Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|Head of government of Canada}}
{{Redirect|Premier of Canada|provincial and territorial heads of government|Premier (Canada)|the historical position| joint premiers of the Province of Canada |the government agency associated with the position|Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Canada
| native_name = {{smaller|{{nobold|{{lang|fr|Premier ministre du Canada}}}}}}
| insignia =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| image = Justin Trudeau in April 2023.jpg
| incumbent = [[Justin Trudeau]]
| incumbentsince = {{nobold|November 4, 2015}}
| seat = [[Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council|Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building]]
| department = [[Government of Canada#Executive power|Government of Canada]]<!-- Big-g "Government of Canada" IS the executive branch (King-in-Council); no need to specify. --><br />[[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council Office]]<!-- PMO is a ministerial office which supports the PM, PCO is the department which the PM heads. -->
| style = {{plainlist|
* [[The Right Honourable]]{{efn|This title is granted to holders of the office for life upon taking office.}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Styles of address |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html |access-date=March 6, 2021 |website=aem}}</ref><br />(formal)
* Prime Minister<ref name="auto" /><br />(informal)
}}
| member_of = {{hlist|[[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]|[[Privy Council of Canada|Privy Council]]|{{nowrap|[[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Canadian Parliamentary system - Our Procedure - House of Commons |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/OurProcedure/ParliamentaryFramework/c_g_parliamentaryframework-e.htm |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=www.ourcommons.ca}}</ref>}}
| abbreviation = PM
| reports_to = House of Commons
| residence = [[24 Sussex Drive]]{{efn|Under renovation since 2015. [[Rideau Cottage]] is the current residence of Justin Trudeau.}}
| appointer = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Duties |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/role/responsibilities/constitutional-duties |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
| termlength = [[At {{ucfirst:{{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=~}}}} Majesty's pleasure]]
| formation = July 1, 1867
| deputy = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada]]
| constituting_instrument = None ([[Constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]])
| inaugural = [[John A. Macdonald]]
| salary = {{nowrap|{{CAD|379,000|link=yes}} (2023)<ref name=salary>{{Cite web| url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries| author=Parliament of Canada| title=Indemnities, Salaries, and Allowances| accessdate=February 13, 2023| publisher=Library of Parliament}}</ref>}}{{efn|Including a salary of CA$189,500 as a Member of Parliament. There is also a $2,000 car allowance.<ref name=salary/>}}
| website = {{URL|https://pm.gc.ca/}}
| appointer_qualified = with the [[Motion of no confidence|confidence]] of the House of Commons<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice - 1. Parliamentary Institutions - Canadian Parliamentary Institutions |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure-book-livre/Document.aspx?sbdid=73CC891E-0676-4773-850B-CCDCB472AD8C&sbpid=BE842475-5632-4969-835B-FC015CE50169&Language=E&Mode=1 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=www.ourcommons.ca}}</ref>
}}
The '''prime minister of Canada'''<!-- "prime minister" is uncapitalized here because it is preceded by modifier "The", per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1. Any proposal for modification to the guideline should be posted at its talk page, [[WT:MOSBIO]]. --> ({{lang-fr|premier ministre du Canada|link=no}}){{NoteTag|note=When the position is held by a woman, the French title is {{lang|fr|première ministre du Canada|link=no}}.}} is the [[head of government]] of [[Canada]]. Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists only per long-established [[Convention (norm)#Government|convention]]. Under the [[Westminster system]], the prime minister governs with the [[Confidence and supply|confidence]] of a majority of the elected [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|member of Parliament]] (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. The prime minister is appointed by [[Monarchy of Canada|the monarch]]'s representative, the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], and, as [[List of current Canadian first ministers|first minister]], selects other ministers to form the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] and chairs it. Constitutionally, [[Executive (government)|executive authority]] is vested in the monarch (who is the [[head of state]]), but, in practice, the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of the Cabinet,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/233 |title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-543103-2 |edition=5 |location=Don Mills |pages=[https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/233 233–234]}}</ref> which is collectively [[Responsible government|responsible]] to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the [[King's Privy Council for Canada|Privy Council]] and [[Style (manner of address)|styled]] as [[the Right Honourable]] ({{lang-fr|Le très honorable|link=no}}),{{NoteTag|note=When the style is held by a woman, the French title is: {{lang|fr|La très honorable|link=no}}.}} a privilege maintained for life.
The prime minister is supported by the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]] and heads the [[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council Office]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Privy Council Office {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/privy-council-office |access-date=October 30, 2020 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> The prime minister also selects individuals for appointment as governor general (in the federal jurisdiction) and [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]] (in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]]), as well as to the [[Senate of Canada]], [[Supreme Court of Canada]], and other [[Court system of Canada|federal courts]], and, as required under law, the chairs and boards of various [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]].
Since [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1867, [[List of prime ministers of Canada|23 prime ministers]] have formed [[List of Canadian ministries|29 Canadian ministries]].<ref name="Library of the Canadian Parliament">{{cite web | title=Prime Ministers of Canada | website=Library of the Canadian Parliament | url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/primeMinisters | access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> [[Justin Trudeau]] is the current prime minister, who took office on November 4, 2015, following the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 federal election]], wherein his [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] won a majority of seats. Trudeau's Liberals subsequently won a minority of seats in the [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]] and [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021 elections]], leaving Trudeau with [[Minority governments in Canada|minority governments]].
==Origin of the office==
The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in a few sections of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Privy Council Office |author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada) |title=Intergovernmental Affairs > About Canada > The Canadian Constitution |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=canada&sub=constitution&doc=constitution-eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227162006/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=canada&sub=constitution&doc=constitution-eng.htm |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=June 7, 2010 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer for Canada]]}}</ref><ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-13.html#h-53 ''Constitution Act, 1982'', ss. 35.1, 49.]</ref> and the ''[[Letters Patent, 1947]]'' issued by King [[George VI]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=His Majesty the King |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/LettersPatent.html |title=Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada |publisher=King's Printer for Canada |year=1947 |location=Ottawa |publication-date=October 1, 1947 |chapter=I |author-link=George VI of the United Kingdom |access-date=May 29, 2009}}</ref> The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|same office in the United Kingdom]].
==Qualifications and selection==
In 2008, a public opinion survey showed that 51 per cent of Canadians believed they voted to directly elect the prime minister.{{refn|<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| editor-last1=Lagassé| editor-first1=Philippe| editor-last2=MacDonald| editor-first2=Nicholas A.| title=The Crown in the 21st Century| last=Cyr| first1=Hugo| series=On the Formation of Government| page=105| volume=22| issue=1| year=2017| publisher=Centre for Constitutional Studies| location=Edmonton| accessdate=June 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/survey-suggests-canadians-ignorant-of-government-system-1.751002| title=Survey suggests Canadians ignorant of government system| date=December 14, 2008| publisher=CBC News| accessdate=June 6, 2023}}</ref>}} In fact, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in Cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web |last=Office of the Governor General of Canada |title=Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing-In of a New Ministry |url=http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080616012920/http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp |archive-date=June 16, 2008 |access-date=May 18, 2009 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> By the conventions of [[responsible government]], designed to maintain administrative stability, the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support, or confidence, of a majority of the directly elected members of the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]];<ref>{{Citation |last=Pothen |first=Phil |title=Disinformation as a Back Door to 'Constitutional Revolution' in Canada |url=http://www.oba.org/En/ccl_en/newsletter_en/v13n1.aspx#Article_3 |year=2009 |place=Toronto |publisher=Ontario Bar Association |access-date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> as a practical matter, this is often the leader of the party whose members form a majority, or a very large plurality, of the House of Commons<ref>{{Citation |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |pages=3–4 |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |edition=6 |place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |isbn=0-662-39689-8 |access-date=December 9, 2009 |archive-date=December 29, 2009 |author-link=Eugene Forsey |url-status=dead}}</ref> or a coalition of parties.{{NoteTag|See [[Majority#Parliamentary rules|majority]] and [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]].|name=Votes}}<ref name=Brooks235>{{Harvnb|Brooks|2007|p=235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryden |first=Joan |date=October 19, 2019 |title='Complete nonsense': Experts dispute Scheer's claims about forming government |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6054421/experts-scheer-claims-forming-government/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021114342/https://globalnews.ca/news/6054421/experts-scheer-claims-forming-government/ |archive-date=October 21, 2019 |website=globalnews.ca}}</ref>
While there is no legal requirement for prime ministers to be MPs themselves, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |date=March 2012 |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves > The Prime Minister |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/chapter_6-e.html#6_5 |access-date=November 26, 2015 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister. Two former prime ministers—[[John Abbott|John Joseph Caldwell Abbott]] and [[Mackenzie Bowell]]—served in the 1890s while members of the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]].<ref name="Forsey38">{{Harvnb|Forsey|2005|p=38}}</ref> Both, in their roles as [[Representative of the Government in the Senate|Government Leader in the Senate]], succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—[[John A. Macdonald]] in 1891 and [[John Sparrow David Thompson]] in 1894.
[[File:John A Macdonald (ca. 1875).jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[John A. Macdonald]], the first prime minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)]]
Prime ministers who are not MPs upon their appointment (or who lose their seats while in office) have since been expected to seek election to the House of Commons as soon as possible. For example, [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], after losing his seat in the [[1925 Canadian federal election|1925 federal election]] (that his party won), briefly governed without a seat in the House of Commons before winning a by-election a few weeks later. Similarly, [[John Turner]] replaced [[Pierre Trudeau]] as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power.
When a prime minister loses their seat in the legislature, or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat, the typical process that follows is that a member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-election.<ref name=Forsey38/> A [[safe seat]] is usually chosen; while the Liberal and [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] parties generally observed a practice of not running a candidate against another party's new leader in the by-election, the [[New Democratic Party]] and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same practice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grenier |first=Éric |date=July 12, 2018 |title=NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh won't have a free pass if he runs in a byelection |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-singh-byelection-1.4742487 |website=CBC News}}</ref> However, if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due, and that new leader is not a member of the legislature, they will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in Parliament.
== Term of office ==
{{Further|List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office#Calculation of terms of office}}
The prime minister serves ''[[At His Majesty's pleasure|at {{ucfirst:{{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=~}}}} Majesty's pleasure]]'', meaning the post does not have a fixed term, and once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until they resign, are dismissed, or die.<ref name="Forsey5">{{Harvnb| Forsey|2005|p=5}}</ref>
While the lifespan of a parliament is [[Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|constitutionally limited]] to five years, a 2007 amendment to the ''Canada Elections Act'', Section 56.1(2) limited the term of a government to four years, with election day being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Elections Act |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-2.01/index.html |access-date=November 17, 2017 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> The governor general may still, on the advice of the prime minister, dissolve parliament and issue the [[Writ of election|writs of election]] prior to the date mandated by the constitution or ''Canada Elections Act''; the [[King–Byng affair|King–Byng Affair]] was the only time since [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] that the governor general refused the prime minister's request for a general vote.
Following parliamentary dissolution, should the prime minister's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or for the prime minister to retake the oath of office.<ref name=Forsey5 /> If, however, an [[Parliamentary opposition|opposition party]] wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or choose to meet Parliament to see if the incumbent government can win a confidence vote. Should the prime minister's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other party but less than a majority), the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a [[Coalition government|coalition]] with other minority parties, which was last entertained in 1925 or by entering into a [[Confidence and supply|confidence-and-supply agreement]], or by winning support of other parties on a vote-by-vote basis.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
==Role and authority==
{{Further|King's Privy Council for Canada}}
[[File:Prime Ministers of Canada to 1963.jpg|thumb|right|Canada's prime ministers during its first century]]
Because the prime minister is in practice the most politically powerful member of the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]], they are sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's [[head of state]],{{NoteTag|A 2008 [[Ipsos-Reid]] poll found 42% of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state.<ref name="IR2008">{{Citation |title=In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis: New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country's Parliamentary System |date=December 15, 2008 |url=http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216053714/http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf |place=Toronto |publisher=Ipsos Reid |access-date=May 18, 2010 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|name=IRpoll}} when, in fact, that role belongs to the Canadian monarch, represented by the governor general.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library and Archives Canada |author-link=Library and Archives Canada |title=First Among Equals: The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics > Alone at the Top > Head of State |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-2013-e.html |access-date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> The prime minister is, instead, the [[head of government]] and is responsible for [[Advice (constitutional law)|advising]] the Crown on how to exercise much of the [[royal prerogative]] and its executive powers,<ref name=Brooks235/> which are governed by the written constitution and constitutional conventions. However, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Today, per the doctrines of [[constitutional monarchy]], the [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding, meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general, leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions.<ref>{{Harvnb| Brooks|2007|pp=233–235}}</ref> As such, the prime minister, supported by the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Office of the Prime Minister]] (PMO), controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada's system of governance, including the governor general, the Cabinet, justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]], senators, heads of [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]], [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada|ambassadors and high commissioners]], the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|provincial lieutenant governors]], and approximately 3,100 other positions. Further, the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process—with the majority of bills put before Parliament originating in the Cabinet—and the leadership of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]].
