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he did not go to school so he turned out as he did
he did not go to school so he turned out as he did


who cares hes insane
===Football and first marriage===
He failed his [[Eleven plus exam|11-plus]], a test that was used at the time to divide children between [[grammar school]]s, supposedly for the brightest, and [[Secondary modern school|secondary moderns]] or technical schools for the rest, so Icke was sent in 1963 to the city's Crown Hills Secondary Modern.<ref>''In the Light of Experience'', p. 44.</ref> He left at 15 after being talent-spotted while playing football, and was signed up as a goalkeeper for [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]]. Every Saturday when he wasn't playing himself, he would travel the 60 kms to Nottingham to watch [[Peter Shilton]], one of England's legendary goalkeepers. Arthritis in his left knee&mdash;which later spread to the right knee, ankles, elbows, wrists, and hands&mdash;stopped him making a career out of football, but as well as playing for Coventry, he managed to play for [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]], [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]], and [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]], before he had to give it up completely in 1973 at the age of 21.<ref>[http://allfootballers.com/screen5.php David Icke career summary], Allfootballers.com, accessed June 25, 2009, requires registration; ''It's a tough game, son!'', 1983; ''Tales from the Time Loop'', pp. 2&ndash;4.</ref>

He met his first wife, Linda Atherton, in May 1971 at a dance at the Chesford Grange Hotel near Leamington Spa. She was working at the time as a van driver for a garage in Leamington. Shortly after they met, Icke had another one of the huge rows he had started having with his father&mdash;always a domineering man, his father was upset that Icke's arthritis was interfering with his football career&mdash;so he packed his bags and left home. He moved into a tiny bedsit and worked in a local travel agency during the day, travelling to Hereford in the evenings to practice or play football. He and Linda were married on September 30, four months after they'd met. Their daughter, Kerry, was born two years later on March 7, 1975, followed by a son, Gareth, on December 12, 1981, and another son, Jaymie, on November 18, 1992.<ref>''Light'', pp. 82, 96. His second wife is Pamela Leigh Richards, an American who met him when she heard him give a talk in Jamaica in 1997.</ref>


===Journalism===
===Journalism===

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'{{nobots}} {{Infobox Person |name = David Icke |image = David Icke by Stef (cropped).jpg |image_size = 220px |caption = In 2008 |birth_name = David Vaughan Icke |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|4|29}} |birth_place = [[Leicester]], England |death_date = |death_place = |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |residence = [[Ryde]], [[Isle of Wight]] |nationality = British |ethnicity = |citizenship = |other_names = |known_for = Football, television sports, books on global politics |education = |alma_mater = |employer = |occupation = Writer and speaker |years_active = Since 1990 |home_town = |title = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = Formerly the [[Green Party (UK)|Green Party]] |opponents = |boards = |spouse = Linda Atherton, Pamela Leigh Richards |partner = |children = Kerry (1975), Gareth (1981), Rebecca (1991), Jaymie (1992) |parents = Beric Vaughan Icke<br>Barbara J. Icke (née Cooke) |relations = Trevor and Paul (brothers) |callsign = |signature = |website = [http://davidicke.com davidicke.com] |footnotes = |box_width = 300px }} '''David Vaughan Icke''' ({{pronEng|aɪk}}; born April 29, 1952) is an English writer and public speaker who since 1990 has devoted himself to researching what he calls "who and what is really controlling the world." Describing himself as the most controversial speaker and author in the world, he has written 16 books explaining his views, dubbed [[New Age|New-Age]] conspiracism, and has attracted a substantial following across the political spectrum.<ref>For the quote about "who and what is really controlling the world," see [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=1 David Icke, part 1], [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6 part 2], Davidicke.com. For the description of him as the most controversial speaker in the world, and his views being known as New Age conspiracism, see Barkun 2003, p. 98ff, and p. 103.</ref> Icke was a well-known BBC television sports presenter and spokesman for the Green Party, when he had an encounter in 1990 with a psychic who told him he was a healer placed on Earth for a purpose. In April 1991 he announced on the BBC's [[Terry Wogan]] show that he was the son of God, and predicted that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes. The show changed his life, turning him practically overnight from a respected household name into an object of ridicule.<ref>For his encounter with the psychic, see Barkun 2003, p. 103. For Icke on Wogan, see Jon Ronson's [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUVeWKO583U ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews, 1/5], begins 5:50 mins. For the show having changed his life, see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006.</ref> He continued nevertheless to develop his ideas, and in four books published over seven years&mdash;''The Robots' Rebellion'' (1994), ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'' (1995), ''The Biggest Secret'' (1999), and ''Children of the Matrix'' (2001)&mdash;set out a moral and political worldview that combines New-Age spiritualism with a passionate denunciation of what he sees as totalitarian trends in the modern world. At the heart of his theories lies the idea that a secret group of [[reptilians|reptilian humanoids]] called the Babylonian Brotherhood controls humanity, and that many prominent figures are reptilian, including [[George W. Bush]], [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Kris Kristofferson]], and [[Boxcar Willie]].<ref>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/17/features.weekend Beset by lizards], ''The Guardian'', March 17, 200O1; Offley 2000a; Honigsbaum 1995.</ref> Icke has been criticized for arguing that the reptilians were the original authors of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''&mdash;a 1903 Russian forgery purporting to be a plan by the Jewish people to achieve world domination&mdash;a claim that has attracted the attention of the far right and the suspicion of Jewish groups. Icke strongly denies there is anything antisemitic about this. He was allowed to enter Canada in 1999 only after persuading immigration officials that when he said lizards, he meant lizards, but his books were still removed from the shelves of Indigo Books, a Canadian chain, after protests from the Canadian Jewish Congress. Icke's problems in Canada became the focus in 2001 of a documentary by British journalist [[Jon Ronson]], ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews''.<ref> *For Icke denying his views are antisemitic, see Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&feature=related "David Icke, The Lizards and the Jews," 2/5], ''YouTube''. Discussion about antisemitism starts at 4:26 mins; also see Barkun pp. 104ff. *For the protests from the Canadian Jewish Congress and Indigo Books, see [http://web.archive.org/web/20070301204725/http://www.cjnews.com/pastIssues/99/oct7-99/front2.htm Kraft 1999]. *For the Ronson documentary as a whole, see Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", part 1], Channel 4 Television, ''YouTube''. *For more information, see Ronson, Jon (2001). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,457988,00.html "Beset by lizards" part 1], [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,458001,00.html part 2], extracts from Ronson's book, ''Them: Adventures with Extremists'', ''The Guardian'', March 17, 2001; and Gillis 2008, p. 5.</ref> ==Personal life and career== he did not go to school so he turned out as he did ===Football and first marriage=== He failed his [[Eleven plus exam|11-plus]], a test that was used at the time to divide children between [[grammar school]]s, supposedly for the brightest, and [[Secondary modern school|secondary moderns]] or technical schools for the rest, so Icke was sent in 1963 to the city's Crown Hills Secondary Modern.<ref>''In the Light of Experience'', p. 44.</ref> He left at 15 after being talent-spotted while playing football, and was signed up as a goalkeeper for [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]]. Every Saturday when he wasn't playing himself, he would travel the 60 kms to Nottingham to watch [[Peter Shilton]], one of England's legendary goalkeepers. Arthritis in his left knee&mdash;which later spread to the right knee, ankles, elbows, wrists, and hands&mdash;stopped him making a career out of football, but as well as playing for Coventry, he managed to play for [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]], [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]], and [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]], before he had to give it up completely in 1973 at the age of 21.<ref>[http://allfootballers.com/screen5.php David Icke career summary], Allfootballers.com, accessed June 25, 2009, requires registration; ''It's a tough game, son!'', 1983; ''Tales from the Time Loop'', pp. 2&ndash;4.</ref> He met his first wife, Linda Atherton, in May 1971 at a dance at the Chesford Grange Hotel near Leamington Spa. She was working at the time as a van driver for a garage in Leamington. Shortly after they met, Icke had another one of the huge rows he had started having with his father&mdash;always a domineering man, his father was upset that Icke's arthritis was interfering with his football career&mdash;so he packed his bags and left home. He moved into a tiny bedsit and worked in a local travel agency during the day, travelling to Hereford in the evenings to practice or play football. He and Linda were married on September 30, four months after they'd met. Their daughter, Kerry, was born two years later on March 7, 1975, followed by a son, Gareth, on December 12, 1981, and another son, Jaymie, on November 18, 1992.<ref>''Light'', pp. 82, 96. His second wife is Pamela Leigh Richards, an American who met him when she heard him give a talk in Jamaica in 1997.</ref> ===Journalism=== [[File:David Icke, top right, with the BBC Breakfast Time team, 1983.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Icke, top right, with the BBC's first [[Breakfast Time]] team. The show first aired on January 17, 1983, with Icke presenting the sports news until 1985. Clockwise from top left: [[Francis Wilson (meteorologist)|Francis Wilson]], Debbie Rix, David Icke, [[Nick Ross]], [[Selina Scott]], [[Frank Bough]].]] Icke found a job in 1973 as a reporter with the weekly ''Leicester Advertiser'', through a contact who was a sports editor at the ''Daily Mail'', though he writes that he got the job because he was the only applicant.<ref>''Light'', pp. 75-78.</ref> He advanced quickly through local radio to television, and became a regional sports presenter for the BBC's ''[[South Today]]'' in 1982, around the time his first son was born, and the year he moved to Ryde on the Isle of Wight, somewhere he had always wanted to live. He appeared on the first edition of British television's first national breakfast show, ''[[Breakfast Time|Breakfast Time]]'', on January 17, 1983, presenting the sports news for them until 1985.<ref>[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/126909?view=credit&page=2 David Icke filmography], British Film Institute, accessed November 14, 2009.</ref> He published his first book in 1983, ''It's a tough game, son!'' about football and how to break into it. He worked for [[BBC Sport]] until August 1990, often as a stand-in host on ''[[Grandstand (BBC)|Grandstand]]'' and snooker programmes, and also at the 1988 Summer Olympics, but a career in television began to lose its appeal for him&mdash;he wrote in ''Tales from the Time Loop'' that he found the people working in television to be insincere, shallow, and vicious, with rare exceptions.<ref>''Tales from the Time Loop'' p. 4.</ref> His contract with the BBC was terminated in 1990 when he refused to pay his [[Community Charge|poll tax]], a new local tax introduced by Margaret Thatcher that was controversial because the same payment was required by everyone, regardless of income. He ended up paying it in November 1990, but his initial announcement that he was willing to go to jail rather than pay prompted the BBC, by charter an impartial public-service broadcaster, to distance itself from him.<ref>"Protester David Icke finally pays community charge," ''The Guardian'', November 14, 1990.</ref> ===Green Party=== At some point during the 1980s, he began to flirt with fringe medicine and New Age philosophies in an effort to find relief from his arthritis.<ref name=Grossman/> He wrote his second book in 1989, ''It Doesn't Have To Be Like This'', an outline of his views on the environment, and became involved with the Green Party from 1988 to 1991, rising to the position of one of their four national Speakers, a position the party had created in lieu of a leader. He soon became the party's most alluring speaker, ''The Observer'' calling him "the Greens' Tony Blair." He became a household name, appearing on talk shows and in debates.<ref>Taylor 1997.</ref> He was invited in 1989 to debate whether animals should have rights at the Royal Institute of Great Britain, alongside [[Tom Regan]], [[Mary Warnock]], and [[Germaine Greer]],<ref>Icke, David (1989). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fe6VBG3e0&feature=related Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?], Royal Institute of Great Britain. Icke speaks alongside [[Tom Regan]], [[Richard Ryder]], [[Andrew Linzey]], [[Mary Warnock]], [[Steven Rose]] and [[Germaine Greer]], ''YouTube''.</ref> and in September 1990, his name appeared on advertisements in national newspapers for the children's charity, Children's Vigils, alongside a cast of American and British celebrities, including [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[Woody Allen]], [[Cher]], and [[Whoopi Goldberg]].<ref>''Weekend Guardian'', Saturday-Sunday, September 22-23, 1990.</ref> ===Sessions with a psychic healer=== Icke writes that it was when he was working for the Green Party, and particularly while he was writing the book in 1989, that he began to feel a presence around him, as though there was always someone else in the room, even when he was alone. He writes in ''Days of Decision'' (1993) that it was a time of considerable personal despair for him, though he gives no details.<ref>''Days of Decision'', p. 19.</ref> In March 1990, he had an experience in a newsagent's that felt as though a magnetic force was pulling his feet to the ground, and he heard a voice tell him to look at a particular section of books. One of the books was by [[Betty Shine]], a psychic healer, or [[Mediumship|channeller]], in Brighton.<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,870731,00.html "The 10 worst decisions in the history of sport], ''The Guardian'', January 12, 2003.</ref> He decided to visit her to ask for help with his arthritis. She told him she had a message for him. He was a healer who had been sent to heal the Earth, she said, and would become world famous, but would face enormous opposition. The spirit world was going to pass on ideas to him, which he would then speak to others about, sometimes not understanding the words himself. He was told he would write five books in three years; that in 20 years there will be a different kind of flying machine, where we can go wherever we want and time will have no meaning; and that there will be great earthquakes in unusual places, because the inner earth is being destabilized by having oil taken from the [[seabed]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=1 David Icke, part 1], [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6 part 2], Davidicke.com.