Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529}}
{{Redirect|Sri Krishna Deva Raya|the 1970 film|Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Krishnadevaraya
|title = Maharaja-dhirāja<br /> Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana<br />Andhra Bhoja<br />Dakshinasamudradhiswara<br />Mooru Rayara Ganda<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p.118</ref><br />Abhinava-Bhoja{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}}(lit: the New [[bhoja]])<br />
Sakala-Kala-Bhoja ("Bhoja of all the arts").{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}}<br />
|image = Vijayanagara.jpg
|caption = A bronze statue of Emperor Krishnadevaraya
|reign = 26 July 1509 – 17 October 1529 <ref name="Srinivasan1979">{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=C. R.|title=Kanchipuram Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEcAAAAMAAJ|access-date=25 July 2014|year=1979|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|page=200}}</ref>
|predecessor =[[Viranarasimha Raya]]
|successor =[[Achyuta Deva Raya]]
|queen = [[Tirumala Devi]]<br />[[Channa Devi|Chinna Devi]]
|spouse =
|issue =
*Tirumalumba (from Tirumala Devi, born in 1502)
*Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi, born in 1503)
*Ramachandra (from Tirumala Devi, born in 1509 but died in 1510)
*Tirumala Raya (from chinna devi, Crowned in 1524 at the age of 6 years, but died on 1525)
| father = [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]
| mother = [[Nagamba]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1471|2|16|df=y}} |death_date= {{death_date and age|1529|10|17|1471|2|16|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Hampi]]}}
[[File: Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1513 AD) at the Krishna temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|upright|Kannada inscription, dated 1513 CE, of Krishnadevaraya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of [[Odisha]].]]
{{Vijayanagara empire}}
'''Krishna Devaraya''' ({{IAST3|Kṛṣṇadevarāya}}) was the Indian emperor of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1509 to 1529. He was the third ruler of the [[Tuluva Dynasty]] and is considered to be its greatest ruler.<ref>https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/krishnadevaraya-kingly-diplomat-patron-arts-military-0010286</ref> He possessed the largest empire in India after the decline of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name=k302>Keay, John, India: A History, New York: Harper Collins, 2000, p.302</ref> Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles ''Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana'' (''lit'', "Lord of the Kannada empire"), ''Andhra Bhoja'' (''lit'', "Andhra [[Bhoja]](Scholar) King") and ''Mooru Rayara Ganda'' (''lit'', "King of Three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of [[Bijapur]], Golconda, the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]], and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India.<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p.118</ref> Indeed, when the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] was taking stock of the potentates of north India, Krishnadevaraya was rated the most powerful and had the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.<ref name=k302/>
[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] travellers [[Domingo Paes]] and [[Fernao Nuniz]] visited the [[Vijayanagara]] Empire during his reign. Travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On occasion, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into a victory.The South Indian poet Muku Timmana praised him as the destroyer of the [[Turkics]].<ref name="Vijayanagara Voices p.124">Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature William Joseph Jackson: p.124</ref> Krishnadevaraya benefited from having an able prime minister [[Timmarusu]], who was regarded by the emperor as a father figure and responsible for his coronation. Timmarusu was regarded as an intelligent advisor who guided Krishnadevaraya to success.
==Early life==
Krishnadevaraya's father belongs to [[Tulu language|Tulu]]/Halegannada-speaking [[bunt|Yadav]] community<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yogeeshwarappa | first=B.N |title= The study of Nayakatana in the Vijayanagara empire with special reference to Tuluva Dynasty |pages=28}}</ref>
Krishnadevaraya's father [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]], an army commander under [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], who later took control of the empire to prevent the disintegration of the empire, the [[Tuluva]] Dynasty to rule [[Vijayanagara]]. He was married to [[Srirangapatna]]'s princess [[Tirumala Devi]] and [[Coorg]] princess Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalumba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince [[Aliya Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince [[Tirumala Deva Raya]].{{cn|date=February 2021}}
==Military career==
His main enemies were the [[Bahamani Sultanate|Bahamani Sultans]] (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]], who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09uAAAAMAAJ&q=gajapathi+krishnadevaraya|title=A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|last=H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy, R. Ramakrishnan|publisher=S. Chand|year=1977|page=188}}</ref>
===Success in Deccan===
The annual affair of the raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Sultan Mahmud]] who was severely injured and defeated.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Vijayanagar Empire|last=P. Sree Rama Sarma|publisher=Prabhakar Publications|year=1992|page=135|quote="The invaders were checked at Diwani (Unidentified). In a hotly contested battle fought at Diwani the Sultan himself was thrown off his horse. He sustained serious injuries."}}</ref> Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the [[Raichur Doab]] was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagar and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ&q=yavana|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts)|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer|year=1993|page=53}}</ref> The Sultan of Golconda [[Sultan Quli Qutb Shah]] was defeated by Timmarusu, who was the prime minister of Sri Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|last=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1993|page=87|quote="Timmarasu himself took command, defeated the Golconda army and captured its commander Madurl Mulk"}}</ref>
===War with Kalinga===
The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land consisting of [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra region]], [[Odisha]]. Krishna Deva Raya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into coastal Andhra region which was under the control of the Gajapati [[Prataparudra Deva|Raja Prataparudra Deva]]. The Vijayanagar army laid siege to the [[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri]] fort in 1512.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Orissa|last=N. K. Sahu, P. K. Mishra, Jagna Kumar Sahu|publisher=Nalanola|year=1981|page=234|quote="Krishnadevaraya started his expedition against Udayagiri early in A. D. 1512."}}</ref> The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|year=2011|page=48|quote="Starving the defenders into surrender seemed to be the only way open to the Raya."}}</ref> Krishna Deva Raya offered prayers at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]] thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|year=2010|page=48|quote="A relieved Raya left for the capital and on the way visited the temple of Tirupati and gave numerous gifts to the Lord in gratefulness for the victory at Udaygiri."}}</ref> The Gajapati army was then met at [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]], where the armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NZ9VmTYloC&q=konda+krishnadevaraya+siege|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|year=2010|page=47|quote="The Raya's soldiers had to virtually blast their way through huge boulders to go anywhere near the foot of the fort wall . . . The Gajapati did such a fine job of defending the fort that the siege dragged on for fourteen months . "}}</ref> Then, [[Timmarusu]], upon discovering a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort, launched a night attack that culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Gajapati Emperor [[Prataparudra Deva]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s8XAAAAIAAJ&q=virabhadra|title=The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History|last=Achintya Kumar Deb|publisher=Kalyani Devi|year=1984|page=27|quote="Pratapurdradeva could not protect it [Kondaveedu Fort] and he surrendered several military and civil officers, including Virabhadra, son of Prataparudredeva were taken captives by the king of Vijayanagar."}}</ref> Saluva [[Timmarusu]] then took over as governor of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Krishnadevaraya planned for an invasion of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], but the Gajapati Emperor, Prataparudra, was made privy to this plan. Prataparudra formulated his own plan to defeat Krishandevaraya and the Vijayanagara Empire. The confrontation was to happen at the fort of [[Kalinganagar]]. But the wily Timmarusu secured the information about Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter, who was previously in the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to [[Cuttack]], the capital of the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series|last=Andhra Pradesh (India). Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=1962|page=15|quote="Krishnadevaraya went as far as Cuttack"}}</ref> Prataparudra eventually surrendered to Vijayanagara Empire, and he gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Sri Krishnadevaraya but their relationship ended after 2 months and Jaganmohini returned to Kalinga to her parents and married another man.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AqAAAAYAAJ&q=jaganmohini+gajapathi|title=The Position of Women During Vijayanagara Period, 1336–1646|last=N. Saraswathi Nanaiah|publisher=Southern Printers|year=1992|page=135|quote="When Krishnadeva Raya won against Gajapathi, he gave a lot of dowry to Krishnadeva Raya and gave his}}</ref> But Krishandevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire captured to the north of the [[Krishna River]]; this made the Krishna river boundary between the Vijayanagar and the Gajapati Kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQbtAAAAMAAJ&q=krishna+river+|title=Agrarian Economy in Andhra under Vijayanagar|last=K. Jayasree|publisher=Navrang|year=1991|isbn=9788170130840|page=21|quote="Krishnadevaraya returned all the territory north of the river Krishna to Prataparudra Gajapati."}}</ref>
Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], who set up the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Dominion of India]] in [[Goa]] in 1510.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|last=Bowman|first=John|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780231500043|page=272|quote="Krishnadevaraya pursues friendly relations with Europeans, granting Portuguese trading rights in exchange for access to trade goods."}}</ref> The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Magill's Guide to Military History|last=Powell|first=Salem|publisher=Salem Press|year=2001|isbn=9780893560140|page=[https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609 1609]|quote="the importation and use of Arabian war horses and guns [by the Vijayanagara Empire]."|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|last=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|publisher=Government of Karnataka|year=2010|page=267|quote="The rulers of Vijayanagara and Bahmanis mainly depended on Portuguese and Arabs for the import of quality horses for military operations."}}</ref> He also utilized Portuguese expertise in improving water supply to Vijayanagara City.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=embankment|title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture|last=I. M. Muthanna|year=1962|page=38|quote="He [Krishnadevaraya] erected a huge embankement near Hosept with the assistance of the Portuguese engineers."}}</ref>
===Final conflict and death ===
{{see also|Battle of Raichur}}
[[File: Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1524 AD) at Ananthasayana temple in Ananthasayanagudi.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Kannada inscription, dated 1524, of Krishnadeva Raya at the Ananthasayana temple in Ananthasayanagudi near Hampi. The temple was built in memory of his deceased son]]
The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one of these campaigns, he defeated [[Golconda]] and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and its [[Sultan]] [[Ismail Adil Shah]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2|last=PSR (Standard Issue)|publisher=Baywolf Press|year=2009|page=27|quote="In 1520, Ismail Adil Shah recaptured the Raichur Doab from Vijayanagara. In May 1520, Krishnadevaraya sent his forces to Raichur and in the battle that ensued, Adil Shah was defeated and his forces were routed."}}</ref> and restored [[Bahmani]] sultanate to the son of Muhammad Shah II.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=placing|title=History of Medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.)|last=Sharma|first=L.P|publisher=Konark Publishers|year=1987|isbn=9788122000429|quote="However, he [Krishnadevaraya] returned after placing on the throne the eldest son of Muhammad Shah II. "}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}
The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured the fortress of Raichur from Ismail Adil Shah of [[Bijapur]] after a difficult siege during which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]] of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]], during the [[Battle of Raichur]] were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Krishnadeva Raya: The Great Poet-emperor of Vijayanagara|last=G. Surya Prakash Rao|publisher=Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University|year=2004|page=36|quote="in this battle, Pemmasani Ramalinga Naidu, the Kamma chief of Gandikota family, distinguished himself from the Vijayanagara side."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature|last=Jackson|first=William|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781317001935|pages=Ramalinga Nayadu received a token gift from the king .|quote=124}}</ref><ref>''Tidings of the king : a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu''. Wagoner, Phillip B., 1955–. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1993. {{ISBN|0585338191}}. {{OCLC|45885573}}. Page 59: Quote: "Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu bravely offers to counter this move of the Turks by going with his men to infiltrate their camp."</ref><ref>"Journal of the Andhra Historical Society". ''Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry, Madras, Andhra Historical Research Society''. Volume 30: 91 "Ramalingatiayudu, who succeeded his father, was one of the most redoubtable warriors- in the court of Krishnadgvarlya. ... Rachuru (Raichur) and other strong places with his [Pemmasani Ramalinga] own men and prepared to proceed against the city of Golconda. ... Pemmasani Ramalinganayudu entered the thickest of the fight". 1964.</ref><ref>Rajasekhara, Sindigi (2008). ''The Map Approach to Vijayanagara history''. University of Michigan and Sujatha Publications. p. 34.</ref> It is said that 700,000-foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used in the [[Battle of Raichur]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of India: A New Approach|last=Reddy|first=Kittu|publisher=Standard Publishers|year=2003|page=184|quote=" It is said that his army consisted of about a million men, with over 700,000 fighting men and 550 elephants . . ."}}</ref> Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of [[Gulburga]], the early capital of the [[Bahmani]] sultanate. His empire extended over the whole of South India.
In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son [[Tirumala Raya]] the ''Yuvaraja'' (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned to death.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification|last=Pandurang Bhimarao Desai|publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnataka University|year=1970|page=371|quote="Raya crowned his six-years-old son Tirumala as yuvaraja and introduced him to the affairs of the state But within one year the young prince died. It was reported that he was a victim of poison..."}}</ref> Suspecting the involvement of [[Timmarusu]], Krishna Deva Raya had his trusted commander and adviser blinded.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|last=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1993|page=88|quote="Krishnadeva Raya learnt that his son was poisoned by Timma, the son of his great minister Timmarasu. Both the son and father were captured and blinded."}}</ref> At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on [[Belgaum]], which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya took seriously ill. He died on 17 October 1529. Before his death, he nominated his brother, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] as his successor.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=Karnataka|date=2021-02-26|title=Inscription on Vijayanagar king’s death discovered|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/inscription-on-vijayanagar-kings-death-discovered/article33937892.ece|access-date=2021-02-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Achyuta Deva Raya was crowned on the fourth day after the death of Krishna Devaraya.
==Internal affairs==
During his reign he kept a strict control over his ministers, and any minister who committed misdeeds was dealt with severely.<ref name="India p.94">A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India by B.N. Puri, M.N. Das p.94</ref> He abolished some of the obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee.<ref name="India p.94"/> To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation by ordering deforestation of some areas.<ref name="India p.94"/> A large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagar was also undertaken by him.<ref>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 p.194</ref><ref>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. by Radhey Shyam Chaurasia p.111</ref> Foreign travellers, such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa, who visited Vijayanagar, spoke highly of the efficiency of administration and prosperity of the people during his reign.<ref name="India p.94"/>
The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his [[Amuktamalyada]]. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards [[Dharma]]. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and to punish the evil doers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth.<ref name="reference">Medieval Indian History by Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis p.82</ref> Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit."<ref name="reference" />
[[Image:View of dilapidated main mantapa at the Vitthala templein Hampi.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Vitthala]] temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base [[Hampi]]]]
The rule of Krishna Deva Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is also known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishna Deva Raya was fluent in many languages. There remains a debate whether he was a Kannadiga or Telugu<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm</ref> or Tuluva by lineage.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm</ref>
Krishna dev Raya took the title of Abhinava-Bhoja{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}}(lit: the New [[bhoja]]) and Sakala-Kala-Bhoja ("[[Bhoja]] of all the arts").{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}} in the honour of [[parmar|Parmara]] emperor [[Bhoja]] who was a polymath, a master of many subjects and a military genius.
The poet Mukku Timma praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror."<ref name="Vijayanagara Voices p.124"/>
===Telugu literature===
{{main|Astadiggajas}}
The rule of Krishna Deva Raya is known as golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as [[Ashtadiggajas]]. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem [[Amuktamalyada]].
During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed [[Amuktamalyada]]. In his court, eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly. In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title [[Ashtadiggajas]] celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). The period of the Empire is known as "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature produced during this time.
Among these eight poets, [[Allasani Peddana]] is considered to be the greatest and is given the title of ''Andhra Kavita Pitamaha'' (the father of Telugu poetry). ''Svarocisha Sambhava'' or ''Manucharita'' is his popular prabandha work and was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya. [[Nandi Thimmana]] wrote Parijathapaharanam. [[Madayyagari Mallana]] wrote ''Rajasekhara Charitramu.'' [[Dhurjati]] wrote ''Kalahasti Mahatyamu'' and [[Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu]] wrote ''Sakalakatha Sangraha'' and ''Ramaabhyudayamu.'' [[Pingali Surana]] wrote ''Raghava Pandaviyamu'', ''Kalapurnodayam'', ''Prabhavate Pradyamana''. ''Raghavapandaveeyamu'' is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]. Kalapurnodayam(means full bloom of art) has been treated as the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature. Battumurthy alias [[Ramarajabhushanudu]] wrote ''Kavyalankarasangrahamu,'' ''Vasucharitra'', ''Narasabhupaliyam'' and ''Harischandranalopakhyanamu.'' Among these works the last one is a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King [[Harishchandra]] and [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]]. [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] first wrote ''Udbhataradhya Charitramu,'' a [[Shaivite]] work. However, he converted to [[Vaishnavism]] later and wrote Vaishnava devotional texts ''Panduranga Mahatmyamu,'' and ''Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu.'' Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.
Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote ''KavikarnaRasayana'', Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote ''Radhamadhavavilasa'' and ''Vishnumayavilasa'', [[Molla (poet)|Molla]], a poet wrote a version of ''Ramayana'', Kamsali Rudraya wrote ''Nirankusopakhyana'', and Addanki Gangadhara wrote ''Basavapurana''. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work called ''Hayalakshana Sastra''.
===Kannada literature===
He patronised Kannada poets Mallanarya, who wrote ''Veera-saivamruta'', ''Bhava-chinta-ratna'' and ''Satyendra Chola-kathe'', Chatu Vittal-anatha who wrote ''Bhaga-vatha'', Timmanna Kavi who wrote a eulogy of his king in ''Krishna Raya Bharata''.<ref name="Kannada1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp 157–189</ref><ref name="Kannada2">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp 355–366</ref> [[Vyasatirtha]], the great [[Dvaita]] saint from Mysore belonging to the [[Madhva tradition|Madhwa order]] was his ''Rajaguru''.<ref name="rajguru">. Krishna Deva Raya considered the saint his ''Kula-devata'' and highly honored him. ''A Concise History of Karnataka'' pp 178, Dr. S.U. Kamath, [http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/] ''Haridasas of Karnataka'', Madhusudana Rao CR, ''History of South India'', pp 324, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri</ref> ''Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari'' in Kannada is a recently discovered work.<ref name="dina">''A Concise History of Karnataka'', Dr. S.U. Kamath, pp 157</ref> The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishna Deva Raya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.
===Tamil literature===
[[File:செவரப்பூண்டி கிருஷ்ணதேவராயர் கல்வெட்டு.JPG|thumbnail|right|Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi]]
Krishna Deva Raya patronised the Tamil poet [[Haridasa]], and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by.<ref name="Tamil1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp 157–189, ''History of South India'', pp 331–354, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri</ref>
===Sanskrit literature===
In Sanskrit, [[Vyasatirtha]] wrote ''Bhedo-jjivana'', ''Tat-parya-chandrika'', ''Nyaya-mrita'' and ''Tarka-tandava''. Krishna Deva Raya himself an accomplished scholar wrote ''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya'' and ''Rasamanjari'' and ''Jambavati Kalyana''.<ref name="sanskrit1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pg.157–189</ref><ref name="sanskrit2">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pg.239–280</ref><ref name="sanskrit4">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pg.309–330</ref>
==Religion and culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Tirumala overview.jpg|thumb|Tirumala Temple and [[Vaikuntam Queue Complex]] (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill]]
Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism and lavished on the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords. For this he is honoured with installing his statues along with his two wives at the temple complex.These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of [[Srisailam]] temple complex.
Krishna Deva Raya was formally initiated into the Vaishnava Sampradaya by [[Lakshmi Kumara Thathachariar|Tathacharya]]. He was also his ''Rajguru''.When Krishnadevaraya became the ruler Tathacharya was his guru. He patronised poets and scholars in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]].
== References==
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock | author-link=Sheldon Pollock | title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India | publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 | year=2003 | isbn=0-5202-4500-8 }}
* Smith, Vincent, ''Oxford History of India'', Fourth Edition, pgs. 306–307, and 312–313.
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise History of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
http://sscwtumkur.org/sscwcms/uploads/activities/permanent/2018/12/13/7_1544721945_nayakatana.pdf
http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6124/1/42714_1971_BHU.pdf
*[http://www.vepachedu.org/krishnarayalu.htm The Golden Era of Telugu Literature] from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526232808/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_pratima.htm Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060223065439/http://www.tirumala.org/pg_history.htm Statues of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati.]
*[http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm Gold coins issued during Krishnadevaraya's reign]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3310 A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rArRl5na2C3-povJJaBq7GW6MtUIJ65P/view?fbclid=IwAR1MacY9CVcjW3wOoaX0DgalZX7ir2XiMdZKAhzOBQUBZTzlgOZR7nrc1AA]
{{commons category}}
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagara empire]]|before=[[Viranarasimha Raya]]|after=[[Achyuta Deva Raya]] |years=1509–1529}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1471 births]]
[[Category:1529 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu warriors]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529}}
{{Redirect|Sri Krishna Deva Raya|the 1970 film|Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Krishnadevaraya
|title = Maharaja-dhirāja<br /> Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana<br />Andhra Bhoja<br />Dakshinasamudradhiswara<br />Mooru Rayara Ganda<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p.118</ref><br />Abhinava-Bhoja{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}}(lit: the New [[bhoja]])<br />
Sakala-Kala-Bhoja ("Bhoja of all the arts").{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}}<br />
|image = Vijayanagara.jpg
|caption = A bronze statue of Emperor Krishnadevaraya
|reign = 26 July 1509 – 17 October 1529 <ref name="Srinivasan1979">{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=C. R.|title=Kanchipuram Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEcAAAAMAAJ|access-date=25 July 2014|year=1979|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|page=200}}</ref>
|predecessor =[[Viranarasimha Raya]]
|successor =[[Achyuta Deva Raya]]
|queen = [[Tirumala Devi]]<br />[[Channa Devi|Chinna Devi]]
|spouse =
|issue =
*Tirumalumba (from Tirumala Devi, born in 1502)
*Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi, born in 1503)
*Ramachandra (from Tirumala Devi, born in 1509 but died in 1510)
*Tirumala Raya (from chinna devi, Crowned in 1524 at the age of 6 years, but died on 1525)
| father = [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]
| mother = [[Nagamba]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1471|2|16|df=y}} |death_date= {{death_date and age|1529|10|17|1471|2|16|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Hampi]]}}
[[File: Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1513 AD) at the Krishna temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|upright|Kannada inscription, dated 1513 CE, of Krishnadevaraya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of [[Odisha]].]]
{{Vijayanagara empire}}
'''Krishna Devaraya''' ({{IAST3|Kṛṣṇadevarāya}}) was the Indian emperor of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1509 to 1529. He was the third ruler of the [[Tuluva Dynasty]] and is considered to be its greatest ruler.<ref>https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/krishnadevaraya-kingly-diplomat-patron-arts-military-0010286</ref> He possessed the largest empire in India after the decline of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name=k302>Keay, John, India: A History, New York: Harper Collins, 2000, p.302</ref> Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles ''Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana'' (''lit'', "Lord of the Kannada empire"), ''Andhra Bhoja'' (''lit'', "Andhra [[Bhoja]](Scholar) King") and ''Mooru Rayara Ganda'' (''lit'', "King of Three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of [[Bijapur]], Golconda, the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]], and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India.<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p.118</ref> Indeed, when the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] was taking stock of the potentates of north India, Krishnadevaraya was rated the most powerful and had the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.<ref name=k302/>
[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] travellers [[Domingo Paes]] and [[Fernao Nuniz]] visited the [[Vijayanagara]] Empire during his reign. Travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On occasion, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into a victory.The South Indian poet Muku Timmana praised him as the destroyer of the [[Turkics]].<ref name="Vijayanagara Voices p.124">Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature William Joseph Jackson: p.124</ref> Krishnadevaraya benefited from having an able prime minister [[Timmarusu]], who was regarded by the emperor as a father figure and responsible for his coronation. Timmarusu was regarded as an intelligent advisor who guided Krishnadevaraya to success.
==Early life==
Krishnadevaraya's father belongs to Kannada and Telugu speaking Balija Community
Krishnadevaraya's father [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]], an army commander under [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], who later took control of the empire to prevent the disintegration of the empire, the [[Tuluva]] Dynasty to rule [[Vijayanagara]]. He was married to [[Srirangapatna]]'s princess [[Tirumala Devi]] and [[Coorg]] princess Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalumba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince [[Aliya Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince [[Tirumala Deva Raya]].{{cn|date=February 2021}}
==Military career==
His main enemies were the [[Bahamani Sultanate|Bahamani Sultans]] (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]], who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09uAAAAMAAJ&q=gajapathi+krishnadevaraya|title=A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|last=H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy, R. Ramakrishnan|publisher=S. Chand|year=1977|page=188}}</ref>
===Success in Deccan===
The annual affair of the raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Sultan Mahmud]] who was severely injured and defeated.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Vijayanagar Empire|last=P. Sree Rama Sarma|publisher=Prabhakar Publications|year=1992|page=135|quote="The invaders were checked at Diwani (Unidentified). In a hotly contested battle fought at Diwani the Sultan himself was thrown off his horse. He sustained serious injuries."}}</ref> Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the [[Raichur Doab]] was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagar and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RPAQAAMAAJ&q=yavana|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Dharwad District (including Gadag and Haveri Districts)|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer|year=1993|page=53}}</ref> The Sultan of Golconda [[Sultan Quli Qutb Shah]] was defeated by Timmarusu, who was the prime minister of Sri Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|last=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1993|page=87|quote="Timmarasu himself took command, defeated the Golconda army and captured its commander Madurl Mulk"}}</ref>
===War with Kalinga===
