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{{short description|Mythology in India}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
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{{Hinduism}}{{Hindu mythology}}
[[File:Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg|thumb|Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology]]

'''Hindu mythology''' are narratives found in [[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature,<ref name=macdonell>{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1978|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=1–9}}</ref> [[Sanskrit epics|epics]] like [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]],<ref name=hopkins>{{cite book|author=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ingAMQAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0227-8|pages=1–3}}</ref> the [[Puranas]],<ref name=bonnefoy>{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=90–101}}</ref> the regional literatures like [[Periya Puranam]]. Hindu mythology is also found in widely translated popular texts such as the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and ''[[Hitopadesha]]'', as well as Southeast Asian texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|authorlink=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Waldau|author2=Kimberley Patton|title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k6rAgAAQBAJ |year= 2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13643-3|pages=186, 680}}</ref>

Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent, monolithic structure. The same myth typically appears in various versions, and can be represented differently across socio-religious traditions. These myths have also been noted to have been modified by various philosophical schools over time and particularly in the Hindu tradition. These myths are taken to have deeper, often symbolic, meaning, and have been given a complex range of interpretations.<ref>[[Jacqueline Suthren Hirst]], ''Myth and history'', in ''Themes and Issues in Hinduism'', edited by Paul Bowen. Cassell, 1998.</ref>

==Texts==
{{Main|Vedas|Sanskrit epics|Puranas|Panchatantra}}
The Hindu Epic literature is found in genre of [[Hindu text]]s such as:
*Vedic literature (1500-500 BCE)<ref name=macdonell/><ref name=
*Epics<ref name=hopkins/>
*Puranas<ref name=bonnefoy/>
*[[Vedas]]

Many of these legends evolve across these texts, the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details, yet the central message and moral values remain the same. According to [[Wendy Doniger]],

{{Quote|
Every Hindu epic is different; all Hindu epics are alike. (...) Each Hindu epic celebrates the belief that the universe is boundlessly various, that everything occurs simultaneously, that all possibilities may exist without excluding the other. (...) There is no single basic version of a Hindu epic; each is told and retold with a number of minor and major variations over the years. (...) Great epics are richly ambiguous and elusive; their truths cannot be filed away into scholar's neat categories. Moreover, epics [in Hinduism] are living organisms that change constantly. (...)
|O'Flaherty<ref>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11, 21-22</ref>}}

Hindu epic shares the creative principles and human values found in epic everywhere. However, the particular details vary and its diversity is immense, according to Doniger.<ref name=doniger11/> The Hindu legends embed the Indian thought about the nature of existence, the human condition and its aspirations through an interwoven contrast of characters, the good against the evil, the honest against the dishonest, the dharma-bound lover against the anti-dharma bully, the gentle and compassionate against the cruel and greedy. In these epics, everything is impermanent including matter, love and peace. Magic and miracles thrive, gods are defeated and fear for their existence, triggering wars or debates. Death threatens and re-threatens life, while life finds a way to creatively re-emerge thus conquering death. Eros persistently prevails over chaos.<ref name=doniger11>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11-22</ref><ref name="Williams2008p2">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=2–4, 14–18}}</ref>

The Hindu epics integrate in a wide range of subjects. They include stories about how and why cosmos originated ([[Hindu cosmology]], cosmogony), how and why humans or all life forms originated (anthropogony) along with each's strengths and weaknesses, how gods originated along with each's strengths and weaknesses (theogony), the battle between good gods and bad demons (theomachy), human values and how humans can live together, resolve any disagreements (ethics, axiology), healthy goals in stages of life and the different ways in which each individual can live (householder, monk, [[purusartha]]), the meaning of all existence and means of personal liberation (soteriology) as well as legends about what causes suffering, chaos and the end of time with a restart of a new cycle (eschatology).<ref>{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=15–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Inden|editor=David Parkin|title=Hindu Evil as Unconquered Lower Self, in The Anthropology of Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT9-QgAACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-15432-7|pages=143–164}};<br />{{cite book|author=W.D. O' Flaherty|title=Hindu Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajLoN2yuZbwC|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-400011-1|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2000p61">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564441-8|pages=38–39, 61–64, 73–88}}</ref>

== Dashavatara ==
{{Main|Dashavatara}}

A significant collection of [[Vaishnavism]] traditional reincarnations includes those related to the avatars of [[Vishnu]]. The ten most common of these include:
#[[Matsya]]: It narrates a [[Flood myth|great flood]], similar to one found in many ancient cultures. The savior here is the Matsya (fish). The earliest accounts of Matsya mythology are found in the Vedic literature, which equate the fish saviour to the deity [[Prajapati]]. The fish-savior later merges with the identity of [[Brahma]] in post-Vedic era, and still later as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}<ref name="Rao124">Rao pp. 124-125</ref><ref name=britmatsya>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Matsya | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc | url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369611/Matsya | accessdate=May 20, 2012 | year=2012}}</ref> The legends associated with Matsya expand, evolve and vary in Hindu texts. These legends have embedded symbolism, where a small fish with Manu's protection grows to become a big fish, and the fish ultimately saves earthly existence.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79-80}}{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|pp=212-213}} <ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: T-Z, Volume 5|author=Sunil Sehgal|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1999|isbn=81-7625-064-3 |page=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&pg=PA401}}</ref>
