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18:57, 15 March 2023: 209.7.3.188 (talk) triggered filter 30, performing the action "edit" on Kepler-444. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: Large deletion from article by new editors (examine)

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{{Short description|Triple star system in the constellation of Lyra}}
{{Starbox begin
| name = Kepler-444
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000
| equinox = 2000
| constell = [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]
| ra = {{RA|19|19|00.5488}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>
| dec = {{DEC|+41|38|04.5816}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>
| appmag_v =8.86<ref name=ducati2002/>
}}
{{Starbox character
| class = K0V<ref name=wilson1962/>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = {{val|-123.05|0.17}}<ref name="Dupuy2016"/>
| prop_mo_ra = {{val|94.682|0.055}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>
| prop_mo_dec = {{val|−632.202|0.051}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>
| parallax = 27.4137
| p_error = 0.0295
| parallax_footnote = <ref name="Gaia DR2"/>
| absmag_v =
}}
{{Starbox orbit
| reference = <ref name=Zhang2023/>
| primary = A
| name = BC
| axis_unitless = {{val|52.2|+3.3|−2.7}} AU
| eccentricity = {{val|0.55|+0.05|−0.05}}
| inclination = {{val|85.4|+0.3|−0.4}}
| node = {{val|250.7|+0.2|−0.2}}
| periarg = {{val|227.3|+6.5|−5.2}}
| period = {{val|324|+31|−25}}
| periastron = JD {{val|2537060|+10881|−8533}}
}}
{{Starbox detail
| component1 = A
| mass = {{val|0.754|0.030}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/>
| radius = {{val|0.753|0.010}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/>
| luminosity_bolometric =
| temperature = {{val|5046|74.0}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>
| gravity = {{val|4.595|0.060}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>
| metal_fe = {{val|−0.55|0.07}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>
| rotation = {{val|49.40|6.04|u=days}}<ref name="Mazeh2015"/>
| age_gyr = {{val|11.00|0.8}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/>
}}
{{Starbox detail |no_heading=y
| component1 = B
| mass = {{val|0.307|0.009|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/>
| temperature = {{val|3,464|200|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>
| gravity = {{val|5.0|0.2}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>
| component2 = C
| mass2 = {{val|0.296|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/>
| temperature2 = 3,500 - 4,000<ref name="Campante2015"/>
| gravity2 = ~5<ref name="Campante2015"/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | BD=+41°3306 | KIC=6278762 | KOI=3158 | WDS=J19190+4138 }}
| component1 = Kepler-444A
| names1 = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | Gaia DR2=2101486923385239808 | HIP=94931 | LHS=3450 | TYC=3129-00329-1 }}<ref name="Simbad for A"/>
| component2 = Kepler-444BC
| names2 = {{odlist | Gaia DR2=2101486923382009472 }}<ref name="Simbad for B"/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = KOI-3158
| Simbad2 = KOI+3158B |sn2=B/C
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''Kepler-444''' (or '''KOI-3158''', '''KIC 6278762''', '''2MASS J19190052+4138043''', '''BD+41°3306''')<ref name="Simbad for A"/> is a [[triple star system]], estimated to be 11.2 billion years old (more than 80% of the age of the [[universe]]),<ref name="SP-20150127" /> approximately {{convert|119|ly|pc}} away from [[Earth]] in the [[constellation]] [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]. On 27 January 2015, the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|''Kepler'' spacecraft]] is reported to have confirmed the detection of five sub-Earth-sized [[Rocky planet|rocky]] [[exoplanets]] orbiting the main star. The star is a [[K-type main sequence star]].<ref name="NASA-20150128"/><ref name="AP-20150127"/><ref name="UT-20150127"/><ref name="SP-20150127"/><ref name="EX-20150127"/> All of the planets are far too close to their star to harbour life forms.<ref name="NASA-20150128" />

==Discovery==
Preliminary results of the planetary system around Kepler-444 were first announced at the second [[Kepler space telescope|Kepler Science Conference]] in 2013. At that conference, the star was known as KOI-3158.<ref name="CAL-201311"/>

==Characteristics==
The star, Kepler-444, is approximately 11.2 billion years old, whereas the [[Sun]] is only 4.6 billion years old. The age is that of Kepler-444 A, an [[Main sequence|orange main sequence star]] of spectral type K0.<ref name="SL-20140128"/> Despite this great age, it is in middle of its main-sequence lifespan, much like the Sun.

The original research on Kepler-444 was published in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' on 27 January 2015 under the title "An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets" by a team of 40 authors, the abstract reads as follows:<ref name="Campante2015"/>

<blockquote>The chemical composition of stars hosting small exoplanets (with radii less than four Earth radii) appears to be more diverse than that of [[Gas giant|gas-giant hosts]], which tend to be [[Metallicity|metal-rich]]. This implies that small, including Earth-size, planets may have readily formed at earlier epochs in the Universe's history when metals were more scarce. We report Kepler spacecraft observations of Kepler-444, a metal-poor Sun-like star from the old population of the [[Thick disk|Galactic thick disk]] and the host to a compact system of five transiting planets with sizes between those of Mercury and Venus. We validate this system as a true five-planet system orbiting the target star and provide a detailed characterization of its planetary and orbital parameters based on an analysis of the [[transit photometry]]. Kepler-444 is the densest star with detected solar-like oscillations. We use [[asteroseismology]] to directly measure a precise age of 11.2+/-1.0 Gyr for the host star, indicating that Kepler-444 formed when the Universe was less than 20% of its current age and making it the oldest known system of [[Terrestrial planet|terrestrial-size planets]]. We thus show that Earth-size planets have formed throughout most of the Universe's 13.8-billion-year history, leaving open the possibility for the existence of ancient life in the [[Galaxy]]. The age of Kepler-444 not only suggests that thick-disk stars were among the hosts to the first Galactic planets, but may also help to pinpoint the beginning of the era of [[planet formation]]." The star is believed to have 2 M dwarfs in orbit around it with the fainter companion 1.8 arc-seconds from the main star.
</blockquote>

==Stellar system==
The Kepler-444 system consists of the planet hosting primary and a pair of M-dwarf stars. The M-dwarfs orbit each other at a distance of less than 0.3 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] while the pair orbits the primary in a highly [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] 324-year orbit. The pair comes within 23.55 AU of the primary potentially truncating the protoplanetary disk from which the planets formed at 8 AU. This would have depleted the availability of solid material to form the observed planets.<ref name="Zhang2023"/>

Previous stellar orbit solution was ever more extreme, period was shorter (211 years) and eccentricity was much larger (e=0.865), moving periastron to 5 AU, severely reducing the estimated protoplanetary disk size to 1–2 AU and its estimated mass from 600 to 4 Earth masses.<ref name="Dupuy2016"/>

==Planetary system==
All five rocky exoplanets (Kepler-444b; Kepler-444c; Kepler-444d; Kepler-444e; Kepler-444f) are confirmed,<ref name="EX-20150127" /> smaller than the size of [[Venus]] (but bigger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]) and each of the exoplanets completes an orbit around the host star in less than 10 days.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /><ref name="SP-20150127" /> Thus, the planetary system is very compact, as even the furthest known planet, Kepler-444f, still orbits closer to the star than Mercury is to the [[Sun]].<ref name="SL-20140128" /> According to NASA, no life as we know it could exist on these hot exoplanets, due to their close orbital distances to the host star.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /> To keep the known planetary system stable, no additional giant planets can be located within 5.5 [[astronomical unit|AU]] of the parent star.<ref>{{citation|arxiv=1702.07714|title=Effects of Unseen Additional Planetary Perturbers on Compact Extrasolar Planetary Systems|year=2017|doi=10.1093/mnras/stx461|last1=Becker|first1=Juliette C.|last2=Adams|first2=Fred C.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=468|issue=1|pages=549–563|bibcode=2017MNRAS.468..549B|s2cid=119325005}}</ref>

Moreover, the system is pervaded by high-order resonance chain: period ratios are 4:5, 3:4, 4:5, 4:5. This tight chain is unperturbed and very likely continues farther from Kepler-444A.
{{OrbitboxPlanet begin
| table_ref = <ref name="EX-20150127" /><ref name="Mills2017"/>
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = b
| mass_earth =
| semimajor = 0.04178
| period = {{val|3.600105|0.000031|0.000037}}
| eccentricity = 0.16
| inclination = 88
| radius_earth = 0.406{{±|0.013}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = c
| mass_earth =
| semimajor = 0.04881
| period = 4.545876{{±|0.000031}}
| eccentricity = 0.31
| inclination = 88.2
| radius_earth = 0.521{{±|0.017}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = d
| mass_earth = {{val|0.036|0.065|0.020}}
| semimajor = 0.06
| period = {{val|6.189437|0.000053|0.000037}}
| eccentricity = 0.18
| inclination = 88.16
| radius_earth = 0.54{{±|0.017}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = e
| mass_earth = {{val|0.034|0.059|0.019}}
| semimajor = 0.0696
| period = {{val|7.743467|0.00006|0.0001}}
| eccentricity = 0.1
| inclination = 89.13
| radius_earth = {{val|0.555|0.018|0.016}}
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = f
| mass_earth =
| semimajor = 0.0811
| period = {{val|9.740501|0.000078|0.000026}}
| eccentricity = 0.29
| inclination = 87.96
| radius_earth = 0.767{{±|0.025}}
}}
{{Orbitbox end}}
<!---
{{wide image|LombergA1024.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|The ''[[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler Space Telescope]]'' search volume, in the context of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].}}
--->
{{-}}