</ref> [[File:Sillustani (1).jpg|left|thumb|200px|It was near this pre-Inca burial site in [[Sillustani]], Peru, that Icke said he had a pivotal mystic experience in February 1991.]] In February 1991, Icke decided to travel to Peru, where he visited the pre-[[Inca]] [[Sillustani]] burial ground near [[Puno]]. He writes that he felt drawn to a large mound of earth, at the top of which lay a circle of waist-high stones. As he stood in the circle, he felt his feet pulled to the earth as if by a magnet, just as he had experienced in the newsagent's in Ryde, and an urge to outstrech his arms. His feet started to vibrate and burn, his head felt as though a drill was passing through it, and he felt two thoughts enter his mind: first, that people will be talking about this in 100 years, and then, "it will be over when you feel the rain." He said his body started shaking as though plugged into an electrical socket and new ideas began to pour into him. Time became meaningless, he writes, and he has no idea how long he stood there, arms outstretched. Then it started raining, and the experience ended as suddenly as it had begun. He described it later as the "[[kundalini]]"&mdash;a term from Indian yoga describing a libidinal force that lies coiled at the base of the spine&mdash;exploding up through his spine, activating his brain and his [[chakra]]s, or energy centres, triggering a higher level of consciousness.<ref>''Tales from the Time Loop'', pp. 12&ndash;13, 16; and Barkun 2003, p. 103.</ref> He returned to England and began to write a book about the experience, ''Truth Vibrations'', published in May that year. At a Green Party conference in Wolverhampton on March 20, 1991, before the book appeared, he resigned as one of the party's four prospective parliamentary candidates and Speakers&mdash;a position the party had adopted instead of leader&mdash;telling them he was about to be at the centre of "tremendous and increasing controversy," and winning a standing ovation from them after the announcement.<ref>Kennedy, Maev. "Icke resigns Green Speaker and parliamentary roles," ''The Guardian'', March 20, 1991.</ref> ===Turquoise period=== What followed became what Icke calls his "turquoise period." He began to wear only turquoise because, he explained, it is a conduit of positive energy. He had met Deborah Shaw, an English psychic living in Calgary, Alberta, in August 1990, and after he returned from Peru, he struck up a relationship with her, which became close and led to the birth of a daughter, Rebecca, in December 2001. At one point, Shaw moved in with him and his wife. Shaw had changed her name to Mari Shawsun, while Icke's wife became known as Michaela, an aspect of the Archangel Michael, and they became known in the press as the "turquoise triangle," though Icke insisted at the time that he and Shaw were just friends. He answered reporters' questions about the relationship with, "if you resonate on this higher level then you see not two ladies, but two bodies with energy patterns." <ref name=Taylor1997>Taylor 1997.</ref> In March 1991, a week after resigning from the Green Party, he, his wife, and Deborah/Mari held a press conference to announce that he had become a "channel for the Christ spirit," a title conferred on him by "the Godhead." He said the world would end in 1997, preceded by a number of disasters. There would be a severe hurricane around the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans, eruptions in Cuba, disruption in China, a hurricane in [[Derry]], and an earthquake on the [[Isle of Arran]]. Los Angeles would become an island, New Zealand would disappear, and the cliffs of Kent would be under water by Christmas 1991. He said the information was being given to the three of them by voices and [[automatic writing]].<ref>Ezard, John. "'Son and daughter of God' predict apocalypse is nigh," ''The Guardian'', March 28, 1991.</ref><ref name=Grossman>Grossman 1991.</ref> In ''In the Light of Experience'' (1993), Icke wrote that, at the time he gave the press conference, he didn't feel in control. He heard his voice predicting the end of the world, and was appalled by what he was saying. "I was speaking the words," he wrote, "but all the time I could hear the voice of the brakes in the background saying, 'David, what the hell are you saying? This is absolute nonsense'." His predictions were splashed all over the next day's front pages, to his great dismay.<ref>''Light'', p. 193.</ref> ===Terry Wogan interview=== [[File:David Icke on Wogan 1991.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Icke, wearing a turquoise shellsuit, is greeted by [[Terry Wogan]] for an interview on April 29, 1991, during which Icke declared that he was the son of God. He said his children were devastated afterwards, because their dad had become a figure of ridicule.<ref name=Ronson1/>]] The headlines attracted an invitation from the BBC's prime-time [[Terry Wogan]] talk show on April 29, 1991. Icke told Wogan, amid howls of laughter from the studio audience, that he was "the son of God," and that Britain would be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes.<ref name=Wogan>[[Terry Wogan|Wogan, Terry]]. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nMq6gc1yMg&feature=related David Icke interviewed by Terry Wogan], 1991 and 2006, BBC.</ref> He later said that he had been misinterpreted, and that he had used the term "the son of God" to mean an "aspect" of the Infinite consciousness.<ref>Icke, David. ''Tales From The Time Loop'', 2003.</ref> The interview proved devastating for him. As the audience laughed, Wogan memorably pointed out that they were laughing ''at'' him, not with him, and his humiliation seemed complete. He disappeared from public life, and for several years was unable to walk down the street without people pointing at and mocking him. His children were followed to school by journalists and ridiculed by schoolmates, and his wife would open the back door to get the washing in, only to find a camera crew filming her. Icke told Jon Ronson: <blockquote>One of my very greatest fears as a child was being ridiculed in public. And there it was coming true. As a television presenter, I'd been respected. People come up to you in the street and shake your hand and talk to you in a respectful way. And suddenly, overnight, this was transformed into "Icke's a nutter." I couldn't walk down any street in Britain without being laughed at. It was a nightmare. My children were devastated because their dad was a figure of ridicule.<ref name=Ronson1>Ronson 2001a.</ref></blockquote> The BBC was criticized for allowing the interview to go ahead, Des Christy in ''The Guardian'' calling it a "media crucifixion."<ref>Christy, Des. "Crucifixion, courtesy of the BBC," ''The Guardian'', May 6, 1991.</ref> Wogan interviewed Icke again in 2006, acknowledging that his comments had been a bit sharp,<ref name=Wogan/> but Icke said the situation had been the making of him in the end, that the laughter had set him free. He wrote that every bridge back to his past was ablaze, giving him the courage to develop his ideas without caring what anyone thought of him.<ref>''Tales from the Time Loop'', pp. 14, 17. Also see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006.</ref><!--He stood for parliament in the July 2008 [[Haltemprice and Howden by-election, 2008|Haltemprice and Howden by-election]], aligned to no party, after initially announcing he would stand as "Big Brother—The Big Picture". He came 12th in the polling with 110 votes and lost his deposit. He explained that he stood because, "if we don't face this now we are going to have some serious explaining to do when we are asked by our children and grandchildren what we were doing when the global fascist state was installed. 'I was watching ''[[EastEnders]]'', dear,' will not be good enough."<ref>[http://www.votewise.co.uk/index.php?pg=show&c=1076&eid=MP0003-0&this=1076 David Icke stood for the None (No Party)], ''votewise.co.uk'', accessed August 24, 2009.</ref>--> ==Key ideas== {{see|Law of Attraction|Panpsychism}} Icke's core ideas are put forward in four books, each around 500 pages long: ''The Robots' Rebellion'' (1994), ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'' (1995), ''The Biggest Secret: The Book that Will Change the World'' (1999), and ''Children of the Matrix'' (2001). Much of his work is published by his Bridge of Love Publications or David Icke Books. Philosophical discussion about the nature of consciousness is intermingled with unsourced allegations against named individuals, including that certain senior politicians are Satanic paedophiles, and that the Swine flu vaccinations are a deliberate attempt to cull the world's population. He argues that human beings are the result of a breeding program conducted by a race of reptilians called Anunnaki from the planet Draco, and that what we call reality is nothing but a "five-sense illusion," or holographic experience. The only reality is the realm of the Absolute. He believes in a collective consciousness that has [[intentionality]], in [[reincarnation]], in other [[Modal realism|possible worlds]] that exist alongside ours on other frequencies, and in [[acquired characteristics]], arguing that our experiences change our [[DNA]] by downloading new information and overwriting the software. We are also able to [[Law of Attraction|attract experiences]] to ourselves, via good or bad thoughts. ===Global Elite=== {{see|New World Order (conspiracy theory)|Illuminati}} Icke's basic argument is that humanity was created, and is controlled, by a network of secret societies run by a race of interbreeding bloodlines originating in the Middle and Near East in the ancient world. Icke calls them the "Babylonian Brotherhood." The [[Illuminati]], [[Round Table]], [[Council on Foreign Relations]], [[Chatham House]], the [[Trilateral Commission]], the [[Bilderberg Group]], the [[IMF]], [[United Nations]], the media, military, science, religion, and the Internet are all Brotherhood created and controlled.<ref>''Children'', p. 339; [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory Lewis and Kahn 2005], p. 11.</ref> The Brotherhood is mostly male. Their children are raised from an early age to understand the mission; those who don't are pushed aside. Key Brotherhood bloodlines are the British [[House of Windsor]], the [[Rothschild]]s, the [[Rockefeller]]s, European royalty and aristocracy, and the Eastern establishment families of the United States. The origin of the bloodlines is extra-terrestrial. At the apex of the Brotherhood stands the "Global Elite," the same group identified throughout history as the "Illuminati"; at the top of the Global Elite stand the "Prison Wardens." The goal of the Brotherhood&mdash;their "Great Work of Ages," or the "Brotherhood Agenda"&mdash;is world domination and a micro-chipped population.<ref>Barkun, p. 104, ''Secret'', pp. 1&ndash;2; ''Truth'', p. 8; ''Children'', p. 368.</ref> Icke introduced the idea in ''The Robot's Rebellion'' that the Global Elite's plan for world domination was first laid out in the ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a hoax published in Russia in 1903, which supposedly presented a plan by the Jewish people to take over the world. The ''Protocols'' is the most influential piece of antisemitic material of modern times, portraying the Jewish people as cackling villains from a Saturday matinee, as Ronson puts it, widely drawn on by the far right and neo-Nazi groups.<ref>Barkun, pp. 49&ndash;50; Ronson, March 17, 2001.</ref> Mark Honigsbaum writes that Icke refers to it 25 times in the book, calling it the "Illuminati protocols," and it is the first of a number of examples of Icke moving dangerously close to antisemitism, according to Michael Barkun&mdash;see [[#Antisemitism controversy|below]] for a discussion of the antisemitism controversy.<ref>Honigsbaum 1995; Barkun, p. 104.</ref> ===Reptilians and shape-shifting=== {{see|Ancient astronauts|Anunnaki|Enûma Eliš|Reptilians|shapeshifting|Thuban}} [[File:Draco Hevelius.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Draco (constellation)|Draco constellation]] from ''Uranographia'' by Johannes Hevelius, 1690]] In ''The Biggest Secret'' (1999), Icke introduced the idea of the "Reptoid Hypothesis." He identifies the Brotherhood as originating from reptilians from the constellation [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]], who walk on two legs and appear human, and who live in tunnels and caverns inside the earth. They are the same race of gods known as the [[Anunnaki]] in the Babylonian creation myth, ''[[Enûma Eliš]]''.<ref>''Secret'', pp. 19–25.</ref> Lewis and Kahn write that Icke has taken his "ancient astronaut" narrative from the Israeli-American writer, [[Zecharia Sitchin]]. Icke's idea of "inner-earth reptilians" is also not new, though Barkun writes that Icke has done more than most to expand it.<ref>Barkun 2003.</ref> Sitchin writes that the reptilians came to Earth for its precious metals. Icke argues that the Anunnaki came specifically for "monoatomic gold," a mineral he says can increase the carrying capacity of the nervous system ten thousand fold. After ingesting it, the Anunnaki are able to process vast amounts of information, speed up trans-dimensional travel, and shapeshift from reptilian to human form. They use human fear, guilt, and aggression as energy in a similar way, part of the reason they organize human conflict.<ref>''Secret'', pp. 30-38; Icke, David. [http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/esp_ciencia_oro14.htm Mono-Atomic Gold], Bibliotecapleyades.net; [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory Lewis and Kahn 2005], pp. 8&ndash;9.</ref> The more negative emotion we emit, the more the reptilians absorb: <blockquote>Thus we have the encouragement of wars, human genocide, the mass slaughter of animals, sexual perversions which create highly charged negative energy, and black magic ritual and sacrifice which takes place on a scale that will stagger those who have not studied the subject.<ref>''Secret'', p. 40.</ref></blockquote> The Anunnaki have crossbred with human beings, the breeding lines carefully chosen for political reasons. He believes they are the [[Watcher (angel)|Watchers]], the fallen angels, or "Grigori," who mated with human women in the [[Biblical apocrypha]]. Their first reptilian-human hybrid, possibly [[Adam]], was created 200,000&ndash;300,000 years ago. There was a second breeding program around 30,000 years ago, and a third 7,000 years ago. It is the half-bloods of the third breeding program who today control the world, more Anunnaki than human. They have an extremely powerful, hypnotic stare, the origin of the phrase to "give someone the evil eye," and their hybrid DNA allows them to shapeshift when they consume human blood.<ref>''Secret'', pp. 40-45.</ref> In ''Children of the Matrix'', he expanded his description of those in charge, adding that the Anunnaki also bred with another extraterrestrial race called the "Nordics," on account of their blond hair and blue eyes, to produce a race of human slave masters, the Aryans. The Aryans retain many reptilian traits, including cold-blooded attitudes, a desire for top-down control, and an obsession with ritual, lending them a tendency toward fascistic militarism, rationalism, and racism.<ref>''Children'', pp. 19, 251; [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory Lewis and Kahn 2005], p. 9.</ref> Lewis and Kahn write that the Nordic hypothesis means Icke is mirroring standard claims by the far right that the Aryan bloodline has ruled the Earth throughout history; for Icke, Sumerian Kings and Egyptian pharoahs have all been Aryan reptilian humanoids, as have 43 American presidents and the Queen Mother, who he writes was "seriously reptilian." All have taken part in Satanic rituals, paedophilia, kidnapping of children, drug parties and murder, needed to satisfy their reptilian blood lust, which allows them to retain their temporary human form.<ref>Lewis and Kahn, p. 10; ''Children'', p. 79.</ref> ===Dimensions=== The reptilians not only come from another planet, but are also from another dimension, the lower level of the fourth dimension, the one nearest the physical world. Icke writes that the universe consists of an infinite number of frequencies or dimensions of life that share the same space, just as television and radio frequencies do. Some people can tune their consciousness to other wavelengths, which is what psychic power consists of, and it is from one of these other dimensions that the Anunnaki are controlling this world by possessing certain bloodlines&mdash;though just as fourth-dimensional reptilians control us, they are controlled, in turn, by a fifth dimension.<ref name=Biggest26>''The Biggest Secret'', pp. 26&ndash;27.</ref> The lower level of the fourth dimension is what others call the "lower astral dimension." Icke argues that it is where demons live, the entities [[Satanism|Satanists]] summon during their rituals. They are, in fact, summoning the reptilians.<ref name=Biggest26/> Barkun argues that the introduction of different dimensions allows Icke to skip awkward questions about which part of the universe the reptilians come from and how they got here.