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{{redirect|ISO|other uses}}
{{Primary sources|article|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = ISO Logo (Red square).svg
| native_name = {{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de normalisation}}<br>
| formation = {{start date|23 February 1947}}
| type = [[Non-governmental organization]]
| status = <!--(ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc)-->
| purpose = [[International standard]]s development
| headquarters = [[Geneva]], Switzerland
| main_organ = <!--(assembly, board of directors, etc)-->
| abbreviation = ISO
| membership = 167 members<br>(39 correspondents and<br>4 subscribers)<ref name="ISO_members">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/members.html |title=ISO members |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>
| languages = {{hlist |English |French |Russian<ref name="languages"/>}}
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Ulrika Francke
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
The '''International Organization for Standardization''' ('''ISO''' {{IPAc-en|1=ˈ|2=aɪ|3=s|4=oʊ}}<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6ZLzzAZ_nQ&t=63s|title=Dare to dream BIG: Standards empower innovators (EN, ES, FR)|date=2016-10-24|people=|language=English|publisher=ISO|trans-title=|time=|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>) is an [[international standard]] development organization composed of representatives from the national [[standards organization]]s of member countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO Membership Manual |url=https://www.iso.org/publication/PUB100399.html |website=ISO |access-date=10 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Membership requirements are given in Article 3 of the ISO Statutes.<ref name="statutes">{{cite book | title =ISO Statutes | publisher =International Organization for Standardization | edition =20th | date =2022 | location =[[Geneva]] | language =EN, FR, RU | url =https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/statutes.pdf | isbn =978-92-67-02040-2 }}</ref>
ISO was founded on 23 February 1947, and (as of November 2022) it has published over 24,500 international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. It has 809 Technical committees and sub committees to take care of standards development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO - About us |url=https://www.iso.org/about-us.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=ISO |language=en}}</ref> The organization develops and publishes standardization in all technical and nontechnical fields other than [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[electronic engineering]].<ref name=":1">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Organization-for-Standardization International Organization for Standardization]." ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2022-04-26.</ref> It is headquartered in [[Geneva]], Switzerland,<ref name="About_ISO">{{cite web |title=About ISO |publisher=ISO |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201243/http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm}}</ref> and works in 167 countries {{As of|2022|lc=y}}. The three official languages of the ISO are [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=How to use the ISO Catalogue |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225623/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm |archive-date=4 October 2007|publisher=ISO.org}}</ref>
==Overview==
The International Organization for Standardization is an independent, [[non-governmental organization]], whose membership consists of different national [[Standards organization|standards bodies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ISO – Members|url=https://www.iso.org/members.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=ISO|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, there are 167 members representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<ref name="About_ISO" />
The organization develops and publishes [[international standard]]s in all technical and nontechnical fields other than [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[electronic engineering]], which are the responsibility of the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]].<ref name=":1" /> {{As of|2022|April}}, the ISO has developed over 24,261 standards, covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture, and healthcare.<ref name="About_ISO" /><ref>{{cite news |title=New 'net zero' standards could transform the climate – unless they're derailed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/04/iso-london-declaration-climate/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
ISO has 804 technical committees and subcommittees concerned with standards development.<ref name="About_ISO" />
=== Name and abbreviations ===
The International Organization for Standardization in French is ''{{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de normalisation}}'' and in Russian, {{lang|ru|Международная организация по стандартизации}} (''{{transliteration|ru|Mezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii}}'').
The letters ''ISO'' do not represent an [[acronym]] or [[initialism]]. The organization provides this explanation of the name:<blockquote>Because 'International Organization for Standardization' would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French), our founders decided to give it the short form ''ISO''. ''ISO'' is derived from the Greek word ''{{transliteration|el|isos}}'' ({{lang|el|ίσος}}, meaning "equal"). Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of our name is always ''ISO''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.iso.org/about-us.html |access-date=25 June 2018 |website=iso.org |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>During the founding meetings of the new organization, however, the Greek word explanation was not invoked, so this meaning may be a [[false etymology]].<ref name="iso_name">{{cite web |title=Friendship among equals |url=https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/about%20ISO/docs/en/Friendship_among_equals.pdf |publisher=ISO}} (page 20)</ref>
Both the name ''ISO'' and the ISO logo are registered trademarks and their use is restricted.<ref name="iso_logo">{{cite web |title=ISO name and logo |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222138/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm |archive-date=19 September 2012 |publisher=ISO}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Memory plaque of founding ISA in Prague cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Plaque marking the building in [[Prague]] where the ISO predecessor, the ISA, was founded.]]The organization that is known today as ISO began in 1926 as the '''International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations''' ('''ISA'''), which primarily focused on [[mechanical engineering]]. The ISA was suspended in 1942 during [[World War II]] but, after the war, the ISA was approached by the recently-formed [[United Nations]] Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new [[International standard|global standards]] body.<ref name="Brief_history">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of ISO |url=http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/standards/martincic/isohistr.htm |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref>
In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the International Organization for Standardization. The organization officially began operations in 23 February 1947.<ref name="50_years">{{citation |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf |title=Friendship among equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |year=1997 |isbn=92-67-10260-5 |pages=15–18 |url-status=live |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yates |first1=JoAnne |last2=Murphy |first2=Craig N. |date=2006 |title=From setting national standards to coordinating international standards: The formation of the ISO |url=https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/yatesandmurphy.pdf |journal=Business and Economic History On-Line |volume=4 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>
==Structure and organization==
ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss the strategic objectives of ISO. The organization is coordinated by a central secretariat based in [[Geneva]].<ref name="ISOStructureAndGovernance">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm |title=Structure and governance |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222955/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm}}</ref>
A council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the annual budget of the central secretariat.<ref name="ISOStructureAndGovernance"/><ref name="tech_ctte_list">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010 |title=Council |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103211437/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010}}</ref>
The technical management board is responsible for more than 250 [[List of International Organization for Standardization technical committees|technical committees]], who develop the ISO standards.<ref name="ISOStructureAndGovernance"/><ref name="iso_technical_ctte">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm |title=Technical committees |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220258/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm}}</ref><ref name="develops">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm |title=Who develops ISO standards? |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919212351/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm}}</ref><ref name="governance">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm |title=Governance of technical work |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222005/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm}}</ref>
===Joint technical committee with IEC===
{{main|ISO/IEC JTC 1}}
ISO has a joint technical committee (JTC) with the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) to develop standards relating to [[information technology]] (IT). Known as [[ISO/IEC JTC 1|JTC 1]] and entitled "Information technology", it was created in 1987 and its mission is "to develop worldwide [[Information and communications technology|Information and Communication Technology]] (ICT) standards for business and consumer applications."<ref name="jtc1_home">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=15 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jtc1info.org/ |title=JTC 1 home page |publisher=[[ISO/IEC JTC 1]] |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
There was previously also a JTC 2 that was created in 2009 for a joint project to establish common terminology for "standardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources".<ref name="iso_list_tech">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141 |title=ISO/IEC JTC 2 Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120431/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141}}</ref> It was later disbanded.
=== Membership ===
{{Further|Countries in the International Organization for Standardization}}
[[File:ISO Members 2020.svg|thumb|A map of ISO members as of November 2020<br/>{{legend|#4444ff|ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO voting rights}} {{legend|#ffff00|Correspondent members (countries without a national standards body)}} {{legend|#ff0000|Subscriber members (countries with small economies)}}]]
{{As of|2022}}, there are 167 [[Countries in International Organization for Standardization|national members]] representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<ref name="About_ISO" /><ref name=":0" />
ISO has three membership categories,<ref name="ISO_members"/>
* ''Member bodies'' are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.
* ''Correspondent members'' are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about the work of ISO, but do not participate in standards promulgation.
* ''Subscriber members'' are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.
Participating members are called "P" members, as opposed to observing members, who are called "O" members.
=== Financing ===
ISO is funded by a combination of:<ref name="iso_general">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm |title=General information on ISO |publisher=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005105014/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm}}</ref>
* Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technical work
* Subscriptions from member bodies, whose subscriptions are in proportion to each country's [[gross national product]] and trade figures
* Sale of standards
=={{anchor|Standards}}International standards and other publications==
{{see also|List of International Organization for Standardization standards}}
International standards are the main products of ISO. It also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technical [[Erratum|corrigenda]], and guides.<!--
--><ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004">The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:
* {{cite web |url=http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work |year=2012 |publisher=ISO/IEC |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613062832/http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf |access-date=17 July 2012 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec-dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards |year=2011 |publisher=ISO/IEC |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016080553/http://iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec-dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf |access-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref><!--
--><ref name="iso-directives">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/directives |title=ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045913/http://www.iso.org/directives }}</ref>
'''International standards'''
: These are designated using the format ''ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title'', where ''nnnnn'' is the number of the standard, ''p'' is an optional part number, ''yyyy'' is the year published, and ''Title'' describes the subject. ''IEC'' for ''[[International Electrotechnical Commission]]'' is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC 1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ''ASTM'' (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with [[ASTM International]]. ''yyyy'' and ''IS'' are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and, under some circumstances, may be left off the title of a published work.
'''Technical reports'''
: These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/> such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except ''TR'' prepended instead of ''IS'' in the report's name.
For example:
* ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
* ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation – Metadata for construction documentation
'''Technical and publicly available specifications'''
: Technical specifications may be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". A publicly available specification is usually "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/> By convention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization's technical reports.
For example:
* ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation – Reference designation system – Part 1: General application rules
* ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles – Roof load carriers
'''Technical corrigenda'''
: ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (where "corrigenda" is the plural of [[Erratum|corrigendum]]). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/>
{{anchor|guides}}'''ISO guides'''
:These are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization".<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/> They are named using the format ''"ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title"''.