==See also==
* [[Kepler-80]] - most compact 5-planet system discovered so far
* [[Lists of exoplanets|List of extrasolar planets]]
* [[PSR B1620-26]] - an ancient planetary system in [[Messier 4]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Buldgen2019">{{cite journal | title=Revisiting Kepler-444. I. Seismic modeling and inversions of stellar structure | last1=Buldgen | first1=G. | last2=Farnir | first2=M. | last3=Pezzotti | first3=C. | last4=Eggenberger | first4=P. | last5=Salmon | first5=S. J. A. J. | last6=Montalban | first6=J. | last7=Ferguson | first7=J. W. | last8=Khan | first8=S. | last9=Bourrier | first9=V. | last10=Rendle | first10=B. M. | last11=Meynet | first11=G. | last12=Miglio | first12=A. | last13=Noels | first13=A. | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=630 | at=A126 | year=2019 | arxiv=1907.10315 | bibcode=2019A&A...630A.126B | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936126 | s2cid=198229778 }}</ref>

<ref name="Campante2015">{{cite journal | title=An Ancient Extrasolar System with Five Sub-Earth-size Planets | last1=Campante | first1=T. L. | last2=Barclay | first2=T. | last3=Swift | first3=J. J. | last4=Huber | first4=D. | last5=Adibekyan | first5=V. Zh. | last6=Cochran | first6=W. | last7=Burke | first7=C. J. | last8=Isaacson | first8=H. | last9=Quintana | first9=E. V. | last10=Davies | first10=G. R. | last11=Silva Aguirre | first11=V. | last12=Ragozzine | first12=D. | last13=Riddle | first13=R. | last14=Baranec | first14=C. | last15=Basu | first15=S. | last16=Chaplin | first16=W. J. | last17=Christensen-Dalsgaard | first17=J. | last18=Metcalfe | first18=T. S. | last19=Bedding | first19=T. R. | last20=Handberg | first20=R. | last21=Stello | first21=D. | last22=Brewer | first22=J. M. | last23=Hekker | first23=S. | last24=Karoff | first24=C. | last25=Kolbl | first25=R. | last26=Law | first26=N. M. | last27=Lundkvist | first27=M. | last28=Miglio | first28=A. | last29=Rowe | first29=J. F. | last30=Santos | first30=N. C. | last31=Van Laerhoven | first31=C. | last32=Arentoft | first32=T. | last33=Elsworth | first33=Y. P. | last34=Fischer | first34=D. A. | last35=Kawaler | first35=S. D. | last36=Kjeldsen | first36=H. | last37=Lund | first37=M. N. | last38=Marcy | first38=G. W. | last39=Sousa | first39=S. G. | last40=Sozzetti | first40=A. | last41=White | first41=T. R. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=799 | issue=2 | at=170 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.06227 | bibcode=2015ApJ...799..170C | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/170 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Dupuy2016">{{cite journal | title=Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries. I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A | last1=Dupuy | first1=Trent J. | last2=Kratter | first2=Kaitlin M. | last3=Kraus | first3=Adam L. | last4=Isaacson | first4=Howard | last5=Mann | first5=Andrew W. | last6=Ireland | first6=Michael J. | last7=Howard | first7=Andrew W. | last8=Huber | first8=Daniel | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=817 | issue=1 | at=80 | year=2016 | arxiv=1512.03428 | bibcode=2016ApJ...817...80D | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/80 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Gaia DR2">{{Cite Gaia DR2|2101486923385239808}}</ref>

<ref name="Mazeh2015">{{cite journal | title=Photometric Amplitude Distribution of Stellar Rotation of KOIs—Indication for Spin-Orbit Alignment of Cool Stars and High Obliquity for Hot Stars | last1=Mazeh | first1=Tsevi | last2=Perets | first2=Hagai B. | last3=McQuillan | first3=Amy | last4=Goldstein | first4=Eyal S. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=801 | issue=1 | at=3 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.01288 | bibcode=2015ApJ...801....3M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/801/1/3 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Mills2017">{{cite journal | title=Mass, Density, and Formation Constraints in the Compact, Sub-Earth Kepler-444 System including Two Mars-mass Planets | last1=Mills | first1=Sean M. | last2=Fabrycky | first2=Daniel C. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=838 | issue=1 | at=L11 | year=2017 | arxiv=1703.03417 | bibcode=2017ApJ...838L..11M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa6543 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Simbad for A">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306 | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref>

<ref name="Simbad for B">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306B | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref>

<ref name="NASA-20150128">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Michele |title=Astronomers Discover Ancient System with Five Small Planets |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/astronomers-discover-ancient-system-with-five-small-planets |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="AP-20150127">{{cite news |last=Dunn |first=Marcia |title=Astronomers find solar system more than double ours in age |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150127/us-sci--old_solar_system-56b7594709.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="UT-20150127">{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Nancy |title=Oldest Planetary System Discovered, Improving the Chances for Intelligent Life Everywhere |url=http://www.universetoday.com/118510/oldest-planetary-system-discovered-improving-the-chances-for-intelligent-life-everywhere/ |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Universe Today]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="SP-20150127">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Found! 5 Ancient Alien Planets Nearly As Old As the Universe |url=http://www.space.com/28386-ancient-alien-planets-discovery-kepler-444.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="EX-20150127">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Staff |title=Exoplanet Catalog |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ |date=27 January 2015 |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="CAL-201311">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Second Kepler Science Conference - NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA - Nov. 4-8, 2013 - Agenda |url=http://nexsci.caltech.edu/conferences/KeplerII/agenda.shtml |date=8 November 2013 |work=[[Caltech]] |access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="SL-20140128">{{cite news |last=Phil |first=Plait |author-link=Phil Plait |title=Astronomers Find Ancient Earth-Sized Planets in Our Galactic Backyard |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2015/01/27/exoplanets_five_extremely_old_planets_found_around_kepler_444.html |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> is more than 80% of the [[age of the universe]].

<ref name=wilson1962>{{cite journal |bibcode=1962ApJ...136..793W |title=Relationship Between Colors and Spectra of Late Main-Sequence Stars |last1=Wilson |first1=O. C. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=1962 |volume=136 |page=793 |doi=10.1086/147437 }}</ref>

<ref name=ducati2002>{{cite journal|bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system|journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues|volume=2237|author1=Ducati, J. R.|year=2002}}</ref</ref>>
<!--
<ref name=Stalport2022>{{cite journal | arxiv=2209.06810 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202243971 | bibcode=2022A&A...667A.128S | title=Global dynamics and architecture of the Kepler-444 system | year=2022 | last1=Stalport | first1=M. | last2=Matthews | first2=E. C. | last3=Bourrier | first3=V. | last4=Leleu | first4=A. | last5=Delisle | first5=J.-B. | last6=Udry | first6=S. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=667 | pages=A128 | s2cid=252222215 }}</ref>
-->
<ref name=Zhang2023>{{cite journal |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aca88c |title=The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey: Architecture of the Ancient Five-planet Host System Kepler-444 |year=2023 |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhoujian |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Dupuy |first3=Trent J. |last4=Brandt |first4=Timothy D. |last5=Brandt |first5=G. Mirek |last6=Cochran |first6=William D. |last7=Endl |first7=Michael |last8=MacQueen |first8=Phillip J. |last9=Kratter |first9=Kaitlin M. |last10=Isaacson |first10=Howard T. |last11=Franson |first11=Kyle |last12=Kraus |first12=Adam L. |last13=Morley |first13=Caroline V. |last14=Zhou |first14=Yifan |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=165 |issue=2 |page=73 |arxiv=2210.07252 |bibcode=2023AJ....165...73Z |s2cid=252907948 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=KOI-3158 NASA – Kepler-444/KOI-3158] at [[NASA Exoplanet Archive|The NASA Exoplanet Archive]]
* [http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_b/ NASA – Kepler-444'''b''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_c/ '''c''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_d/ '''d''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_e/ '''e''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_f/ '''f'''] at [[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia|Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]

{{Stars of Lyra}}
{{2015 in space}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biology}}
{{Sky|19|19|01.0|+|41|38|05|117}}

[[Category:Lyra (constellation)]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with five confirmed planets]]
[[Category:K-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Kepler objects of interest|3158]]
[[Category:Planetary transit variables]]
[[Category:2MASS objects|J19190052+4138043]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|94931]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]]
[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Triple star systems]]
[[Category:TIC objects]]