[[File:WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], the 10th prime minister of Canada (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)]]
Pierre Trudeau is often credited with, throughout his tenure as prime minister (1968-79, 1980-84), consolidating power in the PMO,<ref name="Macleans">{{Cite news |last=Geddes |first=John |date=January 25, 2009 |title=Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt? |work=Maclean's |publisher=Kenneth Whyte |location=Toronto |url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/01/25/the-people-speak/ |access-date=January 27, 2010 |issn=0024-9262}}</ref> which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister's discretion and unaccountable to Parliament. At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as [[Jeffrey Simpson]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jeffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp/page/248 |title=The Friendly Dictatorship |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7710-8079-1 |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp/page/248 248] |author-link=Jeffrey Simpson |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Donald J. Savoie|Donald Savoie]], [[Andrew Coyne]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coyne |first=Andrew |date=June 30, 2015 |title=Liberals' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit |work=National Post |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/andrew-coyne-liberals-idea-for-gender-quota-in-cabinet-leaves-out-the-principle-of-merit |access-date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> and [[John Gomery]]—argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power;{{NoteTag|See [[Cabinet of Canada#cite note-BNA-34|note 2]] at [[Cabinet of Canada]].|name=BNA}}<ref>{{Harvnb| Brooks|2007|p=258}}</ref> Savoie wrote: "The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check, at least inside government, to inhibit his ability to have his way."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savoie |first=Donald |title=Governing from the Centre: The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-8252-7 |location=Toronto |page=362}}</ref> Indeed, the position has been described as undergoing a "presidentialization",<ref name=Macleans/><ref>{{Citation |title=Time to address democratic deficit |date=January 27, 2010 |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/756262--time-to-address-democratic-deficit |work=Toronto Star |access-date=January 27, 2010}}</ref> to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state (and [[Spouse of the prime minister of Canada|prime minister's spouses]] are sometimes referred to as ''First Lady of Canada''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zamon |first=Rebecca |date=November 4, 2015 |title=The Prime Minister's Wife: What Is Her Title, Exactly? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/11/04/prime-minister-wife-sophie-gregoire_n_8464096.html |access-date=June 3, 2017 |newspaper=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Alberici |first=Emma |title='I need help': Why did Canada's first lady spark such a backlash? |date=May 18, 2016 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-19/alberici-why-did-canadas-first-lady-spark-such-a-backlash/7428228 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Michael D. |year=2009 |title=The Senior Realms of the Queen |volume=Autumn 2009 |page=10 |work=Canadian Monarchist News |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |issue=30 |location=Toronto |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2009/Autumn_2009_CMN.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=January 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229100400/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2009/Autumn_2009_CMN.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Louisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyNlYxdpdfcC |title=Vive Quebec!: new thinking and new approaches to the Quebec nation |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-55028-734-9 |editor-last=Venne |editor-first=Michel |location=Toronto |page=91}}</ref> Former governor general [[Adrienne Clarkson]] alluded to what she saw as "an unspoken rivalry" that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown.<ref>{{Citation |last=Franks |first=C.E.S. |title=Keep the Queen and choose another head of state |date=April 9, 2010 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/keep-the-queen-and-choose-another-head-of-state/article1529705/singlepage/ |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=January 23, 2011}}</ref> It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its Parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with [[Westminster system|Westminster parliamentary systems]]; particularly, Canada has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election, and a US-style system for selecting political party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than [[Caucus#In Commonwealth nations|caucus]] (as is the case in the UK).<ref>{{Citation |last=Foot |first=Richard |title=Only in Canada: Harper's prorogation is a Canadian thing |date=January 15, 2010 |url=https://nationalpost.com/story.html?id=2446705 |work=National Post |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100118165801/http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=2446705 |access-date=January 16, 2010 |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
There do exist checks on the prime minister's power: the House of Commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or [[caucus revolt]]s can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign his post, as happened with [[Jean Chrétien]]. The ''Reform Act, 2014'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Parliament of Canada |title=Bill C-586 |date=June 23, 2015 |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&DocId=8058690 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and, if necessary, chose an interim leader, thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in his or her party. Caucuses may choose to follow these rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote, thereby subjecting the party's choice to public scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selley |first=Chris |date=May 28, 2015 |title=Thanks to the Senate, I've finally come around to liking the Reform Act |work=National Post |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/chris-selley-thanks-to-the-senate-ive-finally-come-around-to-liking-the-reform-act |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>
The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet, such as when [[Brian Mulroney]]'s bill creating the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) came before the Senate, and given [[Canadian federalism|Canada's federal nature]], the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution. Further, as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch, meaning the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers,<ref>{{Citation |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S. |title=A Crown of Maples |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf |page=16 |year=2008 |edition=1 |place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |isbn=978-0-662-46012-1 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod}}</ref><ref name="Murdoch">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Noel |date=September 2002 |title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence |url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html |journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law |location=Perth |publisher=Murdoch University |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=12 |access-date=May 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Neitsch |first=Alfred Thomas |year=2008 |title=A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf |url-status=dead |magazine=Canadian Parliamentary Review |location=Ottawa |publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113652/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=May 22, 2009}}</ref> the sovereign's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a "rebuff to the pretensions of the elected: As it has been said, when the prime minister bows before the queen, he bows before us [the Canadian people]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coyne |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Coyne |date=November 13, 2009 |title=Defending the royals |work=Maclean's |publisher=Rogers Communications |location=Toronto |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/defending-the-royals/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |issn=0024-9262}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Coyne |first=Andrew |title=A lightning rod for patriotic love |date=April 10, 2002 |url=http://andrewcoyne.com/columns/NationalPost/2002/20020410.html |work=National Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523040653/http://andrewcoyne.com/columns/NationalPost/2002/20020410.html |access-date=May 22, 2006 |archive-date=May 23, 2006 |author-link=Andrew Coyne |url-status=dead}}</ref> Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister's will in extreme, crisis situations.{{NoteTag|See "[[Cabinet of Canada#Responsibilities|Responsibilities]]" and [[Cabinet of Canada#cite note-RP-20|note 1]] at [[Cabinet of Canada]].|name=RP}} Near the end of her time as governor general, Adrienne Clarkson stated: "My constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve powers': making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place, and exercising the right 'to encourage, to advise, and to warn'[...] Without really revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all three."<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 2005 |title=GG reflects on mandate during farewell address |publisher=CTV |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1126719024327_33?hub=TopStories |url-status=dead |access-date=August 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013001953/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1126719024327_33?hub=TopStories |archive-date=October 13, 2007}}</ref>
==Privileges==
[[File:Residence of the Prime Minister of Canada.jpg|thumb|right|[[24 Sussex Drive]], the official residence of the prime minister of Canada]]
Two [[official residence]]s are provided to the prime minister—[[24 Sussex Drive]] in Ottawa and [[Harrington Lake]], a country retreat in [[Gatineau Park]]—as well an office in the [[Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council|Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building]] (formerly known as Langevin Block), across from [[Parliament Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Privy Council Office |author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada) |title=Did You Know > The Langevin Block from Yesterday to Today |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=dyk-svq&doc=archive%2Flangevin%2Fdyk-svq-eng.htm |access-date=January 17, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522200854/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=dyk-svq&doc=archive%2Flangevin%2Fdyk-svq-eng.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> For transportation, the prime minister is afforded an armoured car (a car allowance of $2,000 per year) and shared use of two [[Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft|official aircraft]]—a [[Airbus CC-150 Polaris|CC-150 Polaris]] for international flights and a [[Bombardier Challenger 600 series|Challenger 601]] for domestic trips. The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] also furnish constant [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police Protective Policing|personal security]] for the prime minister and their family. All of the aforementioned is provided through budgets approved by Parliament, as is the prime minister's total annual compensation of $357,800<ref name="salary" /> (consisting of an MP's salary of $178,900 and the prime minister's salary of $178,900).<ref name="salary" />
Serving or former prime ministers are accorded a [[State funerals in Canada|state funeral]], wherein their casket lies in state in the [[Centre Block]] of Parliament Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=State Funerals in Canada |title=Frequently Asked Questions on State Funerals in Canada |url=http://www.commemoration.gc.ca/cntct/index-eng.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227080756/http://www.commemoration.gc.ca/cntct/index-eng.cfm |archive-date=December 27, 2009 |access-date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> Only Bowell and the [[R. B. Bennett|Viscount Bennett]] were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former prime minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians. John Thompson also died outside Canada, at [[Windsor Castle]], where [[Queen Victoria]] permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]].<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Waite |first=P.B. |title=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David |volume=XII |url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thompson_john_sparrow_david_12E.html }}</ref>
[[File:Heraldic mark of the Prime Minister of Canada.svg|thumb|left|[[Heraldic mark of the prime minister of Canada|The mark of the prime ministership of Canada]], applied to the arms of prime ministers]]
Prior to 1919, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a [[knighthood]] on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix ''Sir'' before their name; of the first eight prime ministers of Canada, only [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]] refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria. Following the 1919 [[Nickle Resolution]], however, the House of Commons declared that it should be against the policy of the Canadian Sovereign (and the Canadian government advising the Monarch when such honours are not within the Monarch's personal gift) to bestow [[British nobility|aristocratic]] or [[Chivalry|chivalric]] titles to Canadians. The Crown in right of Canada (but not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom, which has periodically bestowed such Imperial honours on such citizens) has since adopted this policy generally, such that the last prime minister to be knighted near appointment was [[Robert Borden]], who was the prime minister at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons (and was knighted before the resolution). Still, Bennett was, in 1941, six years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated to the [[peerage of the United Kingdom]] by King George VI as Viscount Bennett, of [[Mickleham, Surrey|Mickleham]] in the County of Surrey and of [[Calgary]] and [[Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick|Hopewell]] in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library of Parliament |author-link=Library of Parliament |title=Federal Government > Prime Ministers of Canada > Biographical Informarion > BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B. |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b9296f13-96f7-4c62-a577-63a5fc91ac2f&Language=E&Section=ALL |access-date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref><ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35225/pages/4213/page.pdf] ''The London Gazette'', July 22, 1941.</ref> No prime minister has since been titled.
The [[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] (CHA) grants former prime ministers an [[augmentation of honour]] on the [[coat of arms]] of those who apply for them. The heraldic badge, referred to by the CHA as the ''mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada'',<ref name="JClarkArms">{{Cite web |title=Clark, Rt. Hon. Charles Joseph |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/clark.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613183301/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/clark.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref> consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field (''Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules''); the augmentation is usually a [[Canton (heraldry)|canton]] or centred in the [[Chief (heraldry)|chief]].<ref name=JClarkArms /><ref name="PTrudeauArms">{{Cite web |title=Trudeau, Rt. Hon. Pierre Elliot |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/trudeau.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515194632/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/trudeau.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref><ref name="JTurnerArms">{{Cite web |title=Turner, Rt. Hon. John Napier |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/turner_j.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184219/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/turner_j.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref><ref name="BMulroneyArms">{{Cite web |title=Mulroney, Rt. Hon. Martin Brian |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/m/mulroney.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182717/http://heraldry.ca/arms/m/mulroney.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref><ref name="KCampbellArms">{{Cite web |title=Campbell, Rt. Hon. Kim, PC |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/campbell_k.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613154100/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/campbell_k.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref> [[Joe Clark]],<ref name=JClarkArms /> Pierre Trudeau,<ref name=PTrudeauArms /> John Turner,<ref name=JTurnerArms /> Brian Mulroney,<ref name=BMulroneyArms /> [[Kim Campbell]],<ref name=KCampbellArms /> Jean Chrétien<ref>{{Cite web |last=General |first=The Office of the Secretary to the Governor |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Chrétien, Joseph Jacques Jean [Individual] |url=https://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=2930&ProjectElementID=10301 |website=reg.gg.ca}}</ref> and Paul Martin<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Edgar Phillippe Martin |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/2449 |website=The Governor General of Canada |publisher=[[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] |accessdate=29 November 2022 |date=August 15, 2013}}</ref> were granted arms with the augmentation.
