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{{About|the chemical element}}
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{{Infobox neon}}
'''Neon''' is a [[chemical element]] with the [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Ne''' and [[atomic number]] 10. It is a [[noble gas]].<ref>Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also [[Group (periodic table)]].</ref> Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert [[monatomic gas]] under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard conditions]], with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with [[krypton]] and [[xenon]]) in 1898 as one of the three residual rare inert elements remaining in dry air, after [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[argon]] and [[carbon dioxide]] were removed. Neon was the second of these three rare gases to be discovered and was immediately recognized as a new element from its bright red [[emission spectrum]]. The name neon is derived from the Greek word, {{lang|grc|νέον}}, neuter singular form of {{lang|grc|νέος}} (''neos''), meaning new. Neon is chemically [[Inert gas|inert]], and no uncharged neon compounds are known. The [[Neon compounds|compounds of neon]] currently known include ionic molecules, molecules held together by [[van der Waals forces]] and [[clathrates]].
During cosmic [[nucleogenesis]] of the elements, large amounts of neon are built up from the alpha-capture fusion process in stars. Although neon is a very common element in the universe and solar system (it is fifth in cosmic abundance after [[hydrogen]], [[helium]], [[oxygen]] and [[carbon]]), it is rare on Earth. It composes about 18.2 ppm of air by volume (this is about the same as the molecular or mole fraction) and a smaller fraction in Earth's crust. The reason for neon's relative scarcity on Earth and the [[terrestrial planet|inner (terrestrial) planets]] is that neon is highly [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and forms no compounds to fix it to solids. As a result, it escaped from the [[planetesimal]]s under the warmth of the newly ignited Sun in the early Solar System. Even the outer atmosphere of [[Jupiter]] is somewhat depleted of neon, although for a different reason.<ref name="Wilson2010">{{citation | title=Sequestration of Noble Gases in Giant Planet Interiors | last1=Wilson | first1=Hugh F. | last2=Militzer | first2=Burkhard | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=104 | issue=12 | pages=121101 | id=121101 | date=March 2010 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.121101 | pmid=20366523 | bibcode=2010PhRvL.104l1101W | arxiv=1003.5940 | s2cid=9850759 | postscript=. }}</ref>
Neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in low-[[volt]]age [[Neon lamp|neon glow lamps]], high-voltage [[Geissler tube|discharge tubes]] and [[Neon sign|neon advertising signs]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Project STAR: The Universe in Your Hands|author = Coyle, Harold P. |publisher = Kendall Hunt|date = 2001|isbn = 978-0-7872-6763-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KwTzo4GMlewC&pg=PA127 |pages = 464}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter = Phosphors for lamps |title = Phosphor Handbook|editor = Shionoya, Shigeo|editor2 = Yen, William M. |author = Kohmoto, Kohtaro |publisher = CRC Press|date = 1999|isbn = 978-0-8493-7560-6|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lWlcJEDukRIC&pg=PA380|pages = 940}}</ref> The red emission line from neon also causes the well known red light of [[helium–neon laser]]s. Neon is used in some plasma tube and refrigerant applications but has few other commercial uses. It is commercially extracted by the [[fractional distillation]] of [[liquid air]]. Since air is the only source, it is considerably more expensive than helium.
==History==
[[File:NeTube.jpg|thumb|left|Neon [[gas-discharge lamp]]s forming the symbol for neon]]
Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir [[William Ramsay]] (1852–1916) and [[Morris Travers]] (1872–1961) in [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal |title = On the Companions of Argon |author = [[William Ramsay|Ramsay, William]], Travers, Morris W. |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume = 63 |issue = 1 |pages = 437–440 |date = 1898 |doi = 10.1098/rspl.1898.0057|s2cid = 98818445 }}</ref> Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. The gases [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], and [[argon]] had been identified, but the remaining gases were isolated in roughly their order of abundance, in a six-week period beginning at the end of May 1898. First to be identified was [[krypton]]. The next, after krypton had been removed, was a gas which gave a brilliant red light under spectroscopic discharge. This gas, identified in June, was named "neon", the Greek analogue of the Latin ''novum'' ('new')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |title=Neon: History |access-date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314232318/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |archive-date=2007-03-14 }}</ref> suggested by Ramsay's son. The characteristic brilliant red-orange color emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately. Travers later wrote: "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287|title=Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)|last=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|date=2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8|page=287|author-link=Mary Elvira Weeks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322191804/http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287|archive-date=2015-03-22|url-status=live}}<!--This is an important quote. It eliminates the many claims that Claude was the first to note the brilliant emission of neon. The probable original source is Travers' 1928 book: {{cite book |title=The Discovery of the Rare Gases |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofrareg0000trav |url-access=registration |last=Travers |first=Morris W. |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |location=London |year=1928}}--></ref>
A second gas was also reported along with neon, having approximately the same density as argon but with a different spectrum – Ramsay and Travers named it ''metargon''.<ref name="Nobel">
{{cite web
|url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html
|title = Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere
|last = Ramsay
|first = Sir William
|date = December 12, 1904
|website = nobelprize.org
|publisher = Nobel Media AB
|access-date = 15 November 2015
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113111406/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html
|archive-date = 13 November 2015
}}
</ref><ref name="RamsayTravers1898">{{cite journal |last1=Ramsay |first1=William |last2=Travers |first2=Morris W. |title=On the Companions of Argon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=1898 |pages=437–440 |issn=0370-1662 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0057|s2cid=98818445 }}</ref> However, subsequent spectroscopic analysis revealed it to be argon contaminated with [[carbon monoxide]]. Finally, the same team discovered [[xenon]] by the same process, in September 1898.<ref name="Nobel" />
Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of [[Moore tube]]s, which used [[nitrogen]] and which were commercialized in the early 1900s. After 1902, [[Georges Claude]]'s company [[Air Liquide]] produced industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air-liquefaction business. In December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern [[neon lighting]] based on a sealed tube of neon. Claude tried briefly to sell neon tubes for indoor domestic lighting, due to their intensity, but the market failed because homeowners objected to the color. In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as eye-catching [[neon sign|advertising signs]] and was instantly more successful. Neon tubes were introduced to the U.S. in 1923 with two large neon signs bought by a Los Angeles Packard car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
|title = Neon: A Brief History
|last = Mangum
|first = Aja
|access-date = 2008-05-20
|date = December 8, 2007
|newspaper = New York Magazine
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415165748/http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
|archive-date = April 15, 2008
}}</ref> The intense color and vibrancy of neon equated with American society at the time, suggesting a "century of progress" and transforming cities into sensational new environments filled with radiating advertisements and "electro-graphic architecture".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golec |first=Michael J. |year=2010 |title=Logo/Local Intensities: Lacan, the Discourse of the Other, and the Solicitation to "Enjoy" |journal=Design and Culture |volume=2 |issue=2|pages=167–181 |doi=10.2752/175470710X12696138525622 |s2cid=144257608 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Electro-Graphic Architecture |last=Wolfe |first=Tom |date=October 1968 |work=Architecture Canada }}</ref>
Neon played a role in the basic understanding of the nature of atoms in 1913, when [[J. J. Thomson]], as part of his exploration into the composition of [[canal rays]], channeled streams of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured the deflection of the streams with a photographic plate. Thomson observed two separate patches of light on the photographic plate (see image), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection. Thomson eventually concluded that some of the [[atom]]s in the neon [[gas]] were of higher mass than the rest. Though not understood at the time by Thomson, this was the first discovery of [[isotope]]s of [[Stable isotope|stable]] atoms. Thomson's device was a crude version of the instrument we now term a [[mass spectrometer]].
==Isotopes==
{{Main|Isotopes of neon}}
[[File:Discovery of neon isotopes.JPG|thumb|left|The first evidence for isotopes of a stable element was provided in 1913 by experiments on neon plasma. In the bottom right corner of [[J. J. Thomson]]'s photographic plate are the separate impact marks for the two isotopes neon-20 and neon-22.]]