For example:
* ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities – General vocabulary
* ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification (since revised and reissued as ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services).<ref>ISO, [https://www.iso.org/standard/46568.html ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services], published September 2012, revised 2018, accessed 3 October 2022</ref>
===Document copyright===
ISO documents have strict copyright restrictions and ISO charges for most copies. {{as of|2020}}, the typical cost of a copy of an ISO standard is about {{US$|120}} or more (and electronic copies typically have a single-user license, so they cannot be shared among groups of people).<ref>{{cite web |title=What Does ISO Certification Cost? |url=https://reciprocitylabs.com/resources/what-does-iso-certification-cost/ |website=Reciprocity |language=en |date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]]) are made freely available.<ref name="FreelyAvailableStandards">{{cite web |title=Freely Available Standards |publisher=ISO |date=1 February 2011 |url=http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ }}</ref><ref name="free_ansi">{{cite web |title=Free ANSI Standards |url=http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403014457/http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp}}</ref>
==Standardization process==
A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status are:<ref name="about-mpeg">{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm |title=About MPEG |publisher=chiariglione.org |url-status=live |archive-date=21 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015546/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm}}</ref><ref name="iso-stages-codes">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90 |title=International harmonized stage codes |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225136/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm }}</ref><ref name="iso-stages">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm |title=Stages of the development of International Standards |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm}}</ref><ref name="acronyms-committees">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms |title=The ISO27k FAQ – ISO/IEC acronyms and committees |publisher=IsecT Ltd. |url-status=live |archive-date=24 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124081445/http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms}}</ref><ref name="iso-directives-procedures">{{cite web |url=http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives Supplement – Procedures specific to ISO |year=2007 |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112093253/http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf}}</ref><ref name="abbr">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm |title=List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online |year=2007 |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm}}</ref><ref name="us-tag-committee">{{cite web |url=http://www.sae.org/exdomains/standardsdev/global_resources/US%20TAG%20Committe%20Handbook%206March2008.doc |format=DOC |title=US Tag Committee Handbook |date=March 2008 }}</ref>
* PWI – Preliminary Work Item
* NP or NWIP – New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)
* AWI – Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)
* WD – Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)
* CD – Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000-5)
* FCD – Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12)
* DIS – Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC DIS 14297)
* FDIS – Final Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)
* PRF – Proof of a new International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC PRF 18018)
* IS – International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007)
Abbreviations used for amendments are:<ref name="about-mpeg"/><ref name="iso-stages-codes"/><ref name="iso-stages"/><ref name="acronyms-committees"/><ref name="iso-directives-procedures"/><ref name="abbr"/><ref name="us-tag-committee"/><ref name="iso-tr-ts-2009"/>
* NP Amd – New Proposal Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3)
* AWI Amd – Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)
* WD Amd – Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1)
* CD Amd / PDAmd – Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/CD Amd 6)
* FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) – Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/FPDAmd 1)
* FDAM (FDAmd) – Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4)
* PRF Amd – (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)
* Amd – Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 1:2007)
Other abbreviations are:<ref name="iso-directives-procedures"/><ref name="abbr"/><ref name="iso-tr-ts-2009"/><ref name="deliverables">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm |title=ISO deliverables |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm}}</ref>
* TR – Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006)
* DTR – Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR 19791)
* TS – Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/TS 16949:2009)
* DTS – Draft Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/DTS 11602-1)
* PAS – Publicly Available Specification
* TTA – Technology Trends Assessment (e.g., ISO/TTA 1:1994)
* IWA – International Workshop Agreements (e.g., IWA 1:2005)
* Cor – Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008)
* Guide – a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards
International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:<ref name="iso-stages"/><ref name="iso-directives-part1">{{citation |url=https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/4230450/4230452/Consolidated_ISO_IEC_Part-1_(E)_2022.pdf?nodeid=22166036 |title=ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 – Consolidated ISO Supplement – Procedure for the technical work – Procedures specific to ISO |year=2022 |author=ISO |access-date=16 September 2022 }}</ref>
* Stage 1: Proposal stage
* Stage 2: Preparatory stage
* Stage 3: Committee stage
* Stage 4: Enquiry stage
* Stage 5: Approval stage
* Stage 6: Publication stage
The TC/SC may set up [[working group]]s (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which may have several Sub Groups (SG).<ref name="wg11-structure">{{cite web |url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio) |author=ISO, IEC |date=5 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010128180300/http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm |access-date=7 November 2009 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" <!--width="100%"-->
|+ {{Larger|Stages in the development process of an ISO standard}}<!--
--><ref name="iso-stages-codes"/><ref name="iso-stages"/><ref name="acronyms-committees"/><ref name="us-tag-committee"/><ref name="iso-directives-part1"/><!--
--><ref name="iso-tr-ts-2009">{{citation |url=http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/JTC001-N-9876.pdf?func=doc.Fetch&nodeId=8498789&docTitle=JTC001-N-9876 |title=Letter Ballot on the JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specifications and Technical Reports |author=ISO/IEC JTC1 |date=2 November 2009 }}</ref>
|-
!width="6%"| Stage code !!width="15%"| Stage !!width="19%"| Associated document name !!width="45%"| Abbreviations !! {{hlist|Description|Notes}}
|-
| 00 || Preliminary || Preliminary work item || PWI ||
|-
| 10 || Proposal || New work item proposal || {{hlist|NP or NWIP|NP Amd/TR/TS/IWA}} ||
|-
| 20 || Preparatory || Working draft or drafts || {{hlist|AWI|AWI Amd/TR/TS|WD|WD Amd/TR/TS}} ||
|-
| 30 || Committee || Committee draft or drafts || {{hlist|CD|CD Amd/Cor/TR/TS|PDAmd (PDAM)|PDTR|PDTS}} ||
|-
| 40 || Enquiry || Enquiry draft || {{hlist|DIS|FCD|FPDAmd|DAmd (DAM)|FPDISP|DTR|DTS}} || (CDV in IEC)
|-
| 50 || Approval || Final draft || {{hlist|FDIS|FDAmd (FDAM)|PRF|PRF Amd/TTA/TR/TS/Suppl|FDTR}} ||
|-
| 60 || Publication || International Standard ||rowspan="2"| {{hlist|ISO|TR|TS|IWA|Amd|Cor}} ||
|-
| 90 || Review || ||
|-
| 95 || Withdrawal || || ||
|}
It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example, a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives also allow the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS), if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.<ref name="iso-stages"/>
The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of [[Moving Picture Experts Group]] – ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The first document that is produced, for example, for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard, but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes a committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot.
The committee draft becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes exceeds the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When consensus is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). Then the text is submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and if not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO central secretariat, which publishes it as the International Standard.<ref name="about-mpeg"/><ref name="iso-stages"/>
===International Workshop Agreements===
International Workshop Agreements (IWAs) follow a slightly different process outside the usual committee system but overseen by the ISO, allowing "key industry players to negotiate in an open workshop environment" in order to shape the IWA standard.<ref>ATG Access Ltd., [https://www.atgaccess.com/news/guides/what-is-iwa-14 What is IWA 14?], published 11 March 2020, accessed 18 August 2020</ref>
==Products named after ISO==
On occasion, the fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led to common use of "ISO" to describe the product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:
* [[Disk images]] end in the [[file extension]] "[[ISO image|ISO]]" to signify that they are using the [[ISO 9660]] standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence disc images commonly being referred to as "ISOs".
* The sensitivity of a photographic film to light (its "[[film speed]]") is described by [[ISO 6]], [[ISO 2240]], and [[ISO 5800]]. Hence, the speed of the film often is referred to by its ISO number.
* As it was originally defined in ISO 518, the flash [[hot shoe]] found on cameras often is called the "ISO shoe".
* [[ISO 11783]], which is marketed as ISOBUS.
* [[ISO 13216]], which is marketed as ISOFIX.
==Criticism==
With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,<ref name="FreelyAvailableStandards"/> normally ISO standards are not available free of charge, but for a purchase fee,<ref name="iso_shopFAQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm |title=Shopping FAQs |publisher=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005054552/http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm}}</ref> which has been seen by some as unaffordable for small [[Open-source model|open-source]] projects.<ref name="oreilly2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html |title=Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free |publisher=oreillynet.com |last=Jelliffe |first=Rick |quote=The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community. |date=1 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124060422/http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html}}</ref>
The [[ISO/IEC JTC 1]] fast-track procedures ("Fast-track" as used by [[Office Open XML|OOXML]] and "PAS" as used by [[OpenDocument]]) have garnered criticism in relation to the [[standardization of Office Open XML]] (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing convenor of [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34]] WG1, is quoted as saying:<ref name="jtc1_sc34_0940">{{cite web |url=http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm |title=Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto |publisher=iso/jtc1 sc34 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812081252/http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm}}</ref>
<blockquote>
I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstanding standards over to [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards), where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.
The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track and ISO committee generated standards is fast making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fast disappearing. Instead we are getting "standardization by corporation".
</blockquote>
The computer security entrepreneur and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] founder, [[Mark Shuttleworth]], commented on the [[Standardization of Office Open XML]] process by saying: "I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process", and alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also noted that [[Microsoft]] had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers, and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML:<ref name="zdnet_2222">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222 |title=Ubuntu's Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML's win |publisher=ZDNet.com |date=1 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404052723/http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process... ISO is an engineering [[Old boy network|old boys club]] and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion ... then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate [[lobbying]] and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.
</blockquote>
==See also==
{{Portal|Science|Engineering|Technology}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* {{annotated link|AP Stylebook}}
* {{annotated link|Countries in the International Organization for Standardization}}
* {{annotated link|Ecma International}}
* {{annotated link|European Committee for Standardization|abbreviation=CEN}}
* {{annotated link|Global Reporting Initiative}} – for sustainability information and linking up with reporting on their 17#[[GlobalGoals]] indicators
* {{annotated link|GOST}} – a set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology, and Certification
* {{annotated link|IEEE Standards Association}}
* {{annotated link|Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology}}
* {{annotated link|Interface 2010}} – the Interface Marketing Supplier Integration Institute
* {{annotated link|International Classification for Standards}}
* {{annotated link|The International Customer Service Institute}}
* {{annotated link|International Electrotechnical Commission|abbreviation=IEC}}
* {{annotated link|International healthcare accreditation}}
* {{annotated link|International Telecommunication Union}}
* {{annotated link|Internet Engineering Task Force}}
* {{annotated link|List of International Organization for Standardization standards}}
* {{annotated link|Standardization}}
* {{annotated link|Standards organization}}
* {{annotated link|Terminology planning policy}}
{{div col end}}
=== ISO divisions ===
Technical Committees of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 37}} – ''Terminology and other language and content resources''
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 68}}
* {{annotated link|ISO TC 46/SC 9}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 176}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 215}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 223}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 262}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 289}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 292}}
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web |first = Willy |last=Kuert |title = Friendship Among Equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years |publisher = ISO |year = 1997 |url = http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf |url-status = live |archive-date = 26 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf }}
* {{cite web |first1=JoAnne|last1=Yates|author-link1=JoAnne Yates|first2=Craig N.|last2=Murphy|url = http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf |date=Fall 2006 |title = Coordinating International Standards: The Formation of the ISO |url-status = live |archive-date = 22 September 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922210249/http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf}} [http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/index2006.html ''MIT Innovations and Entrepreneurship Seminar Series''].