==Style of address==
[[File:Kim Campbell.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Kim Campbell]], the 19th prime minister of Canada (1993) and only female and British Columbia–born person to hold the office]]
Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title ''Prime Minister'' when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly; the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]] advises that the term ''Mr. Prime Minister'' should not be used in official contexts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Styles of address |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> The written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title: ''The Right Honourable [name], <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[post-nominal letters]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, Prime Minister of Canada''. However, while in the House of Commons during [[Question Period]], other members of parliament may address the prime minister as ''the Right Honourable Member for [prime minister's [[Electoral district (Canada)|riding]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' or simply ''the Right Honourable Prime Minister''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage |title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Styles of address — Federal dignitaries |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address2-eng.cfm |access-date=January 24, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> Former prime ministers retain the prefix ''the Right Honourable'' for the remainder of their lives; should they remain sitting MPs, they may be referred as ''the Right Honourable Member for [member's riding]'', by their [[Ministry (government department)|portfolio]] title (if appointed to one), as in ''the Right Honourable Minister of National Defence'', or should they become opposition leader, as ''the Right Honourable Leader of the Opposition''.
In the decades following Confederation, it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as ''Premier of Canada'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Canada's Premier Talks; Attitude of the Dominion on the Seal Question |date=March 12, 1893 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E1DB1731E033A25751C1A9659C94629ED7CF |work=The New York Times |page=9 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grand Lodge of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqwqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22premier+of+canada%22&pg=RA2-PA15 |title=Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, & Accepted Masons of Canada |publisher=Spectator Printing Co. |year=1884 |location=Hamilton |page=15 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hopkins |first=J. Castell |year=1901 |title=The Proposed Union of Canada with Newfoundland |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/1901proposedunion.htm |magazine=The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs |location=Toronto |publisher=The Annual Review Publishing Company |volume=1902 |pages=449–453 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref> a custom that continued during the [[World War I|First World War]], around the time of Robert Borden's premiership.<ref>{{Citation |title=Premier Pledges Canada to Fight Until War is Won |date=November 21, 1916 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EEDB1F3FE233A25752C2A9679D946796D6CF |work=The New York Times |page=1 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |year=1914 |title=The Santa Fe magazine, Volume 9 |volume=9 |page=44 |work=The Santa Fe |publisher=Santa Fe Magazine |location=Santa Fe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfHNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22premier+of+canada%22 |access-date=January 25, 2010 |issn=0036-4541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freshfield |first=A. C. Haddon |date=May 1913 |title=The Distribution of Human and Animal Life in Western Arctic America |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449288 |journal=The Geographical Journal |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=459–460 |doi=10.2307/1778163 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1778163}}</ref> While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as ''premier'',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Sir John Sparrow David Thompson |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592993/SIr-John-Thompson |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Library and Archives Canada |author-link=Library and Archives Canada |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Politics and Government > Sir John A. Macdonald > The Opponents |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-4000-e.html |access-date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |title=John Alexander MacDonald |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-202-908-C |access-date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer}}</ref> the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the ''prime minister'', while the [[Premier (Canada)|provincial and territorial heads of government]] are termed ''premiers'' (in French, premiers are addressed as {{lang|fr|premier ministre du [province]}}, literally translated as ''prime minister of [province]'').
==Prime minister-designate of Canada==
{{see|Prime minister-designate}}
The prime minister–designate of Canada is the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], after either the individual's political party won a general election or proposed to form either a confidence-and-supply government or coalition government. The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers.
==Activities post-tenure==
After exiting office, former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits. Some remained in politics: Bowell continued as a senator, [[Stephen Harper]] remained in the House of Commons as a backbench MP, and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the [[House of Lords]].<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Waite |first=P.B. |title=Bennett, Richard Bedford, 1st Viscount Bennett |volume=17 |url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bennett_richard_bedford_17E.html }}</ref> A number were leaders of the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]: John A. Macdonald, [[Arthur Meighen]], Mackenzie King,<ref>{{cite DCB|authorlink1=H. Blair Neatby |last=Neatby |first=H. Blair |title=King, William Lyon Mackenzie |volume=17 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/king_william_lyon_mackenzie_17E.html}}</ref> and Pierre Trudeau, all before being re-appointed as prime minister (Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and [[John Diefenbaker]], both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths;<ref name="Dief">{{cite DCB |last=Smith |first=Dennis |title=Diefenbaker, John George |volume=20 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/diefenbaker_john_george_20E.html}}</ref> [[Wilfrid Laurier]] dying while still in the post;<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Bélanger |first=Réal |title=Laurier, Sir Wilfrid |volume=14 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/laurier_wilfrid_14E.html}}</ref> and [[Charles Tupper]],<ref name="Tupper">{{cite DCB |last=Buckner |first=Phillip |title=Tupper, Sir Charles |volume=14|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html}}</ref> [[Louis St. Laurent]],<ref name="StLaurent">{{cite DCB |last=Bothwell |first=Robert |title=St. Laurent, Louis |volume=20 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/st_laurent_louis_stephen_20E.html}}</ref> and John Turner, each before they returned to private business. Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister, but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding.<ref name="Meighen">{{cite DCB |last=Glassford |first=Larry A. |title=Meighen, Arthur |volume=18 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/meighen_arthur_18E.html }}</ref> Also returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was Chancellor of [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's]] and [[McGill University|McGill Universities]], as well as working in the financial sector; [[Lester B. Pearson]], who was Chancellor of [[Carleton University]];<ref>{{cite DCB |last=English |first=John |title=Pearson, Lester Bowles |volume=20 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pearson_lester_bowles_20E.html }}</ref> Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who were university lecturers, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.<ref>{{cite DCB |last=English |first=John |title=Trudeau, Pierre Elliott |volume=22 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/trudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html}}</ref> Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—Tupper,<ref name=Tupper /> for example—or published their memoirs—such as Diefenbaker and [[Paul Martin]].<ref name=Dief />
==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Canada|Politics}}
* [[Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office]]
*[[List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation]]
* [[Prime ministers of Canada in popular culture]]
* [[List of books about prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Edward VII]]
* [[List of prime ministers of George V]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Edward VIII]]
* [[List of prime ministers of George VI]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Charles III]]
*[[Spouse of the prime minister of Canada]]
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{see|List of books about prime ministers of Canada}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | last=Brodie | first=I. | title=At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power | publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7735-5378-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNZDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book | last=Coucill | first=I. | title=Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation | publisher=Pembroke Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-55138-185-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC}}
*{{cite book | last=Dutil | first=P. | title=Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden | publisher=UBC Press | series=The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-7748-3476-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 }}
*{{cite book | last=Donaldson | first=G. | title=The Prime Ministers of Canada | publisher=Doubleday Canada | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-385-25454-0}}
*{{cite book | last1=English | first1=J.R. | last2=Dutil | first2=P. | title=Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | series=The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-7748-6855-6 }}
*{{cite book | last=Schlee | first=Gary | title=Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers | publication-place=Toronto, Ontario, Canada | date=2018 | isbn=978-1-7753780-0-6 | oclc=1108336247 |publisher=Shorelawn Publishing }}
*{{cite book | last=Stewart | first=J.D.M. | title=Being Prime Minister | publisher=Dundurn | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4597-3849-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://pm.gc.ca/ Official government Web site of the Office of the Prime Minister]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/pmocpm Prime Minister of Canada] on YouTube
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050901031658/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/pm/index.asp?lang=E Library of Parliament of Canada]
* [http://www.macleans.ca/2011/06/10/canadas-best-prime-ministers Canada's Best Prime Ministers]: 2011 ''[[Maclean's]]'' article
{{s-start}}
{{s-prec}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Mary Simon]]
| as = [[Governor General of Canada]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Prime Minister of Canada<br />[[Canadian order of precedence]] (ceremonial)
| years =
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Richard Wagner (judge)|Richard Wagner]]
| as = [[Chief Justice of Canada]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Prime ministers of Canada}}
{{Cabinet of Canada}}
{{Canada topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of North America}}
{{Prime ministers}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Canada| ]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Government of Canada]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|Head of government of Canada}}
{{Redirect|Premier of Canada|provincial and territorial heads of government|Premier (Canada)|the historical position| joint premiers of the Province of Canada |the government agency associated with the position|Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = Canada
| native_name = {{smaller|{{nobold|{{lang|fr|Premier ministre du Canada}}}}}}
| insignia =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| image = Donald Trump in April 1873.jpg
| incumbent = [[Justin Trudeau]]
| incumbentsince = {{nobold|November 4, 2015}}
| seat = [[Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council|Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building]]
| department = [[Government of Canada#Executive power|Government of Canada]]<!-- Big-g "Government of Canada" IS the executive branch (King-in-Council); no need to specify. --><br />[[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council Office]]<!-- PMO is a ministerial office which supports the PM, PCO is the department which the PM heads. -->
| style = {{plainlist|
* [[The Right Honourable]]{{efn|This title is granted to holders of the office for life upon taking office.}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Styles of address |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html |access-date=March 6, 2021 |website=aem}}</ref><br />(formal)
* Prime Minister<ref name="auto" /><br />(informal)
}}
| member_of = {{hlist|[[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]|[[Privy Council of Canada|Privy Council]]|{{nowrap|[[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Canadian Parliamentary system - Our Procedure - House of Commons |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/OurProcedure/ParliamentaryFramework/c_g_parliamentaryframework-e.htm |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=www.ourcommons.ca}}</ref>}}
| abbreviation = PM
| reports_to = House of Commons
| residence = [[24 Sussex Drive]]{{efn|Under renovation since 2015. [[Rideau Cottage]] is the current residence of Justin Trudeau.}}
| appointer = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Duties |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/role/responsibilities/constitutional-duties |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
| termlength = [[At {{ucfirst:{{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=~}}}} Majesty's pleasure]]
| formation = July 1, 1867
| deputy = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada]]
| constituting_instrument = None ([[Constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]])
| inaugural = [[John A. Macdonald]]
| salary = {{nowrap|{{CAD|379,000|link=yes}} (2023)<ref name=salary>{{Cite web| url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries| author=Parliament of Canada| title=Indemnities, Salaries, and Allowances| accessdate=February 13, 2023| publisher=Library of Parliament}}</ref>}}{{efn|Including a salary of CA$189,500 as a Member of Parliament. There is also a $2,000 car allowance.<ref name=salary/>}}
| website = {{URL|https://pm.gc.ca/}}
| appointer_qualified = with the [[Motion of no confidence|confidence]] of the House of Commons<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice - 1. Parliamentary Institutions - Canadian Parliamentary Institutions |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure-book-livre/Document.aspx?sbdid=73CC891E-0676-4773-850B-CCDCB472AD8C&sbpid=BE842475-5632-4969-835B-FC015CE50169&Language=E&Mode=1 |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=www.ourcommons.ca}}</ref>
}}
The '''prime minister of Canada'''<!-- "prime minister" is uncapitalized here because it is preceded by modifier "The", per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1. Any proposal for modification to the guideline should be posted at its talk page, [[WT:MOSBIO]]. --> ({{lang-fr|premier ministre du Canada|link=no}}){{NoteTag|note=When the position is held by a woman, the French title is {{lang|fr|première ministre du Canada|link=no}}.}} is the [[head of government]] of [[Canada]]. Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists only per long-established [[Convention (norm)#Government|convention]]. Under the [[Westminster system]], the prime minister governs with the [[Confidence and supply|confidence]] of a majority of the elected [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|member of Parliament]] (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. The prime minister is appointed by [[Monarchy of Canada|the monarch]]'s representative, the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], and, as [[List of current Canadian first ministers|first minister]], selects other ministers to form the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] and chairs it. Constitutionally, [[Executive (government)|executive authority]] is vested in the monarch (who is the [[head of state]]), but, in practice, the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of the Cabinet,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/233 |title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-543103-2 |edition=5 |location=Don Mills |pages=[https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/233 233–234]}}</ref> which is collectively [[Responsible government|responsible]] to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the [[King's Privy Council for Canada|Privy Council]] and [[Style (manner of address)|styled]] as [[the Right Honourable]] ({{lang-fr|Le très honorable|link=no}}),{{NoteTag|note=When the style is held by a woman, the French title is: {{lang|fr|La très honorable|link=no}}.}} a privilege maintained for life.
The prime minister is supported by the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]] and heads the [[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council Office]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Privy Council Office {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/privy-council-office |access-date=October 30, 2020 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> The prime minister also selects individuals for appointment as governor general (in the federal jurisdiction) and [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]] (in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]]), as well as to the [[Senate of Canada]], [[Supreme Court of Canada]], and other [[Court system of Canada|federal courts]], and, as required under law, the chairs and boards of various [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]].
Since [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1867, [[List of prime ministers of Canada|23 prime ministers]] have formed [[List of Canadian ministries|29 Canadian ministries]].<ref name="Library of the Canadian Parliament">{{cite web | title=Prime Ministers of Canada | website=Library of the Canadian Parliament | url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/primeMinisters | access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> [[Justin Trudeau]] is the current prime minister, who took office on November 4, 2015, following the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 federal election]], wherein his [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] won a majority of seats. Trudeau's Liberals subsequently won a minority of seats in the [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]] and [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021 elections]], leaving Trudeau with [[Minority governments in Canada|minority governments]].