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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} {{Short description|Triple star system in the constellation of Lyra}} {{Starbox begin | name = Kepler-444 }} {{Starbox observe | epoch = J2000 | equinox = 2000 | constell = [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] | ra = {{RA|19|19|00.5488}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> | dec = {{DEC|+41|38|04.5816}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> | appmag_v =8.86<ref name=ducati2002/> }} {{Starbox character | class = K0V<ref name=wilson1962/> }} {{Starbox astrometry | radial_v = {{val|-123.05|0.17}}<ref name="Dupuy2016"/> | prop_mo_ra = {{val|94.682|0.055}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> | prop_mo_dec = {{val|−632.202|0.051}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> | parallax = 27.4137 | p_error = 0.0295 | parallax_footnote = <ref name="Gaia DR2"/> | absmag_v = }} {{Starbox orbit | reference = <ref name=Zhang2023/> | primary = A | name = BC | axis_unitless = {{val|52.2|+3.3|−2.7}} AU | eccentricity = {{val|0.55|+0.05|−0.05}} | inclination = {{val|85.4|+0.3|−0.4}} | node = {{val|250.7|+0.2|−0.2}} | periarg = {{val|227.3|+6.5|−5.2}} | period = {{val|324|+31|−25}} | periastron = JD {{val|2537060|+10881|−8533}} }} {{Starbox detail | component1 = A | mass = {{val|0.754|0.030}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/> | radius = {{val|0.753|0.010}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/> | luminosity_bolometric = | temperature = {{val|5046|74.0}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> | gravity = {{val|4.595|0.060}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> | metal_fe = {{val|−0.55|0.07}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> | rotation = {{val|49.40|6.04|u=days}}<ref name="Mazeh2015"/> | age_gyr = {{val|11.00|0.8}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/> }} {{Starbox detail |no_heading=y | component1 = B | mass = {{val|0.307|0.009|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/> | temperature = {{val|3,464|200|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> | gravity = {{val|5.0|0.2}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> | component2 = C | mass2 = {{val|0.296|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/> | temperature2 = 3,500 - 4,000<ref name="Campante2015"/> | gravity2 = ~5<ref name="Campante2015"/> }} {{Starbox catalog | names = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | BD=+41°3306 | KIC=6278762 | KOI=3158 | WDS=J19190+4138 }} | component1 = Kepler-444A | names1 = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | Gaia DR2=2101486923385239808 | HIP=94931 | LHS=3450 | TYC=3129-00329-1 }}<ref name="Simbad for A"/> | component2 = Kepler-444BC | names2 = {{odlist | Gaia DR2=2101486923382009472 }}<ref name="Simbad for B"/> }} {{Starbox reference | Simbad = KOI-3158 | Simbad2 = KOI+3158B |sn2=B/C }} {{Starbox end}} '''Kepler-444''' (or '''KOI-3158''', '''KIC 6278762''', '''2MASS J19190052+4138043''', '''BD+41°3306''')<ref name="Simbad for A"/> is a [[triple star system]], estimated to be 11.2 billion years old (more than 80% of the age of the [[universe]]),<ref name="SP-20150127" /> approximately {{convert|119|ly|pc}} away from [[Earth]] in the [[constellation]] [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]. On 27 January 2015, the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|''Kepler'' spacecraft]] is reported to have confirmed the detection of five sub-Earth-sized [[Rocky planet|rocky]] [[exoplanets]] orbiting the main star. The star is a [[K-type main sequence star]].<ref name="NASA-20150128"/><ref name="AP-20150127"/><ref name="UT-20150127"/><ref name="SP-20150127"/><ref name="EX-20150127"/> All of the planets are far too close to their star to harbour life forms.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /> ==Discovery== Preliminary results of the planetary system around Kepler-444 were first announced at the second [[Kepler space telescope|Kepler Science Conference]] in 2013. At that conference, the star was known as KOI-3158.<ref name="CAL-201311"/> ==Characteristics== The star, Kepler-444, is approximately 11.2 billion years old, whereas the [[Sun]] is only 4.6 billion years old. The age is that of Kepler-444 A, an [[Main sequence|orange main sequence star]] of spectral type K0.<ref name="SL-20140128"/> Despite this great age, it is in middle of its main-sequence lifespan, much like the Sun. The original research on Kepler-444 was published in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' on 27 January 2015 under the title "An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets" by a team of 40 authors, the abstract reads as follows:<ref name="Campante2015"/> <blockquote>The chemical composition of stars hosting small exoplanets (with radii less than four Earth radii) appears to be more diverse than that of [[Gas giant|gas-giant hosts]], which tend to be [[Metallicity|metal-rich]]. This implies that small, including Earth-size, planets may have readily formed at earlier epochs in the Universe's history when metals were more scarce. We report Kepler spacecraft observations of Kepler-444, a metal-poor Sun-like star from the old population of the [[Thick disk|Galactic thick disk]] and the host to a compact system of five transiting planets with sizes between those of Mercury and Venus. We validate this system as a true five-planet system orbiting the target star and provide a detailed characterization of its planetary and orbital parameters based on an analysis of the [[transit photometry]]. Kepler-444 is the densest star with detected solar-like oscillations. We use [[asteroseismology]] to directly measure a precise age of 11.2+/-1.0 Gyr for the host star, indicating that Kepler-444 formed when the Universe was less than 20% of its current age and making it the oldest known system of [[Terrestrial planet|terrestrial-size planets]]. We thus show that Earth-size planets have formed throughout most of the Universe's 13.8-billion-year history, leaving open the possibility for the existence of ancient life in the [[Galaxy]]. The age of Kepler-444 not only suggests that thick-disk stars were among the hosts to the first Galactic planets, but may also help to pinpoint the beginning of the era of [[planet formation]]." The star is believed to have 2 M dwarfs in orbit around it with the fainter companion 1.8 arc-seconds from the main star. </blockquote> ==Stellar system== The Kepler-444 system consists of the planet hosting primary and a pair of M-dwarf stars. The M-dwarfs orbit each other at a distance of less than 0.3 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] while the pair orbits the primary in a highly [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] 324-year orbit. The pair comes within 23.55 AU of the primary potentially truncating the protoplanetary disk from which the planets formed at 8 AU. This would have depleted the availability of solid material to form the observed planets.<ref name="Zhang2023"/> Previous stellar orbit solution was ever more extreme, period was shorter (211 years) and eccentricity was much larger (e=0.865), moving periastron to 5 AU, severely reducing the estimated protoplanetary disk size to 1–2 AU and its estimated mass from 600 to 4 Earth masses.<ref name="Dupuy2016"/> ==Planetary system== All five rocky exoplanets (Kepler-444b; Kepler-444c; Kepler-444d; Kepler-444e; Kepler-444f) are confirmed,<ref name="EX-20150127" /> smaller than the size of [[Venus]] (but bigger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]) and each of the exoplanets completes an orbit around the host star in less than 10 days.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /><ref name="SP-20150127" /> Thus, the planetary system is very compact, as even the furthest known planet, Kepler-444f, still orbits closer to the star than Mercury is to the [[Sun]].<ref name="SL-20140128" /> According to NASA, no life as we know it could exist on these hot exoplanets, due to their close orbital distances to the host star.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /> To keep the known planetary system stable, no additional giant planets can be located within 5.5 [[astronomical unit|AU]] of the parent star.<ref>{{citation|arxiv=1702.07714|title=Effects of Unseen Additional Planetary Perturbers on Compact Extrasolar Planetary Systems|year=2017|doi=10.1093/mnras/stx461|last1=Becker|first1=Juliette C.|last2=Adams|first2=Fred C.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=468|issue=1|pages=549–563|bibcode=2017MNRAS.468..549B|s2cid=119325005}}</ref> Moreover, the system is pervaded by high-order resonance chain: period ratios are 4:5, 3:4, 4:5, 4:5. This tight chain is unperturbed and very likely continues farther from Kepler-444A. {{OrbitboxPlanet begin | table_ref = <ref name="EX-20150127" /><ref name="Mills2017"/> }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = b | mass_earth = | semimajor = 0.04178 | period = {{val|3.600105|0.000031|0.000037}} | eccentricity = 0.16 | inclination = 88 | radius_earth = 0.406{{±|0.013}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = c | mass_earth = | semimajor = 0.04881 | period = 4.545876{{±|0.000031}} | eccentricity = 0.31 | inclination = 88.2 | radius_earth = 0.521{{±|0.017}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = d | mass_earth = {{val|0.036|0.065|0.020}} | semimajor = 0.06 | period = {{val|6.189437|0.000053|0.000037}} | eccentricity = 0.18 | inclination = 88.16 | radius_earth = 0.54{{±|0.017}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = e | mass_earth = {{val|0.034|0.059|0.019}} | semimajor = 0.0696 | period = {{val|7.743467|0.00006|0.0001}} | eccentricity = 0.1 | inclination = 89.13 | radius_earth = {{val|0.555|0.018|0.016}} }} {{OrbitboxPlanet | exoplanet = f | mass_earth = | semimajor = 0.0811 | period = {{val|9.740501|0.000078|0.000026}} | eccentricity = 0.29 | inclination = 87.96 | radius_earth = 0.767{{±|0.025}} }} {{Orbitbox end}} <!--- {{wide image|LombergA1024.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|The ''[[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler Space Telescope]]'' search volume, in the context of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].}} ---> {{-}} ==See also== * [[Kepler-80]] - most compact 5-planet system discovered so far * [[Lists of exoplanets|List of extrasolar planets]] * [[PSR B1620-26]] - an ancient planetary system in [[Messier 4]] ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Buldgen2019">{{cite journal | title=Revisiting Kepler-444. I. Seismic modeling and inversions of stellar structure | last1=Buldgen | first1=G. | last2=Farnir | first2=M. | last3=Pezzotti | first3=C. | last4=Eggenberger | first4=P. | last5=Salmon | first5=S. J. A. J. | last6=Montalban | first6=J. | last7=Ferguson | first7=J. W. | last8=Khan | first8=S. | last9=Bourrier | first9=V. | last10=Rendle | first10=B. M. | last11=Meynet | first11=G. | last12=Miglio | first12=A. | last13=Noels | first13=A. | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=630 | at=A126 | year=2019 | arxiv=1907.10315 | bibcode=2019A&A...630A.126B | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936126 | s2cid=198229778 }}</ref> <ref name="Campante2015">{{cite journal | title=An Ancient Extrasolar System with Five Sub-Earth-size Planets | last1=Campante | first1=T. L. | last2=Barclay | first2=T. | last3=Swift | first3=J. J. | last4=Huber | first4=D. | last5=Adibekyan | first5=V. Zh. | last6=Cochran | first6=W. | last7=Burke | first7=C. J. | last8=Isaacson | first8=H. | last9=Quintana | first9=E. V. | last10=Davies | first10=G. R. | last11=Silva Aguirre | first11=V. | last12=Ragozzine | first12=D. | last13=Riddle | first13=R. | last14=Baranec | first14=C. | last15=Basu | first15=S. | last16=Chaplin | first16=W. J. | last17=Christensen-Dalsgaard | first17=J. | last18=Metcalfe | first18=T. S. | last19=Bedding | first19=T. R. | last20=Handberg | first20=R. | last21=Stello | first21=D. | last22=Brewer | first22=J. M. | last23=Hekker | first23=S. | last24=Karoff | first24=C. | last25=Kolbl | first25=R. | last26=Law | first26=N. M. | last27=Lundkvist | first27=M. | last28=Miglio | first28=A. | last29=Rowe | first29=J. F. | last30=Santos | first30=N. C. | last31=Van Laerhoven | first31=C. | last32=Arentoft | first32=T. | last33=Elsworth | first33=Y. P. | last34=Fischer | first34=D. A. | last35=Kawaler | first35=S. D. | last36=Kjeldsen | first36=H. | last37=Lund | first37=M. N. | last38=Marcy | first38=G. W. | last39=Sousa | first39=S. G. | last40=Sozzetti | first40=A. | last41=White | first41=T. R. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=799 | issue=2 | at=170 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.06227 | bibcode=2015ApJ...799..170C | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/170 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Dupuy2016">{{cite journal | title=Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries. I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A | last1=Dupuy | first1=Trent J. | last2=Kratter | first2=Kaitlin M. | last3=Kraus | first3=Adam L. | last4=Isaacson | first4=Howard | last5=Mann | first5=Andrew W. | last6=Ireland | first6=Michael J. | last7=Howard | first7=Andrew W. | last8=Huber | first8=Daniel | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=817 | issue=1 | at=80 | year=2016 | arxiv=1512.03428 | bibcode=2016ApJ...817...80D | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/80 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Gaia DR2">{{Cite Gaia DR2|2101486923385239808}}</ref> <ref name="Mazeh2015">{{cite journal | title=Photometric Amplitude Distribution of Stellar Rotation of KOIs—Indication for Spin-Orbit Alignment of Cool Stars and High Obliquity for Hot Stars | last1=Mazeh | first1=Tsevi | last2=Perets | first2=Hagai B. | last3=McQuillan | first3=Amy | last4=Goldstein | first4=Eyal S. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=801 | issue=1 | at=3 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.01288 | bibcode=2015ApJ...801....3M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/801/1/3 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Mills2017">{{cite journal | title=Mass, Density, and Formation Constraints in the Compact, Sub-Earth Kepler-444 System including Two Mars-mass Planets | last1=Mills | first1=Sean M. | last2=Fabrycky | first2=Daniel C. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=838 | issue=1 | at=L11 | year=2017 | arxiv=1703.03417 | bibcode=2017ApJ...838L..11M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa6543 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Simbad for A">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306 | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref> <ref name="Simbad for B">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306B | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref> <ref name="NASA-20150128">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Michele |title=Astronomers Discover Ancient System with Five Small Planets |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/astronomers-discover-ancient-system-with-five-small-planets |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="AP-20150127">{{cite news |last=Dunn |first=Marcia |title=Astronomers find solar system more than double ours in age |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150127/us-sci--old_solar_system-56b7594709.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="UT-20150127">{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Nancy |title=Oldest Planetary System Discovered, Improving the Chances for Intelligent Life Everywhere |url=http://www.universetoday.com/118510/oldest-planetary-system-discovered-improving-the-chances-for-intelligent-life-everywhere/ |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Universe Today]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="SP-20150127">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Found! 5 Ancient Alien Planets Nearly As Old As the Universe |url=http://www.space.com/28386-ancient-alien-planets-discovery-kepler-444.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="EX-20150127">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Staff |title=Exoplanet Catalog |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ |date=27 January 2015 |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="CAL-201311">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Second Kepler Science Conference - NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA - Nov. 4-8, 2013 - Agenda |url=http://nexsci.caltech.edu/conferences/KeplerII/agenda.shtml |date=8 November 2013 |work=[[Caltech]] |access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref> <ref name="SL-20140128">{{cite news |last=Phil |first=Plait |author-link=Phil Plait |title=Astronomers Find Ancient Earth-Sized Planets in Our Galactic Backyard |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2015/01/27/exoplanets_five_extremely_old_planets_found_around_kepler_444.html |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> is more than 80% of the [[age of the universe]]. <ref name=wilson1962>{{cite journal |bibcode=1962ApJ...136..793W |title=Relationship Between Colors and Spectra of Late Main-Sequence Stars |last1=Wilson |first1=O. C. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=1962 |volume=136 |page=793 |doi=10.1086/147437 }}</ref> <ref name=ducati2002>{{cite journal|bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system|journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues|volume=2237|author1=Ducati, J. R.|year=2002}}</ref</ref>> <!-- <ref name=Stalport2022>{{cite journal | arxiv=2209.06810 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202243971 | bibcode=2022A&A...667A.128S | title=Global dynamics and architecture of the Kepler-444 system | year=2022 | last1=Stalport | first1=M. | last2=Matthews | first2=E. C. | last3=Bourrier | first3=V. | last4=Leleu | first4=A. | last5=Delisle | first5=J.-B. | last6=Udry | first6=S. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=667 | pages=A128 | s2cid=252222215 }}</ref> --> <ref name=Zhang2023>{{cite journal |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aca88c |title=The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey: Architecture of the Ancient Five-planet Host System Kepler-444 |year=2023 |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhoujian |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Dupuy |first3=Trent J. |last4=Brandt |first4=Timothy D. |last5=Brandt |first5=G. Mirek |last6=Cochran |first6=William D. |last7=Endl |first7=Michael |last8=MacQueen |first8=Phillip J. |last9=Kratter |first9=Kaitlin M. |last10=Isaacson |first10=Howard T. |last11=Franson |first11=Kyle |last12=Kraus |first12=Adam L. |last13=Morley |first13=Caroline V. |last14=Zhou |first14=Yifan |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=165 |issue=2 |page=73 |arxiv=2210.07252 |bibcode=2023AJ....165...73Z |s2cid=252907948 }}</ref> }} ==External links== * [http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=KOI-3158 NASA – Kepler-444/KOI-3158] at [[NASA Exoplanet Archive|The NASA Exoplanet Archive]] * [http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_b/ NASA – Kepler-444'''b''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_c/ '''c''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_d/ '''d''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_e/ '''e''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_f/ '''f'''] at [[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia|Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] {{Stars of Lyra}} {{2015 in space}} {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biology}} {{Sky|19|19|01.0|+|41|38|05|117}} [[Category:Lyra (constellation)]] [[Category:Planetary systems with five confirmed planets]] [[Category:K-type main-sequence stars]] [[Category:Kepler objects of interest|3158]] [[Category:Planetary transit variables]] [[Category:2MASS objects|J19190052+4138043]] [[Category:Hipparcos objects|94931]] [[Category:Durchmusterung objects]] [[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]] [[Category:Triple star systems]] [[Category:TIC objects]]'
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'@@ -1,214 +1,2 @@ -{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} -{{Short description|Triple star system in the constellation of Lyra}} -{{Starbox begin -| name = Kepler-444 -}} -{{Starbox observe -| epoch = J2000 -| equinox = 2000 -| constell = [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]] -| ra = {{RA|19|19|00.5488}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> -| dec = {{DEC|+41|38|04.5816}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> -| appmag_v =8.86<ref name=ducati2002/> -}} -{{Starbox character -| class = K0V<ref name=wilson1962/> -}} -{{Starbox astrometry -| radial_v = {{val|-123.05|0.17}}<ref name="Dupuy2016"/> -| prop_mo_ra = {{val|94.682|0.055}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> -| prop_mo_dec = {{val|−632.202|0.051}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/> -| parallax = 27.4137 -| p_error = 0.0295 -| parallax_footnote = <ref name="Gaia DR2"/> -| absmag_v = -}} -{{Starbox orbit -| reference = <ref name=Zhang2023/> -| primary = A -| name = BC -| axis_unitless = {{val|52.2|+3.3|−2.7}} AU -| eccentricity = {{val|0.55|+0.05|−0.05}} -| inclination = {{val|85.4|+0.3|−0.4}} -| node = {{val|250.7|+0.2|−0.2}} -| periarg = {{val|227.3|+6.5|−5.2}} -| period = {{val|324|+31|−25}} -| periastron = JD {{val|2537060|+10881|−8533}} -}} -{{Starbox detail -| component1 = A -| mass = {{val|0.754|0.030}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/> -| radius = {{val|0.753|0.010}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/> -| luminosity_bolometric = -| temperature = {{val|5046|74.0}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> -| gravity = {{val|4.595|0.060}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> -| metal_fe = {{val|−0.55|0.07}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> -| rotation = {{val|49.40|6.04|u=days}}<ref name="Mazeh2015"/> -| age_gyr = {{val|11.00|0.8}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/> -}} -{{Starbox detail |no_heading=y -| component1 = B -| mass = {{val|0.307|0.009|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/> -| temperature = {{val|3,464|200|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> -| gravity = {{val|5.0|0.2}}<ref name="Campante2015"/> -| component2 = C -| mass2 = {{val|0.296|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/> -| temperature2 = 3,500 - 4,000<ref name="Campante2015"/> -| gravity2 = ~5<ref name="Campante2015"/> -}} -{{Starbox catalog -| names = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | BD=+41°3306 | KIC=6278762 | KOI=3158 | WDS=J19190+4138 }} -| component1 = Kepler-444A -| names1 = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | Gaia DR2=2101486923385239808 | HIP=94931 | LHS=3450 | TYC=3129-00329-1 }}<ref name="Simbad for A"/> -| component2 = Kepler-444BC -| names2 = {{odlist | Gaia DR2=2101486923382009472 }}<ref name="Simbad for B"/> -}} -{{Starbox reference -| Simbad = KOI-3158 -| Simbad2 = KOI+3158B |sn2=B/C -}} -{{Starbox end}} - -'''Kepler-444''' (or '''KOI-3158''', '''KIC 6278762''', '''2MASS J19190052+4138043''', '''BD+41°3306''')<ref name="Simbad for A"/> is a [[triple star system]], estimated to be 11.2 billion years old (more than 80% of the age of the [[universe]]),<ref name="SP-20150127" /> approximately {{convert|119|ly|pc}} away from [[Earth]] in the [[constellation]] [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]. On 27 January 2015, the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|''Kepler'' spacecraft]] is reported to have confirmed the detection of five sub-Earth-sized [[Rocky planet|rocky]] [[exoplanets]] orbiting the main star. The star is a [[K-type main sequence star]].<ref name="NASA-20150128"/><ref name="AP-20150127"/><ref name="UT-20150127"/><ref name="SP-20150127"/><ref name="EX-20150127"/> All of the planets are far too close to their star to harbour life forms.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /> - -==Discovery== -Preliminary results of the planetary system around Kepler-444 were first announced at the second [[Kepler space telescope|Kepler Science Conference]] in 2013. At that conference, the star was known as KOI-3158.<ref name="CAL-201311"/> - -==Characteristics== -The star, Kepler-444, is approximately 11.2 billion years old, whereas the [[Sun]] is only 4.6 billion years old. The age is that of Kepler-444 A, an [[Main sequence|orange main sequence star]] of spectral type K0.<ref name="SL-20140128"/> Despite this great age, it is in middle of its main-sequence lifespan, much like the Sun. - -The original research on Kepler-444 was published in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' on 27 January 2015 under the title "An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets" by a team of 40 authors, the abstract reads as follows:<ref name="Campante2015"/> - -<blockquote>The chemical composition of stars hosting small exoplanets (with radii less than four Earth radii) appears to be more diverse than that of [[Gas giant|gas-giant hosts]], which tend to be [[Metallicity|metal-rich]]. This implies that small, including Earth-size, planets may have readily formed at earlier epochs in the Universe's history when metals were more scarce. We report Kepler spacecraft observations of Kepler-444, a metal-poor Sun-like star from the old population of the [[Thick disk|Galactic thick disk]] and the host to a compact system of five transiting planets with sizes between those of Mercury and Venus. We validate this system as a true five-planet system orbiting the target star and provide a detailed characterization of its planetary and orbital parameters based on an analysis of the [[transit photometry]]. Kepler-444 is the densest star with detected solar-like oscillations. We use [[asteroseismology]] to directly measure a precise age of 11.2+/-1.0 Gyr for the host star, indicating that Kepler-444 formed when the Universe was less than 20% of its current age and making it the oldest known system of [[Terrestrial planet|terrestrial-size planets]]. We thus show that Earth-size planets have formed throughout most of the Universe's 13.8-billion-year history, leaving open the possibility for the existence of ancient life in the [[Galaxy]]. The age of Kepler-444 not only suggests that thick-disk stars were among the hosts to the first Galactic planets, but may also help to pinpoint the beginning of the era of [[planet formation]]." The star is believed to have 2 M dwarfs in orbit around it with the fainter companion 1.8 arc-seconds from the main star. -</blockquote> - -==Stellar system== -The Kepler-444 system consists of the planet hosting primary and a pair of M-dwarf stars. The M-dwarfs orbit each other at a distance of less than 0.3 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] while the pair orbits the primary in a highly [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] 324-year orbit. The pair comes within 23.55 AU of the primary potentially truncating the protoplanetary disk from which the planets formed at 8 AU. This would have depleted the availability of solid material to form the observed planets.<ref name="Zhang2023"/> - -Previous stellar orbit solution was ever more extreme, period was shorter (211 years) and eccentricity was much larger (e=0.865), moving periastron to 5 AU, severely reducing the estimated protoplanetary disk size to 1–2 AU and its estimated mass from 600 to 4 Earth masses.<ref name="Dupuy2016"/> - -==Planetary system== -All five rocky exoplanets (Kepler-444b; Kepler-444c; Kepler-444d; Kepler-444e; Kepler-444f) are confirmed,<ref name="EX-20150127" /> smaller than the size of [[Venus]] (but bigger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]) and each of the exoplanets completes an orbit around the host star in less than 10 days.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /><ref name="SP-20150127" /> Thus, the planetary system is very compact, as even the furthest known planet, Kepler-444f, still orbits closer to the star than Mercury is to the [[Sun]].<ref name="SL-20140128" /> According to NASA, no life as we know it could exist on these hot exoplanets, due to their close orbital distances to the host star.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /> To keep the known planetary system stable, no additional giant planets can be located within 5.5 [[astronomical unit|AU]] of the parent star.<ref>{{citation|arxiv=1702.07714|title=Effects of Unseen Additional Planetary Perturbers on Compact Extrasolar Planetary Systems|year=2017|doi=10.1093/mnras/stx461|last1=Becker|first1=Juliette C.|last2=Adams|first2=Fred C.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=468|issue=1|pages=549–563|bibcode=2017MNRAS.468..549B|s2cid=119325005}}</ref> - -Moreover, the system is pervaded by high-order resonance chain: period ratios are 4:5, 3:4, 4:5, 4:5. This tight chain is unperturbed and very likely continues farther from Kepler-444A. -{{OrbitboxPlanet begin -| table_ref = <ref name="EX-20150127" /><ref name="Mills2017"/> -}} -{{OrbitboxPlanet -| exoplanet = b -| mass_earth = -| semimajor = 0.04178 -| period = {{val|3.600105|0.000031|0.000037}} -| eccentricity = 0.16 -| inclination = 88 -| radius_earth = 0.406{{±|0.013}} -}} -{{OrbitboxPlanet -| exoplanet = c -| mass_earth = -| semimajor = 0.04881 -| period = 4.545876{{±|0.000031}} -| eccentricity = 0.31 -| inclination = 88.2 -| radius_earth = 0.521{{±|0.017}} -}} -{{OrbitboxPlanet -| exoplanet = d -| mass_earth = {{val|0.036|0.065|0.020}} -| semimajor = 0.06 -| period = {{val|6.189437|0.000053|0.000037}} -| eccentricity = 0.18 -| inclination = 88.16 -| radius_earth = 0.54{{±|0.017}} -}} -{{OrbitboxPlanet -| exoplanet = e -| mass_earth = {{val|0.034|0.059|0.019}} -| semimajor = 0.0696 -| period = {{val|7.743467|0.00006|0.0001}} -| eccentricity = 0.1 -| inclination = 89.13 -| radius_earth = {{val|0.555|0.018|0.016}} -}} -{{OrbitboxPlanet -| exoplanet = f -| mass_earth = -| semimajor = 0.0811 -| period = {{val|9.740501|0.000078|0.000026}} -| eccentricity = 0.29 -| inclination = 87.96 -| radius_earth = 0.767{{±|0.025}} -}} -{{Orbitbox end}} -<!--- -{{wide image|LombergA1024.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|The ''[[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler Space Telescope]]'' search volume, in the context of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].}} ----> -{{-}} - -==See also== -* [[Kepler-80]] - most compact 5-planet system discovered so far -* [[Lists of exoplanets|List of extrasolar planets]] -* [[PSR B1620-26]] - an ancient planetary system in [[Messier 4]] - -==References== -{{Reflist|refs= - -<ref name="Buldgen2019">{{cite journal | title=Revisiting Kepler-444. I. Seismic modeling and inversions of stellar structure | last1=Buldgen | first1=G. | last2=Farnir | first2=M. | last3=Pezzotti | first3=C. | last4=Eggenberger | first4=P. | last5=Salmon | first5=S. J. A. J. | last6=Montalban | first6=J. | last7=Ferguson | first7=J. W. | last8=Khan | first8=S. | last9=Bourrier | first9=V. | last10=Rendle | first10=B. M. | last11=Meynet | first11=G. | last12=Miglio | first12=A. | last13=Noels | first13=A. | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=630 | at=A126 | year=2019 | arxiv=1907.10315 | bibcode=2019A&A...630A.126B | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936126 | s2cid=198229778 }}</ref> - -<ref name="Campante2015">{{cite journal | title=An Ancient Extrasolar System with Five Sub-Earth-size Planets | last1=Campante | first1=T. L. | last2=Barclay | first2=T. | last3=Swift | first3=J. J. | last4=Huber | first4=D. | last5=Adibekyan | first5=V. Zh. | last6=Cochran | first6=W. | last7=Burke | first7=C. J. | last8=Isaacson | first8=H. | last9=Quintana | first9=E. V. | last10=Davies | first10=G. R. | last11=Silva Aguirre | first11=V. | last12=Ragozzine | first12=D. | last13=Riddle | first13=R. | last14=Baranec | first14=C. | last15=Basu | first15=S. | last16=Chaplin | first16=W. J. | last17=Christensen-Dalsgaard | first17=J. | last18=Metcalfe | first18=T. S. | last19=Bedding | first19=T. R. | last20=Handberg | first20=R. | last21=Stello | first21=D. | last22=Brewer | first22=J. M. | last23=Hekker | first23=S. | last24=Karoff | first24=C. | last25=Kolbl | first25=R. | last26=Law | first26=N. M. | last27=Lundkvist | first27=M. | last28=Miglio | first28=A. | last29=Rowe | first29=J. F. | last30=Santos | first30=N. C. | last31=Van Laerhoven | first31=C. | last32=Arentoft | first32=T. | last33=Elsworth | first33=Y. P. | last34=Fischer | first34=D. A. | last35=Kawaler | first35=S. D. | last36=Kjeldsen | first36=H. | last37=Lund | first37=M. N. | last38=Marcy | first38=G. W. | last39=Sousa | first39=S. G. | last40=Sozzetti | first40=A. | last41=White | first41=T. R. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=799 | issue=2 | at=170 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.06227 | bibcode=2015ApJ...799..170C | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/170 | doi-access=free }}</ref> - -<ref name="Dupuy2016">{{cite journal | title=Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries. I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A | last1=Dupuy | first1=Trent J. | last2=Kratter | first2=Kaitlin M. | last3=Kraus | first3=Adam L. | last4=Isaacson | first4=Howard | last5=Mann | first5=Andrew W. | last6=Ireland | first6=Michael J. | last7=Howard | first7=Andrew W. | last8=Huber | first8=Daniel | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=817 | issue=1 | at=80 | year=2016 | arxiv=1512.03428 | bibcode=2016ApJ...817...80D | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/80 | doi-access=free }}</ref> - -<ref name="Gaia DR2">{{Cite Gaia DR2|2101486923385239808}}</ref> - -<ref name="Mazeh2015">{{cite journal | title=Photometric Amplitude Distribution of Stellar Rotation of KOIs—Indication for Spin-Orbit Alignment of Cool Stars and High Obliquity for Hot Stars | last1=Mazeh | first1=Tsevi | last2=Perets | first2=Hagai B. | last3=McQuillan | first3=Amy | last4=Goldstein | first4=Eyal S. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=801 | issue=1 | at=3 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.01288 | bibcode=2015ApJ...801....3M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/801/1/3 | doi-access=free }}</ref> - -<ref name="Mills2017">{{cite journal | title=Mass, Density, and Formation Constraints in the Compact, Sub-Earth Kepler-444 System including Two Mars-mass Planets | last1=Mills | first1=Sean M. | last2=Fabrycky | first2=Daniel C. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=838 | issue=1 | at=L11 | year=2017 | arxiv=1703.03417 | bibcode=2017ApJ...838L..11M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa6543 | doi-access=free }}</ref> - -<ref name="Simbad for A">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306 | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref> - -<ref name="Simbad for B">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306B | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref> - -<ref name="NASA-20150128">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Michele |title=Astronomers Discover Ancient System with Five Small Planets |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/astronomers-discover-ancient-system-with-five-small-planets |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref> - -<ref name="AP-20150127">{{cite news |last=Dunn |first=Marcia |title=Astronomers find solar system more than double ours in age |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150127/us-sci--old_solar_system-56b7594709.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> - -<ref name="UT-20150127">{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Nancy |title=Oldest Planetary System Discovered, Improving the Chances for Intelligent Life Everywhere |url=http://www.universetoday.com/118510/oldest-planetary-system-discovered-improving-the-chances-for-intelligent-life-everywhere/ |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Universe Today]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> - -<ref name="SP-20150127">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Found! 5 Ancient Alien Planets Nearly As Old As the Universe |url=http://www.space.com/28386-ancient-alien-planets-discovery-kepler-444.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> - -<ref name="EX-20150127">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Staff |title=Exoplanet Catalog |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ |date=27 January 2015 |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> - -<ref name="CAL-201311">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Second Kepler Science Conference - NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA - Nov. 4-8, 2013 - Agenda |url=http://nexsci.caltech.edu/conferences/KeplerII/agenda.shtml |date=8 November 2013 |work=[[Caltech]] |access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref> - -<ref name="SL-20140128">{{cite news |last=Phil |first=Plait |author-link=Phil Plait |title=Astronomers Find Ancient Earth-Sized Planets in Our Galactic Backyard |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2015/01/27/exoplanets_five_extremely_old_planets_found_around_kepler_444.html |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> is more than 80% of the [[age of the universe]]. - -<ref name=wilson1962>{{cite journal |bibcode=1962ApJ...136..793W |title=Relationship Between Colors and Spectra of Late Main-Sequence Stars |last1=Wilson |first1=O. C. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=1962 |volume=136 |page=793 |doi=10.1086/147437 }}</ref> - -<ref name=ducati2002>{{cite journal|bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system|journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues|volume=2237|author1=Ducati, J. R.|year=2002}}</ref</ref>> -<!-- -<ref name=Stalport2022>{{cite journal | arxiv=2209.06810 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202243971 | bibcode=2022A&A...667A.128S | title=Global dynamics and architecture of the Kepler-444 system | year=2022 | last1=Stalport | first1=M. | last2=Matthews | first2=E. C. | last3=Bourrier | first3=V. | last4=Leleu | first4=A. | last5=Delisle | first5=J.-B. | last6=Udry | first6=S. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=667 | pages=A128 | s2cid=252222215 }}</ref> ---> -<ref name=Zhang2023>{{cite journal |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aca88c |title=The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey: Architecture of the Ancient Five-planet Host System Kepler-444 |year=2023 |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhoujian |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Dupuy |first3=Trent J. |last4=Brandt |first4=Timothy D. |last5=Brandt |first5=G. Mirek |last6=Cochran |first6=William D. |last7=Endl |first7=Michael |last8=MacQueen |first8=Phillip J. |last9=Kratter |first9=Kaitlin M. |last10=Isaacson |first10=Howard T. |last11=Franson |first11=Kyle |last12=Kraus |first12=Adam L. |last13=Morley |first13=Caroline V. |last14=Zhou |first14=Yifan |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=165 |issue=2 |page=73 |arxiv=2210.07252 |bibcode=2023AJ....165...73Z |s2cid=252907948 }}</ref> -}} - -==External links== -* [http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=KOI-3158 NASA – Kepler-444/KOI-3158] at [[NASA Exoplanet Archive|The NASA Exoplanet Archive]] -* [http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_b/ NASA – Kepler-444'''b''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_c/ '''c''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_d/ '''d''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_e/ '''e''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_f/ '''f'''] at [[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia|Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] - -{{Stars of Lyra}} -{{2015 in space}} -{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biology}} -{{Sky|19|19|01.0|+|41|38|05|117}} - -[[Category:Lyra (constellation)]] -[[Category:Planetary systems with five confirmed planets]] -[[Category:K-type main-sequence stars]] -[[Category:Kepler objects of interest|3158]] -[[Category:Planetary transit variables]] -[[Category:2MASS objects|J19190052+4138043]] -[[Category:Hipparcos objects|94931]] -[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]] -[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]] -[[Category:Triple star systems]] -[[Category:TIC objects]] +v n NMM jnbbn +v n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv n NMM jnbbnv '
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[ 0 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}', 1 => '{{Short description|Triple star system in the constellation of Lyra}}', 2 => '{{Starbox begin', 3 => '| name = Kepler-444', 4 => '}}', 5 => '{{Starbox observe', 6 => '| epoch = J2000', 7 => '| equinox = 2000', 8 => '| constell = [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]', 9 => '| ra = {{RA|19|19|00.5488}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>', 10 => '| dec = {{DEC|+41|38|04.5816}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>', 11 => '| appmag_v =8.86<ref name=ducati2002/>', 12 => '}}', 13 => '{{Starbox character', 14 => '| class = K0V<ref name=wilson1962/>', 15 => '}}', 16 => '{{Starbox astrometry', 17 => '| radial_v = {{val|-123.05|0.17}}<ref name="Dupuy2016"/>', 18 => '| prop_mo_ra = {{val|94.682|0.055}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>', 19 => '| prop_mo_dec = {{val|−632.202|0.051}}<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>', 20 => '| parallax = 27.4137', 21 => '| p_error = 0.0295', 22 => '| parallax_footnote = <ref name="Gaia DR2"/>', 23 => '| absmag_v =', 24 => '}}', 25 => '{{Starbox orbit', 26 => '| reference = <ref name=Zhang2023/>', 27 => '| primary = A', 28 => '| name = BC', 29 => '| axis_unitless = {{val|52.2|+3.3|−2.7}} AU', 30 => '| eccentricity = {{val|0.55|+0.05|−0.05}}', 31 => '| inclination = {{val|85.4|+0.3|−0.4}}', 32 => '| node = {{val|250.7|+0.2|−0.2}}', 33 => '| periarg = {{val|227.3|+6.5|−5.2}}', 34 => '| period = {{val|324|+31|−25}}', 35 => '| periastron = JD {{val|2537060|+10881|−8533}}', 36 => '}}', 37 => '{{Starbox detail', 38 => '| component1 = A', 39 => '| mass = {{val|0.754|0.030}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/>', 40 => '| radius = {{val|0.753|0.010}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/>', 41 => '| luminosity_bolometric = ', 42 => '| temperature = {{val|5046|74.0}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 43 => '| gravity = {{val|4.595|0.060}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 44 => '| metal_fe = {{val|−0.55|0.07}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 45 => '| rotation = {{val|49.40|6.04|u=days}}<ref name="Mazeh2015"/>', 46 => '| age_gyr = {{val|11.00|0.8}}<ref name="Buldgen2019"/>', 47 => '}}', 48 => '{{Starbox detail |no_heading=y', 49 => '| component1 = B', 50 => '| mass = {{val|0.307|0.009|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/>', 51 => '| temperature = {{val|3,464|200|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 52 => '| gravity = {{val|5.0|0.2}}<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 53 => '| component2 = C', 54 => '| mass2 = {{val|0.296|0.008}}<ref name=Zhang2023/>', 55 => '| temperature2 = 3,500 - 4,000<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 56 => '| gravity2 = ~5<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 57 => '}}', 58 => '{{Starbox catalog', 59 => '| names = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | BD=+41°3306 | KIC=6278762 | KOI=3158 | WDS=J19190+4138 }}', 60 => '| component1 = Kepler-444A', 61 => '| names1 = {{odlist | 2MASS=J19190052+4138043 | Gaia DR2=2101486923385239808 | HIP=94931 | LHS=3450 | TYC=3129-00329-1 }}<ref name="Simbad for A"/>', 62 => '| component2 = Kepler-444BC', 63 => '| names2 = {{odlist | Gaia DR2=2101486923382009472 }}<ref name="Simbad for B"/>', 64 => '}}', 65 => '{{Starbox reference', 66 => '| Simbad = KOI-3158', 67 => '| Simbad2 = KOI+3158B |sn2=B/C', 68 => '}}', 69 => '{{Starbox end}}', 70 => '', 71 => ''''Kepler-444''' (or '''KOI-3158''', '''KIC 6278762''', '''2MASS J19190052+4138043''', '''BD+41°3306''')<ref name="Simbad for A"/> is a [[triple star system]], estimated to be 11.2 billion years old (more than 80% of the age of the [[universe]]),<ref name="SP-20150127" /> approximately {{convert|119|ly|pc}} away from [[Earth]] in the [[constellation]] [[Lyra (constellation)|Lyra]]. On 27 January 2015, the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|''Kepler'' spacecraft]] is reported to have confirmed the detection of five sub-Earth-sized [[Rocky planet|rocky]] [[exoplanets]] orbiting the main star. The star is a [[K-type main sequence star]].<ref name="NASA-20150128"/><ref name="AP-20150127"/><ref name="UT-20150127"/><ref name="SP-20150127"/><ref name="EX-20150127"/> All of the planets are far too close to their star to harbour life forms.<ref name="NASA-20150128" />', 72 => '', 73 => '==Discovery==', 74 => 'Preliminary results of the planetary system around Kepler-444 were first announced at the second [[Kepler space telescope|Kepler Science Conference]] in 2013. At that conference, the star was known as KOI-3158.<ref name="CAL-201311"/>', 75 => '', 76 => '==Characteristics==', 77 => 'The star, Kepler-444, is approximately 11.2 billion years old, whereas the [[Sun]] is only 4.6 billion years old. The age is that of Kepler-444 A, an [[Main sequence|orange main sequence star]] of spectral type K0.<ref name="SL-20140128"/> Despite this great age, it is in middle of its main-sequence lifespan, much like the Sun.', 78 => '', 79 => 'The original research on Kepler-444 was published in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' on 27 January 2015 under the title "An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets" by a team of 40 authors, the abstract reads as follows:<ref name="Campante2015"/>', 80 => '', 81 => '<blockquote>The chemical composition of stars hosting small exoplanets (with radii less than four Earth radii) appears to be more diverse than that of [[Gas giant|gas-giant hosts]], which tend to be [[Metallicity|metal-rich]]. This implies that small, including Earth-size, planets may have readily formed at earlier epochs in the Universe's history when metals were more scarce. We report Kepler spacecraft observations of Kepler-444, a metal-poor Sun-like star from the old population of the [[Thick disk|Galactic thick disk]] and the host to a compact system of five transiting planets with sizes between those of Mercury and Venus. We validate this system as a true five-planet system orbiting the target star and provide a detailed characterization of its planetary and orbital parameters based on an analysis of the [[transit photometry]]. Kepler-444 is the densest star with detected solar-like oscillations. We use [[asteroseismology]] to directly measure a precise age of 11.2+/-1.0 Gyr for the host star, indicating that Kepler-444 formed when the Universe was less than 20% of its current age and making it the oldest known system of [[Terrestrial planet|terrestrial-size planets]]. We thus show that Earth-size planets have formed throughout most of the Universe's 13.8-billion-year history, leaving open the possibility for the existence of ancient life in the [[Galaxy]]. The age of Kepler-444 not only suggests that thick-disk stars were among the hosts to the first Galactic planets, but may also help to pinpoint the beginning of the era of [[planet formation]]." The star is believed to have 2 M dwarfs in orbit around it with the fainter companion 1.8 arc-seconds from the main star.', 82 => '</blockquote>', 83 => '', 84 => '==Stellar system==', 85 => 'The Kepler-444 system consists of the planet hosting primary and a pair of M-dwarf stars. The M-dwarfs orbit each other at a distance of less than 0.3 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] while the pair orbits the primary in a highly [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] 324-year orbit. The pair comes within 23.55 AU of the primary potentially truncating the protoplanetary disk from which the planets formed at 8 AU. This would have depleted the availability of solid material to form the observed planets.<ref name="Zhang2023"/>', 86 => '', 87 => 'Previous stellar orbit solution was ever more extreme, period was shorter (211 years) and eccentricity was much larger (e=0.865), moving periastron to 5 AU, severely reducing the estimated protoplanetary disk size to 1–2 AU and its estimated mass from 600 to 4 Earth masses.<ref name="Dupuy2016"/>', 88 => '', 89 => '==Planetary system==', 90 => 'All five rocky exoplanets (Kepler-444b; Kepler-444c; Kepler-444d; Kepler-444e; Kepler-444f) are confirmed,<ref name="EX-20150127" /> smaller than the size of [[Venus]] (but bigger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]) and each of the exoplanets completes an orbit around the host star in less than 10 days.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /><ref name="SP-20150127" /> Thus, the planetary system is very compact, as even the furthest known planet, Kepler-444f, still orbits closer to the star than Mercury is to the [[Sun]].<ref name="SL-20140128" /> According to NASA, no life as we know it could exist on these hot exoplanets, due to their close orbital distances to the host star.<ref name="NASA-20150128" /> To keep the known planetary system stable, no additional giant planets can be located within 5.5 [[astronomical unit|AU]] of the parent star.<ref>{{citation|arxiv=1702.07714|title=Effects of Unseen Additional Planetary Perturbers on Compact Extrasolar Planetary Systems|year=2017|doi=10.1093/mnras/stx461|last1=Becker|first1=Juliette C.|last2=Adams|first2=Fred C.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=468|issue=1|pages=549–563|bibcode=2017MNRAS.468..549B|s2cid=119325005}}</ref>', 91 => '', 92 => 'Moreover, the system is pervaded by high-order resonance chain: period ratios are 4:5, 3:4, 4:5, 4:5. This tight chain is unperturbed and very likely continues farther from Kepler-444A.', 93 => '{{OrbitboxPlanet begin', 94 => '| table_ref = <ref name="EX-20150127" /><ref name="Mills2017"/>', 95 => '}}', 96 => '{{OrbitboxPlanet', 97 => '| exoplanet = b', 98 => '| mass_earth = ', 99 => '| semimajor = 0.04178', 100 => '| period = {{val|3.600105|0.000031|0.000037}}', 101 => '| eccentricity = 0.16', 102 => '| inclination = 88 ', 103 => '| radius_earth = 0.406{{±|0.013}}', 104 => '}}', 105 => '{{OrbitboxPlanet', 106 => '| exoplanet = c', 107 => '| mass_earth = ', 108 => '| semimajor = 0.04881', 109 => '| period = 4.545876{{±|0.000031}}', 110 => '| eccentricity = 0.31', 111 => '| inclination = 88.2', 112 => '| radius_earth = 0.521{{±|0.017}}', 113 => '}}', 114 => '{{OrbitboxPlanet', 115 => '| exoplanet = d', 116 => '| mass_earth = {{val|0.036|0.065|0.020}}', 117 => '| semimajor = 0.06', 118 => '| period = {{val|6.189437|0.000053|0.000037}}', 119 => '| eccentricity = 0.18', 120 => '| inclination = 88.16', 121 => '| radius_earth = 0.54{{±|0.017}}', 122 => '}}', 123 => '{{OrbitboxPlanet', 124 => '| exoplanet = e', 125 => '| mass_earth = {{val|0.034|0.059|0.019}}', 126 => '| semimajor = 0.0696', 127 => '| period = {{val|7.743467|0.00006|0.0001}}', 128 => '| eccentricity = 0.1', 129 => '| inclination = 89.13', 130 => '| radius_earth = {{val|0.555|0.018|0.016}}', 131 => '}}', 132 => '{{OrbitboxPlanet', 133 => '| exoplanet = f', 134 => '| mass_earth = ', 135 => '| semimajor = 0.0811', 136 => '| period = {{val|9.740501|0.000078|0.000026}}', 137 => '| eccentricity = 0.29', 138 => '| inclination = 87.96', 139 => '| radius_earth = 0.767{{±|0.025}}', 140 => '}}', 141 => '{{Orbitbox end}}', 142 => '<!---', 143 => '{{wide image|LombergA1024.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|The ''[[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler Space Telescope]]'' search volume, in the context of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].}}', 144 => '--->', 145 => '{{-}}', 146 => '', 147 => '==See also==', 148 => '* [[Kepler-80]] - most compact 5-planet system discovered so far', 149 => '* [[Lists of exoplanets|List of extrasolar planets]]', 150 => '* [[PSR B1620-26]] - an ancient planetary system in [[Messier 4]]', 151 => '', 152 => '==References==', 153 => '{{Reflist|refs=', 154 => '', 155 => '<ref name="Buldgen2019">{{cite journal | title=Revisiting Kepler-444. I. Seismic modeling and inversions of stellar structure | last1=Buldgen | first1=G. | last2=Farnir | first2=M. | last3=Pezzotti | first3=C. | last4=Eggenberger | first4=P. | last5=Salmon | first5=S. J. A. J. | last6=Montalban | first6=J. | last7=Ferguson | first7=J. W. | last8=Khan | first8=S. | last9=Bourrier | first9=V. | last10=Rendle | first10=B. M. | last11=Meynet | first11=G. | last12=Miglio | first12=A. | last13=Noels | first13=A. | display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=630 | at=A126 | year=2019 | arxiv=1907.10315 | bibcode=2019A&A...630A.126B | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936126 | s2cid=198229778 }}</ref>', 156 => '', 157 => '<ref name="Campante2015">{{cite journal | title=An Ancient Extrasolar System with Five Sub-Earth-size Planets | last1=Campante | first1=T. L. | last2=Barclay | first2=T. | last3=Swift | first3=J. J. | last4=Huber | first4=D. | last5=Adibekyan | first5=V. Zh. | last6=Cochran | first6=W. | last7=Burke | first7=C. J. | last8=Isaacson | first8=H. | last9=Quintana | first9=E. V. | last10=Davies | first10=G. R. | last11=Silva Aguirre | first11=V. | last12=Ragozzine | first12=D. | last13=Riddle | first13=R. | last14=Baranec | first14=C. | last15=Basu | first15=S. | last16=Chaplin | first16=W. J. | last17=Christensen-Dalsgaard | first17=J. | last18=Metcalfe | first18=T. S. | last19=Bedding | first19=T. R. | last20=Handberg | first20=R. | last21=Stello | first21=D. | last22=Brewer | first22=J. M. | last23=Hekker | first23=S. | last24=Karoff | first24=C. | last25=Kolbl | first25=R. | last26=Law | first26=N. M. | last27=Lundkvist | first27=M. | last28=Miglio | first28=A. | last29=Rowe | first29=J. F. | last30=Santos | first30=N. C. | last31=Van Laerhoven | first31=C. | last32=Arentoft | first32=T. | last33=Elsworth | first33=Y. P. | last34=Fischer | first34=D. A. | last35=Kawaler | first35=S. D. | last36=Kjeldsen | first36=H. | last37=Lund | first37=M. N. | last38=Marcy | first38=G. W. | last39=Sousa | first39=S. G. | last40=Sozzetti | first40=A. | last41=White | first41=T. R. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=799 | issue=2 | at=170 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.06227 | bibcode=2015ApJ...799..170C | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/170 | doi-access=free }}</ref>', 158 => ' ', 159 => '<ref name="Dupuy2016">{{cite journal | title=Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries. I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A | last1=Dupuy | first1=Trent J. | last2=Kratter | first2=Kaitlin M. | last3=Kraus | first3=Adam L. | last4=Isaacson | first4=Howard | last5=Mann | first5=Andrew W. | last6=Ireland | first6=Michael J. | last7=Howard | first7=Andrew W. | last8=Huber | first8=Daniel | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=817 | issue=1 | at=80 | year=2016 | arxiv=1512.03428 | bibcode=2016ApJ...817...80D | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/80 | doi-access=free }}</ref>', 160 => '', 161 => '<ref name="Gaia DR2">{{Cite Gaia DR2|2101486923385239808}}</ref>', 162 => '', 163 => '<ref name="Mazeh2015">{{cite journal | title=Photometric Amplitude Distribution of Stellar Rotation of KOIs—Indication for Spin-Orbit Alignment of Cool Stars and High Obliquity for Hot Stars | last1=Mazeh | first1=Tsevi | last2=Perets | first2=Hagai B. | last3=McQuillan | first3=Amy | last4=Goldstein | first4=Eyal S. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=801 | issue=1 | at=3 | year=2015 | arxiv=1501.01288 | bibcode=2015ApJ...801....3M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/801/1/3 | doi-access=free }}</ref>', 164 => '', 165 => '<ref name="Mills2017">{{cite journal | title=Mass, Density, and Formation Constraints in the Compact, Sub-Earth Kepler-444 System including Two Mars-mass Planets | last1=Mills | first1=Sean M. | last2=Fabrycky | first2=Daniel C. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | volume=838 | issue=1 | at=L11 | year=2017 | arxiv=1703.03417 | bibcode=2017ApJ...838L..11M | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa6543 | doi-access=free }}</ref>', 166 => '', 167 => '<ref name="Simbad for A">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306 | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref>', 168 => '', 169 => '<ref name="Simbad for B">{{cite simbad | title=BD+41 3306B | access-date=2020-08-20 }}</ref>', 170 => '', 171 => '<ref name="NASA-20150128">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Michele |title=Astronomers Discover Ancient System with Five Small Planets |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/astronomers-discover-ancient-system-with-five-small-planets |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref>', 172 => '', 173 => '<ref name="AP-20150127">{{cite news |last=Dunn |first=Marcia |title=Astronomers find solar system more than double ours in age |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150127/us-sci--old_solar_system-56b7594709.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>', 174 => '', 175 => '<ref name="UT-20150127">{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Nancy |title=Oldest Planetary System Discovered, Improving the Chances for Intelligent Life Everywhere |url=http://www.universetoday.com/118510/oldest-planetary-system-discovered-improving-the-chances-for-intelligent-life-everywhere/ |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Universe Today]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>', 176 => '', 177 => '<ref name="SP-20150127">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Found! 5 Ancient Alien Planets Nearly As Old As the Universe |url=http://www.space.com/28386-ancient-alien-planets-discovery-kepler-444.html |date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>', 178 => '', 179 => '<ref name="EX-20150127">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Staff |title=Exoplanet Catalog |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ |date=27 January 2015 |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>', 180 => '', 181 => '<ref name="CAL-201311">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Second Kepler Science Conference - NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA - Nov. 4-8, 2013 - Agenda |url=http://nexsci.caltech.edu/conferences/KeplerII/agenda.shtml |date=8 November 2013 |work=[[Caltech]] |access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref>', 182 => '', 183 => '<ref name="SL-20140128">{{cite news |last=Phil |first=Plait |author-link=Phil Plait |title=Astronomers Find Ancient Earth-Sized Planets in Our Galactic Backyard |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2015/01/27/exoplanets_five_extremely_old_planets_found_around_kepler_444.html |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> is more than 80% of the [[age of the universe]].', 184 => '', 185 => '<ref name=wilson1962>{{cite journal |bibcode=1962ApJ...136..793W |title=Relationship Between Colors and Spectra of Late Main-Sequence Stars |last1=Wilson |first1=O. C. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=1962 |volume=136 |page=793 |doi=10.1086/147437 }}</ref>', 186 => '', 187 => '<ref name=ducati2002>{{cite journal|bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system|journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues|volume=2237|author1=Ducati, J. R.|year=2002}}</ref</ref>>', 188 => '<!--', 189 => '<ref name=Stalport2022>{{cite journal | arxiv=2209.06810 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202243971 | bibcode=2022A&A...667A.128S | title=Global dynamics and architecture of the Kepler-444 system | year=2022 | last1=Stalport | first1=M. | last2=Matthews | first2=E. C. | last3=Bourrier | first3=V. | last4=Leleu | first4=A. | last5=Delisle | first5=J.-B. | last6=Udry | first6=S. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=667 | pages=A128 | s2cid=252222215 }}</ref>', 190 => '-->', 191 => '<ref name=Zhang2023>{{cite journal |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aca88c |title=The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey: Architecture of the Ancient Five-planet Host System Kepler-444 |year=2023 |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhoujian |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Dupuy |first3=Trent J. |last4=Brandt |first4=Timothy D. |last5=Brandt |first5=G. Mirek |last6=Cochran |first6=William D. |last7=Endl |first7=Michael |last8=MacQueen |first8=Phillip J. |last9=Kratter |first9=Kaitlin M. |last10=Isaacson |first10=Howard T. |last11=Franson |first11=Kyle |last12=Kraus |first12=Adam L. |last13=Morley |first13=Caroline V. |last14=Zhou |first14=Yifan |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=165 |issue=2 |page=73 |arxiv=2210.07252 |bibcode=2023AJ....165...73Z |s2cid=252907948 }}</ref>', 192 => '}}', 193 => '', 194 => '==External links==', 195 => '* [http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=KOI-3158 NASA – Kepler-444/KOI-3158] at [[NASA Exoplanet Archive|The NASA Exoplanet Archive]]', 196 => '* [http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_b/ NASA – Kepler-444'''b''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_c/ '''c''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_d/ '''d''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_e/ '''e''']/[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-444_f/ '''f'''] at [[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia|Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]', 197 => '', 198 => '{{Stars of Lyra}}', 199 => '{{2015 in space}}', 200 => '{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Biology}}', 201 => '{{Sky|19|19|01.0|+|41|38|05|117}}', 202 => '', 203 => '[[Category:Lyra (constellation)]]', 204 => '[[Category:Planetary systems with five confirmed planets]]', 205 => '[[Category:K-type main-sequence stars]]', 206 => '[[Category:Kepler objects of interest|3158]]', 207 => '[[Category:Planetary transit variables]]', 208 => '[[Category:2MASS objects|J19190052+4138043]]', 209 => '[[Category:Hipparcos objects|94931]]', 210 => '[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]]', 211 => '[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]]', 212 => '[[Category:Triple star systems]]', 213 => '[[Category:TIC objects]]' ]
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