<ref name=Barkun106/> ===Problem-reaction-solution=== In ''Tales From The Time Loop'' (2003), Icke argues that most organized religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, are Illuminati creations designed to divide and conquer the human race through endless conflicts, as are racial, ethnic, and sexual divisions. He cites the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], the [[Oklahoma City bombing]], and [[9/11]] as examples of events organized by the Global Elite.<ref>''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster'', 2002.</ref> The incidents allow the Elite to respond in whatever way they intended to act in the first place, a concept Icke calls "order out of chaos," or "problem-reaction-solution". There are few, if any, public events that are not engineered, or at least used, by the Brotherhood in their bid to sow division and centralize power. He suggested that the 1996 [[Dunblane massacre]], for example, was organized by the Elite to strengthen gun laws.<ref name=Taylor1997/> <blockquote>You want to introduce something you know the people won't like. This may be more power to the police, a further erosion of basic freedoms, even a war. You know that if you offer these policies openly the people will react against them. So you first create a PROBLEM, a rising crime rate, more violence, a terrorist bomb, a government collapse, or you get one of your Illuminati puppets like Saddam Hussein to go to war.<p> You make sure someone else is blamed for this problem and not you, the real people behind it all. So you create a "patsy," as they call them in America, a Timothy McVeigh or a Lee Harvey Oswald. You then use your media to tell people what they should think about your manufactured event and who they should blame for it. This brings us to stage two, the REACTION from the people&mdash;"This can't go on; what are THEY going to do about it?"<p> This allows THEM to then openly offer the SOLUTION to the problems they have created&mdash;new legislation which advances their agenda of centralisation of global power or the erosion of more basic freedoms.<ref name=IckeNov152009>Icke, David. [http://www.newsforthesoul.com/icke-2.htm "Problem-reaction-solution"], ''News for the Soul'', accessed November 15, 2009.</ref> </blockquote> ===Red Dresses=== [[File:Red Dress Programmes by Neil Hague.jpg|right|thumb|170px|An image by Neil Hague from Icke's ''Infinite Love is the Only Truth'' (2005)]] In ''Infinite Love is the Only Truth'' (2005), Icke introduces the idea of "reptilian software." He says that there are three kinds of people. The highest level of the Brotherhood are the "Red Dresses." These are "software people," elsewhere called "reptilian software," or "constructs of mind," without consciousness, without free will. Their human bodies are holographic veils.<ref name=Love78>''Love'', pp. 78&mdash;84, 148. Also see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006.</ref> A second group, the so-called "sheeple"&mdash;the vast majority of humanity&mdash;have what Icke calls "back seat consciousness." They are conscious, but they do whatever they are told and are the main source of energy for the Brotherhood. They include the "repeaters," the people in positions of influence who simply repeat what other people have told them. Doctors repeat what they are told in medical school and by drug companies, teachers repeat what they learned at teacher training college, and journalists are the greatest repeaters of all.<ref name=Love78/> The third group, by far the smallest, are those who see through the illusion; they are people like [[Neo (The Matrix)|Neo]] from the film, ''[[The Matrix]]''. They are usually dubbed dangerous or mad. The "Red Dress" genetic lines keep obsessively interbreeding to make sure their bloodlines are not weakened by the second or third levels of consciousness, because consciousness can rewrite the software.<ref name=Love78/> ==Reception== ===''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' and the Holocaust=== [[File:Antisemiticroths.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Jon Ronson cites this cartoon, "Rothschild" (1898) by [[Charles Lucien Léandre|Charles Léandre]], to argue that Jews have long been depicted as lizard-like creatures out to control the world.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&NR=1 ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews''], 2001; the cartoon is shown at 06:12 mins.</ref>]] Icke is highly critical of any ideology that serves to categorize and divide human beings, including racism, sexism, nationalism and religion. He is particularly critical of Judaism and Christianity. His criticism of the former, and his reliance on the ''Protocols'', his questioning of the Holocaust, and his claims about Jewish involvement in the "Global Elite," have attracted the attention of Jewish groups, who fear that his talk of lizards wanting to rule the world is a smokescreen for the kind of classic antisemitic claims about Jews that have long been made by the far-right. The argument is that Icke may be antisemitic in effect, if not in intent.<ref name=RonsonMarch17>Ronson, March 17, 2001.</ref> Journalist [[Louis Theroux]] cautions against accusing Icke of antisemitism, arguing that it might not only be unfair, but may also lend a patina of seriousness to Icke's ideas.<ref>Theroux 2001.</ref> Icke introduced the idea in ''The Robot's Rebellion'' that the Global Elite's plan for world domination was first laid out in the ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a hoax published in Russia in 1903, which supposedly presented a plan by the Jewish people to take over the world. ''The Protocols'' was written around 1897, probably under the direction of the Russian secret police in Paris, and purports to be transcripts of 24 addresses given to a group of Jewish elders.<ref name=USHMM>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007058 Protocols of the Elders of Zion], United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; also see the museum's [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007244 timeline].</ref> It was exposed as a hoax in 1920 by ''The Times'' of London, which showed it was a work of plagiarism derived from two sources: ''[[The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu]] (1864)'' by a French satirist, [[Maurice Joly]], which had nothing to do with Jews,<ref>Spargo 1921, pp. 20&ndash;40.</ref> and ''Biarritz'' (1868), an antisemitic novel by a German writer, [[Sir John Retcliffe|Hermann Goedsche]].<ref name=Barkun49/> Parts of it were serialized in a Russian newspaper in 1903, and it was published in English throughout the U.S. in 1920 by ''The Dearborn Independent'', [[Henry Ford]]'s weekly newspaper, becoming mixed up with conspiracy theories about anti-Christian Illuminati, international financiers, and the [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]]s, a powerful Jewish dynasty involved in banking. After it was exposed as a hoax, Michael Barkun writes that it disappeared from mainstream discourse until interest in it was renewed by the American far right in the 1950s.<ref name=Barkun49>Barkun 2003, pp. 48&ndash;50, 145&ndash;146.</ref> Icke's use of the ''Protocols'' in ''The Robots' Rebellion'' was greeted with dismay by the Green Party's executive, who argued that his book promoted fascist and antisemitic views. They had allowed Icke to address the party's annual conference in 1992, despite the controversy over his "son of God" interview, but in September 1994 they decided to deny him a platform.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/greens-bar-icke-1448269.html Greens bar Icke], ''The Independent'', September 12, 1994; Chaudhary, Vivek. "Greens see red at 'Son of God's anti-Semitism'," ''The Guardian'', September 12, 1994.</ref><!--ref Sara Parkin--> Icke wrote to ''The Guardian'' protesting their decision, denying the book was antisemitic, and arguing that racism, sexism and prejudice of any kind were both horrific and ridiculous, but in the same letter, he insisted that whoever wrote the ''Protocols'' "knew the game plan" for the 20th century.<ref>Icke, David. "Down but speaking out among the Greens," letters to the editor, ''The Guardian'', September 14, 1994.</ref> Barkun argues that Icke is trying to have it both ways&mdash;offended by the allegation of antisemitism, while "hinting at the dark activities of Jewish elites,"<ref>Barkun 2003, p. 144.</ref> but Icke strongly denies that his reptiles represent Jews in any way, calling the claim "[[Minced oath|frig]]gin' nonsense."<ref name=Ronson4>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", part 1], Channel 4 Television, ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009.</ref> "There is a tribe of people interbreeding," he told Jon Ronson in 2001, "which do not, ''do not'', relate to any earth race ... This is not a Jewish plot. This is not a plot on the world by Jewish people".<ref>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&feature=related David Icke "The Lizards and the Jews" 2 of 5], ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009. Discussion about antisemitism starts at 4:26 mins.</ref> During one of Icke's speaking tours to Canada in 1999, when there was debate about whether to allow him to speak at the [[University of Toronto]], law professor [[Ed Morgan (professor)| Ed Morgan]] wrote to [[Robert Prichard]], the university's president, arguing that Icke's views should have "no place in the Canadian marketplace of ideas." He described Icke's work as "precisely the type of vilifying material with which the Supreme Court was concerned in its decision regarding the Criminal Code of Canada ban. The publications praise classic antisemitic tracts, and are replete with references to a secret society carrying on a global conspiracy led by a manipulating Jewish clique."<ref name=Jabbari>Jabbari 1999.</ref> Icke explicitly blames such a clique for the first and second world wars, and the rise of Hitler, and indeed writes that Hitler's father was a Rothschild: <blockquote>I strongly believe that a small Jewish clique which has contempt for the mass of Jewish people worked with non-Jews to create the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]], and the [[World War II|Second World War]]. This Jewish/non-Jewish Elite used the First World War to secure the [[Balfour Declaration]] and the principle of the Jewish [[State of Israel]] in [[Palestine]] (for which, given the genetic history of most Jewish people, there is absolutely no justification on historical grounds or any other). They then dominated the [[Versailles Peace Conference]] and created the circumstances which made the Second World War inevitable. They financed Hitler to power in 1933 and made the funds available for his rearmament.<ref>''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', pp. 120&ndash;l21, cited in Offley 2000a; that Hitler's father was a Rothschild, see for example David Icke, [http://web.archive.org/web/20051018235751/http://www.davidicke.com/icke/articles/hitler.html Was Hitler a Rothschild?], DavidIcke.com.</ref></blockquote> In chapter seven of ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', Icke appears to flirt openly with [[Holocaust denial]]. Alick Bartholomew of Gateway, Icke's former New Age publisher in Bath, told journalist Mark Honigsbaum in 1995 that an early draft of ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'' contained material questioning the Holocaust, and that Icke was allegedly dropped because of it.<ref>Honigsbaum 1995.</ref> The September 2004 edition still contains material that is arguably revisionist. Sam Taylor writes in ''The Observer'' that, having read that chapter, he does not believe Icke is antisemitic, but argues that he is "tapping into a seriously paranoid, aggressive strain in U.S. society."<ref name=Taylor1997/> Icke insists that "[t]he way the Nazis treated many Jewish people is unspeakable," but while doing research for his book, he stumbled upon information that questioned the "the official holocaust [sic] line": "[T]here were the most terrible atrocities against Jewish people, as there were against others in Germany, the Soviet Union, and in Japanese-occupied countries. The whole war was a holocaust ... But I also concluded from the evidence I came across that the official line has a vast number of questions to answer and enormous tracts of documented information to explain before we can really know what happened ... Why is such information suppressed?"<ref>''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', pp. 118&ndash;119.</ref> Mark Honigsbaum writes that [[Combat 18]], the British neo-Nazi group, publicized a 1995 talk Icke gave at [[Glastonbury]] in its internal magazine, ''Putsch''. The talk was understood as antisemitic both by Combat 18 and by the Isle of Avalon Foundation, the New Age group that had promoted Icke's tour, which not only disowned him, but started handing out leaflets in protest at his presence.<ref name=Brown>Brown, Paul. "Ex-nutter Icke rails at New World Order mind benders," ''The Guardian'', May 19, 1995.</ref> Perhaps unfairly projecting its own views onto Icke, ''Putsch'' wrote that Icke had talked about "the big conspiracy by a group of bankers, media moguls etc.&mdash;always being clever enough not to mention what all these had in common."<ref>Honigsbaum 1995; Barkun 2003, p. 108.</ref> Icke dismisses Combat 18's attentions, writing that it is a front for the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) and the [[Mossad]]. The role of the ADL, he says, is to brand as antisemitic anyone who gets close to the truth. "What better way to discredit an investigator than to have a 'far Right' group like Combat 18 to praise them?" he asks.<ref name=Truth123>''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', pp. 123&ndash;124, cited in Offley 2000a.</ref> ===Protests in Canada=== Icke was detained by immigration officials when he tried to enter Canada in 1999, after Ontario's Hate Crime Unit had his name added to an all-ports watch list because of complaints from the Canadian Jewish Congress. The officers combed his luggage and reading material for evidence of antisemitic material. Jon Ronson writes: "Finally, after four hours of questioning, they concluded that when David Icke said lizards, lizards was what he meant."<ref name=RonsonMarch17/> While his lecture in a downtown Vancouver theatre attracted an audience of 1,200&mdash;attended, according to Icke, by the head of the Hate Crimes Unit himself&mdash;his books were removed from Indigo Books and Music stores, and several venues on his speaking tour were cancelled.<ref>''Children of the Matrix, p. 412; Kraft 1999.</ref> Human rights lawyer [[Richard Warman]], working at the time for the Canadian Green Party and later for the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]], took credit for much of this in an interview with Jon Ronson for the latter's documentary about the Canadian tour, ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews'' (2001), in which Ronson catalogues the cancelled radio interviews and book signings that Warman appears to have engineered.<ref>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h21eHZ9xok&NR=1 David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews 4/5], ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009. Warman appears at 0:21 and following.</ref> In response, Icke's ''Children of the Matrix'' (2001) reportedly accused Warman of being an Illuminati "gatekeeper," and of working to stop the exposure of child abuse, which triggered a lawsuit from Warman.<ref>Warman 2002.</ref> According to ''Maclean's'', Warman issued libel notices to Canadian public libraries that he would include them in his action if they did not remove ''Children of the Matrix'' from their shelves. The B.C. Libraries Association cited the notices on an Internet database of censorship attempts, which attracted another libel warning from Warman. To settle it, the Association agreed to remove quotes from Icke's book from its website.<ref>Gillis 2008.</ref> ===Place within the conspiracism genre=== [[File:Michael Barkun (academic).jpg|left|thumb|130px|[[Michael Barkun]] of Syracuse University writes that Icke is the most fluent of the conspiracy writers.<ref name=Barkun98ff/>]] There seem to be two views of Icke: that he is a regular conspiracy monger, or that his lizards may be some kind of [[Jonathan Swift|Swiftian]] [[allegory]], a narrative Icke has invented to question and confront what he sees as an emerging global fascist state. Michael Barkun of Syracuse sees him as a conspiracy theorist of the [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]] variety, though he argues that Icke is the most fluent of them.<ref name=Barkun98ff>Barkun 98ff.</ref> Barkun calls Icke's work "improvisational millennialism," with an end-of-history scenario involving a final battle between good and evil. Because everything is connected in the conspiracist world view, every source can be mined for links, and the greater the stigma attached to an idea, the more attractive it becomes, because the vehemence with which the mainstream rejects it becomes a measure of its validity. For Icke, therefore, the widespread ridiculing of the lizard theory is a guarantee that there's something to it, Barkun argues.<ref name=Barkun108>Barkun 108.</ref> According to Barkun, Icke has actively tried to cultivate the far right. In 1996, he spoke to a conference in [[Reno, Nevada]], alongside opponents of the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]]&mdash;which mandates background checks on people who buy guns in the U.S.&mdash;including Kirk Lyons, a white nationalist lawyer who has represented the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref name=Barkun106>Barkun 2003, p. 106.</ref> Barkun argues that the relationship between Icke, the militias, and the [[Christian Patriot]]s is complex because of the New Age baggage Icke brings with him, and he stresses that Icke is not actually a member of any of these groups, but it is nevertheless true that Icke has absorbed the world view of the radical right virtually intact. "There is no fuller explication of its beliefs about ruling elites than Icke's," he writes.<ref name=Barkun108/> Icke regards Christian patriots as the only Americans who understand the truth about the New World Order, but he also told a Christian patriot group: "I don't know which I dislike more, the world controlled by the Brotherhood, or the one you want to replace it with."<ref name=Barkun107>Barkun 107.</ref> [[File:Alex Jones thumbs up.jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]] argues that Icke's ideas about lizards undermine his work and that of others in the same field.<ref name=Jones/>]] Alex Jones, an American talk show host and one of the country's best-known conspiracy theorists, has had Icke on his show several times,<ref>[http://www.infowars.com/last-days-of-the-new-world-order-david-icke-on-alex-jones-tv/ Last Days of the New World Order: David Icke On Alex Jones TV], Infowars, October 13, 2009.</ref> though he says Icke is a conman, insane, or he's working for "them" directly. He told Jon Ronson: <blockquote>So what does David Icke do? He talks about the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, these Global Elitists, these power structures&mdash;all real, all true, all demonstrated by bills and executive orders and prime ministers, and premiers, and presidents. All real, meat and potatoes, something you can bite into. Something that is easily demonstrable. And then you've got David Icke and at the end of all this, he says, "By the way, they're blood-drinking lizards." Al Gore needs blood to drink, so does Prince Philip, I mean it's asinine. It's being picked up by people, and it discredits all the reality we're talking about, and that's the problem with David Icke. He's got a good line to a point, and then he discredits it all. It's like a turd in the punchbowl.<ref name=Jones>Alex Jones talking to Jon Ronson in [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&NR=1 ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews''], 2/5, begins 00:45 mins, 2001.</ref></blockquote> [[File:Richard Kahn (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|130px|[[Richard V. Kahn|Richard Kahn]] of the University of North Dakota sees Icke as a spiritual philosopher, his work possibly allegorical.<ref>Lewis and Kahn, p. 12.</ref>]] Richard Kahn and Tyson Lewis of the University of North Dakota see Icke more as a spiritual philosopher, arguing that it's not clear he believes in the reptilian ideas himself. They write that he has produced an extraordinary, all-inclusive narrative, a consolidation of all conspiracy theories into one massive project with unlimited explanatory power. There is an almost obsessive-compulsive element to his writing, they argue, whereby he ferrets out any minutiae he can find to support a narrative structure that allows him to pole vault from ancient Sumer to modern America in a way that "defies the laws of academic gravity."<ref>Lewis and Kahn, pp. 13&ndash;14.</ref> His work cuts across political, religious, cultural, and socio-economic divisions, uniting the political left and right&mdash;they write that his lectures might see neo-Nazis and Christian Patriots sitting next to 60-something UFO buffs and New Age earth goddesses&mdash;and as such he represents a truly global counter-culture and should not, they argue, be dismissed as fringe. He has lectured in 25 countries, his books have been translated into eight languages, his website gets 600,000 hits a week, and his lecture tours attract thousands. ''The Biggest Secret'' has gone through six reprintings since 1999, and ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster'' is a top-five seller in South Africa.<ref>For the details of his lecture tours, website numbers, countries lectured in, see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006. For the reprintings and South Africa reference, see Lewis and Kahn, pp. 3&ndash;5.</ref> They argue that the lizards may be allegorical, a Swiftian satire intended to demonstrate the emergence of a global fascist state. In ''Children of the Matrix'', Icke writes that, that if the reptilians did not exist, we would have to invent them. "In fact," he says, "we probably have. They are other levels of ourselves putting ourselves in our face." He argues, "We are the reptilians and the 'demons' and, at the same time, we are those they manipulate because we are all the same 'I'." <ref>''Children'', pp. 423&ndash;424 and Lewis and Kahn, p. 12.</ref> Kahn and Lewis make use of [[Douglas Kellner]]'s distinction in ''Media Spectacle'' (1995) between a reactionary clinical paranoia, a mindset dissociated from reality, and a positive, progressive, critical paranoia, which uses the culture of suspicion to question and confront power. They argue that Icke displays elements of both, writing that what they call his "postmodern metanarrative" may be politically empowering, a way of giving ordinary people a narrative structure with which to question what they see around them.<ref>Lewis and Kahn, p. 15.</ref> ==Works== {{refbegin|2}} ;Books * ''It's a Tough Game, Son!''. Piccolo Books, 1983. ISBN 0330280473 * ''It Doesn't Have To Be Like This: Green Politics Explained''. Green Print, 1989. ISBN 1854250337 * ''Truth Vibrations''. Gateway, 1991, 1994. ISBN 1858600065 * ''Love Changes Everything''. Harper Collins Publishers, 1992. ISBN 1855382474 * ''In the Light of Experience: The Autobiography of David Icke''. Time Warner Books, 1993. ISBN 0751506036 * ''Days of Decision''. Jon Carpenter Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1897766017 * ''The Robot's Rebellion''. Gateway, 1994. ISBN 1858600227 * ''Heal the World: A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation''. Gateway, 1994. ISBN 1858600057 * ''...And the Truth Shall Set You Free''. Bridge of Love Publications, 1995. ISBN 0953881059 * ''I Am Me, I Am Free: The Robot's Guide to Freedom''. Truth Seeker, 1996, 1998. ISBN 0952614758 * ''Lifting the Veil: David Icke interviewed by Jon Rappoport''. Truth Seeker, 1998. ISBN 0939040050 * ''The Biggest Secret: The Book That Will Change the World''. Bridge of Love Publications, 1999. ISBN 0952614766 * ''Children of the Matrix''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2001. ISBN 0953881016 * ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2002. ISBN 0953881024 * ''Tales from the Time Loop''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2003. ISBN 0953881040 * ''Infinite Love Is the Only Truth: Everything Else Is Illusion''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2005. ISBN 0953881067 * ''The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy (and how to end it)''. David Icke Books Ltd, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9538810-8-6 ;DVDs and videos * ''Speaking Out: Who Really Controls the World and What We Can Do About It'' * ''David Icke: Turning of the Tide'' (1996) * ''The Reptilian Agenda'' (1999) (DVD) * ''David Icke: Revelations of a Mother Goddess'' * ''David Icke: The Freedom Road'' (2003) * ''David Icke: Secrets of the Matrix'', Parts 1–3 (2003) (DVD) * ''David Icke, Live in Vancouver: From Prison to Paradise'' (2005) (DVD) * ''Freedom or Fascism: The Time to Choose'' (2006) (DVD) * ''David Icke: Big Brother, the Big Picture'', (2008) free Internet Video * ''Beyond The Cutting Edge'' (2008) (DVD) * ''David Icke Live at the Oxford Union Debating Society * ''Secret Space * ''Secret Space 2 {{refend}} ==See also== {{wikiquote}} *[[Erich von Däniken]] *[[Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa]] *[[Zecharia Sitchin]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== {{refbegin|2}} *[http://www.davidicke.com/ David Icke's website] *[[Michael Barkun|Barkun, Michael]] (2003). ''A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America'', University of California. ISBN 0-520-23805-2 *Cowley, Jason. "The Icke Files,' ''The Independent on Sunday'', October 1, 2000. *Channel 5 Television (2006). [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], December 12, 2006, ''YouTube'', accessed November 14, 2009. *Evans, Paul (2008). [http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2008/03/icke-world-conspiracy Interview: David Icke], ''New Statesman'', March 3, 2008. *Gillis, Charlie (2008). [http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20080409_48864_48864 "Righteous Crusader or Civil Rights Menace?"], ''Macleans'', April 9, 2008. *Greenslade, Nick (2004). [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1294841,00.html "The ten worst sportsmen in politics"], ''The Observer'', September 5, 2004. *Grossman, Wendy (1991). [http://www.social-ecology.org/1991/01/left-green-perspectives-24/ "Green Party Cofounder Icke Goes New Age"], ''Skeptical Inquirer'', January 1, 1991. *Honigsbaum, Mark (1995). [http://www2.ca.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/orgs/british/combat-18/press/evening-standard.052695 "The Dark Side of David Icke"], ''London Evening Standard'', May 26, 1995. *Icke, David (1983). ''It's a tough game, son!''. Piccolo Books. *Icke, David (1989). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fe6VBG3e0&feature=related Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?], Royal Institute of Great Britain, ''YouTube'', accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (1993). ''In the Light of Experience'', Warner Books. *Icke, David (1993). ''Days of Decision''. Jon Carpenter Publishing. *Icke, David (1995). ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free''. David Icke Books; the edition used in this article, September 2004. *Icke, David (1999). ''The Biggest Secret: The Book that Will Change the World''. David Icke Books. *Icke, David (2002). ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster'', Bridge of Love Publications. *Icke, David (2003). ''Tales from the Time Loop. David Icke Books. *Icke, David (2005). ''Infinite Love is the Only Truth''. Bridge of Love Publications. *Icke, David (2007). ''The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy''. David Icke Books. *Icke, David (undated). [http://www.newsforthesoul.com/icke-2.htm "Problem-reaction-solution"], ''News for the Soul'', accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (undated). [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=1 David Icke part 1], [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6 part 2], Davidicke.com, accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (undated). [http://web.archive.org/web/20051018235751/http://www.davidicke.com/icke/articles/hitler.html Was Hitler a Rothschild?], DavidIcke.com, accessed November 20, 2009. *Jabbari, Dorsa (1999). [http://web.archive.org/web/20060613220049/www.varsity.utoronto.ca/archives/120/oct12/news/anti.html "U of T provides accused anti-Semite with mike"], ''Varsity News'', October 12, 1999. *Kraft, Frances (1999). [http://web.archive.org/web/20070301204725/http://www.cjnews.com/pastIssues/99/oct7-99/front2.htm "New Age speaker set to talk in Toronto"], ''The Canadian Jewish News'', October 7, 1999. *Laming, Donald (2003). ''Understanding Human Motivation: What makes people tick''. Blackwell. ISBN 0631219838 *Lewis, Tyson and [[Richard V. Kahn|Kahn, Richard]] (2005). [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory "The Reptoid Hypothesis: Utopian and Dystopian Representational Motifs in David Icke's Alien Conspiracy Theory"], ''Utopian Studies'', Vol. 16. *Mitchell, Ben (2006). [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1691336,00.html "This much I know"], interview with David Icke, ''The Observer'', January 22, 2006. *Offley, Will (2000a). [http://www.publiceye.org/Icke/Ickequotes.htm "Selected Quotes Of David Icke"], ''PublicEye.org'', Political Research Associates, February 23, 2000, accessed November 15, 2009. *Offley, Will (2000b). [http://www.publiceye.org/Icke/IckeBackgrounder.htm "David Icke And The Politics Of Madness: Where The New Age Meets The Third Reich"], ''PublicEye.org'', Political Research Associates, February 29, 2000. *[[Jon Ronson|Ronson, Jon]] (2001a). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,457988,00.html "Beset by lizards, part 1"], [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,458001,00.html part 2], extracts from Ronson's book, ''Them: Adventures with Extremists'', ''The Guardian'', March 17, 2001. *Ronson, Jon (2001b). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews"], Channel 4 Television, ''YouTube'', accessed November 14, 2009. *[[John Spargo|Spargo, John]] (1921). ''The Jew and American Ideals''. Harper & Brothers. *[[Mark Steyn|Steyn, Mark]] (2008). [http://www.steynonline.com/content/view/924/128/ I am Warman, hear me roar!], ''Steynonline.com'', January 27, 2008. *Taylor, Sam (1997). "So I was in this bar with the son of God...," ''The Observer'', April 20, 1997. *[[Louis Theroux|Theroux, Louis]] (2001). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/politicsphilosophyandsociety/0,6121,469460,00.html "Stranger than fiction: Are 12ft lizards running the world?"], ''The Guardian'', April 7, 2001. *[[Richard Warman|Warman, Richard]] (2002). [http://www.cyberclass.net/million$claim.htm Statement of claim against David Icke], Court File No. 02-CV-237691 SR, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, October 17, 2002, accessed November 15, 2009. *Whitney, Nicole (undated). [http://www.newsforthesoul.com/icke-transcript-2004.htm "Interview with David Icke"], ''News for the Soul'', 2004, accessed November 15, 2009. *[[Terry Wogan|Wogan, Terry]] (1991). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nMq6gc1yMg&feature=related David Icke interviewed by Terry Wogan], 1991 and again in 2006, BBC, ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009. *United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007058 Protocols of the Elders of Zion], accessed November 15, 2009. {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|2}} *[http://www.davidicke.com/ DavidIcke.com], accessed November 20, 2009. *[http://flywithmeproductions.com/blog/ Pamela Leigh-Richards Icke], accessed November 20, 2009. *Banyan, Will. [http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/PDFs/Icke.pdf "The Big Picture" A review of ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster''] (pdf) ''Paranoia Magazine'' Online (book reviews), October 2003, accessed November 14, 2009. *Trimarco, James (2007). [http://www.strangehorizons.com/2007/20070402/trimarco-icke-a.shtml "David Icke, the Reptilian Infiltration, and the Limits of Science Fiction"]. ''Strange Horizons'', April 2, 2007, accessed November 14, 2009. *Shermer, Michael (2006). [http://www.skepdic.com/illuminati.html ''Illuminati, The New World Order & Paranoid Conspiracy Theorists (PCTs)''], ''The Skeptic's Dictionary'', accessed November 14, 2009. ;Audio/Video *[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, December 12, 2006. *[[Fern Britton|Britton, Fern]] (1991). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q9ncm2jotI&NR=1 Interview with David Icke, 1/3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzKBSMLuflk&feature=related 2/3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMuI2vpVm_4&feature=related 3/3], BBC's Coast to Coast People, ''YouTube'', November 15, 2009. *Icke, David. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sNE20DjhLw&feature=related Presenting snooker for the BBC], 1980s, ''YouTube'', accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (1989). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fe6VBG3e0&feature=related Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?], Royal Institute of Great Britain, Arena, BBC2, accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (2009). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jgebieGXPk Addressing the Oxford Union], ''YouTube'', accessed November 15, 2009. *[[Bill Maher|Maher, Bill]] (2008). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TidD_MnrfHI Interview with David Icke], ''[[Religulous]]'', accessed November 13, 2009. *Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews" 1/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&feature=related 2/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiCJAU0YFDY&feature=related 3/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h21eHZ9xok&feature=related 4/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1pC5KMJeGI&feature=fvw 5/5], Channel 4 Television, UK, ''YouTube'', accessed November 14, 2009. {{refend}} <br/> {{911ct|type=BLP|cat=yes}} {{good article}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME= Icke, David |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=British conspiracy theorist |DATE OF BIRTH=29 April 1952 |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Leicester]], England |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Icke, David}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British television presenters]] [[Category:British sports broadcasters]] [[Category:Conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:UFO conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:British writers]] [[Category:Coventry City F.C. players]] [[Category:English footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Hereford United F.C. players]] [[Category:The Football League players]] [[Category:English occult writers]] [[Category:People from Ryde]] [[Category:People from Leicester]] [[Category:Independent politicians in England]] [[Category:English writers]] [[Category:English political writers]] [[Category:Environmental skepticism]] [[Category:Psychedelic drug advocates]] [[Category:Religious skeptics]] [[Category:Anti-globalist activists]] [[bg:Дейвид Айк]] [[de:David Icke]] [[et:David Icke]] [[es:David Icke]] [[eo:David Icke]] [[fr:David Icke]] [[hr:David Icke]] [[it:David Icke]] [[nl:David Icke]] [[ja:デイビッド・アイク]] [[no:David Icke]] [[pl:David Icke]] [[pt:David Icke]] [[ro:David Icke]] [[ru:Айк, Дэвид]] [[sr:Дејвид Ајк]] [[fi:David Icke]] [[sv:David Icke]] [[uk:Девід Айк]] [[vo:David Icke]]'
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'{{nobots}} {{Infobox Person |name = David Icke |image = David Icke by Stef (cropped).jpg |image_size = 220px |caption = In 2008 |birth_name = David Vaughan Icke |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|4|29}} |birth_place = [[Leicester]], England |death_date = |death_place = |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |residence = [[Ryde]], [[Isle of Wight]] |nationality = British |ethnicity = |citizenship = |other_names = |known_for = Football, television sports, books on global politics |education = |alma_mater = |employer = |occupation = Writer and speaker |years_active = Since 1990 |home_town = |title = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = Formerly the [[Green Party (UK)|Green Party]] |opponents = |boards = |spouse = Linda Atherton, Pamela Leigh Richards |partner = |children = Kerry (1975), Gareth (1981), Rebecca (1991), Jaymie (1992) |parents = Beric Vaughan Icke<br>Barbara J. Icke (née Cooke) |relations = Trevor and Paul (brothers) |callsign = |signature = |website = [http://davidicke.com davidicke.com] |footnotes = |box_width = 300px }} '''David Vaughan Icke''' ({{pronEng|aɪk}}; born April 29, 1952) is an English writer and public speaker who since 1990 has devoted himself to researching what he calls "who and what is really controlling the world." Describing himself as the most controversial speaker and author in the world, he has written 16 books explaining his views, dubbed [[New Age|New-Age]] conspiracism, and has attracted a substantial following across the political spectrum.<ref>For the quote about "who and what is really controlling the world," see [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=1 David Icke, part 1], [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6 part 2], Davidicke.com. For the description of him as the most controversial speaker in the world, and his views being known as New Age conspiracism, see Barkun 2003, p. 98ff, and p. 103.</ref> Icke was a well-known BBC television sports presenter and spokesman for the Green Party, when he had an encounter in 1990 with a psychic who told him he was a healer placed on Earth for a purpose. In April 1991 he announced on the BBC's [[Terry Wogan]] show that he was the son of God, and predicted that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes. The show changed his life, turning him practically overnight from a respected household name into an object of ridicule.<ref>For his encounter with the psychic, see Barkun 2003, p. 103. For Icke on Wogan, see Jon Ronson's [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUVeWKO583U ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews, 1/5], begins 5:50 mins. For the show having changed his life, see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006.</ref> He continued nevertheless to develop his ideas, and in four books published over seven years&mdash;''The Robots' Rebellion'' (1994), ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'' (1995), ''The Biggest Secret'' (1999), and ''Children of the Matrix'' (2001)&mdash;set out a moral and political worldview that combines New-Age spiritualism with a passionate denunciation of what he sees as totalitarian trends in the modern world. At the heart of his theories lies the idea that a secret group of [[reptilians|reptilian humanoids]] called the Babylonian Brotherhood controls humanity, and that many prominent figures are reptilian, including [[George W. Bush]], [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Kris Kristofferson]], and [[Boxcar Willie]].<ref>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/17/features.weekend Beset by lizards], ''The Guardian'', March 17, 200O1; Offley 2000a; Honigsbaum 1995.</ref> Icke has been criticized for arguing that the reptilians were the original authors of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''&mdash;a 1903 Russian forgery purporting to be a plan by the Jewish people to achieve world domination&mdash;a claim that has attracted the attention of the far right and the suspicion of Jewish groups. Icke strongly denies there is anything antisemitic about this. He was allowed to enter Canada in 1999 only after persuading immigration officials that when he said lizards, he meant lizards, but his books were still removed from the shelves of Indigo Books, a Canadian chain, after protests from the Canadian Jewish Congress. Icke's problems in Canada became the focus in 2001 of a documentary by British journalist [[Jon Ronson]], ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews''.<ref> *For Icke denying his views are antisemitic, see Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&feature=related "David Icke, The Lizards and the Jews," 2/5], ''YouTube''. Discussion about antisemitism starts at 4:26 mins; also see Barkun pp. 104ff. *For the protests from the Canadian Jewish Congress and Indigo Books, see [http://web.archive.org/web/20070301204725/http://www.cjnews.com/pastIssues/99/oct7-99/front2.htm Kraft 1999]. *For the Ronson documentary as a whole, see Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", part 1], Channel 4 Television, ''YouTube''. *For more information, see Ronson, Jon (2001). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,457988,00.html "Beset by lizards" part 1], [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,458001,00.html part 2], extracts from Ronson's book, ''Them: Adventures with Extremists'', ''The Guardian'', March 17, 2001; and Gillis 2008, p. 5.</ref> ==Personal life and career== he did not go to school so he turned out as he did who cares hes insane ===Journalism=== [[File:David Icke, top right, with the BBC Breakfast Time team, 1983.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Icke, top right, with the BBC's first [[Breakfast Time]] team. The show first aired on January 17, 1983, with Icke presenting the sports news until 1985. Clockwise from top left: [[Francis Wilson (meteorologist)|Francis Wilson]], Debbie Rix, David Icke, [[Nick Ross]], [[Selina Scott]], [[Frank Bough]].]] Icke found a job in 1973 as a reporter with the weekly ''Leicester Advertiser'', through a contact who was a sports editor at the ''Daily Mail'', though he writes that he got the job because he was the only applicant.<ref>''Light'', pp. 75-78.</ref> He advanced quickly through local radio to television, and became a regional sports presenter for the BBC's ''[[South Today]]'' in 1982, around the time his first son was born, and the year he moved to Ryde on the Isle of Wight, somewhere he had always wanted to live. He appeared on the first edition of British television's first national breakfast show, ''[[Breakfast Time|Breakfast Time]]'', on January 17, 1983, presenting the sports news for them until 1985.<ref>[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/126909?view=credit&page=2 David Icke filmography], British Film Institute, accessed November 14, 2009.</ref> He published his first book in 1983, ''It's a tough game, son!'' about football and how to break into it. He worked for [[BBC Sport]] until August 1990, often as a stand-in host on ''[[Grandstand (BBC)|Grandstand]]'' and snooker programmes, and also at the 1988 Summer Olympics, but a career in television began to lose its appeal for him&mdash;he wrote in ''Tales from the Time Loop'' that he found the people working in television to be insincere, shallow, and vicious, with rare exceptions.<ref>''Tales from the Time Loop'' p. 4.</ref> His contract with the BBC was terminated in 1990 when he refused to pay his [[Community Charge|poll tax]], a new local tax introduced by Margaret Thatcher that was controversial because the same payment was required by everyone, regardless of income. He ended up paying it in November 1990, but his initial announcement that he was willing to go to jail rather than pay prompted the BBC, by charter an impartial public-service broadcaster, to distance itself from him.<ref>"Protester David Icke finally pays community charge," ''The Guardian'', November 14, 1990.</ref> ===Green Party=== At some point during the 1980s, he began to flirt with fringe medicine and New Age philosophies in an effort to find relief from his arthritis.<ref name=Grossman/> He wrote his second book in 1989, ''It Doesn't Have To Be Like This'', an outline of his views on the environment, and became involved with the Green Party from 1988 to 1991, rising to the position of one of their four national Speakers, a position the party had created in lieu of a leader. He soon became the party's most alluring speaker, ''The Observer'' calling him "the Greens' Tony Blair." He became a household name, appearing on talk shows and in debates.<ref>Taylor 1997.</ref> He was invited in 1989 to debate whether animals should have rights at the Royal Institute of Great Britain, alongside [[Tom Regan]], [[Mary Warnock]], and [[Germaine Greer]],<ref>Icke, David (1989). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fe6VBG3e0&feature=related Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?], Royal Institute of Great Britain. Icke speaks alongside [[Tom Regan]], [[Richard Ryder]], [[Andrew Linzey]], [[Mary Warnock]], [[Steven Rose]] and [[Germaine Greer]], ''YouTube''.</ref> and in September 1990, his name appeared on advertisements in national newspapers for the children's charity, Children's Vigils, alongside a cast of American and British celebrities, including [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[Woody Allen]], [[Cher]], and [[Whoopi Goldberg]].<ref>''Weekend Guardian'', Saturday-Sunday, September 22-23, 1990.</ref> ===Sessions with a psychic healer=== Icke writes that it was when he was working for the Green Party, and particularly while he was writing the book in 1989, that he began to feel a presence around him, as though there was always someone else in the room, even when he was alone. He writes in ''Days of Decision'' (1993) that it was a time of considerable personal despair for him, though he gives no details.<ref>''Days of Decision'', p. 19.</ref> In March 1990, he had an experience in a newsagent's that felt as though a magnetic force was pulling his feet to the ground, and he heard a voice tell him to look at a particular section of books. One of the books was by [[Betty Shine]], a psychic healer, or [[Mediumship|channeller]], in Brighton.<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,870731,00.html "The 10 worst decisions in the history of sport], ''The Guardian'', January 12, 2003.</ref> He decided to visit her to ask for help with his arthritis. She told him she had a message for him. He was a healer who had been sent to heal the Earth, she said, and would become world famous, but would face enormous opposition. The spirit world was going to pass on ideas to him, which he would then speak to others about, sometimes not understanding the words himself. He was told he would write five books in three years; that in 20 years there will be a different kind of flying machine, where we can go wherever we want and time will have no meaning; and that there will be great earthquakes in unusual places, because the inner earth is being destabilized by having oil taken from the [[seabed]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=1 David Icke, part 1], [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6 part 2], Davidicke.com.</ref> [[File:Sillustani (1).jpg|left|thumb|200px|It was near this pre-Inca burial site in [[Sillustani]], Peru, that Icke said he had a pivotal mystic experience in February 1991.]] In February 1991, Icke decided to travel to Peru, where he visited the pre-[[Inca]] [[Sillustani]] burial ground near [[Puno]]. He writes that he felt drawn to a large mound of earth, at the top of which lay a circle of waist-high stones. As he stood in the circle, he felt his feet pulled to the earth as if by a magnet, just as he had experienced in the newsagent's in Ryde, and an urge to outstrech his arms. His feet started to vibrate and burn, his head felt as though a drill was passing through it, and he felt two thoughts enter his mind: first, that people will be talking about this in 100 years, and then, "it will be over when you feel the rain." He said his body started shaking as though plugged into an electrical socket and new ideas began to pour into him. Time became meaningless, he writes, and he has no idea how long he stood there, arms outstretched. Then it started raining, and the experience ended as suddenly as it had begun. He described it later as the "[[kundalini]]"&mdash;a term from Indian yoga describing a libidinal force that lies coiled at the base of the spine&mdash;exploding up through his spine, activating his brain and his [[chakra]]s, or energy centres, triggering a higher level of consciousness.<ref>''Tales from the Time Loop'', pp. 12&ndash;13, 16; and Barkun 2003, p. 103.</ref> He returned to England and began to write a book about the experience, ''Truth Vibrations'', published in May that year. At a Green Party conference in Wolverhampton on March 20, 1991, before the book appeared, he resigned as one of the party's four prospective parliamentary candidates and Speakers&mdash;a position the party had adopted instead of leader&mdash;telling them he was about to be at the centre of "tremendous and increasing controversy," and winning a standing ovation from them after the announcement.<ref>Kennedy, Maev. "Icke resigns Green Speaker and parliamentary roles," ''The Guardian'', March 20, 1991.</ref> ===Turquoise period=== What followed became what Icke calls his "turquoise period." He began to wear only turquoise because, he explained, it is a conduit of positive energy. He had met Deborah Shaw, an English psychic living in Calgary, Alberta, in August 1990, and after he returned from Peru, he struck up a relationship with her, which became close and led to the birth of a daughter, Rebecca, in December 2001. At one point, Shaw moved in with him and his wife. Shaw had changed her name to Mari Shawsun, while Icke's wife became known as Michaela, an aspect of the Archangel Michael, and they became known in the press as the "turquoise triangle," though Icke insisted at the time that he and Shaw were just friends. He answered reporters' questions about the relationship with, "if you resonate on this higher level then you see not two ladies, but two bodies with energy patterns." <ref name=Taylor1997>Taylor 1997.</ref> In March 1991, a week after resigning from the Green Party, he, his wife, and Deborah/Mari held a press conference to announce that he had become a "channel for the Christ spirit," a title conferred on him by "the Godhead." He said the world would end in 1997, preceded by a number of disasters. There would be a severe hurricane around the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans, eruptions in Cuba, disruption in China, a hurricane in [[Derry]], and an earthquake on the [[Isle of Arran]]. Los Angeles would become an island, New Zealand would disappear, and the cliffs of Kent would be under water by Christmas 1991. He said the information was being given to the three of them by voices and [[automatic writing]].<ref>Ezard, John. "'Son and daughter of God' predict apocalypse is nigh," ''The Guardian'', March 28, 1991.</ref><ref name=Grossman>Grossman 1991.</ref> In ''In the Light of Experience'' (1993), Icke wrote that, at the time he gave the press conference, he didn't feel in control. He heard his voice predicting the end of the world, and was appalled by what he was saying. "I was speaking the words," he wrote, "but all the time I could hear the voice of the brakes in the background saying, 'David, what the hell are you saying? This is absolute nonsense'." His predictions were splashed all over the next day's front pages, to his great dismay.<ref>''Light'', p. 193.</ref> ===Terry Wogan interview=== [[File:David Icke on Wogan 1991.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Icke, wearing a turquoise shellsuit, is greeted by [[Terry Wogan]] for an interview on April 29, 1991, during which Icke declared that he was the son of God. He said his children were devastated afterwards, because their dad had become a figure of ridicule.<ref name=Ronson1/>]] The headlines attracted an invitation from the BBC's prime-time [[Terry Wogan]] talk show on April 29, 1991. Icke told Wogan, amid howls of laughter from the studio audience, that he was "the son of God," and that Britain would be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes.<ref name=Wogan>[[Terry Wogan|Wogan, Terry]]. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nMq6gc1yMg&feature=related David Icke interviewed by Terry Wogan], 1991 and 2006, BBC.</ref> He later said that he had been misinterpreted, and that he had used the term "the son of God" to mean an "aspect" of the Infinite consciousness.<ref>Icke, David. ''Tales From The Time Loop'', 2003.</ref> The interview proved devastating for him. As the audience laughed, Wogan memorably pointed out that they were laughing ''at'' him, not with him, and his humiliation seemed complete. He disappeared from public life, and for several years was unable to walk down the street without people pointing at and mocking him. His children were followed to school by journalists and ridiculed by schoolmates, and his wife would open the back door to get the washing in, only to find a camera crew filming her. Icke told Jon Ronson: <blockquote>One of my very greatest fears as a child was being ridiculed in public. And there it was coming true. As a television presenter, I'd been respected. People come up to you in the street and shake your hand and talk to you in a respectful way. And suddenly, overnight, this was transformed into "Icke's a nutter." I couldn't walk down any street in Britain without being laughed at. It was a nightmare. My children were devastated because their dad was a figure of ridicule.<ref name=Ronson1>Ronson 2001a.</ref></blockquote> The BBC was criticized for allowing the interview to go ahead, Des Christy in ''The Guardian'' calling it a "media crucifixion."<ref>Christy, Des. "Crucifixion, courtesy of the BBC," ''The Guardian'', May 6, 1991.</ref> Wogan interviewed Icke again in 2006, acknowledging that his comments had been a bit sharp,<ref name=Wogan/> but Icke said the situation had been the making of him in the end, that the laughter had set him free. He wrote that every bridge back to his past was ablaze, giving him the courage to develop his ideas without caring what anyone thought of him.<ref>''Tales from the Time Loop'', pp. 14, 17. Also see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006.</ref><!--He stood for parliament in the July 2008 [[Haltemprice and Howden by-election, 2008|Haltemprice and Howden by-election]], aligned to no party, after initially announcing he would stand as "Big Brother—The Big Picture". He came 12th in the polling with 110 votes and lost his deposit. He explained that he stood because, "if we don't face this now we are going to have some serious explaining to do when we are asked by our children and grandchildren what we were doing when the global fascist state was installed. 'I was watching ''[[EastEnders]]'', dear,' will not be good enough."<ref>[http://www.votewise.co.uk/index.php?pg=show&c=1076&eid=MP0003-0&this=1076 David Icke stood for the None (No Party)], ''votewise.co.uk'', accessed August 24, 2009.</ref>--> ==Key ideas== {{see|Law of Attraction|Panpsychism}} Icke's core ideas are put forward in four books, each around 500 pages long: ''The Robots' Rebellion'' (1994), ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'' (1995), ''The Biggest Secret: The Book that Will Change the World'' (1999), and ''Children of the Matrix'' (2001). Much of his work is published by his Bridge of Love Publications or David Icke Books. Philosophical discussion about the nature of consciousness is intermingled with unsourced allegations against named individuals, including that certain senior politicians are Satanic paedophiles, and that the Swine flu vaccinations are a deliberate attempt to cull the world's population. He argues that human beings are the result of a breeding program conducted by a race of reptilians called Anunnaki from the planet Draco, and that what we call reality is nothing but a "five-sense illusion," or holographic experience. The only reality is the realm of the Absolute. He believes in a collective consciousness that has [[intentionality]], in [[reincarnation]], in other [[Modal realism|possible worlds]] that exist alongside ours on other frequencies, and in [[acquired characteristics]], arguing that our experiences change our [[DNA]] by downloading new information and overwriting the software. We are also able to [[Law of Attraction|attract experiences]] to ourselves, via good or bad thoughts. ===Global Elite=== {{see|New World Order (conspiracy theory)|Illuminati}} Icke's basic argument is that humanity was created, and is controlled, by a network of secret societies run by a race of interbreeding bloodlines originating in the Middle and Near East in the ancient world. Icke calls them the "Babylonian Brotherhood." The [[Illuminati]], [[Round Table]], [[Council on Foreign Relations]], [[Chatham House]], the [[Trilateral Commission]], the [[Bilderberg Group]], the [[IMF]], [[United Nations]], the media, military, science, religion, and the Internet are all Brotherhood created and controlled.<ref>''Children'', p. 339; [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory Lewis and Kahn 2005], p. 11.</ref> The Brotherhood is mostly male. Their children are raised from an early age to understand the mission; those who don't are pushed aside. Key Brotherhood bloodlines are the British [[House of Windsor]], the [[Rothschild]]s, the [[Rockefeller]]s, European royalty and aristocracy, and the Eastern establishment families of the United States. The origin of the bloodlines is extra-terrestrial. At the apex of the Brotherhood stands the "Global Elite," the same group identified throughout history as the "Illuminati"; at the top of the Global Elite stand the "Prison Wardens." The goal of the Brotherhood&mdash;their "Great Work of Ages," or the "Brotherhood Agenda"&mdash;is world domination and a micro-chipped population.<ref>Barkun, p. 104, ''Secret'', pp. 1&ndash;2; ''Truth'', p. 8; ''Children'', p. 368.</ref> Icke introduced the idea in ''The Robot's Rebellion'' that the Global Elite's plan for world domination was first laid out in the ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a hoax published in Russia in 1903, which supposedly presented a plan by the Jewish people to take over the world. The ''Protocols'' is the most influential piece of antisemitic material of modern times, portraying the Jewish people as cackling villains from a Saturday matinee, as Ronson puts it, widely drawn on by the far right and neo-Nazi groups.<ref>Barkun, pp. 49&ndash;50; Ronson, March 17, 2001.</ref> Mark Honigsbaum writes that Icke refers to it 25 times in the book, calling it the "Illuminati protocols," and it is the first of a number of examples of Icke moving dangerously close to antisemitism, according to Michael Barkun&mdash;see [[#Antisemitism controversy|below]] for a discussion of the antisemitism controversy.<ref>Honigsbaum 1995; Barkun, p. 104.</ref> ===Reptilians and shape-shifting=== {{see|Ancient astronauts|Anunnaki|Enûma Eliš|Reptilians|shapeshifting|Thuban}} [[File:Draco Hevelius.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Draco (constellation)|Draco constellation]] from ''Uranographia'' by Johannes Hevelius, 1690]] In ''The Biggest Secret'' (1999), Icke introduced the idea of the "Reptoid Hypothesis." He identifies the Brotherhood as originating from reptilians from the constellation [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]], who walk on two legs and appear human, and who live in tunnels and caverns inside the earth. They are the same race of gods known as the [[Anunnaki]] in the Babylonian creation myth, ''[[Enûma Eliš]]''.<ref>''Secret'', pp. 19–25.</ref> Lewis and Kahn write that Icke has taken his "ancient astronaut" narrative from the Israeli-American writer, [[Zecharia Sitchin]]. Icke's idea of "inner-earth reptilians" is also not new, though Barkun writes that Icke has done more than most to expand it.<ref>Barkun 2003.</ref> Sitchin writes that the reptilians came to Earth for its precious metals. Icke argues that the Anunnaki came specifically for "monoatomic gold," a mineral he says can increase the carrying capacity of the nervous system ten thousand fold. After ingesting it, the Anunnaki are able to process vast amounts of information, speed up trans-dimensional travel, and shapeshift from reptilian to human form. They use human fear, guilt, and aggression as energy in a similar way, part of the reason they organize human conflict.<ref>''Secret'', pp. 30-38; Icke, David. [http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/esp_ciencia_oro14.htm Mono-Atomic Gold], Bibliotecapleyades.net; [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory Lewis and Kahn 2005], pp. 8&ndash;9.</ref> The more negative emotion we emit, the more the reptilians absorb: <blockquote>Thus we have the encouragement of wars, human genocide, the mass slaughter of animals, sexual perversions which create highly charged negative energy, and black magic ritual and sacrifice which takes place on a scale that will stagger those who have not studied the subject.<ref>''Secret'', p. 40.</ref></blockquote> The Anunnaki have crossbred with human beings, the breeding lines carefully chosen for political reasons. He believes they are the [[Watcher (angel)|Watchers]], the fallen angels, or "Grigori," who mated with human women in the [[Biblical apocrypha]]. Their first reptilian-human hybrid, possibly [[Adam]], was created 200,000&ndash;300,000 years ago. There was a second breeding program around 30,000 years ago, and a third 7,000 years ago. It is the half-bloods of the third breeding program who today control the world, more Anunnaki than human. They have an extremely powerful, hypnotic stare, the origin of the phrase to "give someone the evil eye," and their hybrid DNA allows them to shapeshift when they consume human blood.<ref>''Secret'', pp. 40-45.</ref> In ''Children of the Matrix'', he expanded his description of those in charge, adding that the Anunnaki also bred with another extraterrestrial race called the "Nordics," on account of their blond hair and blue eyes, to produce a race of human slave masters, the Aryans. The Aryans retain many reptilian traits, including cold-blooded attitudes, a desire for top-down control, and an obsession with ritual, lending them a tendency toward fascistic militarism, rationalism, and racism.<ref>''Children'', pp. 19, 251; [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory Lewis and Kahn 2005], p. 9.</ref> Lewis and Kahn write that the Nordic hypothesis means Icke is mirroring standard claims by the far right that the Aryan bloodline has ruled the Earth throughout history; for Icke, Sumerian Kings and Egyptian pharoahs have all been Aryan reptilian humanoids, as have 43 American presidents and the Queen Mother, who he writes was "seriously reptilian." All have taken part in Satanic rituals, paedophilia, kidnapping of children, drug parties and murder, needed to satisfy their reptilian blood lust, which allows them to retain their temporary human form.<ref>Lewis and Kahn, p. 10; ''Children'', p. 79.</ref> ===Dimensions=== The reptilians not only come from another planet, but are also from another dimension, the lower level of the fourth dimension, the one nearest the physical world. Icke writes that the universe consists of an infinite number of frequencies or dimensions of life that share the same space, just as television and radio frequencies do. Some people can tune their consciousness to other wavelengths, which is what psychic power consists of, and it is from one of these other dimensions that the Anunnaki are controlling this world by possessing certain bloodlines&mdash;though just as fourth-dimensional reptilians control us, they are controlled, in turn, by a fifth dimension.<ref name=Biggest26>''The Biggest Secret'', pp. 26&ndash;27.</ref> The lower level of the fourth dimension is what others call the "lower astral dimension." Icke argues that it is where demons live, the entities [[Satanism|Satanists]] summon during their rituals. They are, in fact, summoning the reptilians.<ref name=Biggest26/> Barkun argues that the introduction of different dimensions allows Icke to skip awkward questions about which part of the universe the reptilians come from and how they got here.<ref name=Barkun106/> ===Problem-reaction-solution=== In ''Tales From The Time Loop'' (2003), Icke argues that most organized religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, are Illuminati creations designed to divide and conquer the human race through endless conflicts, as are racial, ethnic, and sexual divisions. He cites the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], the [[Oklahoma City bombing]], and [[9/11]] as examples of events organized by the Global Elite.<ref>''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster'', 2002.</ref> The incidents allow the Elite to respond in whatever way they intended to act in the first place, a concept Icke calls "order out of chaos," or "problem-reaction-solution". There are few, if any, public events that are not engineered, or at least used, by the Brotherhood in their bid to sow division and centralize power. He suggested that the 1996 [[Dunblane massacre]], for example, was organized by the Elite to strengthen gun laws.<ref name=Taylor1997/> <blockquote>You want to introduce something you know the people won't like. This may be more power to the police, a further erosion of basic freedoms, even a war. You know that if you offer these policies openly the people will react against them. So you first create a PROBLEM, a rising crime rate, more violence, a terrorist bomb, a government collapse, or you get one of your Illuminati puppets like Saddam Hussein to go to war.<p> You make sure someone else is blamed for this problem and not you, the real people behind it all. So you create a "patsy," as they call them in America, a Timothy McVeigh or a Lee Harvey Oswald. You then use your media to tell people what they should think about your manufactured event and who they should blame for it. This brings us to stage two, the REACTION from the people&mdash;"This can't go on; what are THEY going to do about it?"<p> This allows THEM to then openly offer the SOLUTION to the problems they have created&mdash;new legislation which advances their agenda of centralisation of global power or the erosion of more basic freedoms.<ref name=IckeNov152009>Icke, David. [http://www.newsforthesoul.com/icke-2.htm "Problem-reaction-solution"], ''News for the Soul'', accessed November 15, 2009.</ref> </blockquote> ===Red Dresses=== [[File:Red Dress Programmes by Neil Hague.jpg|right|thumb|170px|An image by Neil Hague from Icke's ''Infinite Love is the Only Truth'' (2005)]] In ''Infinite Love is the Only Truth'' (2005), Icke introduces the idea of "reptilian software." He says that there are three kinds of people. The highest level of the Brotherhood are the "Red Dresses." These are "software people," elsewhere called "reptilian software," or "constructs of mind," without consciousness, without free will. Their human bodies are holographic veils.<ref name=Love78>''Love'', pp. 78&mdash;84, 148. Also see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006.</ref> A second group, the so-called "sheeple"&mdash;the vast majority of humanity&mdash;have what Icke calls "back seat consciousness." They are conscious, but they do whatever they are told and are the main source of energy for the Brotherhood. They include the "repeaters," the people in positions of influence who simply repeat what other people have told them. Doctors repeat what they are told in medical school and by drug companies, teachers repeat what they learned at teacher training college, and journalists are the greatest repeaters of all.<ref name=Love78/> The third group, by far the smallest, are those who see through the illusion; they are people like [[Neo (The Matrix)|Neo]] from the film, ''[[The Matrix]]''. They are usually dubbed dangerous or mad. The "Red Dress" genetic lines keep obsessively interbreeding to make sure their bloodlines are not weakened by the second or third levels of consciousness, because consciousness can rewrite the software.<ref name=Love78/> ==Reception== ===''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' and the Holocaust=== [[File:Antisemiticroths.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Jon Ronson cites this cartoon, "Rothschild" (1898) by [[Charles Lucien Léandre|Charles Léandre]], to argue that Jews have long been depicted as lizard-like creatures out to control the world.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&NR=1 ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews''], 2001; the cartoon is shown at 06:12 mins.</ref>]] Icke is highly critical of any ideology that serves to categorize and divide human beings, including racism, sexism, nationalism and religion. He is particularly critical of Judaism and Christianity. His criticism of the former, and his reliance on the ''Protocols'', his questioning of the Holocaust, and his claims about Jewish involvement in the "Global Elite," have attracted the attention of Jewish groups, who fear that his talk of lizards wanting to rule the world is a smokescreen for the kind of classic antisemitic claims about Jews that have long been made by the far-right. The argument is that Icke may be antisemitic in effect, if not in intent.<ref name=RonsonMarch17>Ronson, March 17, 2001.</ref> Journalist [[Louis Theroux]] cautions against accusing Icke of antisemitism, arguing that it might not only be unfair, but may also lend a patina of seriousness to Icke's ideas.<ref>Theroux 2001.</ref> Icke introduced the idea in ''The Robot's Rebellion'' that the Global Elite's plan for world domination was first laid out in the ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a hoax published in Russia in 1903, which supposedly presented a plan by the Jewish people to take over the world. ''The Protocols'' was written around 1897, probably under the direction of the Russian secret police in Paris, and purports to be transcripts of 24 addresses given to a group of Jewish elders.<ref name=USHMM>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007058 Protocols of the Elders of Zion], United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; also see the museum's [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007244 timeline].</ref> It was exposed as a hoax in 1920 by ''The Times'' of London, which showed it was a work of plagiarism derived from two sources: ''[[The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu]] (1864)'' by a French satirist, [[Maurice Joly]], which had nothing to do with Jews,<ref>Spargo 1921, pp. 20&ndash;40.</ref> and ''Biarritz'' (1868), an antisemitic novel by a German writer, [[Sir John Retcliffe|Hermann Goedsche]].<ref name=Barkun49/> Parts of it were serialized in a Russian newspaper in 1903, and it was published in English throughout the U.S. in 1920 by ''The Dearborn Independent'', [[Henry Ford]]'s weekly newspaper, becoming mixed up with conspiracy theories about anti-Christian Illuminati, international financiers, and the [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]]s, a powerful Jewish dynasty involved in banking. After it was exposed as a hoax, Michael Barkun writes that it disappeared from mainstream discourse until interest in it was renewed by the American far right in the 1950s.<ref name=Barkun49>Barkun 2003, pp. 48&ndash;50, 145&ndash;146.</ref> Icke's use of the ''Protocols'' in ''The Robots' Rebellion'' was greeted with dismay by the Green Party's executive, who argued that his book promoted fascist and antisemitic views. They had allowed Icke to address the party's annual conference in 1992, despite the controversy over his "son of God" interview, but in September 1994 they decided to deny him a platform.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/greens-bar-icke-1448269.html Greens bar Icke], ''The Independent'', September 12, 1994; Chaudhary, Vivek. "Greens see red at 'Son of God's anti-Semitism'," ''The Guardian'', September 12, 1994.</ref><!--ref Sara Parkin--> Icke wrote to ''The Guardian'' protesting their decision, denying the book was antisemitic, and arguing that racism, sexism and prejudice of any kind were both horrific and ridiculous, but in the same letter, he insisted that whoever wrote the ''Protocols'' "knew the game plan" for the 20th century.<ref>Icke, David. "Down but speaking out among the Greens," letters to the editor, ''The Guardian'', September 14, 1994.</ref> Barkun argues that Icke is trying to have it both ways&mdash;offended by the allegation of antisemitism, while "hinting at the dark activities of Jewish elites,"<ref>Barkun 2003, p. 144.</ref> but Icke strongly denies that his reptiles represent Jews in any way, calling the claim "[[Minced oath|frig]]gin' nonsense."<ref name=Ronson4>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", part 1], Channel 4 Television, ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009.</ref> "There is a tribe of people interbreeding," he told Jon Ronson in 2001, "which do not, ''do not'', relate to any earth race ... This is not a Jewish plot. This is not a plot on the world by Jewish people".<ref>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&feature=related David Icke "The Lizards and the Jews" 2 of 5], ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009. Discussion about antisemitism starts at 4:26 mins.</ref> During one of Icke's speaking tours to Canada in 1999, when there was debate about whether to allow him to speak at the [[University of Toronto]], law professor [[Ed Morgan (professor)| Ed Morgan]] wrote to [[Robert Prichard]], the university's president, arguing that Icke's views should have "no place in the Canadian marketplace of ideas." He described Icke's work as "precisely the type of vilifying material with which the Supreme Court was concerned in its decision regarding the Criminal Code of Canada ban. The publications praise classic antisemitic tracts, and are replete with references to a secret society carrying on a global conspiracy led by a manipulating Jewish clique."<ref name=Jabbari>Jabbari 1999.</ref> Icke explicitly blames such a clique for the first and second world wars, and the rise of Hitler, and indeed writes that Hitler's father was a Rothschild: <blockquote>I strongly believe that a small Jewish clique which has contempt for the mass of Jewish people worked with non-Jews to create the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]], and the [[World War II|Second World War]]. This Jewish/non-Jewish Elite used the First World War to secure the [[Balfour Declaration]] and the principle of the Jewish [[State of Israel]] in [[Palestine]] (for which, given the genetic history of most Jewish people, there is absolutely no justification on historical grounds or any other). They then dominated the [[Versailles Peace Conference]] and created the circumstances which made the Second World War inevitable. They financed Hitler to power in 1933 and made the funds available for his rearmament.<ref>''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', pp. 120&ndash;l21, cited in Offley 2000a; that Hitler's father was a Rothschild, see for example David Icke, [http://web.archive.org/web/20051018235751/http://www.davidicke.com/icke/articles/hitler.html Was Hitler a Rothschild?], DavidIcke.com.</ref></blockquote> In chapter seven of ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', Icke appears to flirt openly with [[Holocaust denial]]. Alick Bartholomew of Gateway, Icke's former New Age publisher in Bath, told journalist Mark Honigsbaum in 1995 that an early draft of ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'' contained material questioning the Holocaust, and that Icke was allegedly dropped because of it.<ref>Honigsbaum 1995.</ref> The September 2004 edition still contains material that is arguably revisionist. Sam Taylor writes in ''The Observer'' that, having read that chapter, he does not believe Icke is antisemitic, but argues that he is "tapping into a seriously paranoid, aggressive strain in U.S. society."<ref name=Taylor1997/> Icke insists that "[t]he way the Nazis treated many Jewish people is unspeakable," but while doing research for his book, he stumbled upon information that questioned the "the official holocaust [sic] line": "[T]here were the most terrible atrocities against Jewish people, as there were against others in Germany, the Soviet Union, and in Japanese-occupied countries. The whole war was a holocaust ... But I also concluded from the evidence I came across that the official line has a vast number of questions to answer and enormous tracts of documented information to explain before we can really know what happened ... Why is such information suppressed?"<ref>''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', pp. 118&ndash;119.</ref> Mark Honigsbaum writes that [[Combat 18]], the British neo-Nazi group, publicized a 1995 talk Icke gave at [[Glastonbury]] in its internal magazine, ''Putsch''. The talk was understood as antisemitic both by Combat 18 and by the Isle of Avalon Foundation, the New Age group that had promoted Icke's tour, which not only disowned him, but started handing out leaflets in protest at his presence.<ref name=Brown>Brown, Paul. "Ex-nutter Icke rails at New World Order mind benders," ''The Guardian'', May 19, 1995.</ref> Perhaps unfairly projecting its own views onto Icke, ''Putsch'' wrote that Icke had talked about "the big conspiracy by a group of bankers, media moguls etc.&mdash;always being clever enough not to mention what all these had in common."<ref>Honigsbaum 1995; Barkun 2003, p. 108.</ref> Icke dismisses Combat 18's attentions, writing that it is a front for the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) and the [[Mossad]]. The role of the ADL, he says, is to brand as antisemitic anyone who gets close to the truth. "What better way to discredit an investigator than to have a 'far Right' group like Combat 18 to praise them?" he asks.<ref name=Truth123>''And the Truth Shall Set You Free'', pp. 123&ndash;124, cited in Offley 2000a.</ref> ===Protests in Canada=== Icke was detained by immigration officials when he tried to enter Canada in 1999, after Ontario's Hate Crime Unit had his name added to an all-ports watch list because of complaints from the Canadian Jewish Congress. The officers combed his luggage and reading material for evidence of antisemitic material. Jon Ronson writes: "Finally, after four hours of questioning, they concluded that when David Icke said lizards, lizards was what he meant."<ref name=RonsonMarch17/> While his lecture in a downtown Vancouver theatre attracted an audience of 1,200&mdash;attended, according to Icke, by the head of the Hate Crimes Unit himself&mdash;his books were removed from Indigo Books and Music stores, and several venues on his speaking tour were cancelled.<ref>''Children of the Matrix, p. 412; Kraft 1999.</ref> Human rights lawyer [[Richard Warman]], working at the time for the Canadian Green Party and later for the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]], took credit for much of this in an interview with Jon Ronson for the latter's documentary about the Canadian tour, ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews'' (2001), in which Ronson catalogues the cancelled radio interviews and book signings that Warman appears to have engineered.<ref>Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h21eHZ9xok&NR=1 David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews 4/5], ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009. Warman appears at 0:21 and following.</ref> In response, Icke's ''Children of the Matrix'' (2001) reportedly accused Warman of being an Illuminati "gatekeeper," and of working to stop the exposure of child abuse, which triggered a lawsuit from Warman.<ref>Warman 2002.</ref> According to ''Maclean's'', Warman issued libel notices to Canadian public libraries that he would include them in his action if they did not remove ''Children of the Matrix'' from their shelves. The B.C. Libraries Association cited the notices on an Internet database of censorship attempts, which attracted another libel warning from Warman. To settle it, the Association agreed to remove quotes from Icke's book from its website.<ref>Gillis 2008.</ref> ===Place within the conspiracism genre=== [[File:Michael Barkun (academic).jpg|left|thumb|130px|[[Michael Barkun]] of Syracuse University writes that Icke is the most fluent of the conspiracy writers.<ref name=Barkun98ff/>]] There seem to be two views of Icke: that he is a regular conspiracy monger, or that his lizards may be some kind of [[Jonathan Swift|Swiftian]] [[allegory]], a narrative Icke has invented to question and confront what he sees as an emerging global fascist state. Michael Barkun of Syracuse sees him as a conspiracy theorist of the [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]] variety, though he argues that Icke is the most fluent of them.<ref name=Barkun98ff>Barkun 98ff.</ref> Barkun calls Icke's work "improvisational millennialism," with an end-of-history scenario involving a final battle between good and evil. Because everything is connected in the conspiracist world view, every source can be mined for links, and the greater the stigma attached to an idea, the more attractive it becomes, because the vehemence with which the mainstream rejects it becomes a measure of its validity. For Icke, therefore, the widespread ridiculing of the lizard theory is a guarantee that there's something to it, Barkun argues.<ref name=Barkun108>Barkun 108.</ref> According to Barkun, Icke has actively tried to cultivate the far right. In 1996, he spoke to a conference in [[Reno, Nevada]], alongside opponents of the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]]&mdash;which mandates background checks on people who buy guns in the U.S.&mdash;including Kirk Lyons, a white nationalist lawyer who has represented the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref name=Barkun106>Barkun 2003, p. 106.</ref> Barkun argues that the relationship between Icke, the militias, and the [[Christian Patriot]]s is complex because of the New Age baggage Icke brings with him, and he stresses that Icke is not actually a member of any of these groups, but it is nevertheless true that Icke has absorbed the world view of the radical right virtually intact. "There is no fuller explication of its beliefs about ruling elites than Icke's," he writes.<ref name=Barkun108/> Icke regards Christian patriots as the only Americans who understand the truth about the New World Order, but he also told a Christian patriot group: "I don't know which I dislike more, the world controlled by the Brotherhood, or the one you want to replace it with."<ref name=Barkun107>Barkun 107.</ref> [[File:Alex Jones thumbs up.jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]] argues that Icke's ideas about lizards undermine his work and that of others in the same field.<ref name=Jones/>]] Alex Jones, an American talk show host and one of the country's best-known conspiracy theorists, has had Icke on his show several times,<ref>[http://www.infowars.com/last-days-of-the-new-world-order-david-icke-on-alex-jones-tv/ Last Days of the New World Order: David Icke On Alex Jones TV], Infowars, October 13, 2009.</ref> though he says Icke is a conman, insane, or he's working for "them" directly. He told Jon Ronson: <blockquote>So what does David Icke do? He talks about the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, these Global Elitists, these power structures&mdash;all real, all true, all demonstrated by bills and executive orders and prime ministers, and premiers, and presidents. All real, meat and potatoes, something you can bite into. Something that is easily demonstrable. And then you've got David Icke and at the end of all this, he says, "By the way, they're blood-drinking lizards." Al Gore needs blood to drink, so does Prince Philip, I mean it's asinine. It's being picked up by people, and it discredits all the reality we're talking about, and that's the problem with David Icke. He's got a good line to a point, and then he discredits it all. It's like a turd in the punchbowl.