==Origin of the office==
The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in a few sections of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Privy Council Office |author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada) |title=Intergovernmental Affairs > About Canada > The Canadian Constitution |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=canada&sub=constitution&doc=constitution-eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227162006/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=canada&sub=constitution&doc=constitution-eng.htm |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=June 7, 2010 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer for Canada]]}}</ref><ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-13.html#h-53 ''Constitution Act, 1982'', ss. 35.1, 49.]</ref> and the ''[[Letters Patent, 1947]]'' issued by King [[George VI]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=His Majesty the King |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/LettersPatent.html |title=Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada |publisher=King's Printer for Canada |year=1947 |location=Ottawa |publication-date=October 1, 1947 |chapter=I |author-link=George VI of the United Kingdom |access-date=May 29, 2009}}</ref> The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|same office in the United Kingdom]].
==Qualifications and selection==
In 2008, a public opinion survey showed that 51 per cent of Canadians believed they voted to directly elect the prime minister.{{refn|<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| editor-last1=Lagassé| editor-first1=Philippe| editor-last2=MacDonald| editor-first2=Nicholas A.| title=The Crown in the 21st Century| last=Cyr| first1=Hugo| series=On the Formation of Government| page=105| volume=22| issue=1| year=2017| publisher=Centre for Constitutional Studies| location=Edmonton| accessdate=June 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/survey-suggests-canadians-ignorant-of-government-system-1.751002| title=Survey suggests Canadians ignorant of government system| date=December 14, 2008| publisher=CBC News| accessdate=June 6, 2023}}</ref>}} In fact, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in Cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch.<ref name="GG">{{Cite web |last=Office of the Governor General of Canada |title=Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing-In of a New Ministry |url=http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080616012920/http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp |archive-date=June 16, 2008 |access-date=May 18, 2009 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> By the conventions of [[responsible government]], designed to maintain administrative stability, the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support, or confidence, of a majority of the directly elected members of the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]];<ref>{{Citation |last=Pothen |first=Phil |title=Disinformation as a Back Door to 'Constitutional Revolution' in Canada |url=http://www.oba.org/En/ccl_en/newsletter_en/v13n1.aspx#Article_3 |year=2009 |place=Toronto |publisher=Ontario Bar Association |access-date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> as a practical matter, this is often the leader of the party whose members form a majority, or a very large plurality, of the House of Commons<ref>{{Citation |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |pages=3–4 |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |edition=6 |place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |isbn=0-662-39689-8 |access-date=December 9, 2009 |archive-date=December 29, 2009 |author-link=Eugene Forsey |url-status=dead}}</ref> or a coalition of parties.{{NoteTag|See [[Majority#Parliamentary rules|majority]] and [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]].|name=Votes}}<ref name=Brooks235>{{Harvnb|Brooks|2007|p=235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryden |first=Joan |date=October 19, 2019 |title='Complete nonsense': Experts dispute Scheer's claims about forming government |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6054421/experts-scheer-claims-forming-government/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021114342/https://globalnews.ca/news/6054421/experts-scheer-claims-forming-government/ |archive-date=October 21, 2019 |website=globalnews.ca}}</ref>
While there is no legal requirement for prime ministers to be MPs themselves, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |date=March 2012 |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves > The Prime Minister |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/chapter_6-e.html#6_5 |access-date=November 26, 2015 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister. Two former prime ministers—[[John Abbott|John Joseph Caldwell Abbott]] and [[Mackenzie Bowell]]—served in the 1890s while members of the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]].<ref name="Forsey38">{{Harvnb|Forsey|2005|p=38}}</ref> Both, in their roles as [[Representative of the Government in the Senate|Government Leader in the Senate]], succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—[[John A. Macdonald]] in 1891 and [[John Sparrow David Thompson]] in 1894.
[[File:John A Macdonald (ca. 1875).jpg|left|thumb|244x244px|[[John A. Macdonald]], the first prime minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)]]
Prime ministers who are not MPs upon their appointment (or who lose their seats while in office) have since been expected to seek election to the House of Commons as soon as possible. For example, [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], after losing his seat in the [[1925 Canadian federal election|1925 federal election]] (that his party won), briefly governed without a seat in the House of Commons before winning a by-election a few weeks later. Similarly, [[John Turner]] replaced [[Pierre Trudeau]] as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power.
When a prime minister loses their seat in the legislature, or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat, the typical process that follows is that a member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-election.<ref name=Forsey38/> A [[safe seat]] is usually chosen; while the Liberal and [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] parties generally observed a practice of not running a candidate against another party's new leader in the by-election, the [[New Democratic Party]] and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same practice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grenier |first=Éric |date=July 12, 2018 |title=NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh won't have a free pass if he runs in a byelection |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-singh-byelection-1.4742487 |website=CBC News}}</ref> However, if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due, and that new leader is not a member of the legislature, they will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in Parliament.
== Term of office ==
{{Further|List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office#Calculation of terms of office}}
The prime minister serves ''[[At His Majesty's pleasure|at {{ucfirst:{{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=~}}}} Majesty's pleasure]]'', meaning the post does not have a fixed term, and once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until they resign, are dismissed, or die.<ref name="Forsey5">{{Harvnb| Forsey|2005|p=5}}</ref>
While the lifespan of a parliament is [[Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|constitutionally limited]] to five years, a 2007 amendment to the ''Canada Elections Act'', Section 56.1(2) limited the term of a government to four years, with election day being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Elections Act |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-2.01/index.html |access-date=November 17, 2017 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> The governor general may still, on the advice of the prime minister, dissolve parliament and issue the [[Writ of election|writs of election]] prior to the date mandated by the constitution or ''Canada Elections Act''; the [[King–Byng affair|King–Byng Affair]] was the only time since [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] that the governor general refused the prime minister's request for a general vote.
Following parliamentary dissolution, should the prime minister's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or for the prime minister to retake the oath of office.<ref name=Forsey5 /> If, however, an [[Parliamentary opposition|opposition party]] wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or choose to meet Parliament to see if the incumbent government can win a confidence vote. Should the prime minister's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other party but less than a majority), the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a [[Coalition government|coalition]] with other minority parties, which was last entertained in 1925 or by entering into a [[Confidence and supply|confidence-and-supply agreement]], or by winning support of other parties on a vote-by-vote basis.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
==Role and authority==
{{Further|King's Privy Council for Canada}}
[[File:Prime Ministers of Canada to 1963.jpg|thumb|right|Canada's prime ministers during its first century]]
Because the prime minister is in practice the most politically powerful member of the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]], they are sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's [[head of state]],{{NoteTag|A 2008 [[Ipsos-Reid]] poll found 42% of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state.<ref name="IR2008">{{Citation |title=In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis: New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country's Parliamentary System |date=December 15, 2008 |url=http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216053714/http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf |place=Toronto |publisher=Ipsos Reid |access-date=May 18, 2010 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|name=IRpoll}} when, in fact, that role belongs to the Canadian monarch, represented by the governor general.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library and Archives Canada |author-link=Library and Archives Canada |title=First Among Equals: The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics > Alone at the Top > Head of State |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-2013-e.html |access-date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> The prime minister is, instead, the [[head of government]] and is responsible for [[Advice (constitutional law)|advising]] the Crown on how to exercise much of the [[royal prerogative]] and its executive powers,<ref name=Brooks235/> which are governed by the written constitution and constitutional conventions. However, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Today, per the doctrines of [[constitutional monarchy]], the [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding, meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general, leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions.<ref>{{Harvnb| Brooks|2007|pp=233–235}}</ref> As such, the prime minister, supported by the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Office of the Prime Minister]] (PMO), controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada's system of governance, including the governor general, the Cabinet, justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]], senators, heads of [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]], [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada|ambassadors and high commissioners]], the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|provincial lieutenant governors]], and approximately 3,100 other positions. Further, the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process—with the majority of bills put before Parliament originating in the Cabinet—and the leadership of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]].
[[File:WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], the 10th prime minister of Canada (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)]]
Pierre Trudeau is often credited with, throughout his tenure as prime minister (1968-79, 1980-84), consolidating power in the PMO,<ref name="Macleans">{{Cite news |last=Geddes |first=John |date=January 25, 2009 |title=Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt? |work=Maclean's |publisher=Kenneth Whyte |location=Toronto |url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/01/25/the-people-speak/ |access-date=January 27, 2010 |issn=0024-9262}}</ref> which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister's discretion and unaccountable to Parliament. At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as [[Jeffrey Simpson]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jeffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp/page/248 |title=The Friendly Dictatorship |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7710-8079-1 |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp/page/248 248] |author-link=Jeffrey Simpson |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Donald J. Savoie|Donald Savoie]], [[Andrew Coyne]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coyne |first=Andrew |date=June 30, 2015 |title=Liberals' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit |work=National Post |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/andrew-coyne-liberals-idea-for-gender-quota-in-cabinet-leaves-out-the-principle-of-merit |access-date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> and [[John Gomery]]—argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power;{{NoteTag|See [[Cabinet of Canada#cite note-BNA-34|note 2]] at [[Cabinet of Canada]].|name=BNA}}<ref>{{Harvnb| Brooks|2007|p=258}}</ref> Savoie wrote: "The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check, at least inside government, to inhibit his ability to have his way."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savoie |first=Donald |title=Governing from the Centre: The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-8252-7 |location=Toronto |page=362}}</ref> Indeed, the position has been described as undergoing a "presidentialization",<ref name=Macleans/><ref>{{Citation |title=Time to address democratic deficit |date=January 27, 2010 |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/756262--time-to-address-democratic-deficit |work=Toronto Star |access-date=January 27, 2010}}</ref> to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state (and [[Spouse of the prime minister of Canada|prime minister's spouses]] are sometimes referred to as ''First Lady of Canada''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zamon |first=Rebecca |date=November 4, 2015 |title=The Prime Minister's Wife: What Is Her Title, Exactly? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/11/04/prime-minister-wife-sophie-gregoire_n_8464096.html |access-date=June 3, 2017 |newspaper=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Alberici |first=Emma |title='I need help': Why did Canada's first lady spark such a backlash? |date=May 18, 2016 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-19/alberici-why-did-canadas-first-lady-spark-such-a-backlash/7428228 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Michael D. |year=2009 |title=The Senior Realms of the Queen |volume=Autumn 2009 |page=10 |work=Canadian Monarchist News |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |issue=30 |location=Toronto |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2009/Autumn_2009_CMN.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=January 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229100400/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2009/Autumn_2009_CMN.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Louisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyNlYxdpdfcC |title=Vive Quebec!: new thinking and new approaches to the Quebec nation |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-55028-734-9 |editor-last=Venne |editor-first=Michel |location=Toronto |page=91}}</ref> Former governor general [[Adrienne Clarkson]] alluded to what she saw as "an unspoken rivalry" that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown.<ref>{{Citation |last=Franks |first=C.E.S. |title=Keep the Queen and choose another head of state |date=April 9, 2010 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/keep-the-queen-and-choose-another-head-of-state/article1529705/singlepage/ |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=January 23, 2011}}</ref> It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its Parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with [[Westminster system|Westminster parliamentary systems]]; particularly, Canada has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election, and a US-style system for selecting political party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than [[Caucus#In Commonwealth nations|caucus]] (as is the case in the UK).<ref>{{Citation |last=Foot |first=Richard |title=Only in Canada: Harper's prorogation is a Canadian thing |date=January 15, 2010 |url=https://nationalpost.com/story.html?id=2446705 |work=National Post |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100118165801/http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=2446705 |access-date=January 16, 2010 |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