#[[Kurma]]: The earliest account of Kurma is found in the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' ([[Yajur veda]]), where he is a form of Prajapati-[[Brahma]] and helps with the [[samudra manthan]] (churning of cosmic ocean).{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=217}} In the Epics and the [[Puranas]], the legend expands and evolves into many versions, with Kurma becoming an avatar of Vishnu. He appears in the form of a tortoise or turtle to support the foundation for the cosmos and the cosmic churning stick (Mount Mandara).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p705">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=705–706}}</ref><ref name="JonesRyan2006p253">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA253 |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=253}}</ref><ref name="Dimmitt2012p72">{{cite book|author1=Cornelia Dimmitt|author2=JAB van Buitenen|title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC|year=2012|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0|pages=74–75}}</ref>
#[[Varaha]]: The earliest versions of the Varaha or boar legend are found in the ''[[Taittiriya Aranyaka]]'' and the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', both Vedic texts.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}} They narrate that the universe was primordial waters. The earth was the size of a hand and was trapped in it. The god [[Prajapati]] ([[Brahma]]) in the form of a boar (''varaha'') plunges into the waters and brings the earth out.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} In post-Vedic literature, particularly the Puranas, the boar mythology is reformulated through an avatar of god Vishnu and an evil demon named Hiranyaksha who persecutes people and kidnaps goddess earth.{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=45}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} Varaha-Vishnu fights the injustice, kills the demon and rescues earth.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}}
#[[Narasimha]]: The Narasimha mythology is about the man-lion avatar of Vishnu. He destroys an evil king (Hiranyakashyapu), ends religious persecution and calamity on Earth, saves his devotee (Prahlad) from the suffering caused by torments and punishments for pursuing his religious beliefs, and thereby Vishnu restores the [[Dharma]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|year= 1996|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-43878-0|page = 111}}</ref>{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|p=223}}
#[[Vamana]]
#[[Parashurama]]
#[[Rama]]
#[[Krishna]]
#[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]
#[[Kalki]]

==See also==
* [[Kanglei mythology]]
* [[Greek mythology]]
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]
* [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]]
* [[Vedic mythology]]
* [[Hindu cosmology]]
* [[Puranic chronology]]
* [[Hindu eschatology]]
* [[Hindu deities]]
* [[Hindu scriptures]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last= Dowson|first= John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n27/mode/2up|year=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co., London}}
* {{cite book |author1=Buitenen, J. A. B. van |author2=Dimmitt, Cornelia |title=Classical Hindu mythology: a reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |year=1978 |pages= |isbn=0-87722-122-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=Campbell, Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Campbell |title=Myths of light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal |publisher=New World Library |location=Novato, California |year=2003|pages= |isbn=1-57731-403-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWdqt29UDGYC}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10260-4}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
* {{cite book| author=Dallapiccola, Anna L.|title=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]|isbn=0-500-51088-1| year = 2002}}
* [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Pattanaik, Devdutt]] (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC Indian mythology: tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent]''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. {{ISBN|0-89281-870-0}}.
* {{cite book| last=Walker| first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author)| title =Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism| publisher=Allen & Unwin| location = London |year = 1968}}
* {{cite book|author = Wilkins, W.J. | title = Hindu mythology, Vedic and Purānic| publisher = Thacker, Spink & co.| year = 1882| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Yves|last= Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|date=15 May 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nanditha |last= Krishna|title=The Book of Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306762-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Nanditha Krishna|title= Sacred Animals of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306619-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1914|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|Macdonell, Arthur Anthony]] |title=Vedic mythology |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=81-208-1113-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b7Meabtj8mcC}}
* {{cite book |last= Dimitrova |first= Stefania [https://cirec.academia.edu/StefaniaDimitrova<nowiki></nowiki>] |title=The Day of Brahma. The Myths of India - Epics of Human Destiny.|publisher=Alpha-Omega |location= |year=2017 |pages=186 |isbn=978-954-9694-27-7 |asin=B06XQPRJP4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org Sanskrit Documents Collection]: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Hindu mythology|*]]