==External links==
{{Commons category|ISO}}
* {{Official website}}
** [https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html Publicly Available Standards], with free access to a small subset of the standards.
** [https://www.iso.org/advanced-search/x/ Advanced search for standards and/or projects]
** [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/ Online Browsing Platform (OBP)], access to most up to date content in ISO standards, graphical symbols, codes or terms and definitions.
{{International Organization for Standardization}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Social accountability}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:International Organization for Standardization| ]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Social responsibility organizations]]
[[Category:Technical specifications]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '==Overview==
The International Organization for Standardization is an independent, [[non-governmental organization]], whose membership consists of different national [[Standards organization|standards bodies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ISO – Members|url=https://www.iso.org/members.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=ISO|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, there are 167 members representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<ref name="About_ISO">{{cite web |title=About ISO |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201243/http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm |archive-date=4 October 2007 |publisher=ISO}}</ref>
The organization develops and publishes [[international standard]]s in all technical and nontechnical fields other than [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[electronic engineering]], which are the responsibility of the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]].<ref name=":1">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Organization-for-Standardization International Organization for Standardization]." ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2022-04-26.</ref> {{As of|2022|April}}, the ISO has developed over 24,261 standards, covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture, and healthcare.<ref name="About_ISO" /><ref>{{cite news |title=New 'net zero' standards could transform the climate – unless they're derailed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/04/iso-london-declaration-climate/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
ISO has 804 technical committees and subcommittees concerned with standards development.<ref name="About_ISO" />
=== Name and abbreviations ===
The International Organization for Standardization in French is ''{{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de normalisation}}'' and in Russian, {{lang|ru|Международная организация по стандартизации}} (''{{transliteration|ru|Mezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii}}'').
The letters ''ISO'' do not represent an [[acronym]] or [[initialism]]. The organization provides this explanation of the name:<blockquote>Because 'International Organization for Standardization' would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French), our founders decided to give it the short form ''ISO''. ''ISO'' is derived from the Greek word ''{{transliteration|el|isos}}'' ({{lang|el|ίσος}}, meaning "equal"). Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of our name is always ''ISO''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.iso.org/about-us.html |access-date=25 June 2018 |website=iso.org |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>During the founding meetings of the new organization, however, the Greek word explanation was not invoked, so this meaning may be a [[false etymology]].<ref name="iso_name">{{cite web |title=Friendship among equals |url=https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/about%20ISO/docs/en/Friendship_among_equals.pdf |publisher=ISO}} (page 20)</ref>
Both the name ''ISO'' and the ISO logo are registered trademarks and their use is restricted.<ref name="iso_logo">{{cite web |title=ISO name and logo |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222138/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm |archive-date=19 September 2012 |publisher=ISO}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Memory plaque of founding ISA in Prague cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Plaque marking the building in [[Prague]] where the ISO predecessor, the ISA, was founded.]]The organization that is known today as ISO began in 1926 as the '''International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations''' ('''ISA'''), which primarily focused on [[mechanical engineering]]. The ISA was suspended in 1942 during [[World War II]] but, after the war, the ISA was approached by the recently-formed [[United Nations]] Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new [[International standard|global standards]] body.<ref name="Brief_history">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of ISO |url=http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/standards/martincic/isohistr.htm |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref>
In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the International Organization for Standardization. The organization officially began operations in 23 February 1947.<ref name="50_years">{{citation |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf |title=Friendship among equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |year=1997 |isbn=92-67-10260-5 |pages=15–18 |url-status=live |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yates |first1=JoAnne |last2=Murphy |first2=Craig N. |date=2006 |title=From setting national standards to coordinating international standards: The formation of the ISO |url=https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/yatesandmurphy.pdf |journal=Business and Economic History On-Line |volume=4 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>
==Structure and organization==
ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss the strategic objectives of ISO. The organization is coordinated by a central secretariat based in [[Geneva]].<ref name="ISOStructureAndGovernance">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm |title=Structure and governance |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222955/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm}}</ref>
A council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the annual budget of the central secretariat.<ref name="ISOStructureAndGovernance"/><ref name="tech_ctte_list">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010 |title=Council |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103211437/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010}}</ref>
The technical management board is responsible for more than 250 [[List of International Organization for Standardization technical committees|technical committees]], who develop the ISO standards.<ref name="ISOStructureAndGovernance"/><ref name="iso_technical_ctte">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm |title=Technical committees |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220258/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm}}</ref><ref name="develops">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm |title=Who develops ISO standards? |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919212351/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm}}</ref><ref name="governance">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm |title=Governance of technical work |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222005/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm}}</ref>
===Joint technical committee with IEC===
{{main|ISO/IEC JTC 1}}
ISO has a joint technical committee (JTC) with the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) to develop standards relating to [[information technology]] (IT). Known as [[ISO/IEC JTC 1|JTC 1]] and entitled "Information technology", it was created in 1987 and its mission is "to develop worldwide [[Information and communications technology|Information and Communication Technology]] (ICT) standards for business and consumer applications."<ref name="jtc1_home">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=15 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jtc1info.org/ |title=JTC 1 home page |publisher=[[ISO/IEC JTC 1]] |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
There was previously also a JTC 2 that was created in 2009 for a joint project to establish common terminology for "standardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources".<ref name="iso_list_tech">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141 |title=ISO/IEC JTC 2 Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120431/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141}}</ref> It was later disbanded.
=== Membership ===
{{Further|Countries in the International Organization for Standardization}}
[[File:ISO Members 2020.svg|thumb|A map of ISO members as of November 2020<br/>{{legend|#4444ff|ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO voting rights}} {{legend|#ffff00|Correspondent members (countries without a national standards body)}} {{legend|#ff0000|Subscriber members (countries with small economies)}}]]
{{As of|2022}}, there are 167 [[Countries in International Organization for Standardization|national members]] representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<ref name="About_ISO" /><ref name=":0" />
ISO has three membership categories,<ref name="ISO_members"/>
* ''Member bodies'' are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.
* ''Correspondent members'' are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about the work of ISO, but do not participate in standards promulgation.
* ''Subscriber members'' are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.
Participating members are called "P" members, as opposed to observing members, who are called "O" members.
=== Financing ===
ISO is funded by a combination of:<ref name="iso_general">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm |title=General information on ISO |publisher=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005105014/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm}}</ref>
* Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technical work
* Subscriptions from member bodies, whose subscriptions are in proportion to each country's [[gross national product]] and trade figures
* Sale of standards
=={{anchor|Standards}}International standards and other publications==
{{see also|List of International Organization for Standardization standards}}
International standards are the main products of ISO. It also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technical [[Erratum|corrigenda]], and guides.<!--
--><ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004">The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:
* {{cite web |url=http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work |year=2012 |publisher=ISO/IEC |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613062832/http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf |access-date=17 July 2012 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec-dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards |year=2011 |publisher=ISO/IEC |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016080553/http://iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec-dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf |access-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref><!--
--><ref name="iso-directives">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/directives |title=ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045913/http://www.iso.org/directives }}</ref>
'''International standards'''
: These are designated using the format ''ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title'', where ''nnnnn'' is the number of the standard, ''p'' is an optional part number, ''yyyy'' is the year published, and ''Title'' describes the subject. ''IEC'' for ''[[International Electrotechnical Commission]]'' is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC 1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ''ASTM'' (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with [[ASTM International]]. ''yyyy'' and ''IS'' are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and, under some circumstances, may be left off the title of a published work.
'''Technical reports'''
: These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/> such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except ''TR'' prepended instead of ''IS'' in the report's name.
For example:
* ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
* ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation – Metadata for construction documentation
'''Technical and publicly available specifications'''
: Technical specifications may be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". A publicly available specification is usually "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/> By convention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization's technical reports.
For example:
* ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation – Reference designation system – Part 1: General application rules
* ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles – Roof load carriers
'''Technical corrigenda'''
: ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (where "corrigenda" is the plural of [[Erratum|corrigendum]]). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/>
{{anchor|guides}}'''ISO guides'''
:These are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization".<ref name="ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004"/> They are named using the format ''"ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title"''.
For example:
* ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities – General vocabulary
* ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification (since revised and reissued as ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services).<ref>ISO, [https://www.iso.org/standard/46568.html ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services], published September 2012, revised 2018, accessed 3 October 2022</ref>
===Document copyright===
ISO documents have strict copyright restrictions and ISO charges for most copies. {{as of|2020}}, the typical cost of a copy of an ISO standard is about {{US$|120}} or more (and electronic copies typically have a single-user license, so they cannot be shared among groups of people).<ref>{{cite web |title=What Does ISO Certification Cost? |url=https://reciprocitylabs.com/resources/what-does-iso-certification-cost/ |website=Reciprocity |language=en |date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]]) are made freely available.<ref name="FreelyAvailableStandards">{{cite web |title=Freely Available Standards |publisher=ISO |date=1 February 2011 |url=http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ }}</ref><ref name="free_ansi">{{cite web |title=Free ANSI Standards |url=http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403014457/http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp}}</ref>
==Standardization process==
A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status are:<ref name="about-mpeg">{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm |title=About MPEG |publisher=chiariglione.org |url-status=live |archive-date=21 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015546/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm}}</ref><ref name="iso-stages-codes">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90 |title=International harmonized stage codes |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225136/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm }}</ref><ref name="iso-stages">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm |title=Stages of the development of International Standards |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm}}</ref><ref name="acronyms-committees">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms |title=The ISO27k FAQ – ISO/IEC acronyms and committees |publisher=IsecT Ltd. |url-status=live |archive-date=24 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124081445/http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms}}</ref><ref name="iso-directives-procedures">{{cite web |url=http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf |title=ISO/IEC Directives Supplement – Procedures specific to ISO |year=2007 |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112093253/http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf}}</ref><ref name="abbr">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm |title=List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online |year=2007 |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm}}</ref><ref name="us-tag-committee">{{cite web |url=http://www.sae.org/exdomains/standardsdev/global_resources/US%20TAG%20Committe%20Handbook%206March2008.doc |format=DOC |title=US Tag Committee Handbook |date=March 2008 }}</ref>
* PWI – Preliminary Work Item
* NP or NWIP – New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)
* AWI – Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)
* WD – Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)
* CD – Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000-5)
* FCD – Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12)
* DIS – Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC DIS 14297)
* FDIS – Final Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)
* PRF – Proof of a new International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC PRF 18018)
* IS – International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007)
Abbreviations used for amendments are:<ref name="about-mpeg"/><ref name="iso-stages-codes"/><ref name="iso-stages"/><ref name="acronyms-committees"/><ref name="iso-directives-procedures"/><ref name="abbr"/><ref name="us-tag-committee"/><ref name="iso-tr-ts-2009"/>
* NP Amd – New Proposal Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3)
* AWI Amd – Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)
* WD Amd – Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1)
* CD Amd / PDAmd – Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/CD Amd 6)
* FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) – Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/FPDAmd 1)
* FDAM (FDAmd) – Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4)
* PRF Amd – (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)
* Amd – Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 1:2007)
Other abbreviations are:<ref name="iso-directives-procedures"/><ref name="abbr"/><ref name="iso-tr-ts-2009"/><ref name="deliverables">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm |title=ISO deliverables |author=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm}}</ref>
* TR – Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006)
* DTR – Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR 19791)
* TS – Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/TS 16949:2009)
* DTS – Draft Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/DTS 11602-1)
* PAS – Publicly Available Specification
* TTA – Technology Trends Assessment (e.g., ISO/TTA 1:1994)
* IWA – International Workshop Agreements (e.g., IWA 1:2005)
* Cor – Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008)
* Guide – a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards
International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:<ref name="iso-stages"/><ref name="iso-directives-part1">{{citation |url=https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/4230450/4230452/Consolidated_ISO_IEC_Part-1_(E)_2022.pdf?nodeid=22166036 |title=ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 – Consolidated ISO Supplement – Procedure for the technical work – Procedures specific to ISO |year=2022 |author=ISO |access-date=16 September 2022 }}</ref>
* Stage 1: Proposal stage
* Stage 2: Preparatory stage
* Stage 3: Committee stage
* Stage 4: Enquiry stage
* Stage 5: Approval stage
* Stage 6: Publication stage
The TC/SC may set up [[working group]]s (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which may have several Sub Groups (SG).<ref name="wg11-structure">{{cite web |url=http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio) |author=ISO, IEC |date=5 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010128180300/http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm |access-date=7 November 2009 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" <!--width="100%"-->
|+ {{Larger|Stages in the development process of an ISO standard}}<!--
--><ref name="iso-stages-codes"/><ref name="iso-stages"/><ref name="acronyms-committees"/><ref name="us-tag-committee"/><ref name="iso-directives-part1"/><!--
--><ref name="iso-tr-ts-2009">{{citation |url=http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/JTC001-N-9876.pdf?func=doc.Fetch&nodeId=8498789&docTitle=JTC001-N-9876 |title=Letter Ballot on the JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specifications and Technical Reports |author=ISO/IEC JTC1 |date=2 November 2009 }}</ref>
|-
!width="6%"| Stage code !!width="15%"| Stage !!width="19%"| Associated document name !!width="45%"| Abbreviations !! {{hlist|Description|Notes}}
|-
| 00 || Preliminary || Preliminary work item || PWI ||
|-
| 10 || Proposal || New work item proposal || {{hlist|NP or NWIP|NP Amd/TR/TS/IWA}} ||
|-
| 20 || Preparatory || Working draft or drafts || {{hlist|AWI|AWI Amd/TR/TS|WD|WD Amd/TR/TS}} ||
|-
| 30 || Committee || Committee draft or drafts || {{hlist|CD|CD Amd/Cor/TR/TS|PDAmd (PDAM)|PDTR|PDTS}} ||
|-
| 40 || Enquiry || Enquiry draft || {{hlist|DIS|FCD|FPDAmd|DAmd (DAM)|FPDISP|DTR|DTS}} || (CDV in IEC)
|-
| 50 || Approval || Final draft || {{hlist|FDIS|FDAmd (FDAM)|PRF|PRF Amd/TTA/TR/TS/Suppl|FDTR}} ||
|-
| 60 || Publication || International Standard ||rowspan="2"| {{hlist|ISO|TR|TS|IWA|Amd|Cor}} ||
|-
| 90 || Review || ||
|-
| 95 || Withdrawal || || ||
|}
It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example, a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives also allow the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS), if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.<ref name="iso-stages"/>
The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of [[Moving Picture Experts Group]] – ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The first document that is produced, for example, for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard, but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes a committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot.
The committee draft becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes exceeds the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When consensus is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). Then the text is submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and if not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO central secretariat, which publishes it as the International Standard.<ref name="about-mpeg"/><ref name="iso-stages"/>
===International Workshop Agreements===
International Workshop Agreements (IWAs) follow a slightly different process outside the usual committee system but overseen by the ISO, allowing "key industry players to negotiate in an open workshop environment" in order to shape the IWA standard.<ref>ATG Access Ltd., [https://www.atgaccess.com/news/guides/what-is-iwa-14 What is IWA 14?], published 11 March 2020, accessed 18 August 2020</ref>
==Products named after ISO==
On occasion, the fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led to common use of "ISO" to describe the product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:
* [[Disk images]] end in the [[file extension]] "[[ISO image|ISO]]" to signify that they are using the [[ISO 9660]] standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence disc images commonly being referred to as "ISOs".
* The sensitivity of a photographic film to light (its "[[film speed]]") is described by [[ISO 6]], [[ISO 2240]], and [[ISO 5800]]. Hence, the speed of the film often is referred to by its ISO number.
* As it was originally defined in ISO 518, the flash [[hot shoe]] found on cameras often is called the "ISO shoe".
* [[ISO 11783]], which is marketed as ISOBUS.
* [[ISO 13216]], which is marketed as ISOFIX.
==Criticism==
With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,<ref name="FreelyAvailableStandards"/> normally ISO standards are not available free of charge, but for a purchase fee,<ref name="iso_shopFAQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm |title=Shopping FAQs |publisher=ISO |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005054552/http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm}}</ref> which has been seen by some as unaffordable for small [[Open-source model|open-source]] projects.<ref name="oreilly2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html |title=Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free |publisher=oreillynet.com |last=Jelliffe |first=Rick |quote=The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community. |date=1 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124060422/http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html}}</ref>
The [[ISO/IEC JTC 1]] fast-track procedures ("Fast-track" as used by [[Office Open XML|OOXML]] and "PAS" as used by [[OpenDocument]]) have garnered criticism in relation to the [[standardization of Office Open XML]] (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing convenor of [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34]] WG1, is quoted as saying:<ref name="jtc1_sc34_0940">{{cite web |url=http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm |title=Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto |publisher=iso/jtc1 sc34 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812081252/http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm}}</ref>
<blockquote>
I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstanding standards over to [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards), where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.
The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track and ISO committee generated standards is fast making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fast disappearing. Instead we are getting "standardization by corporation".
</blockquote>
The computer security entrepreneur and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] founder, [[Mark Shuttleworth]], commented on the [[Standardization of Office Open XML]] process by saying: "I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process", and alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also noted that [[Microsoft]] had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers, and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML:<ref name="zdnet_2222">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222 |title=Ubuntu's Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML's win |publisher=ZDNet.com |date=1 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404052723/http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process... ISO is an engineering [[Old boy network|old boys club]] and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion ... then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate [[lobbying]] and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.
</blockquote>
==See also==
{{Portal|Science|Engineering|Technology}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* {{annotated link|AP Stylebook}}
* {{annotated link|Countries in the International Organization for Standardization}}
* {{annotated link|Ecma International}}
* {{annotated link|European Committee for Standardization|abbreviation=CEN}}
* {{annotated link|Global Reporting Initiative}} – for sustainability information and linking up with reporting on their 17#[[GlobalGoals]] indicators
* {{annotated link|GOST}} – a set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology, and Certification
* {{annotated link|IEEE Standards Association}}
* {{annotated link|Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology}}
* {{annotated link|Interface 2010}} – the Interface Marketing Supplier Integration Institute
* {{annotated link|International Classification for Standards}}
* {{annotated link|The International Customer Service Institute}}
* {{annotated link|International Electrotechnical Commission|abbreviation=IEC}}
* {{annotated link|International healthcare accreditation}}
* {{annotated link|International Telecommunication Union}}
* {{annotated link|Internet Engineering Task Force}}
* {{annotated link|List of International Organization for Standardization standards}}
* {{annotated link|Standardization}}
* {{annotated link|Standards organization}}
* {{annotated link|Terminology planning policy}}
{{div col end}}
=== ISO divisions ===
Technical Committees of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 37}} – ''Terminology and other language and content resources''
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 68}}
* {{annotated link|ISO TC 46/SC 9}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 176}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 215}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 223}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 262}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 289}}
* {{annotated link|ISO/TC 292}}
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web |first = Willy |last=Kuert |title = Friendship Among Equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years |publisher = ISO |year = 1997 |url = http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf |url-status = live |archive-date = 26 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf }}
* {{cite web |first1=JoAnne|last1=Yates|author-link1=JoAnne Yates|first2=Craig N.|last2=Murphy|url = http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf |date=Fall 2006 |title = Coordinating International Standards: The Formation of the ISO |url-status = live |archive-date = 22 September 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922210249/http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf}} [http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/index2006.html ''MIT Innovations and Entrepreneurship Seminar Series''].
==External links==
{{Commons category|ISO}}
* {{Official website}}
** [https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html Publicly Available Standards], with free access to a small subset of the standards.
** [https://www.iso.org/advanced-search/x/ Advanced search for standards and/or projects]
** [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/ Online Browsing Platform (OBP)], access to most up to date content in ISO standards, graphical symbols, codes or terms and definitions.
{{International Organization for Standardization}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Social accountability}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:International Organization for Standardization| ]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Social responsibility organizations]]
[[Category:Technical specifications]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,31 +1,6 @@
-{{Short description|International standards development organization}}
-{{redirect|ISO|other uses}}
-{{Primary sources|article|date=July 2019}}
-{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2010}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
-{{Infobox organization
-| logo = ISO Logo (Red square).svg
-| native_name = {{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de normalisation}}<br>
-| formation = {{start date|23 February 1947}}
-| type = [[Non-governmental organization]]
-| status = <!--(ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc)-->
-| purpose = [[International standard]]s development
-| headquarters = [[Geneva]], Switzerland
-| main_organ = <!--(assembly, board of directors, etc)-->
-| abbreviation = ISO
-| membership = 167 members<br>(39 correspondents and<br>4 subscribers)<ref name="ISO_members">{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/members.html |title=ISO members |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>
-| languages = {{hlist |English |French |Russian<ref name="languages"/>}}
-| leader_title = President
-| leader_name = Ulrika Francke
-| website = {{Official URL}}
-}}
-The '''International Organization for Standardization''' ('''ISO''' {{IPAc-en|1=ˈ|2=aɪ|3=s|4=oʊ}}<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6ZLzzAZ_nQ&t=63s|title=Dare to dream BIG: Standards empower innovators (EN, ES, FR)|date=2016-10-24|people=|language=English|publisher=ISO|trans-title=|time=|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>) is an [[international standard]] development organization composed of representatives from the national [[standards organization]]s of member countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO Membership Manual |url=https://www.iso.org/publication/PUB100399.html |website=ISO |access-date=10 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Membership requirements are given in Article 3 of the ISO Statutes.<ref name="statutes">{{cite book | title =ISO Statutes | publisher =International Organization for Standardization | edition =20th | date =2022 | location =[[Geneva]] | language =EN, FR, RU | url =https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/statutes.pdf | isbn =978-92-67-02040-2 }}</ref>
-
-ISO was founded on 23 February 1947, and (as of November 2022) it has published over 24,500 international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. It has 809 Technical committees and sub committees to take care of standards development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO - About us |url=https://www.iso.org/about-us.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=ISO |language=en}}</ref> The organization develops and publishes standardization in all technical and nontechnical fields other than [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[electronic engineering]].<ref name=":1">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Organization-for-Standardization International Organization for Standardization]." ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2022-04-26.</ref> It is headquartered in [[Geneva]], Switzerland,<ref name="About_ISO">{{cite web |title=About ISO |publisher=ISO |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201243/http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm}}</ref> and works in 167 countries {{As of|2022|lc=y}}. The three official languages of the ISO are [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=How to use the ISO Catalogue |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225623/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm |archive-date=4 October 2007|publisher=ISO.org}}</ref>
-
==Overview==
-The International Organization for Standardization is an independent, [[non-governmental organization]], whose membership consists of different national [[Standards organization|standards bodies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ISO – Members|url=https://www.iso.org/members.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=ISO|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, there are 167 members representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<ref name="About_ISO" />
+The International Organization for Standardization is an independent, [[non-governmental organization]], whose membership consists of different national [[Standards organization|standards bodies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ISO – Members|url=https://www.iso.org/members.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=ISO|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, there are 167 members representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<ref name="About_ISO">{{cite web |title=About ISO |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201243/http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm |archive-date=4 October 2007 |publisher=ISO}}</ref>
-The organization develops and publishes [[international standard]]s in all technical and nontechnical fields other than [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[electronic engineering]], which are the responsibility of the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]].<ref name=":1" /> {{As of|2022|April}}, the ISO has developed over 24,261 standards, covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture, and healthcare.<ref name="About_ISO" /><ref>{{cite news |title=New 'net zero' standards could transform the climate – unless they're derailed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/04/iso-london-declaration-climate/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
+The organization develops and publishes [[international standard]]s in all technical and nontechnical fields other than [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[electronic engineering]], which are the responsibility of the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]].<ref name=":1">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Organization-for-Standardization International Organization for Standardization]." ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2022-04-26.</ref> {{As of|2022|April}}, the ISO has developed over 24,261 standards, covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture, and healthcare.<ref name="About_ISO" /><ref>{{cite news |title=New 'net zero' standards could transform the climate – unless they're derailed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/04/iso-london-declaration-climate/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
ISO has 804 technical committees and subcommittees concerned with standards development.<ref name="About_ISO" />
@@ -52,4 +27,5 @@
===Joint technical committee with IEC===
{{main|ISO/IEC JTC 1}}
+
ISO has a joint technical committee (JTC) with the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) to develop standards relating to [[information technology]] (IT). Known as [[ISO/IEC JTC 1|JTC 1]] and entitled "Information technology", it was created in 1987 and its mission is "to develop worldwide [[Information and communications technology|Information and Communication Technology]] (ICT) standards for business and consumer applications."<ref name="jtc1_home">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-date=15 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jtc1info.org/ |title=JTC 1 home page |publisher=[[ISO/IEC JTC 1]] |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Name_and_abbreviations"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Name and abbreviations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Structure_and_organization"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Structure and organization</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Joint_technical_committee_with_IEC"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Joint technical committee with IEC</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Membership"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Membership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Financing"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Financing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#International_standards_and_other_publications"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">International standards and other publications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Document_copyright"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Document copyright</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Standardization_process"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Standardization process</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#International_Workshop_Agreements"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">International Workshop Agreements</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Products_named_after_ISO"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Products named after ISO</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#ISO_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">ISO divisions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h2>
<p>The International Organization for Standardization is an independent, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a>, whose membership consists of different national <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards bodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Organization_for_Standardization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 167 members representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<sup id="cite_ref-About_ISO_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_ISO-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The organization develops and publishes <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standards</a> in all technical and nontechnical fields other than <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a>, which are the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> As of April 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Organization_for_Standardization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the ISO has developed over 24,261 standards, covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture, and healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-About_ISO_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_ISO-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>ISO has 804 technical committees and subcommittees concerned with standards development.<sup id="cite_ref-About_ISO_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_ISO-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Name_and_abbreviations">Name and abbreviations</span></h3>
<p>The International Organization for Standardization in French is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Organisation internationale de normalisation</i></span></i> and in Russian, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Международная организация по стандартизации</span></span> (<i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Mezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya po standartizatsii</i></span></i>).
</p><p>
The letters <i>ISO</i> do not represent an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> or <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a>. The organization provides this explanation of the name:</p><blockquote><p>Because 'International Organization for Standardization' would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French), our founders decided to give it the short form <i>ISO</i>. <i>ISO</i> is derived from the Greek word <i><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">isos</i></span></i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ίσος</span></span>, meaning "equal"). Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of our name is always <i>ISO</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>During the founding meetings of the new organization, however, the Greek word explanation was not invoked, so this meaning may be a <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iso_name_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_name-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Both the name <i>ISO</i> and the ISO logo are registered trademarks and their use is restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-iso_logo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_logo-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Memory_plaque_of_founding_ISA_in_Prague_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Memory_plaque_of_founding_ISA_in_Prague_cropped.jpg/260px-Memory_plaque_of_founding_ISA_in_Prague_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="101" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Memory_plaque_of_founding_ISA_in_Prague_cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Plaque marking the building in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> where the ISO predecessor, the ISA, was founded.</div></div></div><p>The organization that is known today as ISO began in 1926 as the <b>International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations</b> (<b>ISA</b>), which primarily focused on <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>. The ISA was suspended in 1942 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> but, after the war, the ISA was approached by the recently-formed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">global standards</a> body.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief_history-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the International Organization for Standardization. The organization officially began operations in 23 February 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-50_years_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_years-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure_and_organization">Structure and organization</span></h2>
<p>ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss the strategic objectives of ISO. The organization is coordinated by a central secretariat based in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISOStructureAndGovernance_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOStructureAndGovernance-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>A council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the annual budget of the central secretariat.<sup id="cite_ref-ISOStructureAndGovernance_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOStructureAndGovernance-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tech_ctte_list_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_ctte_list-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The technical management board is responsible for more than 250 <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_technical_committees" title="List of International Organization for Standardization technical committees">technical committees</a>, who develop the ISO standards.<sup id="cite_ref-ISOStructureAndGovernance_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOStructureAndGovernance-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso_technical_ctte_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_technical_ctte-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-develops_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-develops-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-governance_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-governance-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Joint_technical_committee_with_IEC">Joint technical committee with IEC</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">ISO/IEC JTC 1</a></div>
<p>ISO has a joint technical committee (JTC) with the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) to develop standards relating to <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT). Known as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">JTC 1</a> and entitled "Information technology", it was created in 1987 and its mission is "to develop worldwide <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and Communication Technology</a> (ICT) standards for business and consumer applications."<sup id="cite_ref-jtc1_home_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtc1_home-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>There was previously also a JTC 2 that was created in 2009 for a joint project to establish common terminology for "standardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources".<sup id="cite_ref-iso_list_tech_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_list_tech-18">[18]</a></sup> It was later disbanded.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Membership">Membership</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Countries_in_the_International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Countries in the International Organization for Standardization">Countries in the International Organization for Standardization</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ISO_Members_2020.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ISO_Members_2020.svg/220px-ISO_Members_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ISO_Members_2020.svg/330px-ISO_Members_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ISO_Members_2020.svg/440px-ISO_Members_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ISO_Members_2020.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A map of ISO members as of November 2020<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4444ff; color:white;"> </span> ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO voting rights</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> Correspondent members (countries without a national standards body)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Subscriber members (countries with small economies)</div></div></div></div>
<p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Organization_for_Standardization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 167 <a href="/wiki/Countries_in_International_Organization_for_Standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries in International Organization for Standardization">national members</a> representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.<sup id="cite_ref-About_ISO_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_ISO-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>ISO has three membership categories,<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_members_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_members-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Member bodies</i> are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.</li>
<li><i>Correspondent members</i> are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about the work of ISO, but do not participate in standards promulgation.</li>
<li><i>Subscriber members</i> are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.</li></ul>
<p>Participating members are called "P" members, as opposed to observing members, who are called "O" members.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Financing">Financing</span></h3>
<p>ISO is funded by a combination of:<sup id="cite_ref-iso_general_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_general-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technical work</li>
<li>Subscriptions from member bodies, whose subscriptions are in proportion to each country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> and trade figures</li>
<li>Sale of standards</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_standards_and_other_publications"><span class="anchor" id="Standards"></span>International standards and other publications</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">List of International Organization for Standardization standards</a></div>
<p>International standards are the main products of ISO. It also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technical <a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">corrigenda</a>, and guides.<sup id="cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-directives_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-directives-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p><b>International standards</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>These are designated using the format <i>ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title</i>, where <i>nnnnn</i> is the number of the standard, <i>p</i> is an optional part number, <i>yyyy</i> is the year published, and <i>Title</i> describes the subject. <i>IEC</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></i> is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC 1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). <i>ASTM</i> (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a>. <i>yyyy</i> and <i>IS</i> are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and, under some circumstances, may be left off the title of a published work.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Technical reports</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,<sup id="cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004-21">[21]</a></sup> such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except <i>TR</i> prepended instead of <i>IS</i> in the report's name.</dd></dl>
<p>For example:
</p>
<ul><li>ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management</li>
<li>ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation – Metadata for construction documentation</li></ul>
<p><b>Technical and publicly available specifications</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>Technical specifications may be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". A publicly available specification is usually "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".<sup id="cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004-21">[21]</a></sup> By convention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization's technical reports.</dd></dl>
<p>For example:
</p>
<ul><li>ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation – Reference designation system – Part 1: General application rules</li>
<li>ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles – Roof load carriers</li></ul>
<p><b>Technical corrigenda</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (where "corrigenda" is the plural of <a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">corrigendum</a>). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.<sup id="cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004-21">[21]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p><span class="anchor" id="guides"></span><b>ISO guides</b>
</p>
<dl><dd>These are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization".<sup id="cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004-21">[21]</a></sup> They are named using the format <i>"ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title"</i>.</dd></dl>
<p>For example:
</p>
<ul><li>ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities – General vocabulary</li>
<li>ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification (since revised and reissued as ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Document_copyright">Document copyright</span></h3>
<p>ISO documents have strict copyright restrictions and ISO charges for most copies. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Organization_for_Standardization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the typical cost of a copy of an ISO standard is about <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$120</span> or more (and electronic copies typically have a single-user license, so they cannot be shared among groups of people).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a>) are made freely available.<sup id="cite_ref-FreelyAvailableStandards_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreelyAvailableStandards-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-free_ansi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-free_ansi-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standardization_process">Standardization process</span></h2>
<p>A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status are:<sup id="cite_ref-about-mpeg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-mpeg-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages-codes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-codes-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acronyms-committees_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acronyms-committees-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-directives-procedures_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-directives-procedures-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abbr_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbr-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-us-tag-committee_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-tag-committee-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>PWI – Preliminary Work Item</li>
<li>NP or NWIP – New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)</li>
<li>AWI – Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)</li>
<li>WD – Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)</li>
<li>CD – Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000-5)</li>
<li>FCD – Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12)</li>
<li>DIS – Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC DIS 14297)</li>
<li>FDIS – Final Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)</li>
<li>PRF – Proof of a new International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC PRF 18018)</li>
<li>IS – International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007)</li></ul>
<p>Abbreviations used for amendments are:<sup id="cite_ref-about-mpeg_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-mpeg-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages-codes_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-codes-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acronyms-committees_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acronyms-committees-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-directives-procedures_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-directives-procedures-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abbr_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbr-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-us-tag-committee_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-tag-committee-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-tr-ts-2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-tr-ts-2009-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>NP Amd – New Proposal Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3)</li>
<li>AWI Amd – Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)</li>
<li>WD Amd – Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1)</li>
<li>CD Amd / PDAmd – Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/CD Amd 6)</li>
<li>FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) – Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/FPDAmd 1)</li>
<li>FDAM (FDAmd) – Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4)</li>
<li>PRF Amd – (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)</li>
<li>Amd – Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 1:2007)</li></ul>
<p>Other abbreviations are:<sup id="cite_ref-iso-directives-procedures_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-directives-procedures-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abbr_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbr-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-tr-ts-2009_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-tr-ts-2009-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deliverables_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deliverables-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>TR – Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006)</li>
<li>DTR – Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR 19791)</li>
<li>TS – Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/TS 16949:2009)</li>
<li>DTS – Draft Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/DTS 11602-1)</li>
<li>PAS – Publicly Available Specification</li>
<li>TTA – Technology Trends Assessment (e.g., ISO/TTA 1:1994)</li>
<li>IWA – International Workshop Agreements (e.g., IWA 1:2005)</li>
<li>Cor – Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008)</li>
<li>Guide – a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards</li></ul>
<p>International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:<sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-directives-part1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-directives-part1-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Stage 1: Proposal stage</li>
<li>Stage 2: Preparatory stage</li>
<li>Stage 3: Committee stage</li>
<li>Stage 4: Enquiry stage</li>
<li>Stage 5: Approval stage</li>
<li>Stage 6: Publication stage</li></ul>
<p>The TC/SC may set up <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working groups</a> (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which may have several Sub Groups (SG).<sup id="cite_ref-wg11-structure_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wg11-structure-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption><span style="font-size:110%">Stages in the development process of an ISO standard</span><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages-codes_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-codes-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acronyms-committees_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acronyms-committees-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-us-tag-committee_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-tag-committee-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-directives-part1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-directives-part1-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-tr-ts-2009_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-tr-ts-2009-34">[34]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th width="6%">Stage code</th>
<th width="15%">Stage</th>
<th width="19%">Associated document name</th>
<th width="45%">Abbreviations</th>
<th><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Description</li><li>Notes</li></ul></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>00</td>
<td>Preliminary</td>
<td>Preliminary work item</td>
<td>PWI</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>Proposal</td>
<td>New work item proposal</td>
<td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>NP or NWIP</li><li>NP Amd/TR/TS/IWA</li></ul></div></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td>Preparatory</td>
<td>Working draft or drafts</td>
<td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>AWI</li><li>AWI Amd/TR/TS</li><li>WD</li><li>WD Amd/TR/TS</li></ul></div></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>30</td>
<td>Committee</td>
<td>Committee draft or drafts</td>
<td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>CD</li><li>CD Amd/Cor/TR/TS</li><li>PDAmd (PDAM)</li><li>PDTR</li><li>PDTS</li></ul></div></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>40</td>
<td>Enquiry</td>
<td>Enquiry draft</td>
<td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>DIS</li><li>FCD</li><li>FPDAmd</li><li>DAmd (DAM)</li><li>FPDISP</li><li>DTR</li><li>DTS</li></ul></div></td>
<td>(CDV in IEC)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>50</td>
<td>Approval</td>
<td>Final draft</td>
<td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>FDIS</li><li>FDAmd (FDAM)</li><li>PRF</li><li>PRF Amd/TTA/TR/TS/Suppl</li><li>FDTR</li></ul></div></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>60</td>
<td>Publication</td>
<td>International Standard</td>
<td rowspan="2"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>ISO</li><li>TR</li><li>TS</li><li>IWA</li><li>Amd</li><li>Cor</li></ul></div></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>90</td>
<td>Review</td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>95</td>
<td>Withdrawal</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example, a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives also allow the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS), if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.<sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a> – ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The first document that is produced, for example, for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard, but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes a committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot.
</p><p>The committee draft becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes exceeds the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When consensus is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). Then the text is submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and if not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO central secretariat, which publishes it as the International Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-about-mpeg_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-mpeg-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso-stages_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-stages-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_Workshop_Agreements">International Workshop Agreements</span></h3>
<p>International Workshop Agreements (IWAs) follow a slightly different process outside the usual committee system but overseen by the ISO, allowing "key industry players to negotiate in an open workshop environment" in order to shape the IWA standard.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Products_named_after_ISO">Products named after ISO</span></h2>
<p>On occasion, the fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led to common use of "ISO" to describe the product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk images">Disk images</a> end in the <a href="/wiki/File_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="File extension">file extension</a> "<a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO</a>" to signify that they are using the <a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence disc images commonly being referred to as "ISOs".</li>
<li>The sensitivity of a photographic film to light (its "<a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">film speed</a>") is described by <a href="/wiki/ISO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6">ISO 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_2240" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2240">ISO 2240</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISO_5800" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 5800">ISO 5800</a>. Hence, the speed of the film often is referred to by its ISO number.</li>
<li>As it was originally defined in ISO 518, the flash <a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a> found on cameras often is called the "ISO shoe".</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">ISO 11783</a>, which is marketed as ISOBUS.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13216" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 13216">ISO 13216</a>, which is marketed as ISOFIX.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h2>
<p>With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,<sup id="cite_ref-FreelyAvailableStandards_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreelyAvailableStandards-25">[25]</a></sup> normally ISO standards are not available free of charge, but for a purchase fee,<sup id="cite_ref-iso_shopFAQ_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_shopFAQ-39">[39]</a></sup> which has been seen by some as unaffordable for small <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open-source</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-oreilly2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oreilly2007-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">ISO/IEC JTC 1</a> fast-track procedures ("Fast-track" as used by <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">OOXML</a> and "PAS" as used by <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a>) have garnered criticism in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Standardization_of_Office_Open_XML" title="Standardization of Office Open XML">standardization of Office Open XML</a> (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing convenor of <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_34" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34</a> WG1, is quoted as saying:<sup id="cite_ref-jtc1_sc34_0940_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtc1_sc34_0940-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstanding standards over to <a href="/wiki/OASIS_(organization)" title="OASIS (organization)">OASIS</a> (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards), where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.
</p><p>The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track and ISO committee generated standards is fast making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fast disappearing. Instead we are getting "standardization by corporation".
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The computer security entrepreneur and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> founder, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a>, commented on the <a href="/wiki/Standardization_of_Office_Open_XML" title="Standardization of Office Open XML">Standardization of Office Open XML</a> process by saying: "I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process", and alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also noted that <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers, and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML:<sup id="cite_ref-zdnet_2222_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnet_2222-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process... ISO is an engineering <a href="/wiki/Old_boy_network" title="Old boy network">old boys club</a> and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion ... then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.
</p>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1093669538">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright">
<ul>
<li><span><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> – Book on English usage by Associated Press</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Countries_in_the_International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Countries in the International Organization for Standardization">Countries in the International Organization for Standardization</a> – Members of ISO</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> – Standards organization for information and communication systems</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a> (CEN) – Standards organization</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_Reporting_Initiative" title="Global Reporting Initiative">Global Reporting Initiative</a> – for sustainability information and linking up with reporting on their 17#<a href="/wiki/GlobalGoals" class="mw-redirect" title="GlobalGoals">GlobalGoals</a> indicators</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a> – CIS technical standards – a set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology, and Certification</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a> – Operating unit within IEEE</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Environmental_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology">Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interface_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface 2010">Interface 2010</a> – the Interface Marketing Supplier Integration Institute</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_for_Standards" title="International Classification for Standards">International Classification for Standards</a> – Classification system for technical standards</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institute" title="The International Customer Service Institute">The International Customer Service Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) – International standards organization</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_healthcare_accreditation" title="International healthcare accreditation">International healthcare accreditation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> – Specialized agency of the United Nations</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> – Open Internet standards organization</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">List of International Organization for Standardization standards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a> – Implementation of technical standards based on the consensus of different parties</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">Standards organization</a> – Organization that develops standards</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_planning_policy" title="Terminology planning policy">Terminology planning policy</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISO_divisions">ISO divisions</span></h3>
<p>Technical Committees of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) include:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998391716"/><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_37" title="ISO/TC 37">ISO/TC 37</a> – <i>Terminology and other language and content resources</i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_68" title="ISO/TC 68">ISO/TC 68</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_TC_46/SC_9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO TC 46/SC 9">ISO TC 46/SC 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_176" title="ISO/TC 176">ISO/TC 176</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_211_Geographic_information/Geomatics" title="ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics">ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics</a> – Technical Committee 211 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_215" title="ISO/TC 215">ISO/TC 215</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_223" title="ISO/TC 223">ISO/TC 223</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_262" title="ISO/TC 262">ISO/TC 262</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_289" title="ISO/TC 289">ISO/TC 289</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TC_292" title="ISO/TC 292">ISO/TC 292</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/members.html">"ISO – Members"</a>. <i>ISO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO+%E2%80%93+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fmembers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Organization-for-Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>." <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 2022-04-26.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/04/iso-london-declaration-climate/">"New 'net zero' standards could transform the climate – unless they're derailed"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+%27net+zero%27+standards+could+transform+the+climate+%E2%80%93+unless+they%27re+derailed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F10%2F04%2Fiso-london-declaration-climate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/about-us.html">"About us"</a>. <i>iso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iso.org&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-iso_name-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_name_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/about%20ISO/docs/en/Friendship_among_equals.pdf">"Friendship among equals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ISO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+among+equals&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fisoorg%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2520ISO%2Fdocs%2Fen%2FFriendship_among_equals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span> (page 20)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-iso_logo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_logo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm">"ISO name and logo"</a>. ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222138/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+name+and+logo&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fname_and_logo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50_years-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50_years_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf"><i>Friendship among equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, International Organization for Standardization, 1997, pp. 15–18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-67-10260-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-67-10260-5"><bdi>92-67-10260-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friendship+among+equals+%E2%80%93+Recollections+from+ISO%27s+first+fifty+years&rft.pages=15-18&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=92-67-10260-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2F2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYatesMurphy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yates, JoAnne; Murphy, Craig N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/yatesandmurphy.pdf">"From setting national standards to coordinating international standards: The formation of the ISO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Business and Economic History On-Line</i>. <b>4</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+and+Economic+History+On-Line&rft.atitle=From+setting+national+standards+to+coordinating+international+standards%3A+The+formation+of+the+ISO&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=JoAnne&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Craig+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebhc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fyatesandmurphy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ISOStructureAndGovernance-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISOStructureAndGovernance_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISOStructureAndGovernance_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISOStructureAndGovernance_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm">"Structure and governance"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222955/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+and+governance&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fabout%2Fabout_governance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tech_ctte_list-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tech_ctte_list_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010">"Council"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103211437/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards_development%2Flist_of_iso_technical_committees%2Fiso_technical_committee.htm%3Fcommid%3D55010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso_technical_ctte-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_technical_ctte_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm">"Technical committees"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220258/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+committees&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards_development%2Flist_of_iso_technical_committees.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-develops-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-develops_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm">"Who develops ISO standards?"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919212351/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+develops+ISO+standards%3F&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards_development%2Fwho-develops-iso-standards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-governance-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-governance_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm">"Governance of technical work"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222005/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governance+of+technical+work&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards_development%2Fgovernance_of_technical_work.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jtc1_home-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jtc1_home_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home">"ISO/IEC JTC 1"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fjtc1_home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jtc1info.org/">"JTC 1 home page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">ISO/IEC JTC 1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JTC+1+home+page&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjtc1info.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-iso_list_tech-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_list_tech_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120431/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141">"ISO/IEC JTC 2 Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141">the original</a> on 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+2+Joint+Project+Committee+%E2%80%93+Energy+efficiency+and+renewable+energy+sources+%E2%80%93+Common+terminology&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstandards_development%2Flist_of_iso_technical_committees%2Fiso_technical_committee.htm%3Fcommid%3D585141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ISO_members-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_members_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>ISO_members</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-iso_general-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_general_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm">"General information on ISO"</a>. ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005105014/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+information+on+ISO&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fsupport%2Ffaqs%2Ffaqs_general_information_on_iso.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISOUS95IECUS95directives2004_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120613062832/http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf">"ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ISO/IEC. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+Directives%2C+Part+1%3A+Procedures+for+the+technical+work&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.ch%2Fmembers_experts%2Frefdocs%2Fiec%2Fisoiecdir-1%257Bed9.0%257Den.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016080553/http://iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec-dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf">"ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ISO/IEC. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiec-dir2%7Bed6.0%7Den.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+Directives%2C+Part+2%3A+Rules+for+the+structure+and+drafting+of+International+Standards&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.ch%2Fmembers_experts%2Frefdocs%2Fiec%2Fisoiec-dir2%257Bed6.0%257Den.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-directives-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso-directives_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/directives">"ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045913/http://www.iso.org/directives">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+Directives+and+ISO+supplement&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fdirectives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/46568.html">ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services</a>, published September 2012, revised 2018, accessed 3 October 2022</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reciprocitylabs.com/resources/what-does-iso-certification-cost/">"What Does ISO Certification Cost?"</a>. <i>Reciprocity</i>. 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reciprocity&rft.atitle=What+Does+ISO+Certification+Cost%3F&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freciprocitylabs.com%2Fresources%2Fwhat-does-iso-certification-cost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FreelyAvailableStandards-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FreelyAvailableStandards_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FreelyAvailableStandards_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/">"Freely Available Standards"</a>. ISO. 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freely+Available+Standards&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.iso.org%2Fittf%2FPubliclyAvailableStandards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-free_ansi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-free_ansi_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403014457/http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp">"Free ANSI Standards"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp">the original</a> on 3 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+ANSI+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.ansi.org%2Fansidocstore%2Ffree_standards.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-about-mpeg-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about-mpeg_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about-mpeg_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about-mpeg_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm">"About MPEG"</a>. chiariglione.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015546/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+MPEG&rft.pub=chiariglione.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fabout_mpeg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-stages-codes-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages-codes_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages-codes_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages-codes_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm#s90">"International harmonized stage codes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225136/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+harmonized+stage+codes&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fstandards_development%2Fprocesses_and_procedures%2Fstages_description%2Fstages_table.htm%23s90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-stages-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-stages_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm">"Stages of the development of International Standards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stages+of+the+development+of+International+Standards&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fstandards_development%2Fprocesses_and_procedures%2Fstages_description.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-acronyms-committees-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acronyms-committees_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acronyms-committees_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acronyms-committees_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms">"The ISO27k FAQ – ISO/IEC acronyms and committees"</a>. IsecT Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124081445/http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ISO27k+FAQ+%E2%80%93+ISO%2FIEC+acronyms+and+committees&rft.pub=IsecT+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso27001security.com%2Fhtml%2Ffaq.html%23Acronyms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-directives-procedures-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-directives-procedures_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-directives-procedures_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-directives-procedures_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO2007" class="citation web cs1">ISO (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf">"ISO/IEC Directives Supplement – Procedures specific to ISO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112093253/http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+Directives+Supplement+%E2%80%93+Procedures+specific+to+ISO&rft.date=2007&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FCOMMIT%2F1st_Supplement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-abbr-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abbr_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbr_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbr_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO2007" class="citation web cs1">ISO (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm">"List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+abbreviations+used+throughout+ISO+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fsupport%2Ffaqs%2Ffaqs_list_abbreviations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-us-tag-committee-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us-tag-committee_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-us-tag-committee_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-us-tag-committee_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sae.org/exdomains/standardsdev/global_resources/US%20TAG%20Committe%20Handbook%206March2008.doc">"US Tag Committee Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span>. March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Tag+Committee+Handbook&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fexdomains%2Fstandardsdev%2Fglobal_resources%2FUS%2520TAG%2520Committe%2520Handbook%25206March2008.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-tr-ts-2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-tr-ts-2009_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-tr-ts-2009_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-tr-ts-2009_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC12009" class="citation cs2">ISO/IEC JTC1 (2 November 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/JTC001-N-9876.pdf?func=doc.Fetch&nodeId=8498789&docTitle=JTC001-N-9876"><i>Letter Ballot on the JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specifications and Technical Reports</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+Ballot+on+the+JTC+1+Standing+Document+on+Technical+Specifications+and+Technical+Reports&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+JTC1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisotc.iso.org%2Flivelink%2Flivelink%2FJTC001-N-9876.pdf%3Ffunc%3Ddoc.Fetch%26nodeId%3D8498789%26docTitle%3DJTC001-N-9876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-deliverables-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deliverables_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm">"ISO deliverables"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+deliverables&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fstandards_development%2Fprocesses_and_procedures%2Fdeliverables.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-directives-part1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-directives-part1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-directives-part1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO2022" class="citation cs2">ISO (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/4230450/4230452/Consolidated_ISO_IEC_Part-1_(E)_2022.pdf?nodeid=22166036"><i>ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 – Consolidated ISO Supplement – Procedure for the technical work – Procedures specific to ISO</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+Directives%2C+Part+1+%E2%80%93+Consolidated+ISO+Supplement+%E2%80%93+Procedure+for+the+technical+work+%E2%80%93+Procedures+specific+to+ISO&rft.date=2022&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisotc.iso.org%2Flivelink%2Flivelink%2Ffetch%2F2000%2F2122%2F4230450%2F4230452%2FConsolidated_ISO_IEC_Part-1_%28E%29_2022.pdf%3Fnodeid%3D22166036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wg11-structure-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wg11-structure_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFISO,_IEC2009" class="citation web cs1">ISO, IEC (5 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010128180300/http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm">"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+29%2C+SC+29%2FWG+11+Structure+%28ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+29%2FWG+11+%E2%80%93+Coding+of+Moving+Pictures+and+Audio%29&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft.au=ISO%2C+IEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fsc29%2F29w12911.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ATG Access Ltd., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atgaccess.com/news/guides/what-is-iwa-14">What is IWA 14?</a>, published 11 March 2020, accessed 18 August 2020</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iso_shopFAQ-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_shopFAQ_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm">"Shopping FAQs"</a>. ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005054552/http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shopping+FAQs&rft.pub=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fstore%2Fshopping_faqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-oreilly2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oreilly2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJelliffe2007" class="citation web cs1">Jelliffe, Rick (1 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html">"Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free"</a>. oreillynet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124060422/http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2007. <q>The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+to+get+ISO+Standards+on+the+Internet+free&rft.pub=oreillynet.com&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.aulast=Jelliffe&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreillynet.com%2Fxml%2Fblog%2F2007%2F08%2Fwhere_to_get_iso_standards_on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jtc1_sc34_0940-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jtc1_sc34_0940_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm">"Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto"</a>. iso/jtc1 sc34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812081252/http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+WG1+activity+for+December+2007+Meeting+of+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC34%2FWG1+in+Kyoto&rft.pub=iso%2Fjtc1+sc34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtc1sc34.org%2Frepository%2F0940.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zdnet_2222-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zdnet_2222_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404052723/http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222">"Ubuntu's Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML's win"</a>. ZDNet.com. 1 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222">the original</a> on 4 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ubuntu%27s+Shuttleworth+blames+ISO+for+OOXML%27s+win&rft.pub=ZDNet.com&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.zdnet.com%2Fopen-source%2F%3Fp%3D2222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKuert1997" class="citation web cs1">Kuert, Willy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf">"Friendship Among Equals – Recollections from ISO's first fifty years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+Among+Equals+%E2%80%93+Recollections+from+ISO%27s+first+fifty+years&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kuert&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2F2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYatesMurphy2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Yates" title="JoAnne Yates">Yates, JoAnne</a>; Murphy, Craig N. (Fall 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf">"Coordinating International Standards: The Formation of the ISO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922210249/http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coordinating+International+Standards%3A+The+Formation+of+the+ISO&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=JoAnne&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Craig+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fiandeseminar%2FPapers%2FFall2006%2FYates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Organization+for+Standardization" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/index2006.html"><i>MIT Innovations and Entrepreneurship Seminar Series</i></a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15028#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html">Publicly Available Standards</a>, with free access to a small subset of the standards.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/advanced-search/x/">Advanced search for standards and/or projects</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/">Online Browsing Platform (OBP)</a>, access to most up to date content in ISO standards, graphical symbols, codes or terms and definitions.</li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_for_Standardization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Template:International Organization for Standardization"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Template talk:International Organization for Standardization"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:International_Organization_for_Standardization&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Organization_for_Standardization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Organization for Standardization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/PAS_28007:2012" title="ISO/PAS 28007:2012">ISO/PAS 28007:2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TS_80004" title="ISO/TS 80004">ISO/TS 80004</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">ISO/IEC TR 12182</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Institute_of_Standardization" title="Algerian Institute of Standardization">Algerian Institute of Standardization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a></li>
<li>ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Argentino_de_Normalizaci%C3%B3n_y_Certificaci%C3%B3n" title="Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación">Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASC_X9" title="ASC X9">ASC X9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AFNOR" title="AFNOR">AFNOR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Standards_International" title="Austrian Standards International">Austrian Standards International</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Standards_Organization" title="Brazilian National Standards Organization">Brazilian National Standards Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">BSI Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Normalization" title="Bureau of Normalization">Bureau of Normalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Standardization,_Metrology_and_Certification_of_Belarus" title="Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus">Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Organisation_for_Standardisation" title="Cyprus Organisation for Standardisation">Cyprus Organisation for Standardisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">Deutsches Institut für Normung</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ente_Nazionale_Italiano_di_Unificazione" title="Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione">Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eswatini_Standards_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eswatini Standards Authority (page does not exist)">Eswatini Standards Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Standards_Association" title="Finnish Standards Association">Finnish Standards Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ICONTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ICONTEC">ICONTEC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badan_Standardisasi_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Standardisasi Nasional">Badan Standardisasi Nasional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Standards_and_Industrial_Research_of_Iran" title="Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran">Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards_Committee" title="Japanese Industrial Standards Committee">Japanese Industrial Standards Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Bureau_of_Standards" title="Kenya Bureau of Standards">Kenya Bureau of Standards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Agency_for_Technology_and_Standards" title="Korean Agency for Technology and Standards">Korean Agency for Technology and Standards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Standards_Association" title="Korean Standards Association">Korean Standards Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_Authority_of_Ireland" title="National Standards Authority of Ireland">National Standards Authority of Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standards_and_Quality_Control_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority">Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Bureau_of_Standards" title="South African Bureau of Standards">South African Bureau of Standards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Standards_Institution" title="Sri Lanka Standards Institution">Sri Lanka Standards Institution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standardization_Administration_of_China" title="Standardization Administration of China">Standardization Administration of China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_Australia" title="Standards Australia">Standards Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_Council_of_Canada" title="Standards Council of Canada">Standards Council of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_Institute_of_Israel" title="Standards Institute of Israel">Standards Institute of Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_Norway" title="Standards Norway">Standards Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_New_Zealand" title="Standards New Zealand">Standards New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Technical_Regulation_and_Consumer_Policy" title="State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy">State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Standards_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Standards Institute">Swedish Standards Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Association_for_Standardization" title="Swiss Association for Standardization">Swiss Association for Standardization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Standards_Institution" title="Turkish Standards Institution">Turkish Standards Institution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UN_CEFACT_TBG5" title="UN CEFACT TBG5">UN CEFACT TBG5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C3%A7otte" title="Vinçotte">Vinçotte</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_in_the_International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Countries in the International Organization for Standardization">Countries in the International Organization for Standardization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Task_Force" title="Information Technology Task Force">Information Technology Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_Development_Environment" title="ISO Development Environment">ISO Development Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">List of International Organization for Standardization standards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_technical_committees" title="List of International Organization for Standardization technical committees">List of International Organization for Standardization technical committees</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Objectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality Objectives">Quality Objectives</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:ISO_standards&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISO</a> standards <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">by standard number</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ISO_standards_/_ISO_romanizations_/_IEC_standards">List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">ISO standards</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Electrotechnical_Commission_standards" title="List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-2" title="ISO 31-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_361" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 361">361</a></li>
<li>428</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1413" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 1413">1413</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10005" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10005">10005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10206" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10206">10206</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10487" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 10487">10487</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11898" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 11898">11898</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12620" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 12620">12620</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15292" title="ISO 15292">15292</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 18000">18000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19115" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19115">19115</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19136" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19136">19136</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29110" title="ISO/IEC 29110">29110</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_and_environmental_accountability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_accountability" title="Template:Social accountability"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_accountability" title="Template talk:Social accountability"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_accountability&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_and_environmental_accountability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting#Formal_accountability" title="Social accounting">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">environmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Ethics</a> and<br />principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate accountability</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">behaviour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">social responsibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">Ethical code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ethics" title="Organizational ethics">Organizational ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Organizational justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment" title="Principles for Responsible Investment">Principles for Responsible Investment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_theory" title="Stakeholder theory">Stakeholder theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_principles" title="Sullivan principles">Sullivan principles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">Transparency (behavioral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">social)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">UN Global Compact</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" class="image" title="Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill"><img alt="Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/125px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="81" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="259" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social<br />accounting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_bottom_line" title="Double bottom line">Double bottom line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_positioning_index" title="Ethical positioning index">Ethical positioning index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Higg_Index" title="Higg Index">Higg Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_assessment" title="Impact assessment">Impact assessment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equality_impact_assessment" title="Equality impact assessment">equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_assessment" title="Social impact assessment">social</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">ISO 26000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">Performance indicator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SA8000" title="SA8000">SA8000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whole-life_cost" title="Whole-life cost">Whole-life cost</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental<br />accounting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eco-Management_and_Audit_Scheme" title="Eco-Management and Audit Scheme">Eco-Management and Audit Scheme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emission_inventory" title="Emission inventory">Emission inventory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">impact assessment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">management system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_profit_and_loss_account" title="Environmental profit and loss account">profit-and-loss account</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">ISO 14031</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">measurement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">metrics and indices</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">standards and certification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability" title="Supply chain sustainability">supply chain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">Triple bottom line</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reporting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Reporting_Initiative" title="Global Reporting Initiative">Global Reporting Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GxP" title="GxP">GxP guidelines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Auditing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_monitoring" title="Community-based monitoring">Community-based monitoring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_audit" title="Environmental audit">Environmental</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_certification" title="Environmental certification">certification</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_certification" title="Fair trade certification">certification</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">ISO 19011</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disasters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Eco-labeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">Environmental pricing reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Product certification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Public participation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">Stakeholder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_engagement" title="Stakeholder engagement">engagement</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility" title="Category:Social responsibility">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_accountability" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social accountability">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations" title="Category:Social responsibility organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15028#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15028#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121827734">1</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000104117001">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149705257">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79034445/">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118710878">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118710878">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1008314-5">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263028705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79034445">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00288472">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003181181&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35232591">Australia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026207">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026467984">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trove_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trove (identifier)">Trove (Australia)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/875028">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | '1670070343' |