There do exist checks on the prime minister's power: the House of Commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or [[caucus revolt]]s can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign his post, as happened with [[Jean Chrétien]]. The ''Reform Act, 2014'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Parliament of Canada |title=Bill C-586 |date=June 23, 2015 |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&DocId=8058690 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and, if necessary, chose an interim leader, thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in his or her party. Caucuses may choose to follow these rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote, thereby subjecting the party's choice to public scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selley |first=Chris |date=May 28, 2015 |title=Thanks to the Senate, I've finally come around to liking the Reform Act |work=National Post |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/chris-selley-thanks-to-the-senate-ive-finally-come-around-to-liking-the-reform-act |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>
The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet, such as when [[Brian Mulroney]]'s bill creating the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) came before the Senate, and given [[Canadian federalism|Canada's federal nature]], the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution. Further, as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch, meaning the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers,<ref>{{Citation |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S. |title=A Crown of Maples |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf |page=16 |year=2008 |edition=1 |place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |isbn=978-0-662-46012-1 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod}}</ref><ref name="Murdoch">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Noel |date=September 2002 |title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence |url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html |journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law |location=Perth |publisher=Murdoch University |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=12 |access-date=May 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Neitsch |first=Alfred Thomas |year=2008 |title=A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf |url-status=dead |magazine=Canadian Parliamentary Review |location=Ottawa |publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113652/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=May 22, 2009}}</ref> the sovereign's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a "rebuff to the pretensions of the elected: As it has been said, when the prime minister bows before the queen, he bows before us [the Canadian people]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coyne |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Coyne |date=November 13, 2009 |title=Defending the royals |work=Maclean's |publisher=Rogers Communications |location=Toronto |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/defending-the-royals/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |issn=0024-9262}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Coyne |first=Andrew |title=A lightning rod for patriotic love |date=April 10, 2002 |url=http://andrewcoyne.com/columns/NationalPost/2002/20020410.html |work=National Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523040653/http://andrewcoyne.com/columns/NationalPost/2002/20020410.html |access-date=May 22, 2006 |archive-date=May 23, 2006 |author-link=Andrew Coyne |url-status=dead}}</ref> Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister's will in extreme, crisis situations.{{NoteTag|See "[[Cabinet of Canada#Responsibilities|Responsibilities]]" and [[Cabinet of Canada#cite note-RP-20|note 1]] at [[Cabinet of Canada]].|name=RP}} Near the end of her time as governor general, Adrienne Clarkson stated: "My constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve powers': making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place, and exercising the right 'to encourage, to advise, and to warn'[...] Without really revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all three."<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 2005 |title=GG reflects on mandate during farewell address |publisher=CTV |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1126719024327_33?hub=TopStories |url-status=dead |access-date=August 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013001953/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1126719024327_33?hub=TopStories |archive-date=October 13, 2007}}</ref>
==Privileges==
[[File:Residence of the Prime Minister of Canada.jpg|thumb|right|[[24 Sussex Drive]], the official residence of the prime minister of Canada]]
Two [[official residence]]s are provided to the prime minister—[[24 Sussex Drive]] in Ottawa and [[Harrington Lake]], a country retreat in [[Gatineau Park]]—as well an office in the [[Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council|Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building]] (formerly known as Langevin Block), across from [[Parliament Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Privy Council Office |author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada) |title=Did You Know > The Langevin Block from Yesterday to Today |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=dyk-svq&doc=archive%2Flangevin%2Fdyk-svq-eng.htm |access-date=January 17, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522200854/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=dyk-svq&doc=archive%2Flangevin%2Fdyk-svq-eng.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> For transportation, the prime minister is afforded an armoured car (a car allowance of $2,000 per year) and shared use of two [[Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft|official aircraft]]—a [[Airbus CC-150 Polaris|CC-150 Polaris]] for international flights and a [[Bombardier Challenger 600 series|Challenger 601]] for domestic trips. The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] also furnish constant [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police Protective Policing|personal security]] for the prime minister and their family. All of the aforementioned is provided through budgets approved by Parliament, as is the prime minister's total annual compensation of $357,800<ref name="salary" /> (consisting of an MP's salary of $178,900 and the prime minister's salary of $178,900).<ref name="salary" />
Serving or former prime ministers are accorded a [[State funerals in Canada|state funeral]], wherein their casket lies in state in the [[Centre Block]] of Parliament Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=State Funerals in Canada |title=Frequently Asked Questions on State Funerals in Canada |url=http://www.commemoration.gc.ca/cntct/index-eng.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227080756/http://www.commemoration.gc.ca/cntct/index-eng.cfm |archive-date=December 27, 2009 |access-date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> Only Bowell and the [[R. B. Bennett|Viscount Bennett]] were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former prime minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians. John Thompson also died outside Canada, at [[Windsor Castle]], where [[Queen Victoria]] permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]].<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Waite |first=P.B. |title=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David |volume=XII |url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thompson_john_sparrow_david_12E.html }}</ref>
[[File:Heraldic mark of the Prime Minister of Canada.svg|thumb|left|[[Heraldic mark of the prime minister of Canada|The mark of the prime ministership of Canada]], applied to the arms of prime ministers]]
Prior to 1919, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a [[knighthood]] on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix ''Sir'' before their name; of the first eight prime ministers of Canada, only [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]] refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria. Following the 1919 [[Nickle Resolution]], however, the House of Commons declared that it should be against the policy of the Canadian Sovereign (and the Canadian government advising the Monarch when such honours are not within the Monarch's personal gift) to bestow [[British nobility|aristocratic]] or [[Chivalry|chivalric]] titles to Canadians. The Crown in right of Canada (but not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom, which has periodically bestowed such Imperial honours on such citizens) has since adopted this policy generally, such that the last prime minister to be knighted near appointment was [[Robert Borden]], who was the prime minister at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons (and was knighted before the resolution). Still, Bennett was, in 1941, six years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated to the [[peerage of the United Kingdom]] by King George VI as Viscount Bennett, of [[Mickleham, Surrey|Mickleham]] in the County of Surrey and of [[Calgary]] and [[Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick|Hopewell]] in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Library of Parliament |author-link=Library of Parliament |title=Federal Government > Prime Ministers of Canada > Biographical Informarion > BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B. |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b9296f13-96f7-4c62-a577-63a5fc91ac2f&Language=E&Section=ALL |access-date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref><ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35225/pages/4213/page.pdf] ''The London Gazette'', July 22, 1941.</ref> No prime minister has since been titled.
The [[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] (CHA) grants former prime ministers an [[augmentation of honour]] on the [[coat of arms]] of those who apply for them. The heraldic badge, referred to by the CHA as the ''mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada'',<ref name="JClarkArms">{{Cite web |title=Clark, Rt. Hon. Charles Joseph |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/clark.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613183301/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/clark.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref> consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field (''Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules''); the augmentation is usually a [[Canton (heraldry)|canton]] or centred in the [[Chief (heraldry)|chief]].<ref name=JClarkArms /><ref name="PTrudeauArms">{{Cite web |title=Trudeau, Rt. Hon. Pierre Elliot |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/trudeau.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515194632/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/trudeau.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref><ref name="JTurnerArms">{{Cite web |title=Turner, Rt. Hon. John Napier |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/turner_j.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184219/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/turner_j.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref><ref name="BMulroneyArms">{{Cite web |title=Mulroney, Rt. Hon. Martin Brian |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/m/mulroney.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182717/http://heraldry.ca/arms/m/mulroney.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref><ref name="KCampbellArms">{{Cite web |title=Campbell, Rt. Hon. Kim, PC |url=http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/campbell_k.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613154100/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/c/campbell_k.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Royal Heraldry Society of Canada}}</ref> [[Joe Clark]],<ref name=JClarkArms /> Pierre Trudeau,<ref name=PTrudeauArms /> John Turner,<ref name=JTurnerArms /> Brian Mulroney,<ref name=BMulroneyArms /> [[Kim Campbell]],<ref name=KCampbellArms /> Jean Chrétien<ref>{{Cite web |last=General |first=The Office of the Secretary to the Governor |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Chrétien, Joseph Jacques Jean [Individual] |url=https://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=2930&ProjectElementID=10301 |website=reg.gg.ca}}</ref> and Paul Martin<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Edgar Phillippe Martin |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/2449 |website=The Governor General of Canada |publisher=[[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] |accessdate=29 November 2022 |date=August 15, 2013}}</ref> were granted arms with the augmentation.
==Style of address==
[[File:Kim Campbell.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Kim Campbell]], the 19th prime minister of Canada (1993) and only female and British Columbia–born person to hold the office]]
Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title ''Prime Minister'' when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly; the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]] advises that the term ''Mr. Prime Minister'' should not be used in official contexts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Styles of address |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> The written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title: ''The Right Honourable [name], <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[post-nominal letters]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, Prime Minister of Canada''. However, while in the House of Commons during [[Question Period]], other members of parliament may address the prime minister as ''the Right Honourable Member for [prime minister's [[Electoral district (Canada)|riding]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' or simply ''the Right Honourable Prime Minister''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage |title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Styles of address — Federal dignitaries |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/prtcl/address2-eng.cfm |access-date=January 24, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> Former prime ministers retain the prefix ''the Right Honourable'' for the remainder of their lives; should they remain sitting MPs, they may be referred as ''the Right Honourable Member for [member's riding]'', by their [[Ministry (government department)|portfolio]] title (if appointed to one), as in ''the Right Honourable Minister of National Defence'', or should they become opposition leader, as ''the Right Honourable Leader of the Opposition''.
In the decades following Confederation, it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as ''Premier of Canada'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Canada's Premier Talks; Attitude of the Dominion on the Seal Question |date=March 12, 1893 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E1DB1731E033A25751C1A9659C94629ED7CF |work=The New York Times |page=9 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grand Lodge of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqwqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22premier+of+canada%22&pg=RA2-PA15 |title=Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, & Accepted Masons of Canada |publisher=Spectator Printing Co. |year=1884 |location=Hamilton |page=15 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hopkins |first=J. Castell |year=1901 |title=The Proposed Union of Canada with Newfoundland |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/1901proposedunion.htm |magazine=The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs |location=Toronto |publisher=The Annual Review Publishing Company |volume=1902 |pages=449–453 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref> a custom that continued during the [[World War I|First World War]], around the time of Robert Borden's premiership.<ref>{{Citation |title=Premier Pledges Canada to Fight Until War is Won |date=November 21, 1916 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EEDB1F3FE233A25752C2A9679D946796D6CF |work=The New York Times |page=1 |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |year=1914 |title=The Santa Fe magazine, Volume 9 |volume=9 |page=44 |work=The Santa Fe |publisher=Santa Fe Magazine |location=Santa Fe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfHNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22premier+of+canada%22 |access-date=January 25, 2010 |issn=0036-4541}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freshfield |first=A. C. Haddon |date=May 1913 |title=The Distribution of Human and Animal Life in Western Arctic America |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449288 |journal=The Geographical Journal |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=459–460 |doi=10.2307/1778163 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1778163}}</ref> While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as ''premier'',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Sir John Sparrow David Thompson |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592993/SIr-John-Thompson |access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Library and Archives Canada |author-link=Library and Archives Canada |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Politics and Government > Sir John A. Macdonald > The Opponents |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-4000-e.html |access-date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland |title=John Alexander MacDonald |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-202-908-C |access-date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=Queen's Printer}}</ref> the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the ''prime minister'', while the [[Premier (Canada)|provincial and territorial heads of government]] are termed ''premiers'' (in French, premiers are addressed as {{lang|fr|premier ministre du [province]}}, literally translated as ''prime minister of [province]'').
==Prime minister-designate of Canada==
{{see|Prime minister-designate}}
The prime minister–designate of Canada is the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], after either the individual's political party won a general election or proposed to form either a confidence-and-supply government or coalition government. The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers.