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'{{short description|Mythology in India}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} {{Hinduism}}{{Hindu mythology}} [[File:Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg|thumb|Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology]] '''Hindu mythology''' are narratives found in [[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature,<ref name=macdonell>{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1978|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=1–9}}</ref> [[Sanskrit epics|epics]] like [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]],<ref name=hopkins>{{cite book|author=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ingAMQAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0227-8|pages=1–3}}</ref> the [[Puranas]],<ref name=bonnefoy>{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=90–101}}</ref> the regional literatures like [[Periya Puranam]]. Hindu mythology is also found in widely translated popular texts such as the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and ''[[Hitopadesha]]'', as well as Southeast Asian texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|authorlink=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Waldau|author2=Kimberley Patton|title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k6rAgAAQBAJ |year= 2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13643-3|pages=186, 680}}</ref> Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent, monolithic structure. The same myth typically appears in various versions, and can be represented differently across socio-religious traditions. These myths have also been noted to have been modified by various philosophical schools over time and particularly in the Hindu tradition. These myths are taken to have deeper, often symbolic, meaning, and have been given a complex range of interpretations.<ref>[[Jacqueline Suthren Hirst]], ''Myth and history'', in ''Themes and Issues in Hinduism'', edited by Paul Bowen. Cassell, 1998.</ref> ==Texts== {{Main|Vedas|Sanskrit epics|Puranas|Panchatantra}} The Hindu Epic literature is found in genre of [[Hindu text]]s such as: *Vedic literature (1500-500 BCE)<ref name=macdonell/><ref name= *Epics<ref name=hopkins/> *Puranas<ref name=bonnefoy/> *[[Vedas]] Many of these legends evolve across these texts, the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details, yet the central message and moral values remain the same. According to [[Wendy Doniger]], {{Quote| Every Hindu epic is different; all Hindu epics are alike. (...) Each Hindu epic celebrates the belief that the universe is boundlessly various, that everything occurs simultaneously, that all possibilities may exist without excluding the other. (...) There is no single basic version of a Hindu epic; each is told and retold with a number of minor and major variations over the years. (...) Great epics are richly ambiguous and elusive; their truths cannot be filed away into scholar's neat categories. Moreover, epics [in Hinduism] are living organisms that change constantly. (...) |O'Flaherty<ref>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11, 21-22</ref>}} Hindu epic shares the creative principles and human values found in epic everywhere. However, the particular details vary and its diversity is immense, according to Doniger.<ref name=doniger11/> The Hindu legends embed the Indian thought about the nature of existence, the human condition and its aspirations through an interwoven contrast of characters, the good against the evil, the honest against the dishonest, the dharma-bound lover against the anti-dharma bully, the gentle and compassionate against the cruel and greedy. In these epics, everything is impermanent including matter, love and peace. Magic and miracles thrive, gods are defeated and fear for their existence, triggering wars or debates. Death threatens and re-threatens life, while life finds a way to creatively re-emerge thus conquering death. Eros persistently prevails over chaos.<ref name=doniger11>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11-22</ref><ref name="Williams2008p2">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=2–4, 14–18}}</ref> The Hindu epics integrate in a wide range of subjects. They include stories about how and why cosmos originated ([[Hindu cosmology]], cosmogony), how and why humans or all life forms originated (anthropogony) along with each's strengths and weaknesses, how gods originated along with each's strengths and weaknesses (theogony), the battle between good gods and bad demons (theomachy), human values and how humans can live together, resolve any disagreements (ethics, axiology), healthy goals in stages of life and the different ways in which each individual can live (householder, monk, [[purusartha]]), the meaning of all existence and means of personal liberation (soteriology) as well as legends about what causes suffering, chaos and the end of time with a restart of a new cycle (eschatology).<ref>{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=15–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Inden|editor=David Parkin|title=Hindu Evil as Unconquered Lower Self, in The Anthropology of Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT9-QgAACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-15432-7|pages=143–164}};<br />{{cite book|author=W.D. O' Flaherty|title=Hindu Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajLoN2yuZbwC|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-400011-1|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2000p61">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564441-8|pages=38–39, 61–64, 73–88}}</ref> == Dashavatara == {{Main|Dashavatara}} A significant collection of [[Vaishnavism]] traditional reincarnations includes those related to the avatars of [[Vishnu]]. The ten most common of these include: #[[Matsya]]: It narrates a [[Flood myth|great flood]], similar to one found in many ancient cultures. The savior here is the Matsya (fish). The earliest accounts of Matsya mythology are found in the Vedic literature, which equate the fish saviour to the deity [[Prajapati]]. The fish-savior later merges with the identity of [[Brahma]] in post-Vedic era, and still later as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}<ref name="Rao124">Rao pp. 124-125</ref><ref name=britmatsya>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Matsya | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc | url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369611/Matsya | accessdate=May 20, 2012 | year=2012}}</ref> The legends associated with Matsya expand, evolve and vary in Hindu texts. These legends have embedded symbolism, where a small fish with Manu's protection grows to become a big fish, and the fish ultimately saves earthly existence.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79-80}}{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|pp=212-213}} <ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: T-Z, Volume 5|author=Sunil Sehgal|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1999|isbn=81-7625-064-3 |page=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&pg=PA401}}</ref> #[[Kurma]]: The earliest account of Kurma is found in the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' ([[Yajur veda]]), where he is a form of Prajapati-[[Brahma]] and helps with the [[samudra manthan]] (churning of cosmic ocean).{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=217}} In the Epics and the [[Puranas]], the legend expands and evolves into many versions, with Kurma becoming an avatar of Vishnu. He appears in the form of a tortoise or turtle to support the foundation for the cosmos and the cosmic churning stick (Mount Mandara).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p705">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=705–706}}</ref><ref name="JonesRyan2006p253">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA253 |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=253}}</ref><ref name="Dimmitt2012p72">{{cite book|author1=Cornelia Dimmitt|author2=JAB van Buitenen|title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC|year=2012|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0|pages=74–75}}</ref> #[[Varaha]]: The earliest versions of the Varaha or boar legend are found in the ''[[Taittiriya Aranyaka]]'' and the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', both Vedic texts.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}} They narrate that the universe was primordial waters. The earth was the size of a hand and was trapped in it. The god [[Prajapati]] ([[Brahma]]) in the form of a boar (''varaha'') plunges into the waters and brings the earth out.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} In post-Vedic literature, particularly the Puranas, the boar mythology is reformulated through an avatar of god Vishnu and an evil demon named Hiranyaksha who persecutes people and kidnaps goddess earth.{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=45}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} Varaha-Vishnu fights the injustice, kills the demon and rescues earth.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}} #[[Narasimha]]: The Narasimha mythology is about the man-lion avatar of Vishnu. He destroys an evil king (Hiranyakashyapu), ends religious persecution and calamity on Earth, saves his devotee (Prahlad) from the suffering caused by torments and punishments for pursuing his religious beliefs, and thereby Vishnu restores the [[Dharma]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|year= 1996|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-43878-0|page = 111}}</ref>{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|p=223}} #[[Vamana]] #[[Parashurama]] #[[Rama]] #[[Krishna]] #[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] #[[Kalki]] ==See also== * [[Kanglei mythology]] * [[Greek mythology]] {{Portal|India|Hinduism}} {{col div|colwidth=30em}} * [[Proto-Indo-European religion]] * [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]] * [[Vedic mythology]] * [[Hindu cosmology]] * [[Puranic chronology]] * [[Hindu eschatology]] * [[Hindu deities]] * [[Hindu scriptures]] {{colend}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== * {{cite book|last= Dowson|first= John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n27/mode/2up|year=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co., London}} * {{cite book |author1=Buitenen, J. A. B. van |author2=Dimmitt, Cornelia |title=Classical Hindu mythology: a reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |year=1978 |pages= |isbn=0-87722-122-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}} * {{cite book |author=Campbell, Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Campbell |title=Myths of light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal |publisher=New World Library |location=Novato, California |year=2003|pages= |isbn=1-57731-403-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWdqt29UDGYC}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10260-4}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}} * {{cite book| author=Dallapiccola, Anna L.|title=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]|isbn=0-500-51088-1| year = 2002}} * [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Pattanaik, Devdutt]] (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC Indian mythology: tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent]''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. {{ISBN|0-89281-870-0}}. * {{cite book| last=Walker| first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author)| title =Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism| publisher=Allen & Unwin| location = London |year = 1968}} * {{cite book|author = Wilkins, W.J. | title = Hindu mythology, Vedic and Purānic| publisher = Thacker, Spink & co.| year = 1882| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Yves|last= Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|date=15 May 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nanditha |last= Krishna|title=The Book of Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306762-7}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Nanditha Krishna|title= Sacred Animals of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306619-4}} * {{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1914|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2}} * {{cite book |author=[[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|Macdonell, Arthur Anthony]] |title=Vedic mythology |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=81-208-1113-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b7Meabtj8mcC}} * {{cite book |last= Dimitrova |first= Stefania [https://cirec.academia.edu/StefaniaDimitrova<nowiki></nowiki>] |title=The Day of Brahma. The Myths of India - Epics of Human Destiny.|publisher=Alpha-Omega |location= |year=2017 |pages=186 |isbn=978-954-9694-27-7 |asin=B06XQPRJP4}} == External links == * [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials. * [http://sanskritdocuments.org Sanskrit Documents Collection]: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc. {{Hindu Culture and Epics}} {{Hindudharma}} [[Category:Hindu mythology|*]]'
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'@@ -1,86 +1,3 @@ -{{short description|Mythology in India}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} -{{Hinduism}}{{Hindu mythology}} -[[File:Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg|thumb|Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology]] - -'''Hindu mythology''' are narratives found in [[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature,<ref name=macdonell>{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1978|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=1–9}}</ref> [[Sanskrit epics|epics]] like [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]],<ref name=hopkins>{{cite book|author=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ingAMQAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0227-8|pages=1–3}}</ref> the [[Puranas]],<ref name=bonnefoy>{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=90–101}}</ref> the regional literatures like [[Periya Puranam]]. Hindu mythology is also found in widely translated popular texts such as the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and ''[[Hitopadesha]]'', as well as Southeast Asian texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|authorlink=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Waldau|author2=Kimberley Patton|title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k6rAgAAQBAJ |year= 2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13643-3|pages=186, 680}}</ref> - -Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent, monolithic structure. The same myth typically appears in various versions, and can be represented differently across socio-religious traditions. These myths have also been noted to have been modified by various philosophical schools over time and particularly in the Hindu tradition. These myths are taken to have deeper, often symbolic, meaning, and have been given a complex range of interpretations.<ref>[[Jacqueline Suthren Hirst]], ''Myth and history'', in ''Themes and Issues in Hinduism'', edited by Paul Bowen. Cassell, 1998.</ref> - -==Texts== -{{Main|Vedas|Sanskrit epics|Puranas|Panchatantra}} -The Hindu Epic literature is found in genre of [[Hindu text]]s such as: -*Vedic literature (1500-500 BCE)<ref name=macdonell/><ref name= -*Epics<ref name=hopkins/> -*Puranas<ref name=bonnefoy/> -*[[Vedas]] - -Many of these legends evolve across these texts, the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details, yet the central message and moral values remain the same. According to [[Wendy Doniger]], - -{{Quote| -Every Hindu epic is different; all Hindu epics are alike. (...) Each Hindu epic celebrates the belief that the universe is boundlessly various, that everything occurs simultaneously, that all possibilities may exist without excluding the other. (...) There is no single basic version of a Hindu epic; each is told and retold with a number of minor and major variations over the years. (...) Great epics are richly ambiguous and elusive; their truths cannot be filed away into scholar's neat categories. Moreover, epics [in Hinduism] are living organisms that change constantly. (...) -|O'Flaherty<ref>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11, 21-22</ref>}} - -Hindu epic shares the creative principles and human values found in epic everywhere. However, the particular details vary and its diversity is immense, according to Doniger.<ref name=doniger11/> The Hindu legends embed the Indian thought about the nature of existence, the human condition and its aspirations through an interwoven contrast of characters, the good against the evil, the honest against the dishonest, the dharma-bound lover against the anti-dharma bully, the gentle and compassionate against the cruel and greedy. In these epics, everything is impermanent including matter, love and peace. Magic and miracles thrive, gods are defeated and fear for their existence, triggering wars or debates. Death threatens and re-threatens life, while life finds a way to creatively re-emerge thus conquering death. Eros persistently prevails over chaos.<ref name=doniger11>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11-22</ref><ref name="Williams2008p2">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=2–4, 14–18}}</ref> - -The Hindu epics integrate in a wide range of subjects. They include stories about how and why cosmos originated ([[Hindu cosmology]], cosmogony), how and why humans or all life forms originated (anthropogony) along with each's strengths and weaknesses, how gods originated along with each's strengths and weaknesses (theogony), the battle between good gods and bad demons (theomachy), human values and how humans can live together, resolve any disagreements (ethics, axiology), healthy goals in stages of life and the different ways in which each individual can live (householder, monk, [[purusartha]]), the meaning of all existence and means of personal liberation (soteriology) as well as legends about what causes suffering, chaos and the end of time with a restart of a new cycle (eschatology).<ref>{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=15–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Inden|editor=David Parkin|title=Hindu Evil as Unconquered Lower Self, in The Anthropology of Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT9-QgAACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-15432-7|pages=143–164}};<br />{{cite book|author=W.D. O' Flaherty|title=Hindu Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajLoN2yuZbwC|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-400011-1|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2000p61">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564441-8|pages=38–39, 61–64, 73–88}}</ref> - -== Dashavatara == -{{Main|Dashavatara}} - -A significant collection of [[Vaishnavism]] traditional reincarnations includes those related to the avatars of [[Vishnu]]. The ten most common of these include: -#[[Matsya]]: It narrates a [[Flood myth|great flood]], similar to one found in many ancient cultures. The savior here is the Matsya (fish). The earliest accounts of Matsya mythology are found in the Vedic literature, which equate the fish saviour to the deity [[Prajapati]]. The fish-savior later merges with the identity of [[Brahma]] in post-Vedic era, and still later as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}<ref name="Rao124">Rao pp. 124-125</ref><ref name=britmatsya>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Matsya | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc | url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369611/Matsya | accessdate=May 20, 2012 | year=2012}}</ref> The legends associated with Matsya expand, evolve and vary in Hindu texts. These legends have embedded symbolism, where a small fish with Manu's protection grows to become a big fish, and the fish ultimately saves earthly existence.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79-80}}{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|pp=212-213}} <ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: T-Z, Volume 5|author=Sunil Sehgal|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1999|isbn=81-7625-064-3 |page=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&pg=PA401}}</ref> -#[[Kurma]]: The earliest account of Kurma is found in the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' ([[Yajur veda]]), where he is a form of Prajapati-[[Brahma]] and helps with the [[samudra manthan]] (churning of cosmic ocean).{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=217}} In the Epics and the [[Puranas]], the legend expands and evolves into many versions, with Kurma becoming an avatar of Vishnu. He appears in the form of a tortoise or turtle to support the foundation for the cosmos and the cosmic churning stick (Mount Mandara).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p705">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=705–706}}</ref><ref name="JonesRyan2006p253">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA253 |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=253}}</ref><ref name="Dimmitt2012p72">{{cite book|author1=Cornelia Dimmitt|author2=JAB van Buitenen|title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC|year=2012|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0|pages=74–75}}</ref> -#[[Varaha]]: The earliest versions of the Varaha or boar legend are found in the ''[[Taittiriya Aranyaka]]'' and the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', both Vedic texts.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}} They narrate that the universe was primordial waters. The earth was the size of a hand and was trapped in it. The god [[Prajapati]] ([[Brahma]]) in the form of a boar (''varaha'') plunges into the waters and brings the earth out.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} In post-Vedic literature, particularly the Puranas, the boar mythology is reformulated through an avatar of god Vishnu and an evil demon named Hiranyaksha who persecutes people and kidnaps goddess earth.{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=45}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} Varaha-Vishnu fights the injustice, kills the demon and rescues earth.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}} -#[[Narasimha]]: The Narasimha mythology is about the man-lion avatar of Vishnu. He destroys an evil king (Hiranyakashyapu), ends religious persecution and calamity on Earth, saves his devotee (Prahlad) from the suffering caused by torments and punishments for pursuing his religious beliefs, and thereby Vishnu restores the [[Dharma]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|year= 1996|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-43878-0|page = 111}}</ref>{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|p=223}} -#[[Vamana]] -#[[Parashurama]] -#[[Rama]] -#[[Krishna]] -#[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] -#[[Kalki]] - -==See also== -* [[Kanglei mythology]] -* [[Greek mythology]] -{{Portal|India|Hinduism}} -{{col div|colwidth=30em}} -* [[Proto-Indo-European religion]] -* [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]] -* [[Vedic mythology]] -* [[Hindu cosmology]] -* [[Puranic chronology]] -* [[Hindu eschatology]] -* [[Hindu deities]] -* [[Hindu scriptures]] -{{colend}} - -==References== -{{reflist|30em}} - -===Bibliography=== -* {{cite book|last= Dowson|first= John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n27/mode/2up|year=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co., London}} -* {{cite book |author1=Buitenen, J. A. B. van |author2=Dimmitt, Cornelia |title=Classical Hindu mythology: a reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |year=1978 |pages= |isbn=0-87722-122-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}} -* {{cite book |author=Campbell, Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Campbell |title=Myths of light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal |publisher=New World Library |location=Novato, California |year=2003|pages= |isbn=1-57731-403-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWdqt29UDGYC}} -* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10260-4}} -* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}} -* {{cite book| author=Dallapiccola, Anna L.|title=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]|isbn=0-500-51088-1| year = 2002}} -* [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Pattanaik, Devdutt]] (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC Indian mythology: tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent]''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. {{ISBN|0-89281-870-0}}. -* {{cite book| last=Walker| first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author)| title =Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism| publisher=Allen & Unwin| location = London |year = 1968}} -* {{cite book|author = Wilkins, W.J. | title = Hindu mythology, Vedic and Purānic| publisher = Thacker, Spink & co.| year = 1882| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}} -* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Yves|last= Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|date=15 May 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7}} -* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nanditha |last= Krishna|title=The Book of Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306762-7}} -* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Nanditha Krishna|title= Sacred Animals of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306619-4}} -* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1914|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|ref=harv}} -* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2}} -* {{cite book |author=[[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|Macdonell, Arthur Anthony]] |title=Vedic mythology |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=81-208-1113-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b7Meabtj8mcC}} -* {{cite book |last= Dimitrova |first= Stefania [https://cirec.academia.edu/StefaniaDimitrova<nowiki></nowiki>] |title=The Day of Brahma. The Myths of India - Epics of Human Destiny.|publisher=Alpha-Omega |location= |year=2017 |pages=186 |isbn=978-954-9694-27-7 |asin=B06XQPRJP4}} - -== External links == -* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials. -* [http://sanskritdocuments.org Sanskrit Documents Collection]: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc. - -{{Hindu Culture and Epics}} -{{Hindudharma}} - -[[Category:Hindu mythology|*]] +Your mom +woidwopqdipoqwd +ṃ '
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[ 0 => '{{short description|Mythology in India}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}', 2 => '{{Hinduism}}{{Hindu mythology}}', 3 => '[[File:Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology.jpg|thumb|Depictions of episodes from Hindu mythology]]', 4 => '', 5 => ''''Hindu mythology''' are narratives found in [[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature,<ref name=macdonell>{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1978|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=1–9}}</ref> [[Sanskrit epics|epics]] like [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]],<ref name=hopkins>{{cite book|author=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ingAMQAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0227-8|pages=1–3}}</ref> the [[Puranas]],<ref name=bonnefoy>{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=90–101}}</ref> the regional literatures like [[Periya Puranam]]. Hindu mythology is also found in widely translated popular texts such as the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and ''[[Hitopadesha]]'', as well as Southeast Asian texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|authorlink=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Waldau|author2=Kimberley Patton|title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k6rAgAAQBAJ |year= 2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13643-3|pages=186, 680}}</ref>', 6 => '', 7 => 'Hindu mythology does not often have a consistent, monolithic structure. The same myth typically appears in various versions, and can be represented differently across socio-religious traditions. These myths have also been noted to have been modified by various philosophical schools over time and particularly in the Hindu tradition. These myths are taken to have deeper, often symbolic, meaning, and have been given a complex range of interpretations.<ref>[[Jacqueline Suthren Hirst]], ''Myth and history'', in ''Themes and Issues in Hinduism'', edited by Paul Bowen. Cassell, 1998.</ref>', 8 => '', 9 => '==Texts==', 10 => '{{Main|Vedas|Sanskrit epics|Puranas|Panchatantra}}', 11 => 'The Hindu Epic literature is found in genre of [[Hindu text]]s such as:', 12 => '*Vedic literature (1500-500 BCE)<ref name=macdonell/><ref name=', 13 => '*Epics<ref name=hopkins/>', 14 => '*Puranas<ref name=bonnefoy/>', 15 => '*[[Vedas]]', 16 => '', 17 => 'Many of these legends evolve across these texts, the character names change or the story is embellished with greater details, yet the central message and moral values remain the same. According to [[Wendy Doniger]],', 18 => '', 19 => '{{Quote|', 20 => 'Every Hindu epic is different; all Hindu epics are alike. (...) Each Hindu epic celebrates the belief that the universe is boundlessly various, that everything occurs simultaneously, that all possibilities may exist without excluding the other. (...) There is no single basic version of a Hindu epic; each is told and retold with a number of minor and major variations over the years. (...) Great epics are richly ambiguous and elusive; their truths cannot be filed away into scholar's neat categories. Moreover, epics [in Hinduism] are living organisms that change constantly. (...)', 21 => '|O'Flaherty<ref>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11, 21-22</ref>}}', 22 => '', 23 => 'Hindu epic shares the creative principles and human values found in epic everywhere. However, the particular details vary and its diversity is immense, according to Doniger.<ref name=doniger11/> The Hindu legends embed the Indian thought about the nature of existence, the human condition and its aspirations through an interwoven contrast of characters, the good against the evil, the honest against the dishonest, the dharma-bound lover against the anti-dharma bully, the gentle and compassionate against the cruel and greedy. In these epics, everything is impermanent including matter, love and peace. Magic and miracles thrive, gods are defeated and fear for their existence, triggering wars or debates. Death threatens and re-threatens life, while life finds a way to creatively re-emerge thus conquering death. Eros persistently prevails over chaos.<ref name=doniger11>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1975), Hindu epics: A Sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140449907}}, pages 11-22</ref><ref name="Williams2008p2">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=2–4, 14–18}}</ref>', 24 => '', 25 => 'The Hindu epics integrate in a wide range of subjects. They include stories about how and why cosmos originated ([[Hindu cosmology]], cosmogony), how and why humans or all life forms originated (anthropogony) along with each's strengths and weaknesses, how gods originated along with each's strengths and weaknesses (theogony), the battle between good gods and bad demons (theomachy), human values and how humans can live together, resolve any disagreements (ethics, axiology), healthy goals in stages of life and the different ways in which each individual can live (householder, monk, [[purusartha]]), the meaning of all existence and means of personal liberation (soteriology) as well as legends about what causes suffering, chaos and the end of time with a restart of a new cycle (eschatology).<ref>{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu epic|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=15–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald Inden|editor=David Parkin|title=Hindu Evil as Unconquered Lower Self, in The Anthropology of Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT9-QgAACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-15432-7|pages=143–164}};<br />{{cite book|author=W.D. O' Flaherty|title=Hindu Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajLoN2yuZbwC|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-400011-1|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2000p61">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564441-8|pages=38–39, 61–64, 73–88}}</ref>', 26 => '', 27 => '== Dashavatara ==', 28 => '{{Main|Dashavatara}}', 29 => '', 30 => 'A significant collection of [[Vaishnavism]] traditional reincarnations includes those related to the avatars of [[Vishnu]]. The ten most common of these include:', 31 => '#[[Matsya]]: It narrates a [[Flood myth|great flood]], similar to one found in many ancient cultures. The savior here is the Matsya (fish). The earliest accounts of Matsya mythology are found in the Vedic literature, which equate the fish saviour to the deity [[Prajapati]]. The fish-savior later merges with the identity of [[Brahma]] in post-Vedic era, and still later as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}<ref name="Rao124">Rao pp. 124-125</ref><ref name=britmatsya>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Matsya | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc | url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369611/Matsya | accessdate=May 20, 2012 | year=2012}}</ref> The legends associated with Matsya expand, evolve and vary in Hindu texts. These legends have embedded symbolism, where a small fish with Manu's protection grows to become a big fish, and the fish ultimately saves earthly existence.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79-80}}{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|pp=212-213}} <ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: T-Z, Volume 5|author=Sunil Sehgal|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1999|isbn=81-7625-064-3 |page=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&pg=PA401}}</ref>', 32 => '#[[Kurma]]: The earliest account of Kurma is found in the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' ([[Yajur veda]]), where he is a form of Prajapati-[[Brahma]] and helps with the [[samudra manthan]] (churning of cosmic ocean).{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=217}} In the Epics and the [[Puranas]], the legend expands and evolves into many versions, with Kurma becoming an avatar of Vishnu. He appears in the form of a tortoise or turtle to support the foundation for the cosmos and the cosmic churning stick (Mount Mandara).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p705">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=705–706}}</ref><ref name="JonesRyan2006p253">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA253 |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=253}}</ref><ref name="Dimmitt2012p72">{{cite book|author1=Cornelia Dimmitt|author2=JAB van Buitenen|title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC|year=2012|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0|pages=74–75}}</ref>', 33 => '#[[Varaha]]: The earliest versions of the Varaha or boar legend are found in the ''[[Taittiriya Aranyaka]]'' and the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', both Vedic texts.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}} They narrate that the universe was primordial waters. The earth was the size of a hand and was trapped in it. The god [[Prajapati]] ([[Brahma]]) in the form of a boar (''varaha'') plunges into the waters and brings the earth out.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} In post-Vedic literature, particularly the Puranas, the boar mythology is reformulated through an avatar of god Vishnu and an evil demon named Hiranyaksha who persecutes people and kidnaps goddess earth.{{sfn|Roshen Dalal| 2010| p=45}}{{sfn|J. L. Brockington|1998|pp=281-282}} Varaha-Vishnu fights the injustice, kills the demon and rescues earth.{{sfn|Nanditha Krishna|2010|pp=54-55}}', 34 => '#[[Narasimha]]: The Narasimha mythology is about the man-lion avatar of Vishnu. He destroys an evil king (Hiranyakashyapu), ends religious persecution and calamity on Earth, saves his devotee (Prahlad) from the suffering caused by torments and punishments for pursuing his religious beliefs, and thereby Vishnu restores the [[Dharma]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|year= 1996|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-43878-0|page = 111}}</ref>{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|p=223}}', 35 => '#[[Vamana]]', 36 => '#[[Parashurama]]', 37 => '#[[Rama]]', 38 => '#[[Krishna]]', 39 => '#[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]', 40 => '#[[Kalki]]', 41 => '', 42 => '==See also==', 43 => '* [[Kanglei mythology]]', 44 => '* [[Greek mythology]]', 45 => '{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}', 46 => '{{col div|colwidth=30em}}', 47 => '* [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]', 48 => '* [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]]', 49 => '* [[Vedic mythology]]', 50 => '* [[Hindu cosmology]]', 51 => '* [[Puranic chronology]]', 52 => '* [[Hindu eschatology]]', 53 => '* [[Hindu deities]]', 54 => '* [[Hindu scriptures]]', 55 => '{{colend}}', 56 => '', 57 => '==References==', 58 => '{{reflist|30em}}', 59 => '', 60 => '===Bibliography===', 61 => '* {{cite book|last= Dowson|first= John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n27/mode/2up|year=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co., London}}', 62 => '* {{cite book |author1=Buitenen, J. A. B. van |author2=Dimmitt, Cornelia |title=Classical Hindu mythology: a reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |year=1978 |pages= |isbn=0-87722-122-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}}', 63 => '* {{cite book |author=Campbell, Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Campbell |title=Myths of light: Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal |publisher=New World Library |location=Novato, California |year=2003|pages= |isbn=1-57731-403-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWdqt29UDGYC}}', 64 => '* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10260-4}}', 65 => '* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}', 66 => '* {{cite book| author=Dallapiccola, Anna L.|title=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]|isbn=0-500-51088-1| year = 2002}}', 67 => '* [[Devdutt Pattanaik|Pattanaik, Devdutt]] (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC Indian mythology: tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent]''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. {{ISBN|0-89281-870-0}}.', 68 => '* {{cite book| last=Walker| first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author)| title =Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism| publisher=Allen & Unwin| location = London |year = 1968}}', 69 => '* {{cite book|author = Wilkins, W.J. | title = Hindu mythology, Vedic and Purānic| publisher = Thacker, Spink & co.| year = 1882| url = https://books.google.com/?id=ZBUHAAAAQAAJ}}', 70 => '* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Yves|last= Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|date=15 May 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7}}', 71 => '* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Nanditha |last= Krishna|title=The Book of Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306762-7}}', 72 => '* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Nanditha Krishna|title= Sacred Animals of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306619-4}}', 73 => '* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1914|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|ref=harv}}', 74 => '* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2}}', 75 => '* {{cite book |author=[[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|Macdonell, Arthur Anthony]] |title=Vedic mythology |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=81-208-1113-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=b7Meabtj8mcC}}', 76 => '* {{cite book |last= Dimitrova |first= Stefania [https://cirec.academia.edu/StefaniaDimitrova<nowiki></nowiki>] |title=The Day of Brahma. The Myths of India - Epics of Human Destiny.|publisher=Alpha-Omega |location= |year=2017 |pages=186 |isbn=978-954-9694-27-7 |asin=B06XQPRJP4}}', 77 => '', 78 => '== External links ==', 79 => '* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.', 80 => '* [http://sanskritdocuments.org Sanskrit Documents Collection]: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.', 81 => '', 82 => '{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}', 83 => '{{Hindudharma}}', 84 => '', 85 => '[[Category:Hindu mythology|*]]' ]
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