government agencies, including
** Applying for or renewing a driving licence or firearm licence
** Applying for a passport
** Applying for any social services or grants
** Registering to vote, and voting in elections
** Registering as a taxpayer or for unemployment insurance
The South African identity document used to also contain driving and [[firearms licence]]s; however, these documents are now issued separately in card format.
In mid 2013 a smart card ID was launched to replace the ID book. The cards were launched on 18 July 2013 when a number of dignitaries received the first cards at a ceremony in Pretoria.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/ad1464804065168c800a832154f093f8/ID-Smart-Card-launched-in-Union-Buildings |title=SABC News.com - ID Smart Card launched in Union Buildings:Thursday 18 July 2013 |publisher=Sabc.co.za |date=2013-07-18 |accessdate=2013-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200642/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/ad1464804065168c800a832154f093f8/ID-Smart-Card-launched-in-Union-Buildings |archive-date=2013-10-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> The government plans to have the ID books phased out over a six to eight-year period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=37743&tid=111812 |title=Minister Naledi Pandor: Introduction of Smart Card Identity Document (Smart ID Cards) (English) |publisher=Info.gov.za |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213205/http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=37743&tid=111812 |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> The South African government is looking into possibly using this smart card not just as an identification card but also for licences, [[National Health Insurance]], and social grants.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa to pilot smart ID cards|url=http://www.southafrica.info/services/government/smart-id-081512.htm|access-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085334/http://www.southafrica.info/services/government/smart-id-081512.htm|archive-date=2012-06-14|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>
====Zimbabwe====
[[Zimbabwe]]ans are required to apply for National Registration at the age of 16. Zimbabwean citizens are issued with a plastic card which contains a photograph and their particulars onto it. Before the introduction of the plastic card, the Zimbabwean ID card used to be printed on anodised aluminium. Along with Driving Licences, the National Registration Card (including the old metal type) is universally accepted as proof of identity in Zimbabwe. Zimbabweans are required by law to carry identification on them at all times and visitors to Zimbabwe are expected to carry their passport with them at all times.
===Asia===
====Afghanistan====
{{Main|Afghan identity card}}
Afghan citizens over the age of 18 are required to carry a national ID document called [[Afghan identity card|Tazkira]].
====Bahrain====
Bahraini citizens must have both an ID card, called a "smart card", that is recognized as an official document and can be used within the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] and a passport, that is recognized worldwide.
====Bangladesh====
{{main article|Bangladeshi national identity card}}
Biometric identification has existed in [[Bangladesh]] since 2008. All Bangladeshis who are 18 years of age and older are included in a central Biometric Database, which is used by the Bangladesh [http://www.nidw.gov.bd/ Election Commission] to oversee the electoral procedure in Bangladesh. All Bangladeshis are issued with an ''NID Card'' which can be used to obtain a passport, Driving Licence, credit card, and to register land ownership.
====China====
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Jumin shenfenzheng.jpg
|bSize = 170
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|Description = Chinese second generation ID card
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{{Main article|Resident Identity Card (PRC)}}
The People's Republic of China requires each of its citizens aged 16 and over to carry an identity card. The card is the only acceptable legal document to obtain employment, a residence permit, driving licence or passport and to open bank accounts or apply for entry to tertiary education and technical colleges.
====Hong Kong====
{{Main article|Hong Kong Identity Card}}
The '''Hong Kong Identity Card''' (or '''HKID''') is an official identity document issued by the [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department of Hong Kong]] to all people who hold the right of abode, right to land or other forms of limited stay longer than 180 days in Hong Kong. According to [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]], all permanent residents are eligible to obtain the '''Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card''' which states that the holder has the [[Right of abode issue, Hong Kong|right of abode in Hong Kong]]. All persons aged 16 and above must carry a valid legal government identification document in public. All persons aged 16 and above must be able to produce valid legal government identification documents when requested by legal authorities, otherwise, they may be held in detention to investigate his or her identity and legal right to be in Hong Kong.
====India====
{{Main article|Identity documents of India}}
While there is no mandatory identity card in India, the [[Aadhaar]] card, a multi-purpose national identity card, carrying 16 personal details and a unique identification number is available to all citizens since 2007. The card contains a photograph, full name, date of birth and a unique, randomly generated 12-digit [[National Identification Number]]. However, the card itself is rarely required as proof; the number or a copy of the card being sufficient. The card has a SCOSTA QR code embedded on the card, through which all the details on the card are accessible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/a-smart-card-thatll-unite-india/41427-3.html |title=A smart card that'll unite India - India News |publisher=IBNLive |date=2007-05-27 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> In addition to Aadhaar, [[Permanent account number|PAN]] cards, [[Ration card (India)|Ration cards]], Voter Cards and driving licences are also used. These may be issued by either the Government of India or the Government of any state, and are valid throughout the nation.The Indian Passport may also be used.
====Indonesia====
{{Main article|Indonesian identity card}}
Residents over 17 are required to hold a KTP (Kartu Tanda Penduduk) identity card. The card will identifies whether the holder is an [[Indonesia|Indonesian citizen]] or [[foreign national]]. In 2011, the Indonesian government started a two-year ID issuance campaign that utilizes smartcard technology and biometric duplication of fingerprint and [[iris recognition]]. This card, called the Electronic KTP (e-KTP), will replace the conventional ID (KTP) beginning in 2013. By 2013, it is estimated that approximately 172 million Indonesian nationals will have an e-KTP issued to them.
====Iran====
Every citizen of Iran has an identification document called Shenasnameh in [[Persian language|Persian]] (شناسنامه). This is a booklet based on the citizen's birth certificate which features their Shenasnameh National ID number; their birth date; their birthplace; the names, birth dates and National ID numbers of their legal ascendant(s). In other pages of the Shenasnameh, their marriage status, spouse(s) name(s), names of children, date of every vote cast and eventually their death would be recorded.<ref>[http://www.sabteahval.ir/default-29.aspx Shenasnameh Laws and Services] {{fa icon}}</ref>
Every Iranian permanent resident above the age of 15 must hold a valid [[Iranian National Identity Card|National Identity Card]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]:کارت ملی) or at least obtain their unique National Number from any of the local Vital Records branches of the Iranian [[Ministry of Interior]].<ref>[http://www.sabteahval.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=178 Obligation of National ID number for Iranian citizens] {{fa icon}}</ref>
In order to apply for an NID card, the applicant must be at least 15 years old and have a photograph attached to their [[Birth Certificate]], which is undertaken by the Vital Records branch.
Since June 21, 2008, NID cards have been compulsory for many things in Iran and Iranian Missions abroad (e.g., obtaining a passport, driver's license, any banking procedure, etc.)<ref>[https://archive.is/20070603044159/http://www.salamiran.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=249&Itemid=374]</ref>
====Iraq====
{{main article|Iraq National Card}}
Every [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]] citizen must have a [[Iraq National Card|National Card]] (البطاقة الوطنية).
====Israel====
{{Main article|Teudat Zehut}}
Israeli law requires every permanent resident above the age of 16, whether a citizen or not, to carry an identification card called ''te'udat zehut'' ({{lang-he|תעודת זהות}}) in [[Hebrew]] or ''biţāqat huwīya'' ({{lang|ar|بطاقة هوية|rtl=yes}}) in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].
The card is designed in a bilingual form, printed in [[Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]], however, the personal data is presented in Hebrew by default and may be presented in Arabic as well if the owner decides so. The card must be presented to an official on duty (e.g., a policeman) upon request, but if the resident is unable to do this, one may contact the relevant authority within five days to avoid a penalty.
Until the mid-1990s, the identification card was considered the only legally reliable document for many actions such as voting or opening a bank account. Since then, the new Israeli driver's licenses which include photos and extra personal information are now considered equally reliable for most of these transactions. In other situations any government-issued photo ID, such as a passport or a military ID, may suffice.
=====Palestinian Authority=====
The [[Palestinian Authority]] Issues Identification card following agreements with Israel since 1995 in accordance to the [[Oslo Accords]], the data is forwarded to Israeli database and confirmed. In February 2014, a presidential decision issued by Palestinian president [[Mahmoud Abbas]] to abolish the religion field was announced.<ref>[[Ma'an News Agency]] - [http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=673377 PA to remove religion from ID cards]</ref> Israel has objected to abolishing religion on Palestinian IDs because it controls their official records, IDs and passports and the PA does not have the right to make amendments to this effect without the prior approval of Israel, Palestinian Authority in [[Ramallah]] said that abolishing religion on the ID has been at the center of negotiations with Israel since 1995. The decision was criticized by [[Hamas]] officials in [[Gaza Strip]], saying it is unconstitutional and will not be implemented in Gaza because it undermines the Palestinian cause.<ref>[http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/palestinian-authority-hamas-national-id-religion.html# Al-Monitor - Hamas slams PA for removing religion from ID cards]</ref>
====Japan====
Japanese citizens are not required to have identification documents with them within the territory of Japan. When necessary, official documents, such as one's [[Driver licensing in Japan|Japanese driver's license]], basic resident registration card,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soumu.go.jp/english/lab/index.html |title=Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications | Local Administration Bureau(LAB) |publisher=Soumu.go.jp |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> radio operator license,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/e/sys/operator/index.htm |title=MIC The Radio Use Website | Radio Operator System |publisher=Tele.soumu.go.jp |date=2011-03-31 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> social insurance card, health insurance card or passport are generally used and accepted. On the other hand, mid- to long term foreign residents are required to carry their [[Zairyū card]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi-moj.go.jp/newimmiact_1/en/q-and-a_page2.html#q42-a |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Immigration Bureau of Japan |accessdate=2013-10-27}}</ref> while short term visitors and tourists (those with a Temporary Visitor status sticker in their passport) are required to carry their [[passport]]s.
====Macau====
{{main article|Macau Resident Identity Card}}
The [[Macau Resident Identity Card]] is an official identity document issued by the Identification Department to permanent residents and non-permanent residents.
====Malaysia====
{{Main article|MyKad}}
In Malaysia, the '''MyKad''' is the compulsory identity document for [[Malaysia]]n citizens aged 12 and above. Introduced by the ''National Registration Department of Malaysia'' on 5 September 2001 as one of four [[MSC Malaysia]] flagship applications<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jpn.gov.my/sites/default/files/rotor/mykad_banner2.png| title = MSC Malaysia Flagship Applications| accessdate = 28 December 2010| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502110045/http://www.jpn.gov.my/sites/default/files/rotor/mykad_banner2.png| archivedate = 2 May 2013| df = }}</ref> and a replacement for the '''High Quality Identity Card''' (''Kad Pengenalan Bermutu Tinggi''), Malaysia became the first country in the world to use an identification card that incorporates both photo identification and [[fingerprint]] [[biometrics|biometric]] data on an in-built computer chip embedded in a piece of plastic.<ref name="Star">{{cite web| url = http://smartcard.msc.com.my/images/MyID%20-%20Star%20-%20010210.bmp| title = One for All| accessdate = 28 December 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
====Myanmar====
{{Main article|Burmese nationality law}}
Myanmar citizens are required to obtain a National Registration Card (NRC), while non-citizens are given a Foreign Registration Card (FRC).
====Pakistan====
{{Main article|Computerised National Identity Card}}
In [[Pakistan]], all adult citizens must register for the Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC), with a unique number, at age 18. CNIC serves as an identification document to authenticate an individual's identity as a citizen of [[Pakistan]].
Earlier on, National Identity Cards (NICs) were issued to citizens of Pakistan. Now government has shifted all its existing records of National Identity Cards (NIC) to the central computerized database managed by [[NADRA]].
New CNIC's are machine readable and have security features such as facial and finger print information. At the end of 2013, Smart national identity cards, SNICs, were also made available.
====Philippines====
{{Main article|Philippine Identification Systems}}
A new Philippines identity card known as the '''Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) ID card''' will start to be issued in August 2018 to Filipino citizens and foreign residents aged 18 and above. This national ID card is non-compulsory but should harmonize existing government-initiated identification cards that have been issued - including the Unified Multi-Purpose ID issued to members of the [[Social Security System]], [[Government Service Insurance System]], [[Philippine Health Insurance Corporation]] and the [[Home Development Mutual Fund]] (Pag-IBIG Fund).
====Singapore====
{{Main article|National Registration Identity Card}}
In [[Singapore]], every citizen, and permanent resident (PR) must register at the age of 15 for an Identity Card (IC). The card is necessary not only for procedures of state but also in the day-to-day transactions of registering for a mobile phone line, obtaining certain discounts at stores, and logging on to certain websites on the internet. Schools frequently use it to identify students, both on-line and in exams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ica.gov.sg/services_centre_overview.aspx?pageid=264&secid=72 |title=Identity Card services |publisher=ICA |accessdate=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610084855/http://www.ica.gov.sg/services_centre_overview.aspx?pageid=264&secid=72 |archive-date=2012-06-10 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
====South Korea====
{{Main article|South Korean identity card}}
Every citizen of South Korea over the age 17 is issued an ID card called ''Jumindeungrokjeung'' (주민등록증). It has had several changes in its history, the most recent form is a plastic card meeting the ISO 7810 standard. The card has the holder's photo and a 15 digit ID number calculated from the holder's birthday and birthplace. A hologram technology is applied for the purpose of hampering forgery. This card has no additional features used to identify the holder except comparing the photo and a holder's face. Other than this card, the South Korean Government accepts a Korean driver's license card, an Alien Registration Card, a passport and a public officer ID card as an official ID card.
====Sri Lanka====
{{main article|National identity card (Sri Lanka)}}
The E-'''National Identity Card''' ([[abbreviation]]: E-NIC) is the identity document in use in [[Sri Lanka]]. It is compulsory for all Sri Lankan citizens who are sixteen years of age and older to have a NIC. NICs are issued from the [http://www.drp.gov.lk/ Department for Registration of Persons]. The Registration of Persons Act No.32 of 1968 as amended by Act Nos 28 and 37 of 1971 and Act No.11 of 1981 legislates the issuance and usage of NICs.
[[Sri Lanka]] is in the process of developing a [[Smart Card]] based [[RFID]] NIC card which will replace the obsolete 'laminated type' cards by storing the holders information on a chip that can be read by banks, offices, etc., thereby reducing the need to have documentation of these data physically by storing in the [[Cloud Computing|cloud]].
The NIC number is used for unique personal identification, similar to the [[social security number]] in the US.
In [[Sri Lanka]], all citizens over the age of 16 need to apply for a [[National identity card (Sri Lanka)|National Identity Card]] (NIC). Each NIC has a unique 10 digit number, in the format 000000000A (where 0 is a digit and A is a letter). The first two digits of the number are your year of birth (e.g.: 93xxxxxxxx for someone born in 1993). The final letter is generally a 'V' or 'X'. An NIC number is required to apply for a passport (over 16), driving license (over 18) and to vote (over 18). In addition, all citizens are required to carry their NIC on them at all times as proof of identity, given the security situation in the country. NICs are not issued to non-citizens, who are still required to carry a form of photo identification (such as a photocopy of their passport or foreign driving license) at all times. At times the Postal ID card may also be used.
====Taiwan====
{{Main article|National Identification Card (Taiwan)}}
[[File:TaiwanIDCard jchung.jpg|thumb|upright|ID card issued in [[Taiwan]]]]
The "National Identification Card" ({{zh|t=國民身分證}}) is issued to all nationals of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Official name of Taiwan)]] aged 14 and older who have [[hukou system|household registration]] in the [[Free Area of the Republic of China|Taiwan area]]. The Identification Card is used for virtually all activities that require identity verification within Taiwan such as opening bank accounts, renting apartments, [[application for employment|employment applications]] and voting.
The Identification Card contains the holder's photo, [[National identification number#Taiwan|ID number]], [[Chinese language|Chinese name]], and ([[Minguo calendar]]) date of birth. The back of the card also contains the person's registered address where official correspondence is sent, place of birth, and the name of legal ascendant(s) and spouse (if any).
If residents move, they must re-register at a municipal office ({{zh|t=戶政事務所}}).
ROC nationals with household registration in Taiwan are known as "registered nationals". ROC nationals who do not have household registration in Taiwan (known as "unregistered nationals") do not qualify for the Identification Card and its associated privileges (e.g., the right to vote and the right of abode in Taiwan), but qualify for the [[Republic of China passport]], which unlike the Identification Card, is not indicative of residency rights in Taiwan. If such "unregistered nationals" are resident in Taiwan, they will hold a [[Resident Certificate (Republic of China)|Taiwan Area Resident Certificate]] as an identity document, which is nearly identical to the Alien Resident Certificate issued to foreign nationals/citizens resident in Taiwan.
====Thailand====
{{main article|Thai national ID card}}
In [[Thailand]], the Thai National ID Card (Thai: บัตรประจำตัวประชาชน; RTGS: bat pracham tua pracha chon) is an official identity document issued only to Thai Nationals. The card proves the holder's identity for receiving government services and other entitlements.
====United Arab Emirates (UAE)====
Emirates Identity Authority (EIDA) is a federal authority that is responsible for issuing the National Identity Cards for the citizens (UAE nationals), GCC (Gulf Corporation Council) nationals and residents in the country. All individuals are mandated to apply for the ID card at all ages. For individuals of 15 years and above, fingerprint biometrics (10 fingerprints, palm, and writer) are captured in the registration process. Each person has a unique 15-digit identification number (IDN) that a person holds throughout his/her life.
The Identity Card is a smart card that has a state-of-art technology in the smart cards field with very high security features which make it difficult to duplicate. It is a 144KB Combi Smart Card, where the electronic chip includes personal information, 2 fingerprints, 4-digit pin code, digital signature, and certificates (digital and encryption). Personal photo, IDN, name, date of birth, signature, nationality, and the ID card expiry date are fields visible on the physical card.
In the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] it is used as an official identification document for all individuals to benefit from services in the government, some of the non-government, and private entities in the UAE. This supports the UAE’s vision of smart government as the ID card is used to securely access e-services in the country. The ID card could also be used by citizens as an official travel document between GCC countries instead of using passports. The implementation of the national ID program in the UAE enhanced security of the individuals by protecting their identities and preventing identity theft.
<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.id.gov.ae | title=الهيئة الاتحادية للهوية والجنسية}}</ref>
====Vietnam====
In Vietnam, all citizens above 14 years old must possess a '''People's Identity Card''' provided by the local authority.
===Europe===
====European Economic Area====
{{See also|National identity cards in the European Economic Area|PRADO - Public Register of Travel and Identity Documents Online}}
National identity cards issued to citizens of the EEA ([[European Union]], [[Iceland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Norway]]) and [[Switzerland]], which states EEA or Swiss citizenship, can not only be used as an identity document within the home country, but also as a [[travel document]] to exercise the [[Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely|right of free movement]] in the [[European Economic Area|EEA]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/what-are-acceptable-travel-documents-for-entry-clearance-ecb08/ecb08-what-are-acceptable-travel-documents-for-entry-clearance#ecb811-identity-cards-of-eea-and-swiss-nationals ECB08: What are acceptable travel documents for entry clearance], UK Visas and Immigration. Retrieved 12 January 2015.</ref>
During the [[EU presidency#Rotation|UK Presidency of the EU in 2005]] a decision was made to: "Agree common standards for security features and secure issuing procedures for ID cards (December 2005), with detailed standards agreed as soon as possible thereafter. In this respect, the UK Presidency put forward a proposal for the EU-wide use of biometrics in national identity cards".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/4440/330 |title=EU: UK Presidency advances EU-wide ID card standards, data retention and intelligence sharing to fight terrorism |publisher=eGovernment News |date=2005-07-14 |accessdate=2007-04-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821085425/http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/4440/330 |archivedate=August 21, 2007 }}</ref>
=====Belgium=====
[[File:Belgium ID 2010 (dutch).jpg|thumb|upright|Belgian national identity card]]
{{Main article|Belgian national identity card}}
In [[Belgium]], everyone above the age of 12 is issued an identity card ({{lang|fr|carte d'identité}} in French, {{lang|nl|identiteitskaart}} in Dutch and {{lang|de|Personalausweis}} in German), and from the age of 15 carrying this card at all times is mandatory. For foreigners residing in Belgium similar cards (foreigner's cards, {{lang|nl|vreemdelingenkaart}} in Dutch, {{lang|fr|carte pour étrangers}} in French) are issued, although they may also carry a passport, a work permit or a (temporary) residence permit.
Since 2000, all newly issued Belgian identity cards have a chip ([[Electronic identity card|eID card]]), and roll-out of these cards is expected to be complete in the course of 2009. Since 2008, the aforementioned foreigner's card has also been replaced by an eID card, containing a similar chip. The eID cards can be used both in the public and private sector for identification and for the creation of legally binding electronic signatures.
Until end 2010 Belgian consulates issued old style ID cards (105 x 75 mm) to Belgian citizens who were permanently residing in their jurisdiction and who chose to be registered at the consulate (which is strongly advised).
Since 2011 Belgian consulates issue electronic ID cards, the electronic chip on which is not activated however.
=====Bulgaria=====
[[File:Bulgarian identity card.png|thumb|upright|[[Bulgarian identity card|Bulgarian ID card]]]]
{{Main article|Bulgarian identity card}}
In [[Bulgaria]], it is obligatory to possess an identity card (Bulgarian - лична карта, lichna karta) at the age of 14. Any person above 14 being checked by the police without carrying at least some form of identification is liable to a fine of 50 Bulgarian levs (about €25).
=====Croatia=====
{{Main article|Croatian identity card}}
[[File:Osobna iskaznica 2015 - prednja strana.jpg|thumb|[[Croatian identity card|Croatian ID card]] specimen|upright]]
All Croatian citizens may request an Identity Card, called [[Croatian identity card|Osobna iskaznica]] (literally Personal card). All persons over the age of 18 must have an Identity Card and carry it at all times. Refusal to carry or produce an Identity Card to a police officer can lead to a fine of 100 [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] or more and detention until the individual's identity can be verified by fingerprints.
The Croatian ID card is valid in the entire European Union, and can also be used to travel throughout the non-EU countries of the Balkans.
The 2013 design of the Croatian ID card is prepared for future installation of an [[Electronic identity card]] chip, which is set for implementation in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akd.hr/?p=8 |title=Osobna iskaznica | AKD |publisher=Akd.hr |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060601/http://www.akd.hr/?p=8 |archivedate=May 11, 2015 }}</ref>
=====Cyprus=====
[[File:Cypriot_ID_card_specimen_-_front.jpg|thumb|169x169px|[[Cypriot identity card]]]]
The acquisition and possession of a Civil Identity Card is compulsory for any eligible person who has reached twelve years of age. On 29 January 2015, it was announced that all future IDs to be issued will be biometric.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=el:Στη έκδοση βιομετρικών ταυτοτήτων προχωρεί η κυβέρνηση|url=http://www.philenews.com/el-gr/koinonia-eidiseis/160/239744/sti-ekdosi-viometrikon-taftotiton-prochorei-i-kyvernisi|accessdate=29 January 2015|work=Philenews|date=29 January 2015|language=el}}</ref> They can be applied for at Citizen Service Centres (KEP) or at consulates with biometric data capturing facilities.
An ID card costs €30 for adults and €20 for children with 10/5 years validity respectively. It is a valid travel document for the entire European Union.
=====Czech Republic=====
{{Main article|Czech national identity card}}
An identity card with a photo is issued to all citizens of the [[Czech Republic]] at the age of 15. It is officially recognised by all member states of the [[European Union]] for intra EU travel. Travelling outside the EU mostly requires the [[Czech passport]].
=====Denmark=====
Denmark is one of few EU countries that currently do not issue national identity cards (not counting [[driver's licenses|driving licences]] and [[passports]] issued for other purposes).
Danish citizens are not required by law to carry an identity card. A traditional identity document (without photo), the ''personal identification number certificate'' (Danish:''Personnummerbevis'') is of little use in Danish society, as it has been largely replaced by the much more versatile ''National Health Insurance Card'' (Danish:''Sundhedskortet'') which contains the same information and more. The National Health Insurance Card is issued to all citizens age 12 and above. It is commonly referred to as an identity card despite the fact it has no photo of the holder. Both certificates retrieve their information from the Civil Registration System. However, the ''personnummerbevis'' is still issued today and has been since September 1968.
Danish driver's licenses and passports are the only identity cards issued by the government containing both the [[Personal identification number (Denmark)|personal identification number]] and a photo. A foreign citizen without driving skills living in Denmark can not get such documents. Foreign driving licenses and passports are accepted with limitations. A foreigner living in Denmark will have a residence permit with their [[Personal identification number (Denmark)|personal identification number]] and a photo.
In Denmark, since 2004, counties have issued a "photo identity card" ({{lang-da|billedlegitimationskort}}), which can be used as age verification, but it is limited for identification purposes because of limited security for issuing, and it is not valid for EU travel.
Until 2004, the national debit card [[Dankort]] contained a photo of the holder and was widely accepted as an identity card. The Danish banks lobbied successfully to have pictures removed from the national debit cards and so since 2004 the Dankort has no longer contained a photo. Hence it is rarely accepted for identification.
=====Estonia=====
{{Main article|Estonian ID card}}
The Estonian identity card ({{lang-et|ID-kaart}}) is a [[chipped card|chipped]] picture ID in the [[Republic of Estonia]]. An Estonian identity card is officially recognised by all member states of the [[European Union]] for intra EU travel. For travelling outside the EU, Estonian citizens may also require a [[Estonian passport|passport]].
The card's chip stores a [[key pair]], allowing users to cryptographically sign digital documents based on principles of [[public key cryptography]] using [[DigiDoc]]. Under Estonian law, since 15 December 2000 the cryptographic signature is legally equivalent to a manual [[signature]].
The Estonian identity card is also used for authentication in Estonia's ambitious [[Electronic voting in Estonia|Internet-based voting]] programme. In February 2007, Estonia was the first country in the world to institute electronic voting for parliamentary elections. Over 30 000 voters participated in the country's first e-election.<ref>[http://www.idcreator.com/the-number-of-electronic-voters-tripled] idBlog - The number of electronic voters tripled</ref> By 2014, at the European Parliament elections, the number of e-voters has increased to more than 100,000 comprising 31% of the total votes cast.<ref>[http://ep2014.vvk.ee/detailed.html] Detailed results of Estonian European Parliament elections</ref>
=====Finland=====
{{Main article|Finnish identity card}}
In Finland, any citizen can get an identification card (''henkilökortti''/''identitetskort''). This, along with the passport, is one of two official identity documents. It is available as an electronic ID card (''sähköinen henkilökortti''/''elektroniskt identitetskort''), which enables logging into certain government services on the Internet.
Driving licenses and [[KELA (Finnish Social Insurance)|KELA]] (social security) cards with a photo are also widely used for general identification purposes even though they are not officially recognized as such. However, KELA has ended the practice of issuing social security cards with the photograph of the bearer, while it has become possible to embed the social security information onto the national ID card. For most purposes when identification is required, only valid documents are ID card, passport or driving license. However, a citizen is not required to carry any of these.
=====France=====
{{Main article|French national identity card}}
France has had a national ID card for all citizens since the beginning of [[World War II]] in 1940. Compulsory identity documents were created before, for workers from 1803 to 1890, nomads (''[[:fr:gens du voyage|gens du voyage]]'') in 1912, and foreigners in 1917 during World War I.
National identity cards were first issued as the ''carte d'identité Française'' under the law of October 27, 1940, and were compulsory for everyone over the age of 16. Identity cards were valid for 10 years, had to be updated within a year in case of change of residence, and their renewal required paying a fee. Under the [[Vichy regime]], in addition to the face photograph, the family name, first names, date and place of birth, the card included the national identity number managed by the national statistics [[INSEE]], which is also used as the national service registration number, as the Social Security account number for health and retirement benefits, for access to court files and for tax purposes.
Under the decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19551027&pageDebut=10604&pageFin=&pageCourante=10604 |title=Decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955, initial version. |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |date=1955-10-27 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.com/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000848756&fastPos=1&fastReqId=684983788&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte |title=Decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955 |language=French |publisher=Legifrance.com |accessdate=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306105304/http://www.legifrance.com/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000848756&fastPos=1&fastReqId=684983788&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> a revised non-compulsory card, the ''carte nationale d'identité'' (CNI) was introduced.
The law (Art. 78-1 to 78-6 of the French Code of criminal procedure (''Code de procédure pénale'')<ref name="195.83.177.9">{{cite web |url=http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=34&r=3914 |title=Code of criminal procedure, Book I, Title II, Chapter III |language=French |publisher=195.83.177.9 |accessdate=2012-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226213414/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=34&r=3914 |archivedate=2012-02-26 |df= }}</ref> mentions only that during an ID check performed by police, gendarmerie or customs officer, one can prove his identity "by any means", the validity of which is left to the judgment of the law enforcement official. Though not stated explicitly in the law, an ID card, a driving licence, a passport, a visa, a ''[[Permanent residency|Carte de Séjour]]'', a [[Voter registration|voting card]] are sufficient according to jurisprudency. The decision to accept other documents, with or without the bearer's photograph, like a [[Social Security card]], a [[travel card]] or a [[ATM card|bank card]], is left to the discretion of the law enforcement officer.
According to Art. 78-2 of the French Penal Procedure Code ID checks are only possible:<ref>[http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/F1036.xhtml#titreN100F0 Service-Public.fr, Le site officiel de l'administration française.] ''Quelles sont les règles en matière de contrôle et de vérification d'identité ?''</ref>
* alineas 1 & 2 : if you are the object of inquiries or investigations, have committed, prepared or attempted to commit an offence or if you are able to give information about it (''contrôle judiciaire'');<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechExpJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000017830085&fastReqId=1726079256&fastPos=1 |title=Cass. crim. 05/02/2007, n°07-81517, Bull., n°112 |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
* alinea 4 : within 20 km of French borders and in ports, airports and railway stations open to international traffic (''contrôle aux frontières'');<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechExpJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000017830144&fastReqId=637441257&fastPos=1 |title=Cass. crim. 05/03/2007, n°07-81331, Bull., n°117 |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
* alinea 3 : whatever the person's behaviour, to prevent a breach of public order and in particular an offence against the safety of persons or property (''contrôle administratif'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechExpJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000007070821&fastReqId=119383168&fastPos=1 |title=Cass. crim. 05/12/1999, n°99-81153, Bull., n°95 |language= French |publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
The last case allows checks of passers-by ID by the police, especially in neighborhoods with a higher criminality rate which are often the poorest at the condition, according to the ''[[Court of Cassation (France)|Cour de cassation]]'', that the policeman doesn't refer only to "general and abstract conditions" but to "particular circumstances able to characterise a risk of breach of public order and in particular an offence against the safety of persons or property" (Cass. crim. 05/12/1999, n°99-81153, Bull., n°95).
In case of necessity to establish your identity, not being able to prove it "by any means" (for example the legality of a road traffic ''[[procès-verbal]]'' depends of it), may lead to a temporary arrest (''vérification d'identité'') of up to 4 hours for the time strictly required for ascertaining your identity according to art. 78-3 of the French Code of criminal procedure (''Code de procédure pénale'').<ref name="195.83.177.9"/>
For financial transactions, ID cards and passports are almost always accepted as proof of identity. Due to possible [[Identity document forgery|forgery]], driver's licenses are sometimes refused. For transactions by cheque involving a larger sum, two different ID documents are frequently requested by merchants.
The current identification cards are now issued free of charge and optional, and are valid for ten years for minors, and fifteen for adults<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/services-aux-citoyens/documents-officiels-a-l-etranger/article/extension-de-la-duree-de-validite-de-la-carte-nationale-d-identite |title=Durée de validité de la carte nationale d'identité et séjour à l'étranger |publisher=diplomatie.gouv.fr |language=French}}</ref>. The current government has proposed a compulsory biometric card system, which has been opposed by human rights groups and by the national authority and regulator on computing systems and databases, the ''Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés'', [[CNIL]]. Another non-compulsory project is being discussed.
=====Germany=====
{{Main article|German identity card}}
[[Image:Mustermann nPA.jpg|thumb|upright|Specimen of a [[Germany|German]] [[German identity card|identity card]] issued since November 2010.]]
It is compulsory for all [[Germany|German]] citizens aged 16 or older to possess either a ''Personalausweis'' (identity card) or a passport but not to carry one. Police officers and other officials have a right to demand to see one of those documents ([[obligation of identification]]); however the law does not state that one is obliged to submit the document at that very moment. But as [[driver's licence]]s, although sometimes accepted, are not legally accepted forms of identification in Germany, people usually choose to carry their ''Personalausweis'' with them.
Beginning in November 2010, German ID cards are issued in the ID-1 format and can also contain an integrated digital signature, if so desired. Until October 2010, German ID cards were issued in [[ISO/IEC 7810]] ID-2 format. The cards have a photograph and a chip with biometric data, including, optionally, fingerprints.
=====Gibraltar=====
{{Main article|Gibraltar identity card|History of nationality in Gibraltar}}
Gibraltar has operated an identity card system since 1943.
The cards issued were originally folded cardboard, similar to the wartime UK Identity cards abolished in 1950. There were different colours for British and non-British residents. Gibraltar requires all residents to hold identity cards, which are issued free.
In 1993 the cardboard ID card was replaced with a laminated version. However, although valid as a [[Passport|travel documen]]t to the UK, they were not accepted by Spain.
A new version in an EU compliant format was issued and is valid for use around the EU although as very few are seen there are sometimes problems in its use, even in the UK. ID cards are needed for some financial transactions, but apart from that and to cross the frontier with Spain, they are not in common use.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
=====Greece=====
{{Main article|Greek identity card}}
[[Image:Greek ID Card-Front.jpg|thumb|upright|Greek ID card (front)]]
A compulsory, universal ID system based on personal ID cards has been in place in Greece since [[World War II]]. ID cards are issued by the police on behalf of the Headquarters of the Police (previously issued by the Ministry of Public Order, now incorporated in the Ministry of Internal Affairs) and display the holder's signature, standardized face photograph, name and surname, legal ascendant(s) name and surname, date and place of birth, height, municipality, and the issuing police precinct. There are also two optional fields designed to facilitate emergency medical care: [[ABO]] and [[Rhesus blood group system|Rhesus factor]] [[Blood type|blood typing]].
Fields included in previous ID card formats, such as vocation or profession, religious denomination, domiciliary address, name and surname of spouse, fingerprint, eye and hair color, citizenship and ethnicity were removed permanently as being intrusive of personal data and/or superfluous for the sole purpose of personal identification.
Since 2000, name fields have been filled in both [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] characters. According to the Signpost Service of the European Commission [reply to Enquiry 36581], old type Greek ID cards "are as valid as the new type according to Greek law and thus they constitute valid travel documents that all other EU Member States are obliged to accept". In addition to being equivalent to passports within the [[European Economic Area]], Greek ID cards are the principal means of identification of voters during elections.
Since 2005, the procedure to issue an ID card has been automated and now all citizens over 12 years of age must have an ID card, which is issued within one work day.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Prior to that date, the age of compulsory issue was at 14 and the whole procedure could last several months.
In Greece, an ID card is a citizen's most important state document{{Original research inline|date=November 2016}}. For instance, it is required to perform banking transactions if the teller personnel is unfamiliar with the apparent account holder, to interact with the Citizen Service Bureaus (KEP),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kep.gov.gr/portal/page/portal/MyNewPortal?lng=us | title=Untitled Document}}</ref> receive parcels or registered mail etc. Citizens are also required to produce their ID card at the request of law enforcement personnel.
All the above functions can be fulfilled also with a valid Greek passport (e.g., for people who have lost their ID card and have not yet applied for a new one, people who happen to carry their passport instead of their ID card or Greeks who reside abroad and do not have an identity card, which can be issued only in Greece in contrast to passports also issued by consular authorities abroad).
=====Hungary=====
[[Image:HunIDfront.jpg|thumb|upright|Front of a Hungarian national ID card]]
[[Image:HunIDback.jpg|thumb|upright|Back of a Hungarian national ID card]]
{{Main article|Hungarian identity card}}
Currently, there are three types of valid ID documents (''Személyazonosító igazolvány'', née ''Személyi igazolvány'', abbr. ''Sz.ig.'') in Hungary: the oldest valid ones are hard-covered, multi-page booklets and issued before 1989 by the People's Republic of Hungary, the second type is a soft-cover, multi-page booklet issued after the change of regime; these two have one, original photo of the owner embedded, with original signatures of the owner and the local police's representative. The third type is a plastic card with the photo and the signature of the holder digitally reproduced. These are generally called Personal Identity Card.
The plastic card shows the owners full name, maiden name if applicable, birth date and place, mother's maiden name, the cardholder's gender, the ID's validity period and the local state authority which issued the card. The card has a 6 digit number + 2 letter unique ID and a separate machine readable zone on the back for identity document scanning devices. It does not have any information about the owner's residential address, nor their personal identity number – this sensitive information is contained on a separate card, called a Residency Card (''Lakcímkártya''). Personal identity numbers have been issued since 1975; they have the following format in numbers: gender (1 number) – birth date (6 numbers) – unique ID (4 numbers). They are no longer used as a personal identification number, but as a statistical signature.
Other valid documents are the passport (blue colored or red colored with [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]] chip) and the [[driver's license]]; an individual is required to have at least one of them on hand all the time. The Personal Identity Card is mandatory to vote in state elections or open a bank account in the country.
ID cards are issued to permanent residents of Hungary; if a foreign citizen, the card has a different color.
===== Iceland =====
The Icelandic state-issued identity cards are called "Nafnskírteini". Most people use driver's licences instead. Identity documents are not mandatory to carry by law (unless driving a car), but can be needed for bank services, age verification and other situations.
=====Ireland=====
[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] does not issue mandatory national identity cards as such. Except for a brief period during the second world war when the Irish Department of External Affairs issued ID Cards to those wishing to travel to the UK,</small><ref>Page 117 of ''Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921-1971'' by Enda Delaney, published by Liverpool University Press 2000</ref> Ireland has never issued national identity cards as such.
Identity documentation is optional for Irish and British citizens. Nevertheless, identification is mandatory to obtain certain services such as air travel, banking, interactions regarding welfare and public services, age verification and additional situations.
"Non-nationals" (no connection to an [[European Economic Area|EEA]] country or Switzerland) aged 16 years and over must produce identification on demand to any immigration officer or a member of the Garda Síochána (police).<ref>Section 12 of the 2004 Immigration Act as amended by section 34 of The Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011. Section 11 of the 2011 Act specifies that Irish and (in most cases) EEA citizens are exempted from the requirement to produce identification on demand. Section 5 of the 2004 Act exempts a) People whose applications for asylum are pending. This does not extend to people whose applications for protection (under the Refugee Act of 2006) have been unsuccessful, but who have submitted an application to the Minister for a discretionary permission to remain (what is often called “humanitarian leave to remain”) b) People whose refugee status has been recognised c)Family members of refugees, who have joined them here under the refugee family reunification process (again, under the Refugee Act 2006) c) Programme refugees</ref>
Passport booklets, passport cards, driver's licenses, GNIB Registration Certificates<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/moving_to_ireland/rights_of_residence_in_ireland/registration_of_non_eea_nationals_in_ireland.html | title=Registration of non-EEA nationals}}</ref> and other forms of identity cards can be used for identification. Ireland has issued optional [[Irish passport#Passport Card|passport cards]] since October 2015.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/credit-card-size-passport-for-european-travel-available-today-1.2379368 Credit-card size passport for European travel available today]</ref> The cards are the size of a credit card and have all the information from the biographical page of an Irish passport booklet and can be explicitly used for travel in the [[European Economic Area|EEA]].
Ireland issues a "Public Services Card" which are useful when identification is needed for contacts regarding welfare and public services. They have photos but not birth dates and are therefore not accepted by banks. The card is also not considered as being an ID card by the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection (DEASP). In a [[Oireachtas]] committee hearing held on February 22, 2018, Tim Duggan of that department stated “A national ID card is an entirely different idea. People are generally compelled to carry (such a card).”<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thejournal.ie/public-services-card-oireachtas-committee-2-3865142-Feb2018/ | title='If everything's fine, why's it being investigated?' - Social Protection peppered with tough questions over PSC}}</ref>
=====Italy=====
{{See also|Italian electronic identity card}}
All Italian citizens are entitled to request an identity card which would be issued by the municipality in which they live. The card lasts ten years and is a valid document to leave the country when travelling to another [[European Union|EU]] country.<ref>''Testo unico delle leggi di pubblica sicurezza'' ("Single body of laws on public security"), also known as TULPS, article 3; see for example here {{cite web |url=http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712080608/http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza.html |archivedate=2010-07-12 |df= }}.</ref>
It is not compulsory to carry the card itself, as the authorities only have the right to ask for the identity of a person, not for a specific document. However, if public-security officers are not convinced of the claimed identity, such as may be the case for a verbally provided identity claim, they may keep the claimant in custody until his/her identity is ascertained;<ref>''Testo unico delle leggi di pubblica sicurezza'' ("Single body of laws on public security"), also known as TULPS, article 157; see for example here {{cite web |url=http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza/16.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911021220/http://www.miolegale.it/normativa/116-TULPS-rd-773-1931-testo-unico-delle-leggi-di-pubblica-sicurezza/16.html |archivedate=2009-09-11 |df= }}.</ref> such an arrest is limited to the time necessary for identification and has no legal consequence.
[[File:Carta identita italiana.jpg|thumb|upright|Italian classic paper booklet ID card, front page]]
[[File:Italian electronic ID card.png|thumb|170px|Italian new eID card (front)]]
A classic Italian identity card (now in the process of being replaced by a newer template) has four pages, containing:
# Issuing municipality, card number and owner's name and surname;
# Owner's name, surname, birth date and place, citizenship, city of residence, address, civil status (optional) and profession; in addition, physical features such as height, hair and eye color, and any other particular feature not visible from the photo (e.g., having a twin or being an amputee) can be noted;
# Photo and signature of the owner, date of issue and stamp of the issuing municipality.
# Expiration date and card number.
A field for fingerprints has been present for a long time at the bottom of the third page, but is rarely if ever used. Also, physical features are normally not measured rigorously, but are just verbally asked to the applicant (such as height) or quickly ascertained by administrative personnel on the spot, with no checks for hair dying or cosmetic lenses.
The classic Italian ID card is made of paper, not plastic, and its [[lamination]] with plastic pouches is explicitly forbidden, because it would interfere with the anti-forging heat sensitive pattern on the back of the card (see reference).<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=it&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.villacortese.mi.it%2Fdefault.cfm%3FID%3D1167 On lamination of ID cards], Web site of the municipality of [[Villa Cortese]].</ref>
Lamination of ID cards was popular and widely practised until the current prohibition was introduced, because of the low quality of the employed paper, which tends to break apart after a few months in a wallet.
Removable pouches are often employed to limit damage, but the odd size of the card (about 1 cm larger than a plastic credit card in both directions) makes it difficult to store it easily in a wallet.
Furthermore, the usage of paper makes the card easy to forge, and foreign countries outside the EU sometimes refuse to accept it as a valid document.
These common criticism were considered in the development of the [[Italian electronic identity card]], which is in the more common credit-card format.
All foreigners in Italy are required by law to have an ID with them at all times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sicurezzapubblica.wikidot.com/identificazione-di-persone#toc7 |title=On identification of foreigners in Italy |publisher=Sicurezzapubblica.wikidot.com |accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref>
Citizens of EU member countries must be always ready to display an identity document that is legally government-issued in their country. Non-EU residents must have their passport with customs entrance stamp or a residence permit issued by Italian authorities; while all the resident/immigrant aliens must have a residence permit (otherwise they are illegal and face deportation), foreigners from certain non-EU countries staying in Italy for a limited amount of time (typically for tourism) may be only required to have their passport with proper customs stamp. Additionally permanently resident foreigners can ask to be issued an Italian ID card by the local authorities of their city/town of residence.
=====Netherlands=====
{{See also|Dutch identity card|Dutch passport}}
Dutch citizens from the age of 14 are required to be able to show a valid identity document upon request by a police officer or similar official. Furthermore, identity documents are required when opening bank accounts and upon start of work for a new employer. Official identity documents for residents in the Netherlands are:
* [[Dutch passport]]
* [[Dutch identity card]]
* Alien's Residence permit
* ''Geprivilegieerdenkaart'' (amongst others for the corps diplomatique and their family members)
* Passports/national ID cards of members of other [[European Economic Area|E.E.A. countries]]
For the purpose of identification in public (but not for other purposes), also a Dutch [[driving license]] often may serve as an identity document.
In the [[Caribbean Netherlands]], Dutch and other EEA identity cards are not valid; and the [[Identity card BES]] is an obligatory document for all residents.
===== Norway =====
In Norway there is no law penalising non possession of an identity document. But there are rules requiring it for services like banking, air travel and voting (where personal recognition or other identification methods have not been possible).
The following documents are generally considered valid (varying a little, since no law lists them):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nordea.no/privat/bli+kunde/bli+kunde+i+nordea/godkjent+legitimasjon/1145562.html|title=Godkjent legitimasjon|publisher=Nordea.no|accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref> Nordic driving licence, passport (often only from EU and EFTA), national ID card from EU, Norwegian ID card from banks and some more.
There is no ID card for anyone except bank ID card (normally printed on the reverse of a credit card). To get a bank ID card either a Nordic passport or another passport together with Norwegian residence and work permit is needed.
There is an ongoing plan to introduce a national ID card accrediting Norwegian citizenship, usable for travel within the EU, and for general identification. The plan started in 2007 and has been delayed several times and is now expected in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/reise/reisenyheter/2018/05/07/195393945/justisdepartementet-tipper-nye-id-kort-og-pass-kommer-i-2020|title=Justisdepartementet: – Tipper nye ID-kort og pass kommer i 2020 {{!}} ABC Nyheter|date=2018-05-07|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> Banks are campaigning to be freed from the task of issuing ID cards, stating that it should be the responsibility of state authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinside.no/887139/bankkortet-skal-ikke-lenger-vaere-legitimasjon|title=Bankkortet skal ikke lenger være legitimasjon|publisher=Dinside.no|accessdate=2013-11-11|date=2012-01-12}}</ref> Some banks have already ceased issuing ID cards, so people need to bring their passport for such things as credit card purchases or buying prescribed medication if not in possession of a driving licence.<ref name="kastet_av_toget">[http://www.rb.no/lokale_nyheter/article6270991.ece Ble kastet av toget] (Norwegian. Translation:Thrown off train)</ref><ref>[http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/britt-har-ikke-annet-id-bevis-enn-passet/3422799126.html Britt har ikke annet ID-bevis enn passet] (Norwegian. Translated quote:''Britt has no other ID than the passport. Without a driving license and with a new credit card with no picture, Brit Thoresen must carry her passport to identify herself. "Today you have to identify yourself everywhere. Either you need to retrieve the Get box at Spaceworld, get new library card or have prescription medications at the pharmacy", she explains.'')</ref>
=====Poland=====
{{CSS image crop
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|bSize = 170
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{{Main article|Polish National Identity Card}}
Every Polish citizen 18 years of age or older residing permanently in [[Poland]] must have an Identity Card (''Dowód osobisty'') issued by the local Office of Civic Affairs. Polish citizens living permanently abroad are entitled, but not required, to have one.
=====Portugal=====
{{Main article|Citizen Card (Portugal)}}
All Portuguese citizens are required by law to obtain an Identity Card as they turn 6 years of age. They are not required to carry with them always but are obligated to present them to the lawful authorities if requested.
The old format of the cards (yellow laminated paper document) featured a portrait of the bearer, their fingerprint, and the name of parent(s), among other information.
[[File:Cartão de Cidadão Português.jpg|thumb|upright|Front of a Portuguese national ID card]]
They are currently being replaced by grey plastic cards with a chip, called ''Cartão de Cidadão'' (Citizen's Card), which now incorporate NIF (Tax Number), Cartão de Utente (Health Card) and Social Security, all of which are protected by a PIN obtained when the card is issued.
The new Citizen's Card is technologically more advanced than the former Identity Card and has the following characteristics:
* From the '''physical point of view''' the Citizen's Card will have a 'smart card' format and will replace the existing Identity Card, taxpayer card, Social Security card, voter's card and National Health Service user's card.
* From the '''visual point of view''' the front of the card will display the holder's photograph and basic personal details. The back will list the numbers under which the holder is registered with the different bodies whose cards the Citizen's Card combines and replaces. The back will also contain an optical reader and the chip.
* From the '''electronic point of view''' the card will have a contact chip, with digital certificates (for electronic authentication and signature purposes). The chip may also hold the same information as the physical card itself, together with other data such as the holder's address.
=====Romania=====
{{Main article|Romanian identity card}}
[[Image:Idrou.jpg|thumb|upright|Specimen of a [[Romanian identity card]] issued since 2009.]]
Every citizen of [[Romania]] must register for an ID card ('''Carte de identitate''', abbreviated '''CI''') at the age of 14. The CI offers proof of the identity, address, sex and other data of the possessor. It has to be renewed every 10 years. It can be used instead of a passport for travel inside the European Union and several other countries outside the EU.
Another ID Card is the Provisional ID Card ('''Cartea de Identitate Provizorie''') issued temporarily when an individual cannot get a normal ID Card. Its validity extends for up to 1 year. It cannot be used in order to travel within the EU, unlike the normal ID card.
Other forms of officially accepted identification include the [[driver's license]] and the birth certificate. However, these are accepted only in limited circumstances and cannot take the place of the ID Card in most cases. The ID Card is mandatory for dealing with government institutions, banks or currency exchange shops. A valid passport may also be accepted, but usually only for foreigners.
In addition, citizens can be expected to provide the personal identification number (CNP) in many circumstances; purposes range from simple unique identification and internal book-keeping (for example when drawing up the papers for the warranty of purchased goods) to being asked for identification by the police. The CNP is 13 characters long, with the format S-YY-MM-DD-RR-XXX-Y. Where S is the sex, YY is year of birth, MM is month of birth, DD is day of birth, RR is a regional id, XXX is a unique random number and Y is a control digit.
Presenting the ID Card is preferred but not mandatory when asked by police officers; however, in such cases people are expected to provide a CNP or alternate means of identification which can be checked on the spot (via radio if needed).
The information on the ID Card is required to be kept updated by the owner; current address of domicile in particular. Doing otherwise can expose the citizen to certain fines or be denied service by those institutions that require a valid, up to date Card. In spite of this, it is common for people to let the information lapse or go around with expired ID Cards.
=====Slovakia=====
{{CSS image crop
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The Slovak ID card ({{lang-sk|Občiansky preukaz}}) is a picture ID in [[Slovakia]]. It is issued to citizens of the Slovak Republic who are 15 or older. A Slovak ID card is officially recognised by all member states of the [[European Economic Area]] and Switzerland for travel. For travel outside the EU, Slovak citizens may also require a [[Slovak passport|passport]], which is a legally accepted form of picture ID as well. Police officers and some{{Who|date=July 2012}} other officials have a right to demand to see one of those documents, and the law states that one is obliged to submit such a document at that very moment. If one fails to comply, law enforcement officers are allowed to insist on personal identification at the police station.
=====Slovenia=====
Every Slovenian citizen regardless of age has the right to acquire an Identity Card ({{lang-sl|Osebna izkaznica}}) where every citizen of the [[Republic of Slovenia]] of 18 years of age or older is obliged by law to acquire one and carry it at all times (or any other Identity document with a picture i.e., Slovene Passport). The Card is a valid Identity Document within all members states of the [[European Union]] for travel within the EU. With exception of the Faroe Islands and Greenland, though it may be used to travel outside of the EU: [[Norway]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[BiH]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]], [[Switzerland]]. The front side displays the name and surname, sex, nationality, date of birth and expiration date of the card, as well as the number of the ID card a black and white photograph and a signature. On the back, permanent address, administrative unit, date of issue, [[Unique Master Citizen Number|EMŠO]], and a code with key information in a [[Machine-readable passport|machine-readable zone]].
Depending on the holders age (and sometimes also other factors), the card had a validity of 5 years or 10 years, and 1 year for foreigners living in Slovenia.
In Slovenia the ID cards importance is equaled only by the [[passport|Slovenian passport]], but a due to size a lot more practical.
=====Spain=====
[[File:DNIe3.0 Spanish ID Card.png|thumb|upright|Spanish national ID card (front)]]
In Spain citizens, resident foreigners and companies have similar but distinct identity numbers, some with prefix letters, all with a check-code<ref>{{cite web|title=Verificacion de Codigos DNI CIF NIF (validity check) NIE|language=Spanish|url=http://www.argored.com/validar-cif-nif-nie.php|publisher=Argored s.l.}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''NIF''' Both natural and legal persons have a tax code or ''[[:es:Número de identificación fiscal|Número de Identificación Fiscal]]'' (NIF), which is the same as their identity document. For companies this was formerly known as ''Código de Identificación Fiscal'' (CIF)
* '''DNI''' Spanish Citizens have a ''Documento Nacional de Identidad'' (DNI), which bears this number without any letter prefix. This is sometimes known by obsolete names such as ''Cédula de Ciudadanía'' (CC),''Carné de Identidad'' (CI) or ''Cédula de Identidad'' (CI)
:Spanish citizens under 14 may, but over 14 must, acquire a National Identity Card ''(DNI)''. It is issued by the National Police formerly [[ISO/IEC 7810|ID-1]] (bank-card) format paper encapsulated in plastic. Since 2006 a new version of the 'DNI' has been introduced. The new 'Electronic DNI' is a [[Smart card]] that allows for digital signing of documents. The chip contains most of the personal information printed on the card and a digitized version of the bearer's face, signature and fingerprints.<ref>{{cite conference
| title =The new Spanish electronic identity card: DNI-e
| first1 =Luis
| first2=Javier
| first3=Araceli
| last1 =Hernández Encinas
| last2=Espinosa García
| last3=Queiruga Dios
|date=September 2007
| conference =International Conference on Information Technologies (InfoTech-2007)
| conferenceurl =
| editor =
| others =
| volume =vol I: Technological Aspects of the e-Governance and Data Protection.
| isbn =978-954-9518-41-2
| bibcode =
| oclc =
| doi =
|hdl = 10261/15941}}</ref>
:On the front there is a photograph, the name and surname (see [[Spanish naming customs]]), the bearer's signature, an id number, the issue date and the expiry date. On the reverse appears the date and place of birth, the gender, legal ascendant(s) name and the current address. At the bottom there is key information in a [[Machine-readable passport|machine-readable zone]]. Depending on holder's age, the card has a validity of 5 years, 10 years or indefinite (for the elderly).<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Identity Card BO-03001|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/2274/docHome.html|publisher=[[European Council]]|date=27 November 2009|accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref>
* '''CIF''' ''Código de Identidad Fiscal'' has been retained only for associations and foundation have a CIF which starts with the letter -G
* '''NIE''' Foreigners ( e'''X'''tranjeros in Spanish) are issued with a Número de Identificación de Extranjero, which starts with the letter X or Y. NIE cards for EU citizens have been abolished and replaced by a printed A4 page, which does not need to be carried, whilst cards are still issued to non-EU citizens, now following the standard European format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investinspain.org/invest/es/invertir-en-espana/extranjeria/numero-y-tarjeta-de-identificacion-de-extranjero/index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-03-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329001403/http://www.investinspain.org/invest/es/invertir-en-espana/extranjeria/numero-y-tarjeta-de-identificacion-de-extranjero/index.html |archivedate=2015-03-29 |df= }}</ref>
Despite the NIF/CIF/NIE/NIF distinctions the ''identity number'' is unique and always has eight digits (the NIE has 7 digits see https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Número_de_identidad_de_extranjero) ) followed by a letter calculated from a 23-[[Modular arithmetic]] [[Cyclic redundancy check|check]] used to verify the correctness of the number. The letters I, Ñ, O and U are not used and the
sequence is as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:20px;"| 0 !! style="width:20px;"| 1 !! style="width:20px;"| 2 !! style="width:20px;"| 3 !! style="width:20px;"| 4 !! style="width:20px;"| 5 !! style="width:20px;"| 6 !! style="width:20px;"| 7 !! style="width:20px;"| 8 !! style="width:20px;"| 9 !! style="width:20px;"| 10 !! style="width:20px;"| 11 !! style="width:20px;"| 12 !! style="width:20px;"| 13 !! style="width:20px;"| 14 !! style="width:20px;"| 15 !! style="width:20px;"| 16 !! style="width:20px;"| 17 !! style="width:20px;"| 18 !! style="width:20px;"| 19 !! style="width:20px;"| 20 !! style="width:20px;"| 21 !! style="width:20px;"| 22
|-
| T || R || W || A || G || M || Y || F || P || D || X || B || N || J || Z || S || Q || V || H || L || C || K || E
|}
This number is the same for tax, social security and all legal purposes. Without this number (or a foreign equivalent such as a passport number) a contract may not be enforceable.
In Spain the formal identity number on an ID card is the most important piece of identification. It is used in all public and private transactions. It is required to open a bank account, to sign a contract, to have state insurance and to register at a university and should be shown when being fined by a police officer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Art 20.1 LOPSC|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo1-1992.html#a20}}</ref> It is one of the official documents required to vote at any election, although any other form of official ID such as a driving licence or passport may be used. The card also constitutes a valid [[travel document]] within the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vueling.pt/atencion_cliente/documentacion_viaje_EN.html |title=Travel Documentation |publisher=[[Vueling]] |accessdate=14 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129053103/http://www.vueling.pt/atencion_cliente/documentacion_viaje_EN.html |archivedate=January 29, 2011 }}</ref>
Non-resident citizens of countries such as the United Kingdom, where passport numbers are not fixed for the holder's life but change with renewal, may experience difficulty with legal transactions after the document is renewed since the old number is no longer verifiable on a valid (foreign) passport. However a NIE is issued for life and does not change and can be used for the same purposes.
=====Sweden=====
{{Main article|Identity documents in Sweden}}
Sweden does not have a legal statute for compulsory identity documents. However ID-cards are regularly used to ascertain a person's identity when completing certain transactions. These include but are not limited to banking and age verification. Also interactions with public authorities often require it, in spite of the fact that there is no law explicitly requiring it, because there are laws requiring authorities to somehow verify people's identity. Without Swedish identity documents difficulties can occur accessing health care services, receiving prescription medications and getting salaries or grants. From 2008, EU passports have been accepted for these services due to EU legislation (with exceptions including banking), but non-EU passports are not accepted.
Identity cards have therefore become an important part of everyday life.
There are currently three public authorities that issue ID-cards. The tax office (Skatteverket), the Police and the [[transportstyrelsen|transport board]].
The tax office cards can only be used within Sweden to validate a persons identity, but they can be obtained both by Swedish citizens and those that currently reside in Sweden. A [[Personal identity number (Sweden)|Swedish personal identity number]] is required. It is possible to get one without having any Swedish id-card. In this case a person holding such a card must guarantee the identity, and the person must be a verifiable relative or the boss at the company the person has been working or a few other verifiable people.
The Police can only issue identity documents to Swedish citizens. They issue an internationally recognised id-card according to EU standard usable for intra-[[Europe]]an travel, and Swedish passports which are acceptable as identity documents worldwide.<ref name="Swedpolice">{{cite web|url=http://www.polisen.se/Service/Pass-och-id-kort/Fragor-kring-pass--och-id-kort/ |title=Frågor och svar om pass, nationellt id-kort och legitimation |publisher=Polisen.se |accessdate=2012-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174008/http://www.polisen.se/Service/Pass-och-id-kort/Fragor-kring-pass--och-id-kort/ |archivedate=June 16, 2012 }}</ref>
The Transport board issues [[drivers licence|driving licences]] which are valid as identity documents in Sweden. To obtain one, one must be approved as a driver and strictly have another Swedish identity document as proof of identity.
In the past there have been certain groups that have experienced problems obtaining valid identification documents. This was due to the initial process that was required to validate one's identity, unregulated security requirements by the commercial companies which issued them. Since July 2009, the tax office has begun to issue identity cards and this has simplified the identity validation process for foreign passport holders. Still there are requirements for the identity validation that can cause trouble especially for foreign citizens but the list of people who can validate one's identity has been extended.
===== Switzerland =====
{{Main article|Swiss identity card|Swiss passport}}
[[Swiss citizen]]s have no [[obligation of identification]] in [[Switzerland]] and thus, are not required by law to be able to show a valid identity document upon request by a police officer or similar official. Furthermore, identity documents are required when opening a bank account or when dealing with [[public administration]].
Relevant in daily life of Swiss citizens are Swiss [[ID card]]<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/prado-documents/che/b/index.html PRADO document category B]</ref> and Swiss [[driver's license]];<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/prado-documents/che/f/index.html PRADO document category F]</ref> latter needs to presented upon request by a police officer, when driving a motor-vehicle as e.g. a car, a motorcycle, a bus or a truck. Swiss passport<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/prado-documents/che/a/index.html PRADO document category A]</ref> is needed only for e.g. travel abroad to countries not accepting Swiss ID card as travel document.
=====United Kingdom=====
{{Main article|Identity Cards Act 2006}}
{{See also|Identity Documents Act 2010}}
The UK had an identity card during World War II as part of a package of emergency powers; this was abolished in 1952 by repealing the [[National Registration Act 1939]]. Identity cards were first proposed in the mid-1980s for people attending football matches, following a series of high-profile [[Football hooliganism|hooliganism]] incidents involving English football fans. However, this proposed identity card scheme never went ahead as [[Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth|Lord Taylor]] of [[Gosforth]] ruled it out as "unworkable" in the [[Taylor Report]] of 1990.
By 2006 several groups such as [[No2ID]] had formed to campaign against ID cards in Britain. The UK Labour government progressively introduced compulsory identity cards for non-EU residents in Britain starting late 2008. After the 2010 general election a new government was formed, comprising a coalition between two parties that had pledged to scrap ID cards - the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats - and the [[United Kingdom Home Office|Home Office]] announced that the national identity register had been destroyed on 10 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/news/database-destruction |title=ID card database destroyed |publisher=Home Office |date=2011-02-10 |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
Identity cards for British nationals were introduced in 2009 on a voluntary basis. Only workers in certain high-security professions, such as airport workers, were required to have an identity card, and this general lack of ID being compulsory tends to remain the case today.
[[Driving licence in the United Kingdom|Driving licences]], particularly the photocard driving licence introduced in 1998, and [[passport]]s are now the most widely used ID documents in the United Kingdom, but the former cannot be used as travel documents, except within the [[Common Travel Area]]. However, driving licences from the UK and other EU countries are usually accepted within other EEA countries for identity verification. Given that passports do not fit in a typical [[wallet]] or [[Handbag|purse]], most people do not carry their passports in public without an advance that they are going to need them. For people from the UK and other countries where national ID cards are not used or not common, this leaves driving licences as the only valid form of ID to be presented, if requested by an authority for a legitimately-given reason, but unlike a travel document, they do not show the holder's nationality or immigration status. Colloquially, in day-to-day life, most authorities do not ask for identification from individuals in a sudden, spot check type manner, such as by police or security guards, although this may become a concern in instances of [[stop and search]].
There are also various [[Proof of Age Standards Scheme|PASS]]-accredited cards, used mainly for proof-of-age purposes, but {{cn span|they are not very commonly carried other than by those aged in their late teens or early twenties who do not drive and frequently purchase age-restricted goods|date=March 2016}}.
====Other European and Asian countries====
=====Albania=====
[[File:Leternjoftimi shqiptar biometrik...jpg|upright|thumb|[[Albanian Identity Card|Albanian electronic ID Card]] 2009]]
{{Main article|Albanian Identity Card}}
From January 12, 2009 the Government of [[Albania]] is issuing a compulsory [[Albanian Identity Card|electronic and biometric ID Card]] ''(Letërnjoftim)'' for its citizens.<ref>[http://www.sagem-securite.com/eng/site.php?spage=04010822] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112100648/http://www.sagem-securite.com/eng/site.php?spage=04010822|date=November 12, 2008}}</ref>
Every citizen at age 16 must apply for Biometric ID card.
=====Azerbaijan=====
{{Main article|Azerbaijan identity card}}
[[Azerbaijan]] is issuing a compulsory [[Azerbaijan identity card|ID Card]] ''(Şəxsiyyət vəsiqəsi)'' for its citizens.
Every citizen at age 16 must apply for ID card.
=====Belarus=====
{{Main article|Belarusian passport}}
Belarus has combined the international [[passport]] and the [[internal passport]] into one document which is compulsory from age 14. It follows the international passport convention but has extra pages for domestic use.
=====Bosnia and Herzegovina=====
{{Main article|Bosnian-Herzegovinian identity card}}
[[File:Bosnian ID card B.gif|upright|thumb|[[Bosnian-Herzegovinian identity card]]]]
Bosnia and Herzegovina allows every person over the age of 15 to apply for an ID card, and all citizens over the age of 18 must have the national ID card with them at all times. A penalty is issued if the citizen does not have the acquired ID card on them or if the citizen refuses to show proof of identification.
=====Macedonia=====
[[File:Macedonian id.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[Macedonian identity card]]]]
{{Main article|Macedonian identity card}}
The Macedonian identity card ({{lang-mk|Лична карта, Lična karta}}) is a compulsory identity document issued in the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. The document is issued by the police on behalf of the Ministry of Interior. Every person over 18 can get and must get an identity card.
=====Moldova=====
{{Main article|Moldovan Identity Card}}
In Moldova Identity Cards ({{lang-ro|Buletin de identitate}}) are being issued since 1996. The first person to get identity card was former president of Moldova - [[Mircea Snegur]]. Since then all the Moldovan citizens are required to have and use it inside the country. It can't be used to travel outside the country, however it is possible to pass so-called [[Transnistria]]n border with it.
The Moldovan Identity card may be obtained by a child from his/her date of birth. State company "Registru" is responsible for issuing Identity cards and for storing data of all Moldovan citizens.
=====Monaco=====
{{Main article|Monégasque identity card}}
Monégasque identity cards are issued to [[Nationality law of Monaco|Monégasque citizens]] and can be used for travel within the [[Schengen Area]].
=====Montenegro=====
[[Image:Montenegrin identity card.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Montenegrin identity card|Montenegrin national ID card]]]]
{{Main article|Montenegrin identity card}}
In [[Montenegro]] every resident citizen over the age of 14 can have their ''[[Montenegrin identity card|Lična karta]]'' issued, and all persons over the age of 18 must have ID cards and carry them at all times when they are in public places. It can be used for international travel to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]] and [[Albania]] instead of the [[passport]].
=====Russia=====
[[File:RussianPassport.jpg|thumb|upright|Domestic Passport: front]]
[[File:Pasport RF.jpg|thumb|upright|Domestic Passport: Data and Signature page]]
{{Main article|Internal passport of Russia}}
The role of identity documentation is primarily played by the so-called [[Internal Passport of Russia|Russian internal passport]], a passport-size booklet which contains a person's photograph, birth information and other data such as registration at the place of residence (informally known as [[Resident registration in Russia|propiska]]), marital data, information about military service and underage children. Internal passports are issued by the [[Main Directorate for Migration Affairs (Russia)|Main Directorate for Migration Affairs]] to all citizens who reach their 14th birthday and do not reside outside Russia. They are re-issued at the age 20 and 45.
The internal passport is commonly considered the only acceptable ID document in governmental offices, banks, while traveling by train or plane, getting a subscription service, etc. If the person does not have an internal passport (i.e., foreign nationals or Russian citizens who live abroad), an international passport can be accepted instead, theoretically in all cases. Another exception is army conscripts, who produce the [[Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces]].
Internal passports can also be used to travel to Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
Other documents, such as driver's licenses or student cards, can sometimes be accepted as ID, subject to regulations.
=====Serbia=====
[[Image:ChippedSerbianID face.png|upright|thumb|[[Serbian identity card|Serbian national ID card]]]]
{{Main article|Serbian identity card}}
In [[Serbia]] every resident citizen over the age of 10 can have their ''[[Serbian identity card|Lična karta]]'' issued, and all persons over the age of 16 must have ID cards and carry them at all times when they are in public places.<ref>[http://www.mup.gov.rs/domino/dokumenta.nsf/licnakarta?OpenPage Serbian new biometric ID card] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502232832/http://www.mup.gov.rs/domino/dokumenta.nsf/licnakarta?OpenPage |date=2009-05-02 }} {{sr icon}}</ref> It can be used for international travel to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] instead of the passport.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/konzularni-poslovi/putovanja-u-inostranstvo/vize-za-inostranstvo-i-informacije-o-drzavama Конзуларне земље - визе за иностранство<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Contact microchip on ID is optional.
[[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]] issues its own [[Kosovo identity card|identity cards]]. These documents are accepted by Serbia when used as identification while crossing the Serbia-Kosovo border.<ref>[http://euobserver.com/enlargement/32583 EUobserver / Serbia and Kosovo sign first post-independence agreement<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> They can also be used for international travel to [[Montenegro]]<ref>[http://www.mvpei.gov.me/en/sections/consular-affairs/visa-regimes-for-foreign-citizens/kosovo Kosovo<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Albania]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.al/index.php?option=com_multicategories&view=article&id=7206%3Acitizens-of-which-countries-enter-the-republic-of-albania-without-a-visa&Itemid=89&lang=en Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=====Ukraine=====
{{Main article|Ukrainian identity card}}
[[File:Passport_of_the_Citizen_of_Ukraine_(Since_2016).jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ukrainian identity card]]]]
The Ukrainian identity card or Passport of the Citizen of Ukraine (also known as the [[Internal passport|Internal Passport]] or Passport Card) is an identity document issued to citizens of Ukraine. Every Ukrainian citizen aged 14 <ref>Effective 1 October 2016 - 14 years. {{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=56689|title=On amendment of certain laws of Ukraine as to documents certifying Ukrainian nationality, identifying person or its special status, aimed at EU visa liberalization.}}</ref> or above and permanently residing in Ukraine must possess an identity card issued by local authorities of the State Migration Service of Ukraine.
Ukrainian identity cards are valid for 10 years (or 4 years, if issued for citizens aged 14 but less than 18) and afterwards must be exchanged for a new document.
=====Turkey=====
{{Main article|Turkish identity card}}
[[File:TR Nat ID Card Front.png|upright|thumb|[[Turkish identity card]]]]
The Turkish national ID card ({{lang-tr|Nüfus Cüzdanı}}) is compulsory for all Turkish citizens from birth. Cards for males and females have a different color. The front shows the first and last name of the holder, first name of legal ascendant(s), birth date and place, and an 11 digit ID number. The back shows marital status, religious affiliation, the region of the county of origin, and the date of issue of the card. On February 2, 2010 the European Court of Human Rights ruled in a 6 to 1 vote that the religious affiliation section of the Turkish identity card violated articles 6, 9, and 12 of the European Convention of Human Rights, to which Turkey is a signatory. The ruling should coerce the Turkish government to completely omit religious affiliation on future identity cards. The Turkish police are allowed to ask any person to show ID, and refusing to comply may lead to arrest. It can be used for international travel to [[Northern Cyprus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Ukraine]] instead of a passport.
[[Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)|Ministry of Interior]] of Turkey has released EU-like identity cards for all Turkish citizens starting from 02.01.2017. New identity cards are fully and can be used as a bank card, bus ticket or at international trips.
===North America===
====Canada====
In Canada, different forms of identification documentation are used, but there is no de jure national identity card. The [[Canadian passport]] is issued by the federal (national) government, and the provinces and territories issue various documents which can be used for identification purposes. The most commonly used forms of identification within Canada are the health card and [[Driving licence in Canada|driver's licence]] issued by provincial and territorial governments. The widespread usage of these two documents for identification purposes has made them de facto identity cards.
In Canada, a driver's license usually lists the name, home address, height and date of birth of the bearer. A photograph of the bearer is usually present, as well as additional information, such as restrictions to the bearer's driving licence. The bearer is required by law to keep the address up to date.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
A few provinces, such as Québec and Ontario, issue provincial health care cards which contain identification information, such as a photo of the bearer, their home address, and their date of birth. British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Ontario are among the provinces that produce photo identification cards for individuals who do not possess a driving licence, with the cards containing the bearer's photo, home address, and date of birth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/government-id/bc-services-card/types-of-cards/photo|title=Photo BC Services Card - Province of British Columbia|last=Services|first=Ministry of Citizens|website=www2.gov.bc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgi.sk.ca/non-driver-id|title=Non-driver ID and discount - SGI|last=SGI|website=SGI|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-photo-card|title=https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-photo-card|website=www.ontario.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref>
For travel abroad, a passport is almost always required. There are a few minor exceptions to this rule; required documentation to travel among North American countries is subject to the [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative]] , such as the [[NEXUS (frequent traveller program)|NEXUS programme]] and the [[Enhanced Drivers License]] programme implemented by a few provincial governments as a pilot project. These programmes have not yet gained widespread acceptance, and the Canadian passport remains the most useful and widely accepted international travel document.
====Costa Rica====
[[File:Cedula de Costa Rica.JPG|thumb|200px|Cédula de identidad (National Identity Card) of Costa Rica]]
Every [[Costa Rica]]n [[citizen]] must carry an [[identity card]] immediately after turning 18. The card is named ''[[Cédula de Identidad]]'' and it is issued by the local registrar's office (''Registro Civil''), an office belonging to the local elections committee (''Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones''), which in Costa Rica has the same rank as the Supreme Court. Each card has a unique number composed of nine numerical digits, the first of them being the province where the citizen was born (with other significance in special cases such as granted citizenship to foreigners, [[adoption|adopted persons]] or in rare cases with old people where no [[birth certificate]] was processed at birth); after this digit, two blocks of four digits follow; the combination corresponds to the unique identifier of the citizen.
It is widely requested as part of every legal and financial purpose, often requested at payment with [[credit card|credit]] or [[debit cards]] for identification guarantee and requested for buying [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]]ic beverages or cigarettes or upon entrance to adults-only places like bars.
The card must be renewed every ten years and is freely issued again if lost. Among the information included there are, on the front, two identification pictures and digitized signature of the owner, identification number (known colloquially just as the ''cédula''), first name, first and second-last names and an optional ''known as'' field. On the back, there is again the identification number, birth date, where the citizen issues its vote for national elections or referendums, birthplace, gender, date when it must be renewed and a [[Barcode|matrix code]] that includes all this information and even a digitized fingerprint of the thumb and index finger.
The matrix code is not currently being used nor inspected by any kind of scanner.
Besides this identification card, every vehicle driver must carry a [[driver's license|driving licence]], an additional card that uses the same identification number as the ID card (Cédula de Identidad) for the driving license number. A passport is also issued with the same identification number used in the ID card. The same situation occurs with the Social Security number; it is the same number used for the ID card.
All non-Costa Rican citizens with a ''resident status'' must carry an ID card (''Cédula de Residencia''), otherwise, a passport and a valid visa. Each resident's ID card has a unique number composed of 12 digits; the first three of them indicate their nationality and the rest of them a sequence used by the immigration authority (called Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería). As with the Costa Rican citizens, their Social Security number and their driver's license (if they have it) would use the same number as in their own resident's ID card.
====Dominican Republic====
{{Main article|Cédula de Identidad y Electoral}}
A "[[Cedula|Cédula]] de Identidad y Electoral" (Identity and Voting Document) is a National ID that is also used for voting in both Presidential and Congressional ballots. Each "Cédula de Identidad y Electoral" has its unique serial number composed by the serial of the municipality of current residence, a sequential number plus a verification digit. This National ID card is issued to all legal residents of [[adult]] age. It is usually required to validate job applications, legally binding contracts, official documents, buying/selling [[real estate]], opening a personal bank account, obtaining a [[Driver's License]] and the like. It is issued free of charge<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jce.gob.do/Dependencias/Cedulaci%C3%B3n/Tasas.aspx |title=Junta Central Electoral de la República Dominicana - JCE > Dependencias > Cedulación > Tasas |publisher=JCE |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195320/http://www.jce.gob.do/Dependencias/Cedulaci%C3%B3n/Tasas.aspx |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref> by the "Junta Central Electoral" (Central Voting Committee) to all [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] not living abroad at the time of reaching [[Age of majority|adulthood]] (16 years of age) or younger is they are [[Emancipation of minors|legally emancipated]]. Foreigners that have taken permanent residence and have not yet applied for Dominican [[naturalization]] (i.e., have not opted for Dominican citizenship but have taken permanent residence) are required to pay an issuing tariff and must bring along their non-expired Country of Origin passport, deposit photocopies of their Residential Card and Dominican Red Cross Blood Type card. Foreigners residing on a permanent basis must renew their "Foreign ID" on a 2, 4 or 10-year renewal basis (about US$63 - US$240, depending on desired renewal period).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soporte.jce.gob.do/PreguntasFrecuentes/Detalle/tabid/64/ArticleId/72/%C2%BFQue-documentos-se-requieren-para-que-los-extranjeros-obtengan-su-Cedula-de-Identidad.aspx |title=¿Qué documentos se requieren para que los extranjeros obtengan su Cédula de Identidad ? |publisher=Soporte.jce.gob.do |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194509/http://soporte.jce.gob.do/PreguntasFrecuentes/Detalle/tabid/64/ArticleId/72/%C2%BFQue-documentos-se-requieren-para-que-los-extranjeros-obtengan-su-Cedula-de-Identidad.aspx |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref>
====El Salvador====
In El Salvador, ID Card is called Documento Único de Identidad (DUI) (Unique Identity Document). Every citizen above 18 years must carry this ID for identification purposes at any time. It is not based on a smartcard but on a standard plastic card with two-dimensional bar-coded information with picture and signature.
====Guatemala====
In January 2009, the National Registry of Persons (RENAP) in [[Guatemala]] began offering a new identity document in place of the ''Cédula de Vecindad'' (neighborhood identity document) to all Guatemala citizens and foreigners. The new document is called "Documento Personal de Identification" (DPI) (Personal Identity Document). It is based on a smartcard with a chip and includes an electronic signature and several measures against fraud. [http://www.renap.gob.gt/]
====Nicaragua====
[[Archivo:http://www.cse.gob.ni/images/stories/cse/cedula.jpg|Cedula Nicaraguense.]]
https://web.archive.org/web/20160715174910/http://www.cse.gob.ni/index.php/servicios/tramite-cedula
====Mexico====
Not mandatory, but needed in almost all official documents, the [[Unique Population Registry Code#CURP Card|CURP]] is the standardized version of an identity document. It actually could be a printed green wallet-sized card (without a photo) or simply an 18-character identification key printed on a birth or death certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://curpyrfc.org/curp-gratis-para-imprimir/ |title=Curp gratis: Print your curp México |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227210307/http://curpyrfc.org/curp-gratis-para-imprimir/ |archive-date=2014-12-27 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
While Mexico has a national identity card (''cédula de identitad personal''), it is only issued to children aged 4-17<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.renapo.gob.mx/swb/es/RENAPO/FaqCEDI#faq5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153932/https://www.renapo.gob.mx/swb/es/RENAPO/FaqCEDI#faq5#faq5 |archive-date=2017-12-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
Unlike most other countries, Mexico has assigned a CURP to nearly all minors, since both the government and most private schools ask parent(s) to supply their children's CURP to keep a data base of all the children. Also, minors must produce their CURP when applying for a passport or being registered at Public Health services by their parent(s).
Most adults need the CURP code too, since it is required for almost all governmental paperwork like tax filings and passport applications. Most companies ask for a prospective employee's CURP, voting card, or passport rather than birth certificates{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}.
To have a CURP issued for a person, a birth certificate or similar proof must be presented to the issuing authorities to prove that the information supplied on the application is true. Foreigners applying for a CURP must produce a certificate of legal residence in Mexico. Foreign-born Mexican naturalized citizens must present their naturalization certificate.
On 21 August 2008 the Mexican cabinet passed the National Security Act, which compels all Mexican citizens to have a biometric identity card, called Citizen Identity Card (''Cédula de identidad ciudadana'') before 2011{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}.
On February 13, 2009 the Mexican government designated the state of [[Tamaulipas]] to start procedures for issuing a pilot program of the national Mexican ID card{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}.
Although the CURP is the ''[[de jure]]'' official identification document in Mexico, the [[National Electoral Institute|Instituto Nacional Electoral]]'s voting card is the ''[[de facto]]'' official identification and proof of legal age for citizens of ages 18 and older.
On July 28, 2009 Mexican President Felipe Calderón, facing the Mexican House of Representatives, announced the launch of the Mexican national Identity card project, which will see the first card issued before the end of 2009.
====United States====
{{Main article|Identity documents in the United States}}
[[File:Passport card.jpg|thumb|United States of America Passport Card/National Identity card (Front)]]
[[File:Ppt card back.jpg|thumb|United States of America Passport Card/National Identity card (Back)]]
There is no compulsory federal-level ID card issued to all US citizens. US citizens and nationals may obtain [[US passport|passports]] or [[US passport card]]s if they chose to, but the alternatives described below are more popular.
For most people, [[Driver's license in the United States|driver's licenses]] issued by the respective [[U.S. state|state]] and territorial governments have become the ''de facto'' identity cards, and are used for many identification purposes, such as when purchasing alcohol and tobacco, opening bank accounts, and boarding planes, along with confirming a voter's identity in states with [[Voter ID laws in the United States|voter photo identification]] initiatives. Individuals who do not drive are able to obtain an identification card with the same functions from the same state agency that issues driver's licenses. In addition, many schools issue student and teacher ID cards.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://student-id.net/| title=Intro| publisher=Student-ID.net| accessdate=March 12, 2014}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The United States passed a bill entitled the [[REAL ID Act]] on May 11, 2005. The bill compels states to begin redesigning their driver's licenses to comply with federal security standards by December 2009. Federal agencies would reject licenses or identity cards that do not comply, which would force Americans accessing everything from airplanes to national parks and courthouses to have the federally mandated cards. At airports, those not having compliant licenses or cards would simply be redirected to a secondary screening location. The REAL ID Act is highly controversial, and with 25 states have approved either resolutions or binding legislation not to participate in the program, and with President Obama's selection of [[Janet Napolitano]] (a prominent critic of the program) to head the [[Department of Homeland Security]], the future of the law remains uncertain,<ref>{{cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Jaikumar |url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/12/22/Obama_Will_Inherit_A_Real_Mess_On_Real_ID_2.html |title=Obama will inherit a real mess on Real ID |publisher=Infoworld.com |date=2008-12-22 |accessdate=2012-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328123852/http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/12/22/Obama_Will_Inherit_A_Real_Mess_On_Real_ID_2.html |archivedate=2009-03-28 |df= }}</ref> and bills have been introduced into Congress to amend or repeal it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rep. Thomas “Tom” Allen [D-ME1, 1997-2009] |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1117 |title=H.R. 1117: REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 |publisher=Govtrack.us |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> The most recent of these, dubbed [[PASS ID]], would eliminate many of the more burdensome technological requirements but still require states to meet federal standards in order to have their ID cards accepted by federal agencies.
The bill takes place as governments are growing more interested in implanting technology in ID cards to make them smarter and more secure. In 2006, the U.S. State Department studied issuing passports with [[Radio-frequency identification]], or RFID, chips embedded in them. Virginia may become the first state to glue RFID tags into all its driver's licenses. Seventeen states, however, have passed statutes opposing or refusing to implement the Real ID Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realnightmare.org/news/105/ |title=Real Nightmare |publisher=Real Nightmare |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref>
The [[United States passport]] verifies both personal identity and citizenship, but is not mandatory for citizens to possess within the country and is issued by the US State Department on a discretionary basis.
Since February 1, 2008, U.S. citizens may apply for [[United States Passport Card|passport card]]s, in addition to the usual [[U.S. passport|passport]] books. Although their main purpose is [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative|for land and sea travel within North America]], the passport card may also be accepted by federal authorities (such as for domestic air travel or entering federal buildings), which may make it an attractive option for people residing where state [[driver's licenses]] and I.D. cards are not REAL ID-compliant, should those requirements go into effect. TSA regulations list the passport card as an acceptable identity document at airport security checkpoints.<ref>[http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/acceptable_documents.shtm Driver's License or Passports Preferred ID at Checkpoints], retrieved May 30, 2008.</ref>
[[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services]] has indicated that the U.S. Passport Card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form [[I-9 (form)]] process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=8daff5a7ebd9b110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=55b2aca797e63110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD |title=USCIS - USCIS Informs The Public That New Passport Card Is Acceptable For Employment Eligibility Verification |publisher=Uscis.gov |accessdate=2012-07-01}}</ref> The passport card is considered a “List A” document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status. “List A” documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I-9.
The basic document needed to establish a person's identity and citizenship in order to obtain a passport is a [[birth certificate]]. These are issued by either the US state of birth or by the US Department of State for overseas births to US citizens. A child born in the US is in nearly all cases (except for children of foreign diplomats) automatically a US citizen. A child born overseas to US citizens must have the birth registered with the corresponding US embassy/consulate to obtain citizenship at birth, or they will need to apply for recognition of their citizenship at a later date.
[[Social Security number]]s and cards are issued by the US Social Security Administration for tracking of Social Security taxes and benefits. They have become the ''de facto'' national identification number for federal and state taxation, private financial services, and identification with various companies. SSNs do not establish citizenship because they can also be issued to permanent residents as well as citizens. They typically can only be part of the establishment of a person's identity; a photo ID that verifies date of birth is also usually requested.
A mix of various documents can be presented to, for instance, verify one's legal eligibility to take a job within the US. ''Identity'' and ''citizenship'' is established by presenting a passport alone, but this must be accompanied by a Social Security card for taxation ID purposes. A driver's license/state ID establishes ''identity'' alone, but does not establish ''citizenship'', as these can be provided to non-citizens as well. In this case, an applicant without a passport may sign an affidavit of citizenship or be required to present a birth certificate. They must still also submit their Social Security number.
"Residency" within a certain US jurisdiction, such as a voting precinct, can be proven if the driver's license or state ID has the home address printed on it corresponding to that jurisdiction. Utility bills or other pieces of official printed mail can also suffice for this purpose. In the case of voting, citizenship must also be proven with a passport, birth certificate, or signed citizenship affidavit. Receiving in-state tuition at a state's public college or university also requires proof of residency using one of the above methods. Ownership of property, proved by a [[deed]], also immediately confers residency in most cases.
A Social Security number does not prove any form of residency, and neither does a passport, as neither of these documents is tied to a specific jurisdiction apart from the US as a whole, and a person can be issued either of these without living in the US (such as being born abroad to American citizen parent(s). Thus, "residency in the US" is not clearly defined, and determining this often depends on the particular administrative process at hand.
The [[Selective Service System]] has in the past, in times of a military draft, issued something close to a National ID Card, only for men that were eligible for the draft.
===Oceania===
====Australia====
{{Main article|Identity documents of Australia}}
Australia does not have a national identity card. Instead, various identity documents are used or required to prove a person's identity, whether for government or commercial purposes.
Currently, [[Driver's licence in Australia|driver licences]] and [[Australian state and territory issued identity photo cards|photo cards]], both issued by the [[States and territories of Australia|states and territories]], are the most widely used personal identification documents in Australia.
Photo cards are also called "Proof of Age Cards" or similar and can be issued to people as another type of identity. Identification indicating age is commonly required to purchase alcohol and tobacco and to enter nightclubs and gambling venues.
Other important identity documents include a passport, an official birth certificate, an official marriage certificate, cards issued by government agencies (typically social security cards), some cards issued by commercial organisations (e.g., a debit or credit card), and utility accounts. Often, some combination of identity documents is required, such as an identity document linking a name, photograph and signature (typically photo-ID in the form of a driver licence or passport), evidence of operating in the community, and evidence of a current residential address.
New alcohol laws in the state of Queensland require some Brisbane-based pubs and bars to scan ID documents against a database of people who should be denied alcohol, for which foreign passports and driver licences are not valid.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/news/surprising-ways-alcohol-laws-are-really-affecting-brisbane/news-story/14ecc60b4fda37ec715753ce55e1cd7f Surprising ways alcohol laws are really affecting Brisbane]</ref>
====New Zealand====
[[File:18+_Card_New_Zealand.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[New Zealand]] 18+ card]]
Legal forms of identification are used mainly for buying alcohol and cigarettes where the purchaser looks younger than 25 and entry to nightclubs. They can also be required for the purchase of spray paint and glues, and for some government and bank transactions. Forms of legal identification are New Zealand and overseas passports, New Zealand Driving Licences and 18+ cards from the Hospitality Association of New Zealand. Overseas driver's licenses may not be sufficient for the purchase of alcohol and tobacco. Firearms licences are a form of photo identification issued by the New Zealand Police.
===South America===
[[File:DNIArg-anv-wikipedia.jpg|thumb|upright|Current front side of [[Argentina|Argentine]] DNI Card]]
====Argentina====
{{Main article|Documento Nacional de Identidad (Argentina)}}
[[Documento Nacional de Identidad (Argentina)|Documento Nacional de Identidad or DNI]] (which means National Identity Document) is the main identity document for Argentine citizens. It is issued at a person's birth, and must be updated at 8 and 14 years of age, and thereafter every 15 years in one format: a card (DNI tarjeta); it is valid if identification is required, and is required for voting. They are produced at a special plant by the Argentine national registry of people (ReNaPer).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuevodni.gov.ar/ |title=Re.Na.Per - Ministerio del Interior – República Argentina |publisher=Nuevo DNI |accessdate=2013-10-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013110627/http://www.nuevodni.gov.ar/ |archivedate=2013-10-13 |df= }}</ref>
====Brazil====
{{Main article|Brazilian Identity Card}}
[[File:Modelo da nova carteira de identidade brasileira.jpg|thumb|upright|Model of the Brazilian identity card, currently in force.]]
In Brazil, at the age of 18, all Brazilian citizens are supposed to be issued a ''cédula de identidade'' (ID card), usually known by its number, the ''Registro Geral (RG)'', Portuguese for "General Registry". The cards are needed to obtain a job, to vote, and to use credit cards. Foreigners living in Brazil have a different kind of ID card. Since the RG is not unique, being issued in a state-basis, in many places the CPF (the Brazilian revenue agency's identification number) is used as a replacement. The current Brazilian driver's license contains both the RG and the CPF, and as such can be used as an identification card as well.
There are plans in course to replace the current RG system with a new ''Documento Nacional de Identificação'' (National Identification Document), which will be electronic (accessible by a [[mobile application]]) and national in scope, and to change the current ID card to a new [[smartcard]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/governo-lanca-documento-de-identidade-unificada-05022018|title=Governo lança documento de identidade unificada|last=|first=|work= [[R7.com]]|date=5 February 2018|accessdate=11 November 2018|publisher= Agência Brasil|agency=|language=pt|trans-title=Government launches unified identity document<!--Google Translate-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/correios-vao-emitir-documento-nacional-de-identificacao-04072018|title=Correios vão emitir Documento Nacional de Identificação|last=|first=|date= 4 July 2018|work= [[R7.com]]|accessdate=11 November 2018|publisher= Agência Brasil|agency=|language=pt|trans-title=Correios will issue National Identification Document<!--Google Translate-->}}</ref>
====Colombia====
[[File:Cédula de Ciudadanía Colombia año 2000.jpg|thumb|upright|Colombian Cedula de Ciudadania]]
Every resident of [[Colombia]] over the age of 14 is issued an identity card (''Tarjeta de Identidad''). Upon turning 18 every resident must obtain a ''[[Cédula de Ciudadanía]]'', which is the only document that proves the identity of a person for legal purposes. ID cards must be carried at all times and must be presented to the police upon request. If the individual fails to present the ID card upon request by the police or the military, he/she is most likely going to be detained at police station even if he/she is not a suspect of any wrongdoing. ID cards are needed to obtain employment, open bank accounts, obtain a passport, driver's license, military card, to enroll in educational institutions, vote or enter public buildings including airports and courthouses. Failure to produce ID is a misdemeanor punishable with a fine.
ID duplicate costs must be assumed by citizens.
====Chile====
[[File:El ejemplo de Cedula identidad Chile 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Chilean Cédula de Identidad]]
Every resident of Chile over the age of 18 must have and carry at all times their ID Card called ''Cédula de Identidad'' issued by the [[Civil Registry and Identification Service of Chile]]. It contains the full name, gender, nationality, date of birth, photograph of the data subject, right thumb print, ID number, and personal signature.
This is the only official form of identification for residents in Chile and is widely used and accepted as such. It is necessary for every contract, most bank transactions, voting, driving (along with the driver's licence) and other public and private situations.
Biometrics collection is mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.registrocivil.cl/PortalOI/html/faq/Cod_Area_2/Cod_Tema_4/pregunta_46.html | title=Cédula de identidad y Pasaporte}}</ref>
====Peru====
[[File:DNI peruano.jpg|thumb|upright|Peruvian Documento Nacional de Identidad. (ISO ID-1)]]
In [[Peru]], it is mandatory for all citizens over the age of 18, whether born inside or outside the territory of the Republic, to obtain a '''National Identity Document''' (''Documento Nacional de Identidad'').
The DNI is a public, personal and untransferable document.
The '''DNI''' is the only means of identification permitted for participating in any civil, legal, commercial, administrative, and judicial acts. It is also required for [[voting]] and must be presented to authorities upon request. The DNI can be used as a [[passport]] to travel to all South American countries that are members of [[UNASUR]].
The DNI is issued by the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status ([[RENIEC]]). For Peruvians abroad, service is provided through the Consulates of Peru, in accordance with Articles 26, 31 and 8 of Law No. 26,497.
The document is card-sized as defined by ISO format ID-1 (prior to 2005 the DNI was size ISO ID-2; renewal of the card due to the size change was not mandatory, nor did previously-emitted cards lose validity). The front of the card presents photographs of the holder's face, their name, date and place of birth (the latter in coded form), [[gender]] and [[marital status]]; the bottom quarter consists of [[Machine-readable passport|machine-readable]] text. Three dates are listed as well; the date the citizen was first registered at RENIEC; the date the document was issued; and the expiration date of the document. The back of the DNI features the holder's address (including [[Districts of Peru|district]], [[Regions of Peru|department and/or province]]) and voting group. Eight voting record blocks are successively covered with metallic labels when the citizen presents themselves at their voting group on voting days. The back also denotes whether the holder is an [[organ donor]], presents the holder's right index finger print, a [[PDF417]] bar code, and a 1D [[bar code]].
====Uruguay====
[[File:Cédula de Identidad electrónica de Uruguay - Frente.jpg|thumb|Uruguayan Cédula de Identidad.]]
Identity Card (Renewal)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tramites.gub.uy/wps/portal/peu/tramites.gub.uy/ampliados?id=608 |title=Cédula de Identidad Renovación | Portal del Estado Uruguayo |language= Spanish |publisher=Tramites.gub.uy |date=2012-03-23 |accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref>
In Uruguay, the identity card is issued by the Ministry of Interior and the National Civil Identification (DNIC). It is mandatory and essential for several steps at either governmental or private. The document is mandatory for all inhabitants of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, are native citizens, legal citizens or resident aliens in the country, even for children from 45 days old.
It is a laminated cardboard 9 cm wide and approximately 5 cm high, dominated by the blue color, showing the flag in the center of the Treinta y Tres Orientales, with the inscription "Liberty or Death." On the back appears the photo of the owner, the number assigned by the DNIC (Including a self-generated or check digit), name / s full / s with name / s and the corresponding signature (or proof of not knowing or not to sign).
On the reverse appears nationality, date of birth, date of issuing the document and the date it is due (usually 10 years after the date of issue, even if issued after 70 years of age, lifetime and for the children is valid for five years). There is also the right thumbprint and observations if any.
Identity cards are demanded widespread in all formal transactions, from credit card purchases to any identity validation, proof of age, and so on.
Not to be confused with the civic badge, which is used exclusively for voting in elections (elections and plebiscites).
Check Digit Calculation '
They take the 7 card numbers and multiply each by 2987634 one by one (the first number by 2, the second by 9 and so on, when each result exceeds one digit, the unit takes only).
Example:
UT: 1234567-X -> 2987634 -> 2, 8, 4, 8, 0, 8, 8
It is the sum of the results, the example would be 2 +8 +4 +8 +0 +8 +8 = 38 for the first number is greater than 38 that ends in 0 and is subtracted: 40-38 = 2 (is the same as 10 - (38 mod 10)). X = 2 then the check digit for the card 1,234,567.
Another simple way to look at it as a scalar product of vectors in module 10. The first 7 digits of the card can be viewed as a vector of length 7. This vector is multiplied by the vector scalar obtaining a number N 8123476 The check digit is found to be N module 10.
Example: CI: 1234567-X -> X = [(1x8) + (2x1) + (3x2) + (4x3) + (5x4) + (6x7) + (7x6)] mod 10 -> X = [8 +2 +6 +12 +20 +42 +42] mod 10 = 132 mod 10 = 2
====Venezuela====
[[File:EXAMPLEVENEZUELANID.jpg|thumb|upright|Current ID card issued by the Government of Venezuela.]]
Identity cards in Venezuela consist of a plastic-laminated paper which contains the national ID number (''Cédula de Identidad'') as well as a color-photo and the last names, given names, date of birth, right thumb print, signature, and [[marital status]] (single, married, divorced, widowed) of the bearer. It also contains the documents expedition and expiration date. Two different prefixes can be found before the ID number: "V" for Venezuelans and "E" for foreigners (''Extranjeros'' in Spanish). This distinction is also shown in the document at the very bottom by a bold all-caps typeface displaying either the word VENEZOLANO or EXTRANJERO, respectively.
Despite Venezuela being the second country in the Americas (after the United States) to adopt a [[biometric passport]], the current Venezuelan ID document is remarkably low-security, even for regional standards. It can hardly be called a card. The paper inside the laminated cover contains only two security measures, first, it is a special type of government-issued paper, and second, it has microfilaments in the paper that glow in the presence of UV light. The laminated cover itself is very simplistic and quite large for the paper it covers and the photo, although is standard sized (3x3.5 cm) is rather blurred. Government officials in charge of issuing the document openly recommend each individual to cut the excess plastic off and re-laminate the document in order to protect it from bending. The requirements for getting a Venezuelan identity document are quite relaxed and Venezuela lacks high-security in its birth certificates and other documents that give claim to citizenship.
[[File:Cedula Antigua de Venezuela.jpg|thumb|upright|Old Venezuelan ''[[Cédula de identidad]]''.]]
Because one can get a Venezuelan passport and register to vote only by virtue of possessing a Venezuelan identity card and, since the Venezuelan government has been accused by the media and the opposition of naturalizing substantial numbers of foreigners for electoral purposes, many Venezuelans accused the government of a lack of a plan to ramp-up the security of the ''cédula de identidad'' along with other Venezuelan vital documents such as birth certificates as part of a strategy by the Chávez regime to continue the practice of naturalizing foreigners for electoral purposes. The government has announced that a new ''cédula de identidad'' will be available to all citizens somewhere around the first quarter of 2011. This proposed ID is indeed a polycarbonate bankcard-sized document with [[biometric]] and [[RFID]] technology. It resembles the analogous card that has been in place in the Venezuelan biometric passports since 2007. However, the release of this new card to the public has been delayed on several occasions and as of October 2018 there are no news as to when it will be available.
==See also==
* [[List of identity card policies by country]]
* [[Access badge]]
* [[Anthropometry]]
* [[GlobalPlatform|GlobalPlatform standard]]
* [[Home Return Permit]]
* [[ID card printer]]
* [[Identity Cards Act 2006]]
* [[Location-based authentication]]
* [[Magnetic stripe card]]
* [[NO2ID]]
* [[Pass laws]]
* [[Physical security]]
* [[Police certificate]]
* [[Proximity card]]
* [[Warrant card]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
* Kruger, Stephen. “Documentary Identification in the Nascent American Police State” (2012). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2029798].
* Kruger, Stephen. “Police Demands for Hong Kong Identity Cards” (2012). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1451238].
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Identity documents}}
* [https://www.internetidentitycard.com/ HTTPS CARD - Internet identity card]
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/homeIndex.html PRADO - Public Register of European Travel and ID Documents Online]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/09/25/nid25.xml Telegraph story: the case for and against identity cards]
* [http://news.scotsman.com/identitycards/ID-cards-will-lead-to.2670398.jp Scotsman story: ID Cards will lead to "massive fraud"]
* [http://www.diffusionradio.com/2007/03/id_card_is_big_brother_stalkin_1.html ID Card – Is Big Brother Stalking You?] –
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/EN/glossaryPopup.html#_028 PRADO Glossary - EU site detailing document security technologies (security features)]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Identity Document}}
[[Category:Identity documents| ]]
[[Category:Identity management systems|Document]]' |