==Activities post-tenure==
After exiting office, former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits. Some remained in politics: Bowell continued as a senator, [[Stephen Harper]] remained in the House of Commons as a backbench MP, and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the [[House of Lords]].<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Waite |first=P.B. |title=Bennett, Richard Bedford, 1st Viscount Bennett |volume=17 |url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bennett_richard_bedford_17E.html }}</ref> A number were leaders of the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]: John A. Macdonald, [[Arthur Meighen]], Mackenzie King,<ref>{{cite DCB|authorlink1=H. Blair Neatby |last=Neatby |first=H. Blair |title=King, William Lyon Mackenzie |volume=17 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/king_william_lyon_mackenzie_17E.html}}</ref> and Pierre Trudeau, all before being re-appointed as prime minister (Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and [[John Diefenbaker]], both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths;<ref name="Dief">{{cite DCB |last=Smith |first=Dennis |title=Diefenbaker, John George |volume=20 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/diefenbaker_john_george_20E.html}}</ref> [[Wilfrid Laurier]] dying while still in the post;<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Bélanger |first=Réal |title=Laurier, Sir Wilfrid |volume=14 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/laurier_wilfrid_14E.html}}</ref> and [[Charles Tupper]],<ref name="Tupper">{{cite DCB |last=Buckner |first=Phillip |title=Tupper, Sir Charles |volume=14|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html}}</ref> [[Louis St. Laurent]],<ref name="StLaurent">{{cite DCB |last=Bothwell |first=Robert |title=St. Laurent, Louis |volume=20 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/st_laurent_louis_stephen_20E.html}}</ref> and John Turner, each before they returned to private business. Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister, but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding.<ref name="Meighen">{{cite DCB |last=Glassford |first=Larry A. |title=Meighen, Arthur |volume=18 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/meighen_arthur_18E.html }}</ref> Also returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was Chancellor of [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's]] and [[McGill University|McGill Universities]], as well as working in the financial sector; [[Lester B. Pearson]], who was Chancellor of [[Carleton University]];<ref>{{cite DCB |last=English |first=John |title=Pearson, Lester Bowles |volume=20 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pearson_lester_bowles_20E.html }}</ref> Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who were university lecturers, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.<ref>{{cite DCB |last=English |first=John |title=Trudeau, Pierre Elliott |volume=22 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/trudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html}}</ref> Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—Tupper,<ref name=Tupper /> for example—or published their memoirs—such as Diefenbaker and [[Paul Martin]].<ref name=Dief />
==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Canada|Politics}}
* [[Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office]]
*[[List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation]]
* [[Prime ministers of Canada in popular culture]]
* [[List of books about prime ministers of Canada]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Edward VII]]
* [[List of prime ministers of George V]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Edward VIII]]
* [[List of prime ministers of George VI]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Charles III]]
*[[Spouse of the prime minister of Canada]]
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{see|List of books about prime ministers of Canada}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | last=Brodie | first=I. | title=At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power | publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7735-5378-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNZDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book | last=Coucill | first=I. | title=Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation | publisher=Pembroke Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-55138-185-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC}}
*{{cite book | last=Dutil | first=P. | title=Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden | publisher=UBC Press | series=The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-7748-3476-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 }}
*{{cite book | last=Donaldson | first=G. | title=The Prime Ministers of Canada | publisher=Doubleday Canada | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-385-25454-0}}
*{{cite book | last1=English | first1=J.R. | last2=Dutil | first2=P. | title=Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | series=The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-7748-6855-6 }}
*{{cite book | last=Schlee | first=Gary | title=Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers | publication-place=Toronto, Ontario, Canada | date=2018 | isbn=978-1-7753780-0-6 | oclc=1108336247 |publisher=Shorelawn Publishing }}
*{{cite book | last=Stewart | first=J.D.M. | title=Being Prime Minister | publisher=Dundurn | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4597-3849-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://pm.gc.ca/ Official government Web site of the Office of the Prime Minister]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/pmocpm Prime Minister of Canada] on YouTube
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050901031658/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/pm/index.asp?lang=E Library of Parliament of Canada]
* [http://www.macleans.ca/2011/06/10/canadas-best-prime-ministers Canada's Best Prime Ministers]: 2011 ''[[Maclean's]]'' article
{{s-start}}
{{s-prec}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Mary Simon]]
| as = [[Governor General of Canada]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Prime Minister of Canada<br />[[Canadian order of precedence]] (ceremonial)
| years =
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Richard Wagner (judge)|Richard Wagner]]
| as = [[Chief Justice of Canada]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Prime ministers of Canada}}
{{Cabinet of Canada}}
{{Canada topics}}
{{Heads of state and government of North America}}
{{Prime ministers}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Canada| ]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Government of Canada]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of government of Canada</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Premier of Canada" redirects here. For provincial and territorial heads of government, see <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">Premier (Canada)</a>. For the historical position, see <a href="/wiki/Joint_premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Joint premiers of the Province of Canada">joint premiers of the Province of Canada</a>. For the government agency associated with the position, see <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Prime Minister of Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Premier ministre du Canada</i></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Frameless"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Donald_Trump_in_April_1873.jpg" class="new" title="File:Donald Trump in April 1873.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media">File:Donald Trump in April 1873.jpg</span></a></span></div><b>Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a><br /></b>since <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">November 4, 2015</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada#Executive_power" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[1]</a></sup><br />(formal)</li>
<li>Prime Minister<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[1]</a></sup><br />(informal)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">PM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Canada">Privy Council</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reports to</th><td class="infobox-data">House of Commons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup><br />with the <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence</a> of the House of Commons<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>379,000</span> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-salary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary-7">[5]</a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[c]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/">pm<wbr />.gc<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>prime minister of Canada</b> (French: <i lang="fr">premier ministre du Canada</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists only per long-established <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, the prime minister governs with the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of a majority of the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. The prime minister is appointed by <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">the monarch</a>'s representative, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, and, as <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Canadian_first_ministers" title="List of current Canadian first ministers">first minister</a>, selects other ministers to form the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> and chairs it. Constitutionally, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive authority</a> is vested in the monarch (who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>), but, in practice, the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the Cabinet,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a></sup> which is collectively <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible</a> to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">Privy Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">styled</a> as <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a> (French: <i lang="fr">Le très honorable</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 2]</a></sup> a privilege maintained for life.
</p><p>The prime minister is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a> and heads the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[7]</a></sup> The prime minister also selects individuals for appointment as governor general (in the federal jurisdiction) and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a>), as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">federal courts</a>, and, as required under law, the chairs and boards of various <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a>.
</p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867, <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">23 prime ministers</a> have formed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ministries" title="List of Canadian ministries">29 Canadian ministries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament-13">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> is the current prime minister, who took office on November 4, 2015, following the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 federal election</a>, wherein his <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> won a majority of seats. Trudeau's Liberals subsequently won a minority of seats in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 elections</a>, leaving Trudeau with <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority governments</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin_of_the_office"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the office</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Qualifications_and_selection"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Qualifications and selection</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Term_of_office"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Term of office</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Role_and_authority"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Role and authority</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Privileges"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Privileges</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Style_of_address"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Style of address</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Prime_minister-designate_of_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Prime minister-designate of Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Activities_post-tenure"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Activities post-tenure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_office">Origin of the office</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in a few sections of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[10]</a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent, 1947</a></i> issued by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a></sup> The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">same office in the United Kingdom</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Qualifications_and_selection">Qualifications and selection</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Qualifications and selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 2008, a public opinion survey showed that 51 per cent of Canadians believed they voted to directly elect the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a></sup> In fact, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in Cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-20">[15]</a></sup> By the conventions of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, designed to maintain administrative stability, the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support, or confidence, of a majority of the directly elected members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a></sup> as a practical matter, this is often the leader of the party whose members form a majority, or a very large plurality, of the House of Commons<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a></sup> or a coalition of parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Votes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Votes-23">[note 3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks235_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks235-24">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>While there is no legal requirement for prime ministers to be MPs themselves, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a></sup> However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister. Two former prime ministers—<a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Joseph Caldwell Abbott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a>—served in the 1890s while members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey38_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey38-27">[21]</a></sup> Both, in their roles as <a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate" title="Representative of the Government in the Senate">Government Leader in the Senate</a>, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—<a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> in 1891 and <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a> in 1894.
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_(ca._1875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/192px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/288px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/384px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, the first prime minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Prime ministers who are not MPs upon their appointment (or who lose their seats while in office) have since been expected to seek election to the House of Commons as soon as possible. For example, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, after losing his seat in the <a href="/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election" title="1925 Canadian federal election">1925 federal election</a> (that his party won), briefly governed without a seat in the House of Commons before winning a by-election a few weeks later. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power.
</p><p>When a prime minister loses their seat in the legislature, or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat, the typical process that follows is that a member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-election.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey38_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey38-27">[21]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> is usually chosen; while the Liberal and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> parties generally observed a practice of not running a candidate against another party's new leader in the by-election, the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same practice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup> However, if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due, and that new leader is not a member of the legislature, they will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in Parliament.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Term_of_office">Term of office</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Term of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada_by_time_in_office#Calculation_of_terms_of_office" title="List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office">List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office § Calculation of terms of office</a></div>
<p>The prime minister serves <i><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">at His Majesty's pleasure</a></i>, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, and once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until they resign, are dismissed, or die.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey5-29">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>While the lifespan of a parliament is <a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">constitutionally limited</a> to five years, a 2007 amendment to the <i>Canada Elections Act</i>, Section 56.1(2) limited the term of a government to four years, with election day being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> The governor general may still, on the advice of the prime minister, dissolve parliament and issue the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writs of election</a> prior to the date mandated by the constitution or <i>Canada Elections Act</i>; the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair" title="King–Byng affair">King–Byng Affair</a> was the only time since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> that the governor general refused the prime minister's request for a general vote.
</p><p>Following parliamentary dissolution, should the prime minister's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or for the prime minister to retake the oath of office.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey5-29">[23]</a></sup> If, however, an <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">opposition party</a> wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or choose to meet Parliament to see if the incumbent government can win a confidence vote. Should the prime minister's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other party but less than a majority), the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with other minority parties, which was last entertained in 1925 or by entering into a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence-and-supply agreement</a>, or by winning support of other parties on a vote-by-vote basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Role_and_authority">Role and authority</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role and authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/220px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/330px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/440px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Canada's prime ministers during its first century</figcaption></figure>
<p>Because the prime minister is in practice the most politically powerful member of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a>, they are sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IRpoll_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRpoll-32">[note 4]</a></sup> when, in fact, that role belongs to the Canadian monarch, represented by the governor general.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a></sup> The prime minister is, instead, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advising</a> the Crown on how to exercise much of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> and its executive powers,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks235_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks235-24">[18]</a></sup> which are governed by the written constitution and constitutional conventions. However, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Today, per the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding, meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general, leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a></sup> As such, the prime minister, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Office of the Prime Minister</a> (PMO), controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada's system of governance, including the governor general, the Cabinet, justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a>, senators, heads of <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_Canada" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada">ambassadors and high commissioners</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">provincial lieutenant governors</a>, and approximately 3,100 other positions. Further, the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process—with the majority of bills put before Parliament originating in the Cabinet—and the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>.