The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land consisting of [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra region]], [[Odisha]]. Krishna Deva Raya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into coastal Andhra region which was under the control of the Gajapati [[Prataparudra Deva|Raja Prataparudra Deva]]. The Vijayanagar army laid siege to the [[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri]] fort in 1512.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Orissa|last=N. K. Sahu, P. K. Mishra, Jagna Kumar Sahu|publisher=Nalanola|year=1981|page=234|quote="Krishnadevaraya started his expedition against Udayagiri early in A. D. 1512."}}</ref> The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|year=2011|page=48|quote="Starving the defenders into surrender seemed to be the only way open to the Raya."}}</ref> Krishna Deva Raya offered prayers at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]] thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|year=2010|page=48|quote="A relieved Raya left for the capital and on the way visited the temple of Tirupati and gave numerous gifts to the Lord in gratefulness for the victory at Udaygiri."}}</ref> The Gajapati army was then met at [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]], where the armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NZ9VmTYloC&q=konda+krishnadevaraya+siege|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|year=2010|page=47|quote="The Raya's soldiers had to virtually blast their way through huge boulders to go anywhere near the foot of the fort wall . . . The Gajapati did such a fine job of defending the fort that the siege dragged on for fourteen months . "}}</ref> Then, [[Timmarusu]], upon discovering a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort, launched a night attack that culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Gajapati Emperor [[Prataparudra Deva]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s8XAAAAIAAJ&q=virabhadra|title=The Bhakti Movement in Orissa: A Comprehensive History|last=Achintya Kumar Deb|publisher=Kalyani Devi|year=1984|page=27|quote="Pratapurdradeva could not protect it [Kondaveedu Fort] and he surrendered several military and civil officers, including Virabhadra, son of Prataparudredeva were taken captives by the king of Vijayanagar."}}</ref> Saluva [[Timmarusu]] then took over as governor of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Krishnadevaraya planned for an invasion of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], but the Gajapati Emperor, Prataparudra, was made privy to this plan. Prataparudra formulated his own plan to defeat Krishandevaraya and the Vijayanagara Empire. The confrontation was to happen at the fort of [[Kalinganagar]]. But the wily Timmarusu secured the information about Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter, who was previously in the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to [[Cuttack]], the capital of the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series|last=Andhra Pradesh (India). Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=1962|page=15|quote="Krishnadevaraya went as far as Cuttack"}}</ref> Prataparudra eventually surrendered to Vijayanagara Empire, and he gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Sri Krishnadevaraya but their relationship ended after 2 months and Jaganmohini returned to Kalinga to her parents and married another man.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AqAAAAYAAJ&q=jaganmohini+gajapathi|title=The Position of Women During Vijayanagara Period, 1336–1646|last=N. Saraswathi Nanaiah|publisher=Southern Printers|year=1992|page=135|quote="When Krishnadeva Raya won against Gajapathi, he gave a lot of dowry to Krishnadeva Raya and gave his}}</ref> But Krishandevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire captured to the north of the [[Krishna River]]; this made the Krishna river boundary between the Vijayanagar and the Gajapati Kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQbtAAAAMAAJ&q=krishna+river+|title=Agrarian Economy in Andhra under Vijayanagar|last=K. Jayasree|publisher=Navrang|year=1991|isbn=9788170130840|page=21|quote="Krishnadevaraya returned all the territory north of the river Krishna to Prataparudra Gajapati."}}</ref>
Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], who set up the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Dominion of India]] in [[Goa]] in 1510.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|last=Bowman|first=John|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780231500043|page=272|quote="Krishnadevaraya pursues friendly relations with Europeans, granting Portuguese trading rights in exchange for access to trade goods."}}</ref> The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Magill's Guide to Military History|last=Powell|first=Salem|publisher=Salem Press|year=2001|isbn=9780893560140|page=[https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609 1609]|quote="the importation and use of Arabian war horses and guns [by the Vijayanagara Empire]."|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/magillsguidetomi0000unse/page/1609}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Achievements of Sri Krishnadevaraya|last=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|publisher=Government of Karnataka|year=2010|page=267|quote="The rulers of Vijayanagara and Bahmanis mainly depended on Portuguese and Arabs for the import of quality horses for military operations."}}</ref> He also utilized Portuguese expertise in improving water supply to Vijayanagara City.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=embankment|title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture|last=I. M. Muthanna|year=1962|page=38|quote="He [Krishnadevaraya] erected a huge embankement near Hosept with the assistance of the Portuguese engineers."}}</ref>
===Final conflict and death ===
{{see also|Battle of Raichur}}
[[File: Kannada inscription of Krishnadeva Raya (1524 AD) at Ananthasayana temple in Ananthasayanagudi.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Kannada inscription, dated 1524, of Krishnadeva Raya at the Ananthasayana temple in Ananthasayanagudi near Hampi. The temple was built in memory of his deceased son]]
The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one of these campaigns, he defeated [[Golconda]] and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and its [[Sultan]] [[Ismail Adil Shah]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2|last=PSR (Standard Issue)|publisher=Baywolf Press|year=2009|page=27|quote="In 1520, Ismail Adil Shah recaptured the Raichur Doab from Vijayanagara. In May 1520, Krishnadevaraya sent his forces to Raichur and in the battle that ensued, Adil Shah was defeated and his forces were routed."}}</ref> and restored [[Bahmani]] sultanate to the son of Muhammad Shah II.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=placing|title=History of Medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.)|last=Sharma|first=L.P|publisher=Konark Publishers|year=1987|isbn=9788122000429|quote="However, he [Krishnadevaraya] returned after placing on the throne the eldest son of Muhammad Shah II. "}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}}
The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured the fortress of Raichur from Ismail Adil Shah of [[Bijapur]] after a difficult siege during which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]] of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]], during the [[Battle of Raichur]] were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Krishnadeva Raya: The Great Poet-emperor of Vijayanagara|last=G. Surya Prakash Rao|publisher=Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University|year=2004|page=36|quote="in this battle, Pemmasani Ramalinga Naidu, the Kamma chief of Gandikota family, distinguished himself from the Vijayanagara side."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature|last=Jackson|first=William|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781317001935|pages=Ramalinga Nayadu received a token gift from the king .|quote=124}}</ref><ref>''Tidings of the king : a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu''. Wagoner, Phillip B., 1955–. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1993. {{ISBN|0585338191}}. {{OCLC|45885573}}. Page 59: Quote: "Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu bravely offers to counter this move of the Turks by going with his men to infiltrate their camp."</ref><ref>"Journal of the Andhra Historical Society". ''Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry, Madras, Andhra Historical Research Society''. Volume 30: 91 "Ramalingatiayudu, who succeeded his father, was one of the most redoubtable warriors- in the court of Krishnadgvarlya. ... Rachuru (Raichur) and other strong places with his [Pemmasani Ramalinga] own men and prepared to proceed against the city of Golconda. ... Pemmasani Ramalinganayudu entered the thickest of the fight". 1964.</ref><ref>Rajasekhara, Sindigi (2008). ''The Map Approach to Vijayanagara history''. University of Michigan and Sujatha Publications. p. 34.</ref> It is said that 700,000-foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used in the [[Battle of Raichur]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of India: A New Approach|last=Reddy|first=Kittu|publisher=Standard Publishers|year=2003|page=184|quote=" It is said that his army consisted of about a million men, with over 700,000 fighting men and 550 elephants . . ."}}</ref> Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of [[Gulburga]], the early capital of the [[Bahmani]] sultanate. His empire extended over the whole of South India.
In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son [[Tirumala Raya]] the ''Yuvaraja'' (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned to death.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification|last=Pandurang Bhimarao Desai|publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnataka University|year=1970|page=371|quote="Raya crowned his six-years-old son Tirumala as yuvaraja and introduced him to the affairs of the state But within one year the young prince died. It was reported that he was a victim of poison..."}}</ref> Suspecting the involvement of [[Timmarusu]], Krishna Deva Raya had his trusted commander and adviser blinded.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient and Medieval history of Andhra Pradesh|last=P. Raghunadha Rao|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1993|page=88|quote="Krishnadeva Raya learnt that his son was poisoned by Timma, the son of his great minister Timmarasu. Both the son and father were captured and blinded."}}</ref> At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on [[Belgaum]], which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya took seriously ill. He died on 17 October 1529. Before his death, he nominated his brother, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] as his successor.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=Karnataka|date=2021-02-26|title=Inscription on Vijayanagar king’s death discovered|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/inscription-on-vijayanagar-kings-death-discovered/article33937892.ece|access-date=2021-02-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Achyuta Deva Raya was crowned on the fourth day after the death of Krishna Devaraya.
==Internal affairs==
During his reign he kept a strict control over his ministers, and any minister who committed misdeeds was dealt with severely.<ref name="India p.94">A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India by B.N. Puri, M.N. Das p.94</ref> He abolished some of the obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee.<ref name="India p.94"/> To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation by ordering deforestation of some areas.<ref name="India p.94"/> A large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagar was also undertaken by him.<ref>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 p.194</ref><ref>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. by Radhey Shyam Chaurasia p.111</ref> Foreign travellers, such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa, who visited Vijayanagar, spoke highly of the efficiency of administration and prosperity of the people during his reign.<ref name="India p.94"/>
The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his [[Amuktamalyada]]. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards [[Dharma]]. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and to punish the evil doers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth.<ref name="reference">Medieval Indian History by Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis p.82</ref> Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit."<ref name="reference" />
[[Image:View of dilapidated main mantapa at the Vitthala templein Hampi.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Vitthala]] temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base [[Hampi]]]]
The rule of Krishna Deva Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is also known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishna Deva Raya was fluent in many languages. There remains a debate whether he was a Kannadiga or Telugu<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm</ref> or Tuluva by lineage.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm</ref>
Krishna dev Raya took the title of Abhinava-Bhoja{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}}(lit: the New [[bhoja]]) and Sakala-Kala-Bhoja ("[[Bhoja]] of all the arts").{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}} in the honour of [[parmar|Parmara]] emperor [[Bhoja]] who was a polymath, a master of many subjects and a military genius.
The poet Mukku Timma praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror."<ref name="Vijayanagara Voices p.124"/>
===Telugu literature===
{{main|Astadiggajas}}
The rule of Krishna Deva Raya is known as golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as [[Ashtadiggajas]]. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem [[Amuktamalyada]].
During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed [[Amuktamalyada]]. In his court, eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly. In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title [[Ashtadiggajas]] celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). The period of the Empire is known as "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature produced during this time.
Among these eight poets, [[Allasani Peddana]] is considered to be the greatest and is given the title of ''Andhra Kavita Pitamaha'' (the father of Telugu poetry). ''Svarocisha Sambhava'' or ''Manucharita'' is his popular prabandha work and was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya. [[Nandi Thimmana]] wrote Parijathapaharanam. [[Madayyagari Mallana]] wrote ''Rajasekhara Charitramu.'' [[Dhurjati]] wrote ''Kalahasti Mahatyamu'' and [[Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu]] wrote ''Sakalakatha Sangraha'' and ''Ramaabhyudayamu.'' [[Pingali Surana]] wrote ''Raghava Pandaviyamu'', ''Kalapurnodayam'', ''Prabhavate Pradyamana''. ''Raghavapandaveeyamu'' is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]. Kalapurnodayam(means full bloom of art) has been treated as the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature. Battumurthy alias [[Ramarajabhushanudu]] wrote ''Kavyalankarasangrahamu,'' ''Vasucharitra'', ''Narasabhupaliyam'' and ''Harischandranalopakhyanamu.'' Among these works the last one is a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King [[Harishchandra]] and [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]]. [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] first wrote ''Udbhataradhya Charitramu,'' a [[Shaivite]] work. However, he converted to [[Vaishnavism]] later and wrote Vaishnava devotional texts ''Panduranga Mahatmyamu,'' and ''Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu.'' Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.
Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote ''KavikarnaRasayana'', Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote ''Radhamadhavavilasa'' and ''Vishnumayavilasa'', [[Molla (poet)|Molla]], a poet wrote a version of ''Ramayana'', Kamsali Rudraya wrote ''Nirankusopakhyana'', and Addanki Gangadhara wrote ''Basavapurana''. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work called ''Hayalakshana Sastra''.
===Kannada literature===
He patronised Kannada poets Mallanarya, who wrote ''Veera-saivamruta'', ''Bhava-chinta-ratna'' and ''Satyendra Chola-kathe'', Chatu Vittal-anatha who wrote ''Bhaga-vatha'', Timmanna Kavi who wrote a eulogy of his king in ''Krishna Raya Bharata''.<ref name="Kannada1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp 157–189</ref><ref name="Kannada2">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp 355–366</ref> [[Vyasatirtha]], the great [[Dvaita]] saint from Mysore belonging to the [[Madhva tradition|Madhwa order]] was his ''Rajaguru''.<ref name="rajguru">. Krishna Deva Raya considered the saint his ''Kula-devata'' and highly honored him. ''A Concise History of Karnataka'' pp 178, Dr. S.U. Kamath, [http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/vyasaraja/] ''Haridasas of Karnataka'', Madhusudana Rao CR, ''History of South India'', pp 324, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri</ref> ''Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari'' in Kannada is a recently discovered work.<ref name="dina">''A Concise History of Karnataka'', Dr. S.U. Kamath, pp 157</ref> The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishna Deva Raya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.
===Tamil literature===
[[File:செவரப்பூண்டி கிருஷ்ணதேவராயர் கல்வெட்டு.JPG|thumbnail|right|Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi]]
Krishna Deva Raya patronised the Tamil poet [[Haridasa]], and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by.<ref name="Tamil1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp 157–189, ''History of South India'', pp 331–354, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri</ref>
===Sanskrit literature===
In Sanskrit, [[Vyasatirtha]] wrote ''Bhedo-jjivana'', ''Tat-parya-chandrika'', ''Nyaya-mrita'' and ''Tarka-tandava''. Krishna Deva Raya himself an accomplished scholar wrote ''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya'' and ''Rasamanjari'' and ''Jambavati Kalyana''.<ref name="sanskrit1">Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pg.157–189</ref><ref name="sanskrit2">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pg.239–280</ref><ref name="sanskrit4">Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pg.309–330</ref>
==Religion and culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Tirumala overview.jpg|thumb|Tirumala Temple and [[Vaikuntam Queue Complex]] (semicircular building in the foreground) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill]]
Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism and lavished on the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords. For this he is honoured with installing his statues along with his two wives at the temple complex.These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of [[Srisailam]] temple complex.
Krishna Deva Raya was formally initiated into the Vaishnava Sampradaya by [[Lakshmi Kumara Thathachariar|Tathacharya]]. He was also his ''Rajguru''.When Krishnadevaraya became the ruler Tathacharya was his guru. He patronised poets and scholars in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]].
== References==
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock | author-link=Sheldon Pollock | title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India | publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 | year=2003 | isbn=0-5202-4500-8 }}
* Smith, Vincent, ''Oxford History of India'', Fourth Edition, pgs. 306–307, and 312–313.
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise History of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
http://sscwtumkur.org/sscwcms/uploads/activities/permanent/2018/12/13/7_1544721945_nayakatana.pdf
http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6124/1/42714_1971_BHU.pdf
*[http://www.vepachedu.org/krishnarayalu.htm The Golden Era of Telugu Literature] from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526232808/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_pratima.htm Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060223065439/http://www.tirumala.org/pg_history.htm Statues of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati.]
*[http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm Gold coins issued during Krishnadevaraya's reign]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3310 A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rArRl5na2C3-povJJaBq7GW6MtUIJ65P/view?fbclid=IwAR1MacY9CVcjW3wOoaX0DgalZX7ir2XiMdZKAhzOBQUBZTzlgOZR7nrc1AA]
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{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagara empire]]|before=[[Viranarasimha Raya]]|after=[[Achyuta Deva Raya]] |years=1509–1529}}
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