Neon is the second lightest inert gas. Neon has three [[stable isotope]]s: <sup>20</sup>Ne (90.48%), <sup>21</sup>Ne (0.27%) and <sup>22</sup>Ne (9.25%). <sup>21</sup>Ne and <sup>22</sup>Ne are partly [[primordial isotope|primordial]] and partly [[nucleogenic]] (i.e. made by nuclear reactions of other nuclides with neutrons or other particles in the environment) and their variations in [[natural abundance]] are well understood. In contrast, <sup>20</sup>Ne (the chief [[primordial isotope]] made in stellar [[nucleosynthesis]]) is not known to be nucleogenic or [[radiogenic]]. The causes of the variation of <sup>20</sup>Ne in the Earth have thus been hotly debated.<ref>{{cite book|isbn = 978-0-521-82316-6|chapter = Neon|page = 303|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z8ZCg2HRvWsC&pg=PA303|title = Radiogenic isotope geology|author1 = Dickin, Alan P|date = 2005}}</ref>
The principal [[nuclear reaction]]s generating nucleogenic neon [[isotope]]s start from <sup>24</sup>Mg and <sup>25</sup>Mg, which produce <sup>21</sup>Ne and <sup>22</sup>Ne respectively, after [[neutron capture]] and immediate emission of an [[alpha particle]]. The [[neutron]]s that produce the reactions are mostly produced by secondary spallation reactions from [[alpha particle]]s, in turn derived from [[uranium]]-series [[decay chain]]s. The net result yields a trend towards lower <sup>20</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne and higher <sup>21</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as [[granite]]s.<ref>[http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html Resources on Isotopes. Periodic Table—Neon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923194636/http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html |date=2006-09-23 }}. explanation of the nucleogenic sources of Ne-21 and Ne-22. USGS.gov.</ref> <sup>21</sup>Ne may also be produced in a nucleogenic reaction, when <sup>20</sup>Ne absorbs a neutron from various natural terrestrial neutron sources.
In addition, isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial [[rock (geology)|rocks]] has demonstrated the [[cosmogenic]] (cosmic ray) production of <sup>21</sup>Ne. This isotope is generated by [[spallation]] reactions on [[magnesium]], [[sodium]], [[silicon]], and [[aluminium]]. By analyzing all three isotopes, the cosmogenic component can be resolved from [[magma]]tic neon and nucleogenic neon. This suggests that neon will be a useful tool in determining cosmic exposure ages of surface rocks and [[meteorite]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |title=Neon: Isotopes |access-date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115190653/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |archive-date=2012-11-15 }}</ref>
Similar to [[xenon]], neon content observed in samples of [[volcano|volcanic]] [[gas]]es is enriched in <sup>20</sup>Ne and nucleogenic <sup>21</sup>Ne relative to <sup>22</sup>Ne content. The neon isotopic content of these mantle-derived samples represents a non-atmospheric source of neon. The <sup>20</sup>Ne-enriched components are attributed to exotic primordial rare-gas components in the Earth, possibly representing [[solar neon]]. Elevated <sup>20</sup>Ne abundances are found in [[diamond]]s, further suggesting a solar-neon reservoir in the Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |title=Helium, Neon & Argon |access-date=2006-07-02 |author=Anderson, Don L. |publisher=Mantleplumes.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528113659/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |archive-date=2006-05-28 }}</ref>
==Characteristics==
Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, after [[helium]]. It glows reddish-orange in a [[discharge tube|vacuum discharge tube]]. Also, neon has the narrowest liquid range of any element: from 24.55 to 27.05 K (−248.45 °C to −245.95 °C, or −415.21 °F to −410.71 °F). It has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity (per unit volume) of liquid [[helium]] and three times that of liquid [[hydrogen]].<ref name="CRC" /> In most applications it is a less expensive [[refrigerant]] than helium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html#table |title=NASSMC: News Bulletin |access-date=2007-03-05 |date=December 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213072031/http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html |archive-date=February 13, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |page=195|title=Fundamentals of Cryogenic Engineering |isbn=9788120330573 |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Mamata |date=2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116145946/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |archive-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>
[[File:Neon emission.png|thumb|Spectrum of neon with ultraviolet (at left) and infrared (at right) lines shown in white|center|600x600px]]
Neon plasma has the most intense light discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the noble gases. The average color of this light to the human eye is red-orange due to many lines in this range; it also contains a strong green line, which is hidden, unless the visual components are dispersed by a spectroscope.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |title=Plasma |access-date=2007-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307005259/http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |archive-date=2007-03-07 }}</ref>
Two quite different kinds of [[neon lighting]] are in common use. [[Neon lamp|Neon glow lamps]] are generally tiny, with most operating between 100 and 250 [[volts]].<ref name="Baumann">{{cite book |last=Baumann |first=Edward |title=Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes |publisher=Carlton Press |date=1966}}</ref> They have been widely used as power-on indicators and in circuit-testing equipment, but [[light-emitting diodes]] (LEDs) now dominate in those applications. These simple neon devices were the forerunners of [[plasma display|plasma displays and plasma television screens]].<ref name="Myers">{{cite book |title=Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards |last1=Myers |first1=Robert L. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2002 |pages=69–71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |isbn=978-0-471-49946-6 |quote=Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629141148/https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=2016-06-29 }}</ref><ref name="Weber">{{cite journal |last=Weber |first=Larry F. |author-link=Larry F. Weber |title=History of the plasma display panel |journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=268–278 |doi=10.1109/TPS.2006.872440 |bibcode=2006ITPS...34..268W|s2cid=20290119 }} Paid access.</ref> [[Neon sign]]s typically operate at much higher voltages (2–15 [[kilovolt]]s), and the luminous tubes are commonly meters long.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart |url=http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |publisher=[[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) |access-date=2010-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206163356/http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.</ref> The glass tubing is often formed into shapes and letters for signage, as well as architectural and artistic applications.
==Occurrence==
[[File:FLORIST (neon sign).jpg|thumb|Neon sign in a [[Hamden, Connecticut]], florist shop|300x300px]]Stable isotopes of neon are produced in stars. Neon's most abundant isotope <sup>20</sup>Ne (90.48%) is created by the [[nuclear fusion]] of [[carbon]] and carbon in the [[carbon-burning process]] of [[stellar nucleosynthesis]]. This requires temperatures above 500 [[megakelvin]]s, which occur in the cores of stars of more than 8 solar masses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXcdHyLUVnEC&q=neon+cosmic+nucleosynthesis&pg=PA106|title=Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium|last=Clayton|first=Donald|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0521823814|pages=106–107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ryan, Sean G. |author2=Norton, Andrew J. | title=Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis | year=2010 | page=135| isbn=978-0-521-13320-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PE4yGiU-JyEC&q=carbong+burning}}</ref>
Neon is abundant on a universal scale; it is the [[Abundance of the chemical elements|fifth most abundant chemical element]] in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see [[chemical element]]).<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2009ARA&A..47..481A |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222 |title=The Chemical Composition of the Sun |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=481–522 |year=2009 |last1=Asplund |first1=Martin |last2=Grevesse |first2=Nicolas |last3=Sauval |first3=A. Jacques |last4=Scott |first4=Pat |arxiv=0909.0948|s2cid=17921922 }}</ref> Its relative rarity on Earth, like that of helium, is due to its relative lightness, high vapor pressure at very low temperatures, and chemical inertness, all properties which tend to keep it from being trapped in the condensing gas and dust clouds that formed the smaller and warmer solid planets like Earth.
Neon is monatomic, making it lighter than the molecules of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen which form the bulk of Earth's atmosphere; a balloon filled with neon will rise in air, albeit more slowly than a helium balloon.<ref>{{cite book |title = Chemistry for Higher Tier |author = Gallagher, R. |author2 = Ingram, P. |publisher = University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-914817-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJtWSy69eVsC&pg=PA96 |pages = 282 |date = 2001-07-19}}</ref>
Neon's abundance in the universe is about 1 part in 750; in the Sun and presumably in the proto-solar system nebula, about 1 part in 600. The [[Galileo spacecraft]] atmospheric entry probe found that even in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the abundance of neon is reduced (depleted) by about a factor of 10, to a level of 1 part in 6,000 by mass. This may indicate that even the ice-[[planetesimal]]s, which brought neon into Jupiter from the outer solar system, formed in a region which was too warm to retain the neon atmospheric component (abundances of heavier inert gases on Jupiter are several times that found in the Sun).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |title=Galileo Probe Science Result |access-date=2007-02-27 |last=Morse |first=David |date=January 26, 1996 |publisher=Galileo Project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224232055/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |archive-date=February 24, 2007 }}</ref>
Neon comprises 1 part in 55,000 in the [[Earth's atmosphere]], or 18.2 ppm by volume (this is about the same as the molecule or mole fraction), or 1 part in 79,000 of air by mass. It comprises a smaller fraction in the crust. It is industrially produced by cryogenic [[fractional distillation]] of liquefied air.<ref name="CRC" />
On 17 August 2015, based on studies with the [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer]] (LADEE) spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of neon in the [[exosphere]] of the [[moon]].<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archive-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref>
==Chemistry==
[[File:Ne-water clathrate.png|thumb|Crystal structure of Ne [[clathrate hydrate]]<ref name="hydrate" />|300x300px]]
{{main|Neon compounds}}
Neon is the first [[p-block]] noble gas, and the first element with a true octet of electrons. It is [[Chemically inert|inert]]: as is the case with its lighter analogue, [[helium]], no strongly bound neutral [[Neon compounds|molecules containing neon]] have been identified. The [[ion]]s [Ne[[argon|Ar]]]<sup>+</sup>, [Ne[[hydrogen|H]]]<sup>+</sup>, and [HeNe]<sup>+</sup> have been observed from optical and [[mass spectrometry|mass spectrometric]] studies.<ref name="CRC" /> Solid neon [[clathrate hydrate]] was produced from water ice and neon gas at pressures 350–480 MPa and temperatures about −30 °C.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410690111 |pmid=25002464 |pmc=4115495 |year=2014 |last1=Yu |first1=X. |title=Crystal structure and encapsulation dynamics of ice II-structured neon hydrate |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=29 |pages=10456–61 |last2=Zhu |first2=J. |last3=Du |first3=S. |last4=Xu |first4=H. |last5=Vogel |first5=S. C. |last6=Han |first6=J. |last7=Germann |first7=T. C. |last8=Zhang |first8=J. |last9=Jin |first9=C. |last10=Francisco |first10=J. S. |last11=Zhao |first11=Y. |bibcode=2014PNAS..11110456Y|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ne atoms are not bonded to water and can freely move through this material. They can be extracted by placing the clathrate into a vacuum chamber for several days, yielding [[ice XVI]], the least dense crystalline form of water.<ref name="hydrate">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature14014 |pmid=25503235 |title=Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7530 |pages=231–3 |year=2014 |last1=Falenty |first1=Andrzej |last2=Hansen |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Kuhs |first3=Werner F. |bibcode=2014Natur.516..231F|s2cid=4464711 }}</ref>
The familiar [[Electronegativity#Pauling electronegativity|Pauling electronegativity scale]] relies upon chemical bond energies, but such values have obviously not been measured for inert helium and neon. The [[Electronegativity#Allen electronegativity|Allen electronegativity scale]], which relies only upon (measurable) atomic energies, identifies neon as the most electronegative element, closely followed by fluorine and helium.
==Applications==
Neon is often used in [[neon sign|signs]] and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called "neon", they use different [[noble gas]]es or varied colors of [[Fluorescent bulb|fluorescent]] lighting.
Neon is used in [[vacuum tube]]s, high-voltage indicators, [[lightning arrester]]s, [[wavemeter]] tubes, [[television]] tubes, and [[helium–neon laser]]s. Liquefied neon is commercially used as a [[cryogenic]] [[refrigerant]] in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid-helium refrigeration.
Neon, as liquid or gas, is relatively expensive – for small quantities, the price of liquid neon can be more than 55 times that of liquid helium. Driving neon's expense is the rarity of neon, which, unlike helium, can only be obtained in usable quantities by filtering it out of the atmosphere.
The [[triple point]] temperature of neon (24.5561 K) is a defining fixed point in the [[International Temperature Scale of 1990]].<ref name="ITS90-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.its-90.com/ |title=The Internet resource for the International Temperature Scale of 1990 |access-date=2009-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815110916/http://www.its-90.com/ |archive-date=2009-08-15}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Expansion ratio]]
* [[Neon sign]]
* [[Neon lamp]]
{{Subject bar
|book1=Neon
|book2=Period 2 elements
|book3=Noble gases
|book4=Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)
|book5=Chemical elements (sorted by number)
|portal=Chemistry
|commons=y
|wikt=y
|wikt-search=neon
|v=y
|v-search=Neon atom
|b=y
|b-search=Wikijunior:The Elements/Neon
}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/010.htm Neon] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [http://www.webelements.com/neon/ WebElements.com – Neon].
* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele010.html It's Elemental – Neon]
* [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html USGS Periodic Table – Neon]
* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/atspect2.html Atomic Spectrum of Neon]
* [http://www.neonmuseum.org/ Neon Museum, Las Vegas]
{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
{{good article}}
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[[Category:Neon| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Noble gases]]
[[Category:Coolants]]
[[Category:Refrigerants]]
[[Category:Laser gain media]]
[[Category:Industrial gases]]' |
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-{{short description|Chemical element with atomic number 10}}
-{{About|the chemical element}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
-{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
-{{Infobox neon}}
-'''Neon''' is a [[chemical element]] with the [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Ne''' and [[atomic number]] 10. It is a [[noble gas]].<ref>Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also [[Group (periodic table)]].</ref> Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert [[monatomic gas]] under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard conditions]], with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with [[krypton]] and [[xenon]]) in 1898 as one of the three residual rare inert elements remaining in dry air, after [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[argon]] and [[carbon dioxide]] were removed. Neon was the second of these three rare gases to be discovered and was immediately recognized as a new element from its bright red [[emission spectrum]]. The name neon is derived from the Greek word, {{lang|grc|νέον}}, neuter singular form of {{lang|grc|νέος}} (''neos''), meaning new. Neon is chemically [[Inert gas|inert]], and no uncharged neon compounds are known. The [[Neon compounds|compounds of neon]] currently known include ionic molecules, molecules held together by [[van der Waals forces]] and [[clathrates]].
-
-During cosmic [[nucleogenesis]] of the elements, large amounts of neon are built up from the alpha-capture fusion process in stars. Although neon is a very common element in the universe and solar system (it is fifth in cosmic abundance after [[hydrogen]], [[helium]], [[oxygen]] and [[carbon]]), it is rare on Earth. It composes about 18.2 ppm of air by volume (this is about the same as the molecular or mole fraction) and a smaller fraction in Earth's crust. The reason for neon's relative scarcity on Earth and the [[terrestrial planet|inner (terrestrial) planets]] is that neon is highly [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and forms no compounds to fix it to solids. As a result, it escaped from the [[planetesimal]]s under the warmth of the newly ignited Sun in the early Solar System. Even the outer atmosphere of [[Jupiter]] is somewhat depleted of neon, although for a different reason.<ref name="Wilson2010">{{citation | title=Sequestration of Noble Gases in Giant Planet Interiors | last1=Wilson | first1=Hugh F. | last2=Militzer | first2=Burkhard | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=104 | issue=12 | pages=121101 | id=121101 | date=March 2010 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.121101 | pmid=20366523 | bibcode=2010PhRvL.104l1101W | arxiv=1003.5940 | s2cid=9850759 | postscript=. }}</ref>
-
-Neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in low-[[volt]]age [[Neon lamp|neon glow lamps]], high-voltage [[Geissler tube|discharge tubes]] and [[Neon sign|neon advertising signs]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Project STAR: The Universe in Your Hands|author = Coyle, Harold P. |publisher = Kendall Hunt|date = 2001|isbn = 978-0-7872-6763-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KwTzo4GMlewC&pg=PA127 |pages = 464}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter = Phosphors for lamps |title = Phosphor Handbook|editor = Shionoya, Shigeo|editor2 = Yen, William M. |author = Kohmoto, Kohtaro |publisher = CRC Press|date = 1999|isbn = 978-0-8493-7560-6|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lWlcJEDukRIC&pg=PA380|pages = 940}}</ref> The red emission line from neon also causes the well known red light of [[helium–neon laser]]s. Neon is used in some plasma tube and refrigerant applications but has few other commercial uses. It is commercially extracted by the [[fractional distillation]] of [[liquid air]]. Since air is the only source, it is considerably more expensive than helium.
-
-==History==
-[[File:NeTube.jpg|thumb|left|Neon [[gas-discharge lamp]]s forming the symbol for neon]]
-Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir [[William Ramsay]] (1852–1916) and [[Morris Travers]] (1872–1961) in [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal |title = On the Companions of Argon |author = [[William Ramsay|Ramsay, William]], Travers, Morris W. |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume = 63 |issue = 1 |pages = 437–440 |date = 1898 |doi = 10.1098/rspl.1898.0057|s2cid = 98818445 }}</ref> Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. The gases [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], and [[argon]] had been identified, but the remaining gases were isolated in roughly their order of abundance, in a six-week period beginning at the end of May 1898. First to be identified was [[krypton]]. The next, after krypton had been removed, was a gas which gave a brilliant red light under spectroscopic discharge. This gas, identified in June, was named "neon", the Greek analogue of the Latin ''novum'' ('new')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |title=Neon: History |access-date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314232318/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |archive-date=2007-03-14 }}</ref> suggested by Ramsay's son. The characteristic brilliant red-orange color emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately. Travers later wrote: "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287|title=Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)|last=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|date=2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8|page=287|author-link=Mary Elvira Weeks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322191804/http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287|archive-date=2015-03-22|url-status=live}}<!--This is an important quote. It eliminates the many claims that Claude was the first to note the brilliant emission of neon. The probable original source is Travers' 1928 book: {{cite book |title=The Discovery of the Rare Gases |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofrareg0000trav |url-access=registration |last=Travers |first=Morris W. |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |location=London |year=1928}}--></ref>
-
-A second gas was also reported along with neon, having approximately the same density as argon but with a different spectrum – Ramsay and Travers named it ''metargon''.<ref name="Nobel">
-{{cite web
- |url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html
- |title = Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere
- |last = Ramsay
- |first = Sir William
- |date = December 12, 1904
- |website = nobelprize.org
- |publisher = Nobel Media AB
- |access-date = 15 November 2015
- |url-status = live
- |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113111406/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html
- |archive-date = 13 November 2015
-}}
-</ref><ref name="RamsayTravers1898">{{cite journal |last1=Ramsay |first1=William |last2=Travers |first2=Morris W. |title=On the Companions of Argon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=1898 |pages=437–440 |issn=0370-1662 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0057|s2cid=98818445 }}</ref> However, subsequent spectroscopic analysis revealed it to be argon contaminated with [[carbon monoxide]]. Finally, the same team discovered [[xenon]] by the same process, in September 1898.<ref name="Nobel" />
-
-Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of [[Moore tube]]s, which used [[nitrogen]] and which were commercialized in the early 1900s. After 1902, [[Georges Claude]]'s company [[Air Liquide]] produced industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air-liquefaction business. In December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern [[neon lighting]] based on a sealed tube of neon. Claude tried briefly to sell neon tubes for indoor domestic lighting, due to their intensity, but the market failed because homeowners objected to the color. In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as eye-catching [[neon sign|advertising signs]] and was instantly more successful. Neon tubes were introduced to the U.S. in 1923 with two large neon signs bought by a Los Angeles Packard car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.<ref>{{cite news
- |url = http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
- |title = Neon: A Brief History
- |last = Mangum
- |first = Aja
- |access-date = 2008-05-20
- |date = December 8, 2007
- |newspaper = New York Magazine
- |url-status = live
- |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415165748/http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
- |archive-date = April 15, 2008
-}}</ref> The intense color and vibrancy of neon equated with American society at the time, suggesting a "century of progress" and transforming cities into sensational new environments filled with radiating advertisements and "electro-graphic architecture".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golec |first=Michael J. |year=2010 |title=Logo/Local Intensities: Lacan, the Discourse of the Other, and the Solicitation to "Enjoy" |journal=Design and Culture |volume=2 |issue=2|pages=167–181 |doi=10.2752/175470710X12696138525622 |s2cid=144257608 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Electro-Graphic Architecture |last=Wolfe |first=Tom |date=October 1968 |work=Architecture Canada }}</ref>
-
-Neon played a role in the basic understanding of the nature of atoms in 1913, when [[J. J. Thomson]], as part of his exploration into the composition of [[canal rays]], channeled streams of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured the deflection of the streams with a photographic plate. Thomson observed two separate patches of light on the photographic plate (see image), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection. Thomson eventually concluded that some of the [[atom]]s in the neon [[gas]] were of higher mass than the rest. Though not understood at the time by Thomson, this was the first discovery of [[isotope]]s of [[Stable isotope|stable]] atoms. Thomson's device was a crude version of the instrument we now term a [[mass spectrometer]].
-
-==Isotopes==
-{{Main|Isotopes of neon}}
-[[File:Discovery of neon isotopes.JPG|thumb|left|The first evidence for isotopes of a stable element was provided in 1913 by experiments on neon plasma. In the bottom right corner of [[J. J. Thomson]]'s photographic plate are the separate impact marks for the two isotopes neon-20 and neon-22.]]
-Neon is the second lightest inert gas. Neon has three [[stable isotope]]s: <sup>20</sup>Ne (90.48%), <sup>21</sup>Ne (0.27%) and <sup>22</sup>Ne (9.25%). <sup>21</sup>Ne and <sup>22</sup>Ne are partly [[primordial isotope|primordial]] and partly [[nucleogenic]] (i.e. made by nuclear reactions of other nuclides with neutrons or other particles in the environment) and their variations in [[natural abundance]] are well understood. In contrast, <sup>20</sup>Ne (the chief [[primordial isotope]] made in stellar [[nucleosynthesis]]) is not known to be nucleogenic or [[radiogenic]]. The causes of the variation of <sup>20</sup>Ne in the Earth have thus been hotly debated.<ref>{{cite book|isbn = 978-0-521-82316-6|chapter = Neon|page = 303|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z8ZCg2HRvWsC&pg=PA303|title = Radiogenic isotope geology|author1 = Dickin, Alan P|date = 2005}}</ref>
-
-The principal [[nuclear reaction]]s generating nucleogenic neon [[isotope]]s start from <sup>24</sup>Mg and <sup>25</sup>Mg, which produce <sup>21</sup>Ne and <sup>22</sup>Ne respectively, after [[neutron capture]] and immediate emission of an [[alpha particle]]. The [[neutron]]s that produce the reactions are mostly produced by secondary spallation reactions from [[alpha particle]]s, in turn derived from [[uranium]]-series [[decay chain]]s. The net result yields a trend towards lower <sup>20</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne and higher <sup>21</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as [[granite]]s.<ref>[http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html Resources on Isotopes. Periodic Table—Neon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923194636/http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html |date=2006-09-23 }}. explanation of the nucleogenic sources of Ne-21 and Ne-22. USGS.gov.</ref> <sup>21</sup>Ne may also be produced in a nucleogenic reaction, when <sup>20</sup>Ne absorbs a neutron from various natural terrestrial neutron sources.
-
-In addition, isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial [[rock (geology)|rocks]] has demonstrated the [[cosmogenic]] (cosmic ray) production of <sup>21</sup>Ne. This isotope is generated by [[spallation]] reactions on [[magnesium]], [[sodium]], [[silicon]], and [[aluminium]]. By analyzing all three isotopes, the cosmogenic component can be resolved from [[magma]]tic neon and nucleogenic neon. This suggests that neon will be a useful tool in determining cosmic exposure ages of surface rocks and [[meteorite]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |title=Neon: Isotopes |access-date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115190653/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |archive-date=2012-11-15 }}</ref>
-
-Similar to [[xenon]], neon content observed in samples of [[volcano|volcanic]] [[gas]]es is enriched in <sup>20</sup>Ne and nucleogenic <sup>21</sup>Ne relative to <sup>22</sup>Ne content. The neon isotopic content of these mantle-derived samples represents a non-atmospheric source of neon. The <sup>20</sup>Ne-enriched components are attributed to exotic primordial rare-gas components in the Earth, possibly representing [[solar neon]]. Elevated <sup>20</sup>Ne abundances are found in [[diamond]]s, further suggesting a solar-neon reservoir in the Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |title=Helium, Neon & Argon |access-date=2006-07-02 |author=Anderson, Don L. |publisher=Mantleplumes.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528113659/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |archive-date=2006-05-28 }}</ref>
-
-==Characteristics==
-Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, after [[helium]]. It glows reddish-orange in a [[discharge tube|vacuum discharge tube]]. Also, neon has the narrowest liquid range of any element: from 24.55 to 27.05 K (−248.45 °C to −245.95 °C, or −415.21 °F to −410.71 °F). It has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity (per unit volume) of liquid [[helium]] and three times that of liquid [[hydrogen]].<ref name="CRC" /> In most applications it is a less expensive [[refrigerant]] than helium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html#table |title=NASSMC: News Bulletin |access-date=2007-03-05 |date=December 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213072031/http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html |archive-date=February 13, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |page=195|title=Fundamentals of Cryogenic Engineering |isbn=9788120330573 |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Mamata |date=2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116145946/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |archive-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>
-
-[[File:Neon emission.png|thumb|Spectrum of neon with ultraviolet (at left) and infrared (at right) lines shown in white|center|600x600px]]
-Neon plasma has the most intense light discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the noble gases. The average color of this light to the human eye is red-orange due to many lines in this range; it also contains a strong green line, which is hidden, unless the visual components are dispersed by a spectroscope.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |title=Plasma |access-date=2007-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307005259/http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |archive-date=2007-03-07 }}</ref>
-
-Two quite different kinds of [[neon lighting]] are in common use. [[Neon lamp|Neon glow lamps]] are generally tiny, with most operating between 100 and 250 [[volts]].<ref name="Baumann">{{cite book |last=Baumann |first=Edward |title=Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes |publisher=Carlton Press |date=1966}}</ref> They have been widely used as power-on indicators and in circuit-testing equipment, but [[light-emitting diodes]] (LEDs) now dominate in those applications. These simple neon devices were the forerunners of [[plasma display|plasma displays and plasma television screens]].<ref name="Myers">{{cite book |title=Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards |last1=Myers |first1=Robert L. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2002 |pages=69–71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |isbn=978-0-471-49946-6 |quote=Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629141148/https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=2016-06-29 }}</ref><ref name="Weber">{{cite journal |last=Weber |first=Larry F. |author-link=Larry F. Weber |title=History of the plasma display panel |journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=268–278 |doi=10.1109/TPS.2006.872440 |bibcode=2006ITPS...34..268W|s2cid=20290119 }} Paid access.</ref> [[Neon sign]]s typically operate at much higher voltages (2–15 [[kilovolt]]s), and the luminous tubes are commonly meters long.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart |url=http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |publisher=[[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) |access-date=2010-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206163356/http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.</ref> The glass tubing is often formed into shapes and letters for signage, as well as architectural and artistic applications.
-
-==Occurrence==
-[[File:FLORIST (neon sign).jpg|thumb|Neon sign in a [[Hamden, Connecticut]], florist shop|300x300px]]Stable isotopes of neon are produced in stars. Neon's most abundant isotope <sup>20</sup>Ne (90.48%) is created by the [[nuclear fusion]] of [[carbon]] and carbon in the [[carbon-burning process]] of [[stellar nucleosynthesis]]. This requires temperatures above 500 [[megakelvin]]s, which occur in the cores of stars of more than 8 solar masses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXcdHyLUVnEC&q=neon+cosmic+nucleosynthesis&pg=PA106|title=Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium|last=Clayton|first=Donald|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0521823814|pages=106–107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ryan, Sean G. |author2=Norton, Andrew J. | title=Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis | year=2010 | page=135| isbn=978-0-521-13320-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PE4yGiU-JyEC&q=carbong+burning}}</ref>
-
-Neon is abundant on a universal scale; it is the [[Abundance of the chemical elements|fifth most abundant chemical element]] in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see [[chemical element]]).<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2009ARA&A..47..481A |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222 |title=The Chemical Composition of the Sun |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=481–522 |year=2009 |last1=Asplund |first1=Martin |last2=Grevesse |first2=Nicolas |last3=Sauval |first3=A. Jacques |last4=Scott |first4=Pat |arxiv=0909.0948|s2cid=17921922 }}</ref> Its relative rarity on Earth, like that of helium, is due to its relative lightness, high vapor pressure at very low temperatures, and chemical inertness, all properties which tend to keep it from being trapped in the condensing gas and dust clouds that formed the smaller and warmer solid planets like Earth.
-Neon is monatomic, making it lighter than the molecules of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen which form the bulk of Earth's atmosphere; a balloon filled with neon will rise in air, albeit more slowly than a helium balloon.<ref>{{cite book |title = Chemistry for Higher Tier |author = Gallagher, R. |author2 = Ingram, P. |publisher = University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-914817-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJtWSy69eVsC&pg=PA96 |pages = 282 |date = 2001-07-19}}</ref>
-
-Neon's abundance in the universe is about 1 part in 750; in the Sun and presumably in the proto-solar system nebula, about 1 part in 600. The [[Galileo spacecraft]] atmospheric entry probe found that even in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the abundance of neon is reduced (depleted) by about a factor of 10, to a level of 1 part in 6,000 by mass. This may indicate that even the ice-[[planetesimal]]s, which brought neon into Jupiter from the outer solar system, formed in a region which was too warm to retain the neon atmospheric component (abundances of heavier inert gases on Jupiter are several times that found in the Sun).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |title=Galileo Probe Science Result |access-date=2007-02-27 |last=Morse |first=David |date=January 26, 1996 |publisher=Galileo Project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224232055/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |archive-date=February 24, 2007 }}</ref>
-
-Neon comprises 1 part in 55,000 in the [[Earth's atmosphere]], or 18.2 ppm by volume (this is about the same as the molecule or mole fraction), or 1 part in 79,000 of air by mass. It comprises a smaller fraction in the crust. It is industrially produced by cryogenic [[fractional distillation]] of liquefied air.<ref name="CRC" />
-
-On 17 August 2015, based on studies with the [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer]] (LADEE) spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of neon in the [[exosphere]] of the [[moon]].<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archive-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref>
-
-==Chemistry==
-[[File:Ne-water clathrate.png|thumb|Crystal structure of Ne [[clathrate hydrate]]<ref name="hydrate" />|300x300px]]
-{{main|Neon compounds}}
-Neon is the first [[p-block]] noble gas, and the first element with a true octet of electrons. It is [[Chemically inert|inert]]: as is the case with its lighter analogue, [[helium]], no strongly bound neutral [[Neon compounds|molecules containing neon]] have been identified. The [[ion]]s [Ne[[argon|Ar]]]<sup>+</sup>, [Ne[[hydrogen|H]]]<sup>+</sup>, and [HeNe]<sup>+</sup> have been observed from optical and [[mass spectrometry|mass spectrometric]] studies.<ref name="CRC" /> Solid neon [[clathrate hydrate]] was produced from water ice and neon gas at pressures 350–480 MPa and temperatures about −30 °C.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410690111 |pmid=25002464 |pmc=4115495 |year=2014 |last1=Yu |first1=X. |title=Crystal structure and encapsulation dynamics of ice II-structured neon hydrate |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=29 |pages=10456–61 |last2=Zhu |first2=J. |last3=Du |first3=S. |last4=Xu |first4=H. |last5=Vogel |first5=S. C. |last6=Han |first6=J. |last7=Germann |first7=T. C. |last8=Zhang |first8=J. |last9=Jin |first9=C. |last10=Francisco |first10=J. S. |last11=Zhao |first11=Y. |bibcode=2014PNAS..11110456Y|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ne atoms are not bonded to water and can freely move through this material. They can be extracted by placing the clathrate into a vacuum chamber for several days, yielding [[ice XVI]], the least dense crystalline form of water.<ref name="hydrate">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature14014 |pmid=25503235 |title=Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7530 |pages=231–3 |year=2014 |last1=Falenty |first1=Andrzej |last2=Hansen |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Kuhs |first3=Werner F. |bibcode=2014Natur.516..231F|s2cid=4464711 }}</ref>
-
-The familiar [[Electronegativity#Pauling electronegativity|Pauling electronegativity scale]] relies upon chemical bond energies, but such values have obviously not been measured for inert helium and neon. The [[Electronegativity#Allen electronegativity|Allen electronegativity scale]], which relies only upon (measurable) atomic energies, identifies neon as the most electronegative element, closely followed by fluorine and helium.
-
-==Applications==
-Neon is often used in [[neon sign|signs]] and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called "neon", they use different [[noble gas]]es or varied colors of [[Fluorescent bulb|fluorescent]] lighting.
-
-Neon is used in [[vacuum tube]]s, high-voltage indicators, [[lightning arrester]]s, [[wavemeter]] tubes, [[television]] tubes, and [[helium–neon laser]]s. Liquefied neon is commercially used as a [[cryogenic]] [[refrigerant]] in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid-helium refrigeration.
-
-Neon, as liquid or gas, is relatively expensive – for small quantities, the price of liquid neon can be more than 55 times that of liquid helium. Driving neon's expense is the rarity of neon, which, unlike helium, can only be obtained in usable quantities by filtering it out of the atmosphere.
-
-The [[triple point]] temperature of neon (24.5561 K) is a defining fixed point in the [[International Temperature Scale of 1990]].<ref name="ITS90-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.its-90.com/ |title=The Internet resource for the International Temperature Scale of 1990 |access-date=2009-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815110916/http://www.its-90.com/ |archive-date=2009-08-15}}</ref>
-
-==See also==
-* [[Expansion ratio]]
-* [[Neon sign]]
-* [[Neon lamp]]
-{{Subject bar
-|book1=Neon
-|book2=Period 2 elements
-|book3=Noble gases
-|book4=Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)
-|book5=Chemical elements (sorted by number)
-|portal=Chemistry
-|commons=y
-|wikt=y
-|wikt-search=neon
-|v=y
-|v-search=Neon atom
-|b=y
-|b-search=Wikijunior:The Elements/Neon
-}}
-
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-
-==External links==
-* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/010.htm Neon] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
-* [http://www.webelements.com/neon/ WebElements.com – Neon].
-* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele010.html It's Elemental – Neon]
-* [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html USGS Periodic Table – Neon]
-* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/atspect2.html Atomic Spectrum of Neon]
-* [http://www.neonmuseum.org/ Neon Museum, Las Vegas]
-
-{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
-{{good article}}
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-{{Authority control}}
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-[[Category:Neon| ]]
-[[Category:Chemical elements]]
-[[Category:Noble gases]]
-[[Category:Coolants]]
-[[Category:Refrigerants]]
-[[Category:Laser gain media]]
-[[Category:Industrial gases]]
+makes lights go brrrrrrrrrrrrrr
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0 => '{{short description|Chemical element with atomic number 10}}',
1 => '{{About|the chemical element}}',
2 => '{{pp-move-indef}}',
3 => '{{pp-pc|small=yes}}',
4 => '{{Infobox neon}}',
5 => ''''Neon''' is a [[chemical element]] with the [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Ne''' and [[atomic number]] 10. It is a [[noble gas]].<ref>Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also [[Group (periodic table)]].</ref> Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert [[monatomic gas]] under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard conditions]], with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with [[krypton]] and [[xenon]]) in 1898 as one of the three residual rare inert elements remaining in dry air, after [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[argon]] and [[carbon dioxide]] were removed. Neon was the second of these three rare gases to be discovered and was immediately recognized as a new element from its bright red [[emission spectrum]]. The name neon is derived from the Greek word, {{lang|grc|νέον}}, neuter singular form of {{lang|grc|νέος}} (''neos''), meaning new. Neon is chemically [[Inert gas|inert]], and no uncharged neon compounds are known. The [[Neon compounds|compounds of neon]] currently known include ionic molecules, molecules held together by [[van der Waals forces]] and [[clathrates]].',
6 => '',
7 => 'During cosmic [[nucleogenesis]] of the elements, large amounts of neon are built up from the alpha-capture fusion process in stars. Although neon is a very common element in the universe and solar system (it is fifth in cosmic abundance after [[hydrogen]], [[helium]], [[oxygen]] and [[carbon]]), it is rare on Earth. It composes about 18.2 ppm of air by volume (this is about the same as the molecular or mole fraction) and a smaller fraction in Earth's crust. The reason for neon's relative scarcity on Earth and the [[terrestrial planet|inner (terrestrial) planets]] is that neon is highly [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and forms no compounds to fix it to solids. As a result, it escaped from the [[planetesimal]]s under the warmth of the newly ignited Sun in the early Solar System. Even the outer atmosphere of [[Jupiter]] is somewhat depleted of neon, although for a different reason.<ref name="Wilson2010">{{citation | title=Sequestration of Noble Gases in Giant Planet Interiors | last1=Wilson | first1=Hugh F. | last2=Militzer | first2=Burkhard | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=104 | issue=12 | pages=121101 | id=121101 | date=March 2010 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.121101 | pmid=20366523 | bibcode=2010PhRvL.104l1101W | arxiv=1003.5940 | s2cid=9850759 | postscript=. }}</ref>',
8 => '',
9 => 'Neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in low-[[volt]]age [[Neon lamp|neon glow lamps]], high-voltage [[Geissler tube|discharge tubes]] and [[Neon sign|neon advertising signs]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Project STAR: The Universe in Your Hands|author = Coyle, Harold P. |publisher = Kendall Hunt|date = 2001|isbn = 978-0-7872-6763-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KwTzo4GMlewC&pg=PA127 |pages = 464}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter = Phosphors for lamps |title = Phosphor Handbook|editor = Shionoya, Shigeo|editor2 = Yen, William M. |author = Kohmoto, Kohtaro |publisher = CRC Press|date = 1999|isbn = 978-0-8493-7560-6|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lWlcJEDukRIC&pg=PA380|pages = 940}}</ref> The red emission line from neon also causes the well known red light of [[helium–neon laser]]s. Neon is used in some plasma tube and refrigerant applications but has few other commercial uses. It is commercially extracted by the [[fractional distillation]] of [[liquid air]]. Since air is the only source, it is considerably more expensive than helium.',
10 => '',
11 => '==History==',
12 => '[[File:NeTube.jpg|thumb|left|Neon [[gas-discharge lamp]]s forming the symbol for neon]]',
13 => 'Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir [[William Ramsay]] (1852–1916) and [[Morris Travers]] (1872–1961) in [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal |title = On the Companions of Argon |author = [[William Ramsay|Ramsay, William]], Travers, Morris W. |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume = 63 |issue = 1 |pages = 437–440 |date = 1898 |doi = 10.1098/rspl.1898.0057|s2cid = 98818445 }}</ref> Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. The gases [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], and [[argon]] had been identified, but the remaining gases were isolated in roughly their order of abundance, in a six-week period beginning at the end of May 1898. First to be identified was [[krypton]]. The next, after krypton had been removed, was a gas which gave a brilliant red light under spectroscopic discharge. This gas, identified in June, was named "neon", the Greek analogue of the Latin ''novum'' ('new')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |title=Neon: History |access-date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314232318/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |archive-date=2007-03-14 }}</ref> suggested by Ramsay's son. The characteristic brilliant red-orange color emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately. Travers later wrote: "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287|title=Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)|last=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|date=2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8|page=287|author-link=Mary Elvira Weeks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322191804/http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287|archive-date=2015-03-22|url-status=live}}<!--This is an important quote. It eliminates the many claims that Claude was the first to note the brilliant emission of neon. The probable original source is Travers' 1928 book: {{cite book |title=The Discovery of the Rare Gases |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofrareg0000trav |url-access=registration |last=Travers |first=Morris W. |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |location=London |year=1928}}--></ref>',
14 => '',
15 => 'A second gas was also reported along with neon, having approximately the same density as argon but with a different spectrum – Ramsay and Travers named it ''metargon''.<ref name="Nobel">',
16 => '{{cite web',
17 => ' |url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html',
18 => ' |title = Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere',
19 => ' |last = Ramsay',
20 => ' |first = Sir William',
21 => ' |date = December 12, 1904',
22 => ' |website = nobelprize.org',
23 => ' |publisher = Nobel Media AB',
24 => ' |access-date = 15 November 2015',
25 => ' |url-status = live',
26 => ' |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113111406/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html',
27 => ' |archive-date = 13 November 2015',
28 => '}}',
29 => '</ref><ref name="RamsayTravers1898">{{cite journal |last1=Ramsay |first1=William |last2=Travers |first2=Morris W. |title=On the Companions of Argon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=1898 |pages=437–440 |issn=0370-1662 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0057|s2cid=98818445 }}</ref> However, subsequent spectroscopic analysis revealed it to be argon contaminated with [[carbon monoxide]]. Finally, the same team discovered [[xenon]] by the same process, in September 1898.<ref name="Nobel" />',
30 => '',
31 => 'Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of [[Moore tube]]s, which used [[nitrogen]] and which were commercialized in the early 1900s. After 1902, [[Georges Claude]]'s company [[Air Liquide]] produced industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air-liquefaction business. In December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern [[neon lighting]] based on a sealed tube of neon. Claude tried briefly to sell neon tubes for indoor domestic lighting, due to their intensity, but the market failed because homeowners objected to the color. In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as eye-catching [[neon sign|advertising signs]] and was instantly more successful. Neon tubes were introduced to the U.S. in 1923 with two large neon signs bought by a Los Angeles Packard car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.<ref>{{cite news',
32 => ' |url = http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/',
33 => ' |title = Neon: A Brief History',
34 => ' |last = Mangum',
35 => ' |first = Aja',
36 => ' |access-date = 2008-05-20',
37 => ' |date = December 8, 2007',
38 => ' |newspaper = New York Magazine',
39 => ' |url-status = live',
40 => ' |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415165748/http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/',
41 => ' |archive-date = April 15, 2008',
42 => '}}</ref> The intense color and vibrancy of neon equated with American society at the time, suggesting a "century of progress" and transforming cities into sensational new environments filled with radiating advertisements and "electro-graphic architecture".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golec |first=Michael J. |year=2010 |title=Logo/Local Intensities: Lacan, the Discourse of the Other, and the Solicitation to "Enjoy" |journal=Design and Culture |volume=2 |issue=2|pages=167–181 |doi=10.2752/175470710X12696138525622 |s2cid=144257608 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Electro-Graphic Architecture |last=Wolfe |first=Tom |date=October 1968 |work=Architecture Canada }}</ref>',
43 => '',
44 => 'Neon played a role in the basic understanding of the nature of atoms in 1913, when [[J. J. Thomson]], as part of his exploration into the composition of [[canal rays]], channeled streams of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured the deflection of the streams with a photographic plate. Thomson observed two separate patches of light on the photographic plate (see image), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection. Thomson eventually concluded that some of the [[atom]]s in the neon [[gas]] were of higher mass than the rest. Though not understood at the time by Thomson, this was the first discovery of [[isotope]]s of [[Stable isotope|stable]] atoms. Thomson's device was a crude version of the instrument we now term a [[mass spectrometer]].',
45 => '',
46 => '==Isotopes==',
47 => '{{Main|Isotopes of neon}}',
48 => '[[File:Discovery of neon isotopes.JPG|thumb|left|The first evidence for isotopes of a stable element was provided in 1913 by experiments on neon plasma. In the bottom right corner of [[J. J. Thomson]]'s photographic plate are the separate impact marks for the two isotopes neon-20 and neon-22.]]',
49 => 'Neon is the second lightest inert gas. Neon has three [[stable isotope]]s: <sup>20</sup>Ne (90.48%), <sup>21</sup>Ne (0.27%) and <sup>22</sup>Ne (9.25%). <sup>21</sup>Ne and <sup>22</sup>Ne are partly [[primordial isotope|primordial]] and partly [[nucleogenic]] (i.e. made by nuclear reactions of other nuclides with neutrons or other particles in the environment) and their variations in [[natural abundance]] are well understood. In contrast, <sup>20</sup>Ne (the chief [[primordial isotope]] made in stellar [[nucleosynthesis]]) is not known to be nucleogenic or [[radiogenic]]. The causes of the variation of <sup>20</sup>Ne in the Earth have thus been hotly debated.<ref>{{cite book|isbn = 978-0-521-82316-6|chapter = Neon|page = 303|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z8ZCg2HRvWsC&pg=PA303|title = Radiogenic isotope geology|author1 = Dickin, Alan P|date = 2005}}</ref>',
50 => '',
51 => 'The principal [[nuclear reaction]]s generating nucleogenic neon [[isotope]]s start from <sup>24</sup>Mg and <sup>25</sup>Mg, which produce <sup>21</sup>Ne and <sup>22</sup>Ne respectively, after [[neutron capture]] and immediate emission of an [[alpha particle]]. The [[neutron]]s that produce the reactions are mostly produced by secondary spallation reactions from [[alpha particle]]s, in turn derived from [[uranium]]-series [[decay chain]]s. The net result yields a trend towards lower <sup>20</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne and higher <sup>21</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as [[granite]]s.<ref>[http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html Resources on Isotopes. Periodic Table—Neon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923194636/http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html |date=2006-09-23 }}. explanation of the nucleogenic sources of Ne-21 and Ne-22. USGS.gov.</ref> <sup>21</sup>Ne may also be produced in a nucleogenic reaction, when <sup>20</sup>Ne absorbs a neutron from various natural terrestrial neutron sources.',
52 => '',
53 => 'In addition, isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial [[rock (geology)|rocks]] has demonstrated the [[cosmogenic]] (cosmic ray) production of <sup>21</sup>Ne. This isotope is generated by [[spallation]] reactions on [[magnesium]], [[sodium]], [[silicon]], and [[aluminium]]. By analyzing all three isotopes, the cosmogenic component can be resolved from [[magma]]tic neon and nucleogenic neon. This suggests that neon will be a useful tool in determining cosmic exposure ages of surface rocks and [[meteorite]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |title=Neon: Isotopes |access-date=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115190653/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |archive-date=2012-11-15 }}</ref>',
54 => '',
55 => 'Similar to [[xenon]], neon content observed in samples of [[volcano|volcanic]] [[gas]]es is enriched in <sup>20</sup>Ne and nucleogenic <sup>21</sup>Ne relative to <sup>22</sup>Ne content. The neon isotopic content of these mantle-derived samples represents a non-atmospheric source of neon. The <sup>20</sup>Ne-enriched components are attributed to exotic primordial rare-gas components in the Earth, possibly representing [[solar neon]]. Elevated <sup>20</sup>Ne abundances are found in [[diamond]]s, further suggesting a solar-neon reservoir in the Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |title=Helium, Neon & Argon |access-date=2006-07-02 |author=Anderson, Don L. |publisher=Mantleplumes.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528113659/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |archive-date=2006-05-28 }}</ref>',
56 => '',
57 => '==Characteristics==',
58 => 'Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, after [[helium]]. It glows reddish-orange in a [[discharge tube|vacuum discharge tube]]. Also, neon has the narrowest liquid range of any element: from 24.55 to 27.05 K (−248.45 °C to −245.95 °C, or −415.21 °F to −410.71 °F). It has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity (per unit volume) of liquid [[helium]] and three times that of liquid [[hydrogen]].<ref name="CRC" /> In most applications it is a less expensive [[refrigerant]] than helium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html#table |title=NASSMC: News Bulletin |access-date=2007-03-05 |date=December 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213072031/http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html |archive-date=February 13, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |page=195|title=Fundamentals of Cryogenic Engineering |isbn=9788120330573 |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Mamata |date=2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116145946/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |archive-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>',
59 => '',
60 => '[[File:Neon emission.png|thumb|Spectrum of neon with ultraviolet (at left) and infrared (at right) lines shown in white|center|600x600px]]',
61 => 'Neon plasma has the most intense light discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the noble gases. The average color of this light to the human eye is red-orange due to many lines in this range; it also contains a strong green line, which is hidden, unless the visual components are dispersed by a spectroscope.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |title=Plasma |access-date=2007-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307005259/http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |archive-date=2007-03-07 }}</ref>',
62 => '',
63 => 'Two quite different kinds of [[neon lighting]] are in common use. [[Neon lamp|Neon glow lamps]] are generally tiny, with most operating between 100 and 250 [[volts]].<ref name="Baumann">{{cite book |last=Baumann |first=Edward |title=Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes |publisher=Carlton Press |date=1966}}</ref> They have been widely used as power-on indicators and in circuit-testing equipment, but [[light-emitting diodes]] (LEDs) now dominate in those applications. These simple neon devices were the forerunners of [[plasma display|plasma displays and plasma television screens]].<ref name="Myers">{{cite book |title=Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards |last1=Myers |first1=Robert L. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2002 |pages=69–71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |isbn=978-0-471-49946-6 |quote=Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629141148/https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=2016-06-29 }}</ref><ref name="Weber">{{cite journal |last=Weber |first=Larry F. |author-link=Larry F. Weber |title=History of the plasma display panel |journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science |volume=34 |issue=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=268–278 |doi=10.1109/TPS.2006.872440 |bibcode=2006ITPS...34..268W|s2cid=20290119 }} Paid access.</ref> [[Neon sign]]s typically operate at much higher voltages (2–15 [[kilovolt]]s), and the luminous tubes are commonly meters long.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart |url=http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |publisher=[[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) |access-date=2010-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206163356/http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.</ref> The glass tubing is often formed into shapes and letters for signage, as well as architectural and artistic applications.',
64 => '',
65 => '==Occurrence==',
66 => '[[File:FLORIST (neon sign).jpg|thumb|Neon sign in a [[Hamden, Connecticut]], florist shop|300x300px]]Stable isotopes of neon are produced in stars. Neon's most abundant isotope <sup>20</sup>Ne (90.48%) is created by the [[nuclear fusion]] of [[carbon]] and carbon in the [[carbon-burning process]] of [[stellar nucleosynthesis]]. This requires temperatures above 500 [[megakelvin]]s, which occur in the cores of stars of more than 8 solar masses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXcdHyLUVnEC&q=neon+cosmic+nucleosynthesis&pg=PA106|title=Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium|last=Clayton|first=Donald|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0521823814|pages=106–107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ryan, Sean G. |author2=Norton, Andrew J. | title=Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis | year=2010 | page=135| isbn=978-0-521-13320-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PE4yGiU-JyEC&q=carbong+burning}}</ref>',
67 => '',
68 => 'Neon is abundant on a universal scale; it is the [[Abundance of the chemical elements|fifth most abundant chemical element]] in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see [[chemical element]]).<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2009ARA&A..47..481A |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222 |title=The Chemical Composition of the Sun |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=481–522 |year=2009 |last1=Asplund |first1=Martin |last2=Grevesse |first2=Nicolas |last3=Sauval |first3=A. Jacques |last4=Scott |first4=Pat |arxiv=0909.0948|s2cid=17921922 }}</ref> Its relative rarity on Earth, like that of helium, is due to its relative lightness, high vapor pressure at very low temperatures, and chemical inertness, all properties which tend to keep it from being trapped in the condensing gas and dust clouds that formed the smaller and warmer solid planets like Earth.',
69 => 'Neon is monatomic, making it lighter than the molecules of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen which form the bulk of Earth's atmosphere; a balloon filled with neon will rise in air, albeit more slowly than a helium balloon.<ref>{{cite book |title = Chemistry for Higher Tier |author = Gallagher, R. |author2 = Ingram, P. |publisher = University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-914817-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJtWSy69eVsC&pg=PA96 |pages = 282 |date = 2001-07-19}}</ref>',
70 => '',
71 => 'Neon's abundance in the universe is about 1 part in 750; in the Sun and presumably in the proto-solar system nebula, about 1 part in 600. The [[Galileo spacecraft]] atmospheric entry probe found that even in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the abundance of neon is reduced (depleted) by about a factor of 10, to a level of 1 part in 6,000 by mass. This may indicate that even the ice-[[planetesimal]]s, which brought neon into Jupiter from the outer solar system, formed in a region which was too warm to retain the neon atmospheric component (abundances of heavier inert gases on Jupiter are several times that found in the Sun).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |title=Galileo Probe Science Result |access-date=2007-02-27 |last=Morse |first=David |date=January 26, 1996 |publisher=Galileo Project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224232055/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |archive-date=February 24, 2007 }}</ref>',
72 => '',
73 => 'Neon comprises 1 part in 55,000 in the [[Earth's atmosphere]], or 18.2 ppm by volume (this is about the same as the molecule or mole fraction), or 1 part in 79,000 of air by mass. It comprises a smaller fraction in the crust. It is industrially produced by cryogenic [[fractional distillation]] of liquefied air.<ref name="CRC" />',
74 => '',
75 => 'On 17 August 2015, based on studies with the [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer]] (LADEE) spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of neon in the [[exosphere]] of the [[moon]].<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archive-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref>',
76 => '',
77 => '==Chemistry==',
78 => '[[File:Ne-water clathrate.png|thumb|Crystal structure of Ne [[clathrate hydrate]]<ref name="hydrate" />|300x300px]]',
79 => '{{main|Neon compounds}}',
80 => 'Neon is the first [[p-block]] noble gas, and the first element with a true octet of electrons. It is [[Chemically inert|inert]]: as is the case with its lighter analogue, [[helium]], no strongly bound neutral [[Neon compounds|molecules containing neon]] have been identified. The [[ion]]s [Ne[[argon|Ar]]]<sup>+</sup>, [Ne[[hydrogen|H]]]<sup>+</sup>, and [HeNe]<sup>+</sup> have been observed from optical and [[mass spectrometry|mass spectrometric]] studies.<ref name="CRC" /> Solid neon [[clathrate hydrate]] was produced from water ice and neon gas at pressures 350–480 MPa and temperatures about −30 °C.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410690111 |pmid=25002464 |pmc=4115495 |year=2014 |last1=Yu |first1=X. |title=Crystal structure and encapsulation dynamics of ice II-structured neon hydrate |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=29 |pages=10456–61 |last2=Zhu |first2=J. |last3=Du |first3=S. |last4=Xu |first4=H. |last5=Vogel |first5=S. C. |last6=Han |first6=J. |last7=Germann |first7=T. C. |last8=Zhang |first8=J. |last9=Jin |first9=C. |last10=Francisco |first10=J. S. |last11=Zhao |first11=Y. |bibcode=2014PNAS..11110456Y|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ne atoms are not bonded to water and can freely move through this material. They can be extracted by placing the clathrate into a vacuum chamber for several days, yielding [[ice XVI]], the least dense crystalline form of water.<ref name="hydrate">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature14014 |pmid=25503235 |title=Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate |journal=Nature |volume=516 |issue=7530 |pages=231–3 |year=2014 |last1=Falenty |first1=Andrzej |last2=Hansen |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Kuhs |first3=Werner F. |bibcode=2014Natur.516..231F|s2cid=4464711 }}</ref>',
81 => '',
82 => 'The familiar [[Electronegativity#Pauling electronegativity|Pauling electronegativity scale]] relies upon chemical bond energies, but such values have obviously not been measured for inert helium and neon. The [[Electronegativity#Allen electronegativity|Allen electronegativity scale]], which relies only upon (measurable) atomic energies, identifies neon as the most electronegative element, closely followed by fluorine and helium.',
83 => '',
84 => '==Applications==',
85 => 'Neon is often used in [[neon sign|signs]] and produces an unmistakable bright reddish-orange light. Although tube lights with other colors are often called "neon", they use different [[noble gas]]es or varied colors of [[Fluorescent bulb|fluorescent]] lighting.',
86 => '',
87 => 'Neon is used in [[vacuum tube]]s, high-voltage indicators, [[lightning arrester]]s, [[wavemeter]] tubes, [[television]] tubes, and [[helium–neon laser]]s. Liquefied neon is commercially used as a [[cryogenic]] [[refrigerant]] in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid-helium refrigeration.',
88 => '',
89 => 'Neon, as liquid or gas, is relatively expensive – for small quantities, the price of liquid neon can be more than 55 times that of liquid helium. Driving neon's expense is the rarity of neon, which, unlike helium, can only be obtained in usable quantities by filtering it out of the atmosphere.',
90 => '',
91 => 'The [[triple point]] temperature of neon (24.5561 K) is a defining fixed point in the [[International Temperature Scale of 1990]].<ref name="ITS90-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.its-90.com/ |title=The Internet resource for the International Temperature Scale of 1990 |access-date=2009-07-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815110916/http://www.its-90.com/ |archive-date=2009-08-15}}</ref>',
92 => '',
93 => '==See also==',
94 => '* [[Expansion ratio]]',
95 => '* [[Neon sign]]',
96 => '* [[Neon lamp]]',
97 => '{{Subject bar',
98 => '|book1=Neon',
99 => '|book2=Period 2 elements',
100 => '|book3=Noble gases',
101 => '|book4=Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)',
102 => '|book5=Chemical elements (sorted by number)',
103 => '|portal=Chemistry',
104 => '|commons=y',
105 => '|wikt=y',
106 => '|wikt-search=neon',
107 => '|v=y',
108 => '|v-search=Neon atom',
109 => '|b=y',
110 => '|b-search=Wikijunior:The Elements/Neon',
111 => '}}',
112 => '',
113 => '==References==',
114 => '{{Reflist|30em}}',
115 => '',
116 => '==External links==',
117 => '* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/010.htm Neon] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)',
118 => '* [http://www.webelements.com/neon/ WebElements.com – Neon].',
119 => '* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele010.html It's Elemental – Neon]',
120 => '* [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html USGS Periodic Table – Neon]',
121 => '* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/atspect2.html Atomic Spectrum of Neon]',
122 => '* [http://www.neonmuseum.org/ Neon Museum, Las Vegas]',
123 => '',
124 => '{{Periodic table (navbox)}}',
125 => '{{good article}}',
126 => '',
127 => '{{Authority control}}',
128 => '',
129 => '[[Category:Neon| ]]',
130 => '[[Category:Chemical elements]]',
131 => '[[Category:Noble gases]]',
132 => '[[Category:Coolants]]',
133 => '[[Category:Refrigerants]]',
134 => '[[Category:Laser gain media]]',
135 => '[[Category:Industrial gases]]'
] |
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93 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654#identifiers'
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Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1642583086 |