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/170px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/255px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/340px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, the 10th prime minister of Canada (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Pierre Trudeau is often credited with, throughout his tenure as prime minister (1968-79, 1980-84), consolidating power in the PMO,<sup id="cite_ref-Macleans_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macleans-35">[28]</a></sup> which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister's discretion and unaccountable to Parliament. At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Jeffrey Simpson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Savoie" title="Donald J. Savoie">Donald Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Andrew Coyne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a>—argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power;<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-38">[note 5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a></sup> Savoie wrote: "The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check, at least inside government, to inhibit his ability to have his way."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a></sup> Indeed, the position has been described as undergoing a "presidentialization",<sup id="cite_ref-Macleans_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macleans-35">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a></sup> to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state (and <a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Canada" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Canada">prime minister's spouses</a> are sometimes referred to as <i>First Lady of Canada</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a></sup> Former governor general <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> alluded to what she saw as "an unspoken rivalry" that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a></sup> It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its Parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary systems</a>; particularly, Canada has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election, and a US-style system for selecting political party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than <a href="/wiki/Caucus#In_Commonwealth_nations" title="Caucus">caucus</a> (as is the case in the UK).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>There do exist checks on the prime minister's power: the House of Commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or <a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">caucus revolts</a> can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign his post, as happened with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. The <i>Reform Act, 2014</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a></sup> codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and, if necessary, chose an interim leader, thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in his or her party. Caucuses may choose to follow these rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote, thereby subjecting the party's choice to public scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet, such as when <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>'s bill creating the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST) came before the Senate, and given <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canada's federal nature</a>, the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution. Further, as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch, meaning the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-51">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a></sup> the sovereign's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a "rebuff to the pretensions of the elected: As it has been said, when the prime minister bows before the queen, he bows before us [the Canadian people]."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a></sup> Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister's will in extreme, crisis situations.<sup id="cite_ref-RP_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RP-55">[note 6]</a></sup> Near the end of her time as governor general, Adrienne Clarkson stated: "My constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve powers': making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place, and exercising the right 'to encourage, to advise, and to warn'[...] Without really revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all three."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Privileges">Privileges</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a>, the official residence of the prime minister of Canada</figcaption></figure>
<p>Two <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residences</a> are provided to the prime minister—<a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a> in Ottawa and <a href="/wiki/Harrington_Lake" title="Harrington Lake">Harrington Lake</a>, a country retreat in <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Park" title="Gatineau Park">Gatineau Park</a>—as well an office in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building</a> (formerly known as Langevin Block), across from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a></sup> For transportation, the prime minister is afforded an armoured car (a car allowance of $2,000 per year) and shared use of two <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft">official aircraft</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Airbus_CC-150_Polaris" title="Airbus CC-150 Polaris">CC-150 Polaris</a> for international flights and a <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600_series" title="Bombardier Challenger 600 series">Challenger 601</a> for domestic trips. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> also furnish constant <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_Protective_Policing" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police Protective Policing">personal security</a> for the prime minister and their family. All of the aforementioned is provided through budgets approved by Parliament, as is the prime minister's total annual compensation of $357,800<sup id="cite_ref-salary_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary-7">[5]</a></sup> (consisting of an MP's salary of $178,900 and the prime minister's salary of $178,900).<sup id="cite_ref-salary_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary-7">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Serving or former prime ministers are accorded a <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_Canada" title="State funerals in Canada">state funeral</a>, wherein their casket lies in state in the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> of Parliament Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a></sup> Only Bowell and the <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Viscount Bennett</a> were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former prime minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians. John Thompson also died outside Canada, at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg/220px-Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg/330px-Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg/440px-Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_mark_of_the_prime_minister_of_Canada" title="Heraldic mark of the prime minister of Canada">The mark of the prime ministership of Canada</a>, applied to the arms of prime ministers</figcaption></figure>
<p>Prior to 1919, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix <i>Sir</i> before their name; of the first eight prime ministers of Canada, only <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria. Following the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Nickle_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickle Resolution">Nickle Resolution</a>, however, the House of Commons declared that it should be against the policy of the Canadian Sovereign (and the Canadian government advising the Monarch when such honours are not within the Monarch's personal gift) to bestow <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">aristocratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric</a> titles to Canadians. The Crown in right of Canada (but not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom, which has periodically bestowed such Imperial honours on such citizens) has since adopted this policy generally, such that the last prime minister to be knighted near appointment was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, who was the prime minister at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons (and was knighted before the resolution). Still, Bennett was, in 1941, six years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerage of the United Kingdom</a> by King George VI as Viscount Bennett, of <a href="/wiki/Mickleham,_Surrey" title="Mickleham, Surrey">Mickleham</a> in the County of Surrey and of <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hill,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick">Hopewell</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a></sup> No prime minister has since been titled.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> (CHA) grants former prime ministers an <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">augmentation of honour</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of those who apply for them. The heraldic badge, referred to by the CHA as the <i>mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-JClarkArms_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JClarkArms-62">[53]</a></sup> consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field (<i>Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules</i>); the augmentation is usually a <a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">canton</a> or centred in the <a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">chief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JClarkArms_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JClarkArms-62">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PTrudeauArms_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTrudeauArms-63">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JTurnerArms_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTurnerArms-64">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMulroneyArms_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMulroneyArms-65">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KCampbellArms_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCampbellArms-66">[57]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JClarkArms_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JClarkArms-62">[53]</a></sup> Pierre Trudeau,<sup id="cite_ref-PTrudeauArms_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTrudeauArms-63">[54]</a></sup> John Turner,<sup id="cite_ref-JTurnerArms_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTurnerArms-64">[55]</a></sup> Brian Mulroney,<sup id="cite_ref-BMulroneyArms_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMulroneyArms-65">[56]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KCampbellArms_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCampbellArms-66">[57]</a></sup> Jean Chrétien<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a></sup> and Paul Martin<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a></sup> were granted arms with the augmentation.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Style_of_address">Style of address</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Style of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Campbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/170px-Kim_Campbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/255px-Kim_Campbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/340px-Kim_Campbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, the 19th prime minister of Canada (1993) and only female and British Columbia–born person to hold the office</figcaption></figure>
<p>Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title <i>Prime Minister</i> when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly; the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> advises that the term <i>Mr. Prime Minister</i> should not be used in official contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a></sup> The written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title: <i>The Right Honourable [name], [<a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a>], Prime Minister of Canada</i>. However, while in the House of Commons during <a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a>, other members of parliament may address the prime minister as <i>the Right Honourable Member for [prime minister's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a>]</i> or simply <i>the Right Honourable Prime Minister</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a></sup> Former prime ministers retain the prefix <i>the Right Honourable</i> for the remainder of their lives; should they remain sitting MPs, they may be referred as <i>the Right Honourable Member for [member's riding]</i>, by their <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">portfolio</a> title (if appointed to one), as in <i>the Right Honourable Minister of National Defence</i>, or should they become opposition leader, as <i>the Right Honourable Leader of the Opposition</i>.
</p><p>In the decades following Confederation, it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as <i>Premier of Canada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a></sup> a custom that continued during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, around the time of Robert Borden's premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a></sup> While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as <i>premier</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a></sup> the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the <i>prime minister</i>, while the <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">provincial and territorial heads of government</a> are termed <i>premiers</i> (in French, premiers are addressed as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">premier ministre du [province]</i></span>, literally translated as <i>prime minister of [province]</i>).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prime_minister-designate_of_Canada">Prime minister-designate of Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prime minister-designate of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister-designate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister-designate">Prime minister-designate</a></div>
<p>The prime minister–designate of Canada is the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, after either the individual's political party won a general election or proposed to form either a confidence-and-supply government or coalition government. The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Activities_post-tenure">Activities post-tenure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activities post-tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>After exiting office, former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits. Some remained in politics: Bowell continued as a senator, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> remained in the House of Commons as a backbench MP, and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a></sup> A number were leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>: John A. Macdonald, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a>, Mackenzie King,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a></sup> and Pierre Trudeau, all before being re-appointed as prime minister (Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths;<sup id="cite_ref-Dief_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dief-82">[73]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> dying while still in the post;<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tupper_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tupper-84">[75]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-StLaurent_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StLaurent-85">[76]</a></sup> and John Turner, each before they returned to private business. Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister, but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding.<sup id="cite_ref-Meighen_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meighen-86">[77]</a></sup> Also returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's</a> and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill Universities</a>, as well as working in the financial sector; <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, who was Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a></sup> Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who were university lecturers, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a></sup> Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—Tupper,<sup id="cite_ref-Tupper_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tupper-84">[75]</a></sup> for example—or published their memoirs—such as Diefenbaker and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dief_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dief-82">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the position is held by a woman, the French title is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">première ministre du Canada</i></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the style is held by a woman, the French title is: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La très honorable</i></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Votes-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Votes_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Majority#Parliamentary_rules" title="Majority">majority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IRpoll-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRpoll_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Ipsos-Reid" title="Ipsos-Reid">Ipsos-Reid</a> poll found 42% of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-IR2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR2008-31">[25]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BNA-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNA_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#cite_note-BNA-34" title="Cabinet of Canada">note 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RP-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RP_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#Responsibilities" title="Cabinet of Canada">Responsibilities</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#cite_note-RP-20" title="Cabinet of Canada">note 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This title is granted to holders of the office for life upon taking office.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under renovation since 2015. <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Cottage" title="Rideau Cottage">Rideau Cottage</a> is the current residence of Justin Trudeau.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including a salary of CA$189,500 as a Member of Parliament. There is also a $2,000 car allowance.<sup id="cite_ref-salary_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary-7">[5]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeritage2017" class="citation web cs1">Heritage, Canadian (October 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html">"Styles of address"</a>. <i>aem</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aem&rft.atitle=Styles+of+address&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft.aulast=Heritage&rft.aufirst=Canadian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fprotocol-guidelines-special-event%2Fstyles-address.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/OurProcedure/ParliamentaryFramework/c_g_parliamentaryframework-e.htm">"The Canadian Parliamentary system - Our Procedure - House of Commons"</a>. <i>www.ourcommons.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcommons.ca&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Parliamentary+system+-+Our+Procedure+-+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2FAbout%2FOurProcedure%2FParliamentaryFramework%2Fc_g_parliamentaryframework-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure-book-livre/Document.aspx?sbdid=73CC891E-0676-4773-850B-CCDCB472AD8C&sbpid=BE842475-5632-4969-835B-FC015CE50169&Language=E&Mode=1">"House of Commons Procedure and Practice - 1. Parliamentary Institutions - Canadian Parliamentary Institutions"</a>. <i>www.ourcommons.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcommons.ca&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Procedure+and+Practice+-+1.+Parliamentary+Institutions+-+Canadian+Parliamentary+Institutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcommons.ca%2Fprocedure-book-livre%2FDocument.aspx%3Fsbdid%3D73CC891E-0676-4773-850B-CCDCB472AD8C%26sbpid%3DBE842475-5632-4969-835B-FC015CE50169%26Language%3DE%26Mode%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-salary-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salary_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salary_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salary_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salary_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParliament_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Parliament of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries">"Indemnities, Salaries, and Allowances"</a>. Library of Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indemnities%2C+Salaries%2C+and+Allowances&rft.pub=Library+of+Parliament&rft.au=Parliament+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FParlInfo%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FPeople%2FSalaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2007" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/233"><i>Canadian Democracy: An Introduction</i></a> (5 ed.). Don Mills: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/233">233–234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-543103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-543103-2"><bdi>978-0-19-543103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Democracy%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Don+Mills&rft.pages=233-234&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-543103-2&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadiandemocrac0006broo%2Fpage%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/privy-council-office">"Privy Council Office | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Privy+Council+Office+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fprivy-council-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/primeMinisters">"Prime Ministers of Canada"</a>. <i>Library of the Canadian Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+the+Canadian+Parliament&rft.atitle=Prime+Ministers+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FParlInfo%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FPeople%2FprimeMinisters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227162006/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=canada&sub=constitution&doc=constitution-eng.htm">"Intergovernmental Affairs > About Canada > The Canadian Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Printer_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Printer for Canada">Queen's Printer for Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=canada&sub=constitution&doc=constitution-eng.htm">the original</a> on February 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+Affairs+%3E+About+Canada+%3E+The+Canadian+Constitution&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Privy+Council+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Faia%2Findex.asp%3Flang%3Deng%26page%3Dcanada%26sub%3Dconstitution%26doc%3Dconstitution-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-13.html#h-53"><i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>, ss. 35.1, 49.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHis_Majesty_the_King1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">His Majesty the King</a> (1947). "I". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/LettersPatent.html"><i>Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada</i></a>. Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada (published October 1, 1947)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I&rft.btitle=Letters+Patent+Constituting+the+Office+of+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=King%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=1947&rft.au=His+Majesty+the+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solon.org%2FConstitutions%2FCanada%2FEnglish%2FLettersPatent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCyr2017" class="citation cs2">Cyr, Hugo (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf"><i>The Crown in the 21st Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, On the Formation of Government, vol. 22, Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies, p. 105<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.series=On+the+Formation+of+Government&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Centre+for+Constitutional+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cyr&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionalstudies.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F05%2F22.1-Full-Issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/survey-suggests-canadians-ignorant-of-government-system-1.751002"><i>Survey suggests Canadians ignorant of government system</i></a>, CBC News, December 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+suggests+Canadians+ignorant+of+government+system&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsurvey-suggests-canadians-ignorant-of-government-system-1.751002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GG-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GG_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Governor General of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080616012920/http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp">"Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing-In of a New Ministry"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp">the original</a> on June 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+%3E+Fact+Sheets+%3E+The+Swearing-In+of+a+New+Ministry&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Office+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fmedia%2Ffs-fd%2FP1_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPothen2009" class="citation cs2">Pothen, Phil (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oba.org/En/ccl_en/newsletter_en/v13n1.aspx#Article_3"><i>Disinformation as a Back Door to 'Constitutional Revolution' in Canada</i></a>, Toronto: Ontario Bar Association<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disinformation+as+a+Back+Door+to+%27Constitutional+Revolution%27+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Ontario+Bar+Association&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pothen&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oba.org%2FEn%2Fccl_en%2Fnewsletter_en%2Fv13n1.aspx%23Article_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFForsey2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Forsey, Eugene</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf"><i>How Canadians Govern Themselves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, pp. 3–4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-39689-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-662-39689-8"><bdi>0-662-39689-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Govern+Themselves&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-662-39689-8&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FSites%2FLOP%2FAboutParliament%2FForsey%2FPDFs%2FHow_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Brooks235-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks235_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks235_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2007">Brooks 2007</a>, p. 235</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2019" class="citation web cs1">Bryden, Joan (October 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6054421/experts-scheer-claims-forming-government/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Complete nonsense': Experts dispute Scheer's claims about forming government"</a>. <i>globalnews.