<ref name=Jones>Alex Jones talking to Jon Ronson in [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&NR=1 ''David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews''], 2/5, begins 00:45 mins, 2001.</ref></blockquote> [[File:Richard Kahn (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|130px|[[Richard V. Kahn|Richard Kahn]] of the University of North Dakota sees Icke as a spiritual philosopher, his work possibly allegorical.<ref>Lewis and Kahn, p. 12.</ref>]] Richard Kahn and Tyson Lewis of the University of North Dakota see Icke more as a spiritual philosopher, arguing that it's not clear he believes in the reptilian ideas himself. They write that he has produced an extraordinary, all-inclusive narrative, a consolidation of all conspiracy theories into one massive project with unlimited explanatory power. There is an almost obsessive-compulsive element to his writing, they argue, whereby he ferrets out any minutiae he can find to support a narrative structure that allows him to pole vault from ancient Sumer to modern America in a way that "defies the laws of academic gravity."<ref>Lewis and Kahn, pp. 13&ndash;14.</ref> His work cuts across political, religious, cultural, and socio-economic divisions, uniting the political left and right&mdash;they write that his lectures might see neo-Nazis and Christian Patriots sitting next to 60-something UFO buffs and New Age earth goddesses&mdash;and as such he represents a truly global counter-culture and should not, they argue, be dismissed as fringe. He has lectured in 25 countries, his books have been translated into eight languages, his website gets 600,000 hits a week, and his lecture tours attract thousands. ''The Biggest Secret'' has gone through six reprintings since 1999, and ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster'' is a top-five seller in South Africa.<ref>For the details of his lecture tours, website numbers, countries lectured in, see [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, ''YouTube'', December 12, 2006. For the reprintings and South Africa reference, see Lewis and Kahn, pp. 3&ndash;5.</ref> They argue that the lizards may be allegorical, a Swiftian satire intended to demonstrate the emergence of a global fascist state. In ''Children of the Matrix'', Icke writes that, that if the reptilians did not exist, we would have to invent them. "In fact," he says, "we probably have. They are other levels of ourselves putting ourselves in our face." He argues, "We are the reptilians and the 'demons' and, at the same time, we are those they manipulate because we are all the same 'I'." <ref>''Children'', pp. 423&ndash;424 and Lewis and Kahn, p. 12.</ref> Kahn and Lewis make use of [[Douglas Kellner]]'s distinction in ''Media Spectacle'' (1995) between a reactionary clinical paranoia, a mindset dissociated from reality, and a positive, progressive, critical paranoia, which uses the culture of suspicion to question and confront power. They argue that Icke displays elements of both, writing that what they call his "postmodern metanarrative" may be politically empowering, a way of giving ordinary people a narrative structure with which to question what they see around them.<ref>Lewis and Kahn, p. 15.</ref> ==Works== {{refbegin|2}} ;Books * ''It's a Tough Game, Son!''. Piccolo Books, 1983. ISBN 0330280473 * ''It Doesn't Have To Be Like This: Green Politics Explained''. Green Print, 1989. ISBN 1854250337 * ''Truth Vibrations''. Gateway, 1991, 1994. ISBN 1858600065 * ''Love Changes Everything''. Harper Collins Publishers, 1992. ISBN 1855382474 * ''In the Light of Experience: The Autobiography of David Icke''. Time Warner Books, 1993. ISBN 0751506036 * ''Days of Decision''. Jon Carpenter Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1897766017 * ''The Robot's Rebellion''. Gateway, 1994. ISBN 1858600227 * ''Heal the World: A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation''. Gateway, 1994. ISBN 1858600057 * ''...And the Truth Shall Set You Free''. Bridge of Love Publications, 1995. ISBN 0953881059 * ''I Am Me, I Am Free: The Robot's Guide to Freedom''. Truth Seeker, 1996, 1998. ISBN 0952614758 * ''Lifting the Veil: David Icke interviewed by Jon Rappoport''. Truth Seeker, 1998. ISBN 0939040050 * ''The Biggest Secret: The Book That Will Change the World''. Bridge of Love Publications, 1999. ISBN 0952614766 * ''Children of the Matrix''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2001. ISBN 0953881016 * ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2002. ISBN 0953881024 * ''Tales from the Time Loop''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2003. ISBN 0953881040 * ''Infinite Love Is the Only Truth: Everything Else Is Illusion''. Bridge of Love Publications, 2005. ISBN 0953881067 * ''The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy (and how to end it)''. David Icke Books Ltd, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9538810-8-6 ;DVDs and videos * ''Speaking Out: Who Really Controls the World and What We Can Do About It'' * ''David Icke: Turning of the Tide'' (1996) * ''The Reptilian Agenda'' (1999) (DVD) * ''David Icke: Revelations of a Mother Goddess'' * ''David Icke: The Freedom Road'' (2003) * ''David Icke: Secrets of the Matrix'', Parts 1–3 (2003) (DVD) * ''David Icke, Live in Vancouver: From Prison to Paradise'' (2005) (DVD) * ''Freedom or Fascism: The Time to Choose'' (2006) (DVD) * ''David Icke: Big Brother, the Big Picture'', (2008) free Internet Video * ''Beyond The Cutting Edge'' (2008) (DVD) * ''David Icke Live at the Oxford Union Debating Society * ''Secret Space * ''Secret Space 2 {{refend}} ==See also== {{wikiquote}} *[[Erich von Däniken]] *[[Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa]] *[[Zecharia Sitchin]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== {{refbegin|2}} *[http://www.davidicke.com/ David Icke's website] *[[Michael Barkun|Barkun, Michael]] (2003). ''A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America'', University of California. ISBN 0-520-23805-2 *Cowley, Jason. "The Icke Files,' ''The Independent on Sunday'', October 1, 2000. *Channel 5 Television (2006). [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], December 12, 2006, ''YouTube'', accessed November 14, 2009. *Evans, Paul (2008). [http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2008/03/icke-world-conspiracy Interview: David Icke], ''New Statesman'', March 3, 2008. *Gillis, Charlie (2008). [http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20080409_48864_48864 "Righteous Crusader or Civil Rights Menace?"], ''Macleans'', April 9, 2008. *Greenslade, Nick (2004). [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1294841,00.html "The ten worst sportsmen in politics"], ''The Observer'', September 5, 2004. *Grossman, Wendy (1991). [http://www.social-ecology.org/1991/01/left-green-perspectives-24/ "Green Party Cofounder Icke Goes New Age"], ''Skeptical Inquirer'', January 1, 1991. *Honigsbaum, Mark (1995). [http://www2.ca.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/orgs/british/combat-18/press/evening-standard.052695 "The Dark Side of David Icke"], ''London Evening Standard'', May 26, 1995. *Icke, David (1983). ''It's a tough game, son!''. Piccolo Books. *Icke, David (1989). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fe6VBG3e0&feature=related Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?], Royal Institute of Great Britain, ''YouTube'', accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (1993). ''In the Light of Experience'', Warner Books. *Icke, David (1993). ''Days of Decision''. Jon Carpenter Publishing. *Icke, David (1995). ''And the Truth Shall Set You Free''. David Icke Books; the edition used in this article, September 2004. *Icke, David (1999). ''The Biggest Secret: The Book that Will Change the World''. David Icke Books. *Icke, David (2002). ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster'', Bridge of Love Publications. *Icke, David (2003). ''Tales from the Time Loop. David Icke Books. *Icke, David (2005). ''Infinite Love is the Only Truth''. Bridge of Love Publications. *Icke, David (2007). ''The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy''. David Icke Books. *Icke, David (undated). [http://www.newsforthesoul.com/icke-2.htm "Problem-reaction-solution"], ''News for the Soul'', accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (undated). [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=1 David Icke part 1], [http://www.davidickebooks.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6 part 2], Davidicke.com, accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (undated). [http://web.archive.org/web/20051018235751/http://www.davidicke.com/icke/articles/hitler.html Was Hitler a Rothschild?], DavidIcke.com, accessed November 20, 2009. *Jabbari, Dorsa (1999). [http://web.archive.org/web/20060613220049/www.varsity.utoronto.ca/archives/120/oct12/news/anti.html "U of T provides accused anti-Semite with mike"], ''Varsity News'', October 12, 1999. *Kraft, Frances (1999). [http://web.archive.org/web/20070301204725/http://www.cjnews.com/pastIssues/99/oct7-99/front2.htm "New Age speaker set to talk in Toronto"], ''The Canadian Jewish News'', October 7, 1999. *Laming, Donald (2003). ''Understanding Human Motivation: What makes people tick''. Blackwell. ISBN 0631219838 *Lewis, Tyson and [[Richard V. Kahn|Kahn, Richard]] (2005). [http://und.academia.edu/RichardKahn/Papers/76451/The-Reptoid-Hypothesis--Utopian-and-Dystopian-Representational-Motifs-in-David-Icke%E2%80%99s--Alien-Conspiracy-Theory "The Reptoid Hypothesis: Utopian and Dystopian Representational Motifs in David Icke's Alien Conspiracy Theory"], ''Utopian Studies'', Vol. 16. *Mitchell, Ben (2006). [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1691336,00.html "This much I know"], interview with David Icke, ''The Observer'', January 22, 2006. *Offley, Will (2000a). [http://www.publiceye.org/Icke/Ickequotes.htm "Selected Quotes Of David Icke"], ''PublicEye.org'', Political Research Associates, February 23, 2000, accessed November 15, 2009. *Offley, Will (2000b). [http://www.publiceye.org/Icke/IckeBackgrounder.htm "David Icke And The Politics Of Madness: Where The New Age Meets The Third Reich"], ''PublicEye.org'', Political Research Associates, February 29, 2000. *[[Jon Ronson|Ronson, Jon]] (2001a). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,457988,00.html "Beset by lizards, part 1"], [http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,458001,00.html part 2], extracts from Ronson's book, ''Them: Adventures with Extremists'', ''The Guardian'', March 17, 2001. *Ronson, Jon (2001b). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews"], Channel 4 Television, ''YouTube'', accessed November 14, 2009. *[[John Spargo|Spargo, John]] (1921). ''The Jew and American Ideals''. Harper & Brothers. *[[Mark Steyn|Steyn, Mark]] (2008). [http://www.steynonline.com/content/view/924/128/ I am Warman, hear me roar!], ''Steynonline.com'', January 27, 2008. *Taylor, Sam (1997). "So I was in this bar with the son of God...," ''The Observer'', April 20, 1997. *[[Louis Theroux|Theroux, Louis]] (2001). [http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/politicsphilosophyandsociety/0,6121,469460,00.html "Stranger than fiction: Are 12ft lizards running the world?"], ''The Guardian'', April 7, 2001. *[[Richard Warman|Warman, Richard]] (2002). [http://www.cyberclass.net/million$claim.htm Statement of claim against David Icke], Court File No. 02-CV-237691 SR, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, October 17, 2002, accessed November 15, 2009. *Whitney, Nicole (undated). [http://www.newsforthesoul.com/icke-transcript-2004.htm "Interview with David Icke"], ''News for the Soul'', 2004, accessed November 15, 2009. *[[Terry Wogan|Wogan, Terry]] (1991). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nMq6gc1yMg&feature=related David Icke interviewed by Terry Wogan], 1991 and again in 2006, BBC, ''YouTube'', accessed November 13, 2009. *United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007058 Protocols of the Elders of Zion], accessed November 15, 2009. {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|2}} *[http://www.davidicke.com/ DavidIcke.com], accessed November 20, 2009. *[http://flywithmeproductions.com/blog/ Pamela Leigh-Richards Icke], accessed November 20, 2009. *Banyan, Will. [http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/PDFs/Icke.pdf "The Big Picture" A review of ''Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster''] (pdf) ''Paranoia Magazine'' Online (book reviews), October 2003, accessed November 14, 2009. *Trimarco, James (2007). [http://www.strangehorizons.com/2007/20070402/trimarco-icke-a.shtml "David Icke, the Reptilian Infiltration, and the Limits of Science Fiction"]. ''Strange Horizons'', April 2, 2007, accessed November 14, 2009. *Shermer, Michael (2006). [http://www.skepdic.com/illuminati.html ''Illuminati, The New World Order & Paranoid Conspiracy Theorists (PCTs)''], ''The Skeptic's Dictionary'', accessed November 14, 2009. ;Audio/Video *[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=6860946590182985661# David Icke: Was He Right?], Channel Five, UK, December 12, 2006. *[[Fern Britton|Britton, Fern]] (1991). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q9ncm2jotI&NR=1 Interview with David Icke, 1/3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzKBSMLuflk&feature=related 2/3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMuI2vpVm_4&feature=related 3/3], BBC's Coast to Coast People, ''YouTube'', November 15, 2009. *Icke, David. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sNE20DjhLw&feature=related Presenting snooker for the BBC], 1980s, ''YouTube'', accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (1989). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fe6VBG3e0&feature=related Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?], Royal Institute of Great Britain, Arena, BBC2, accessed November 15, 2009. *Icke, David (2009). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jgebieGXPk Addressing the Oxford Union], ''YouTube'', accessed November 15, 2009. *[[Bill Maher|Maher, Bill]] (2008). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TidD_MnrfHI Interview with David Icke], ''[[Religulous]]'', accessed November 13, 2009. *Ronson, Jon. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTqeff-JzXg "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews" 1/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVaOt_KYu8&feature=related 2/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiCJAU0YFDY&feature=related 3/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h21eHZ9xok&feature=related 4/5], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1pC5KMJeGI&feature=fvw 5/5], Channel 4 Television, UK, ''YouTube'', accessed November 14, 2009. {{refend}} <br/> {{911ct|type=BLP|cat=yes}} {{good article}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME= Icke, David |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=British conspiracy theorist |DATE OF BIRTH=29 April 1952 |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Leicester]], England |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Icke, David}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British television presenters]] [[Category:British sports broadcasters]] [[Category:Conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:UFO conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:British writers]] [[Category:Coventry City F.C. players]] [[Category:English footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Hereford United F.C. players]] [[Category:The Football League players]] [[Category:English occult writers]] [[Category:People from Ryde]] [[Category:People from Leicester]] [[Category:Independent politicians in England]] [[Category:English writers]] [[Category:English political writers]] [[Category:Environmental skepticism]] [[Category:Psychedelic drug advocates]] [[Category:Religious skeptics]] [[Category:Anti-globalist activists]] [[bg:Дейвид Айк]] [[de:David Icke]] [[et:David Icke]] [[es:David Icke]] [[eo:David Icke]] [[fr:David Icke]] [[hr:David Icke]] [[it:David Icke]] [[nl:David Icke]] [[ja:デイビッド・アイク]] [[no:David Icke]] [[pl:David Icke]] [[pt:David Icke]] [[ro:David Icke]] [[ru:Айк, Дэвид]] [[sr:Дејвид Ајк]] [[fi:David Icke]] [[sv:David Icke]] [[uk:Девід Айк]] [[vo:David Icke]]'
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