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021114342/https://globalnews.ca/news/6054421/experts-scheer-claims-forming-government/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalnews.ca&rft.atitle=%27Complete+nonsense%27%3A+Experts+dispute+Scheer%27s+claims+about+forming+government&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F6054421%2Fexperts-scheer-claims-forming-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFForsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Forsey, Eugene (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/chapter_6-e.html#6_5">"How Canadians Govern Themselves > The Prime Minister"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Govern+Themselves+%3E+The+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fabout%2Fparliament%2Fsenatoreugeneforsey%2Fbook%2Fchapter_6-e.html%236_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Forsey38-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsey38_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsey38_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsey2005">Forsey 2005</a>, p. 38</span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2018" class="citation web cs1">Grenier, Éric (July 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-singh-byelection-1.4742487">"NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh won't have a free pass if he runs in a byelection"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=NDP+Leader+Jagmeet+Singh+won%27t+have+a+free+pass+if+he+runs+in+a+byelection&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgrenier-singh-byelection-1.4742487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Forsey5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsey5_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsey5_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsey2005">Forsey 2005</a>, p. 5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBranch" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-2.01/index.html">"Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Elections Act"</a>. <i>laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+Canada%2C+Canada+Elections+Act&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FE-2.01%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IR2008-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IR2008_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216053714/http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf"><i>In the Wake of Constitutional Crisis: New Survey Demonstrates that Canadians Lack Basic Understanding of Our Country's Parliamentary System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Toronto: Ipsos Reid, December 15, 2008, p. 1, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+Constitutional+Crisis%3A+New+Survey+Demonstrates+that+Canadians+Lack+Basic+Understanding+of+Our+Country%27s+Parliamentary+System&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ipsos+Reid&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominion.ca%2FDominionInstituteDecember15Factum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_and_Archives_Canada" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-2013-e.html">"First Among Equals: The Prime Minister in Canadian Life and Politics > Alone at the Top > Head of State"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Among+Equals%3A+The+Prime+Minister+in+Canadian+Life+and+Politics+%3E+Alone+at+the+Top+%3E+Head+of+State&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fprimeministers%2Fh4-2013-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2007">Brooks 2007</a>, pp. 233–235</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Macleans-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macleans_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macleans_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes2009" class="citation news cs1">Geddes, John (January 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2010/01/25/the-people-speak/">"Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt?"</a>. <i>Maclean's</i>. Toronto: Kenneth Whyte. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-9262">0024-9262</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Will+the+prorogation+of+Parliament+set+off+a+populist+revolt%3F&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft.issn=0024-9262&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2F2010%2F01%2F25%2Fthe-people-speak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Simpson, Jeffrey</a> (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp/page/248"><i>The Friendly Dictatorship</i></a></span>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp/page/248">248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8079-1"><bdi>978-0-7710-8079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friendly+Dictatorship&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8079-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriendlydictator0000simp%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2015" class="citation news cs1">Coyne, Andrew (June 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/andrew-coyne-liberals-idea-for-gender-quota-in-cabinet-leaves-out-the-principle-of-merit">"Liberals' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit"</a>. <i>National Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Liberals%27+idea+for+gender+quota+in+Cabinet+leaves+out+the+principle+of+merit&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Ffull-comment%2Fandrew-coyne-liberals-idea-for-gender-quota-in-cabinet-leaves-out-the-principle-of-merit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks2007">Brooks 2007</a>, p. 258</span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSavoie1999" class="citation book cs1">Savoie, Donald (1999). <i>Governing from the Centre: The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8252-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-8252-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+from+the+Centre%3A+The+Concentration+of+Power+in+Canadian+Politics&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8252-7&rft.aulast=Savoie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PTrudeauArms-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PTrudeauArms_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PTrudeauArms_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515194632/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/trudeau.htm">"Trudeau, Rt. Hon. Pierre Elliot"</a>. Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/t/trudeau.htm">the original</a> on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trudeau%2C+Rt.+Hon.+Pierre+Elliot&rft.pub=Royal+Heraldry+Society+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldry.ca%2Farms%2Ft%2Ftrudeau.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFreshfield1913" class="citation journal cs1">Freshfield, A. C. Haddon (May 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449288">"The Distribution of Human and Animal Life in Western Arctic America"</a>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <b>41</b> (5): 459–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1778163">10.2307/1778163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1778163">1778163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Human+and+Animal+Life+in+Western+Arctic+America&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=459-460&rft.date=1913-05&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1778163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1778163&rft.aulast=Freshfield&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+Haddon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592993/SIr-John-Thompson">"Sir John Sparrow David Thompson"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Sparrow+David+Thompson&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F592993%2FSIr-John-Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_and_Archives_Canada2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a> (June 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-4000-e.html">"Politics and Government > Sir John A. Macdonald > The Opponents"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Government+%3E+Sir+John+A.+Macdonald+%3E+The+Opponents&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft.au=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fsir-john-a-macdonald%2F023013-4000-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Scotland" class="citation web cs1">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-202-908-C">"John Alexander MacDonald"</a>. Queen's Printer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Alexander+MacDonald&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.au=Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scran.ac.uk%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fusi%3D000-000-202-908-C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Waite, P.B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bennett_richard_bedford_17E.html">"Bennett, Richard Bedford, 1st Viscount Bennett"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XVII (1941–1950) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bennett%2C+Richard+Bedford%2C+1st+Viscount+Bennett&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fbennett_richard_bedford_17E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNeatby2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/H._Blair_Neatby" title="H. Blair Neatby">Neatby, H. Blair</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/king_william_lyon_mackenzie_17E.html">"King, William Lyon Mackenzie"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XVII (1941–1950) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King%2C+William+Lyon+Mackenzie&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Neatby&rft.aufirst=H.+Blair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fking_william_lyon_mackenzie_17E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dief-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dief_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dief_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, Dennis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/diefenbaker_john_george_20E.html">"Diefenbaker, John George"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diefenbaker%2C+John+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fdiefenbaker_john_george_20E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBélanger1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bélanger, Réal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/laurier_wilfrid_14E.html">"Laurier, Sir Wilfrid"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laurier%2C+Sir+Wilfrid&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Flaurier_wilfrid_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tupper-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tupper_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tupper_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Buckner, Phillip (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html">"Tupper, Sir Charles"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tupper%2C+Sir+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ftupper_charles_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-StLaurent-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StLaurent_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bothwell, Robert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/st_laurent_louis_stephen_20E.html">"St. Laurent, Louis"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Laurent%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fst_laurent_louis_stephen_20E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Meighen-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meighen_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGlassford2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Glassford, Larry A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/meighen_arthur_18E.html">"Meighen, Arthur"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XVIII (1951–1960) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meighen%2C+Arthur&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Glassford&rft.aufirst=Larry+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmeighen_arthur_18E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">English, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pearson_lester_bowles_20E.html">"Pearson, Lester Bowles"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pearson%2C+Lester+Bowles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fpearson_lester_bowles_20E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">English, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/trudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html">"Trudeau, Pierre Elliott"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XXII (1991–2000) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trudeau%2C+Pierre+Elliott&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ftrudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of books about prime ministers of Canada">List of books about prime ministers of Canada</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie2018" class="citation book cs1">Brodie, I. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNZDwAAQBAJ"><i>At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5378-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-5378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Centre+of+Government%3A+The+Prime+Minister+and+the+Limits+on+Political+Power&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-5378-1&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NNZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCoucill2005" class="citation book cs1">Coucill, I. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC"><i>Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation</i></a>. Pembroke Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-185-5"><bdi>978-1-55138-185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers%2C+Governors+General+and+Fathers+of+Confederation&rft.pub=Pembroke+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55138-185-5&rft.aulast=Coucill&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlFJPQHUY5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDutil2017" class="citation book cs1">Dutil, P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden</i></a>. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3476-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-3476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Ministerial+Power+in+Canada%3A+Its+Origins+under+Macdonald%2C+Laurier%2C+and+Borden&rft.series=The+C.D.+Howe+Series+in+Canadian+Political+History&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3476-6&rft.aulast=Dutil&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1994" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, G. (1994). <i>The Prime Ministers of Canada</i>. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-25454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-25454-0"><bdi>978-0-385-25454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+Ministers+of+Canada&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-385-25454-0&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishDutil2023" class="citation book cs1">English, J.R.; Dutil, P. (2023). <i>Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy</i>. The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series. University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6855-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-6855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statesmen%2C+Strategists+and+Diplomats%3A+Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers+and+the+Making+of+Foreign+Policy&rft.series=The+C.+D.+Howe+Series+in+Canadian+Political+History+Series&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6855-6&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Dutil%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchlee2018" class="citation book cs1">Schlee, Gary (2018). <i>Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers</i>. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Shorelawn Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7753780-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7753780-0-6"><bdi>978-1-7753780-0-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1108336247">1108336247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unknown+and+unforgettable+%3A+a+guide+to+Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Shorelawn+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1108336247&rft.isbn=978-1-7753780-0-6&rft.aulast=Schlee&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2018" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, J.D.M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Being Prime Minister</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3849-2"><bdi>978-1-4597-3849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-3849-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=J.D.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5MwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prime ministers of Canada"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Prime ministers of Canada</span></a>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/">Official government Web site of the Office of the Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/pmocpm">Prime Minister of Canada</a> on YouTube</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901031658/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/pm/index.asp?lang=E">Library of Parliament of Canada</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2011/06/10/canadas-best-prime-ministers">Canada's Best Prime Ministers</a>: 2011 <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i> article</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a></div><small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></b></i></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Prime Minister of Canada<br /><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </b>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></div><small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a></b></i></small>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Canada_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime ministers of Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Office</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Agri-Food" title="Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food">Agriculture and Agri-Food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Minister_of_Health" title="Associate Minister of Health">Associate Minister of Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Minister_of_National_Defence" title="Associate Minister of National Defence">Associate Minister of National Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Canadian Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Citizens%27_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Citizens' Services (page does not exist)">Citizens' Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations" title="Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations">Crown–Indigenous Relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Diversity,_Inclusion_and_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities">Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Emergency_Preparedness" title="Minister of Emergency Preparedness">Emergency Preparedness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment,_Workforce_Development_and_Official_Languages" title="Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Official Languages">Employment, Workforce Development and Official Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="Minister of Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">Environment and Climate Change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Export_Promotion,_International_Trade_and_Economic_Development" title="Minister of Export Promotion, International Trade and Economic Development">Export Promotion, International Trade and Economic Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Families,_Children_and_Social_Development" title="Minister of Families, Children and Social Development">Families, Children and Social Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Development_Agency_(Canada)#Federal_Economic_Development_Agency_for_Southern_Ontario" title="Regional Development Agency (Canada)">Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Finance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Fisheries,_Oceans_and_the_Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard">Fisheries, Oceans, and the Canadian Coast Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Foreign Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)">Government House Leader</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Health (Canada)">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Housing,_Infrastructure_and_Communities" title="Minister of Housing, Infrastructure and Communities">Housing, Infrastructure and Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Indigenous_Services" title="Minister of Indigenous Services">Indigenous Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship" title="Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship">Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Innovation,_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry">Innovation, Science and Industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Development_(Canada)" title="Minister of International Development (Canada)">International Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)" title="Minister of Labour (Canada)">Labour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health_and_Addictions" title="Minister of Mental Health and Addictions">Mental Health and Addictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">National Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue" title="Minister of National Revenue">National Revenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Northern_Affairs" title="Minister of Northern Affairs">Northern Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Privy Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Safety,_Democratic_Institutions_and_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Minister of Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs">Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Services_and_Procurement" title="Minister of Public Services and Procurement">Public Services and Procurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Rural_Economic_Development" title="Minister of Rural Economic Development">Rural Economic Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Seniors" title="Minister of Seniors">Seniors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Small_Business_(Canada)" title="Minister of Small Business (Canada)">Small Business</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Sport_and_Physical_Activity" title="Minister of Sport and Physical Activity">Sport and Physical Activity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Tourism_(Canada)" title="Minister of Tourism (Canada)">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Treasury_Board" title="President of the Treasury Board">Treasury Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Veterans_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)">Veterans Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_and_Gender_Equality_and_Youth" title="Minister for Women and Gender Equality and Youth">Women and Gender Equality and Youth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Pre-colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Quebec" title="Racism in Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">style</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Canada" title="Intersex rights in Canada">Intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBT rights in Canada">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Demography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_online_media" title="Canadian online media">Online media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Dominica" title="List of presidents of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belize" title="List of prime ministers of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Grenada" title="List of heads of government of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Lucia" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers" title="Template:Prime ministers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers" title="Template talk:Prime ministers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime ministers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime ministers<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Aruba" title="Prime Minister of Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Bermuda" title="List of premiers of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi" title="Prime Minister of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo">Congo (Republic)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo (Democratic Republic)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Prime Minister of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Prime Minister of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Gabon" title="Prime Minister of Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greenland" title="Prime Minister of Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Guinea" title="List of prime ministers of Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guyana" title="Prime Minister of Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Lesotho" title="List of prime ministers of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Madagascar" title="Prime Minister of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mauritius" title="Prime Minister of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Namibia" title="Prime Minister of Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Niue" title="Premier of Niue">Niue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Prime Minister of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" title="Prime Minister of Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="List of prime ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Principe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Prime Minister of Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Prime Minister of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Prime Minister of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tanzania" title="Prime Minister of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tonga" title="Prime Minister of Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tuvalu" title="Prime Minister of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda" title="Prime Minister of Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu" title="Prime Minister of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Western Sahara</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Angola" title="Prime Minister of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ghana" title="Prime Minister of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Prime Minister of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malawi" title="Prime Minister of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Maldives" title="Prime Minister of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Seychelles" title="Prime Minister of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkmenistan" title="Prime Minister of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zambia" title="Prime Minister of Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839078#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246941382">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4399414-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prime Minister of Canada"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/series/69b4975d-71dd-441a-b7c8-73de4082940d">MusicBrainz series</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |