Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|Federal government of Australia}}
{{About|the federal government of Australia|the political structure of Australia|Politics of Australia|the second level of government|States and territories of Australia|the third level|Local government in Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{ Infobox executive government
| border = federal
| nativename = Government of the Commonwealth of Australia
| image = Australian Government - Logo.svg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = The monochrome [[logo]] and [[wordmark]] of the Australian Government, based on the coat of arms of Australia
| caption = The monochrome [[logo]] and [[wordmark]] of the Australian Government, based on the [[coat of arms of Australia]]
| date_established = {{Start date and age|1901|01|01|df=yes}}
| country = [[Australia]]
| leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]:
[[Anthony Albanese]]
| appointed = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]: [[David Hurley]]
| main_organ = {{Plainlist|
* [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] (''[[de jure]]'')
* [[Cabinet of Australia]] (''[[de facto]]'')
}}
| ministries = [[List of Australian Government entities|16 government departments]]
| responsible = [[Parliament of Australia]]
| budget = $644.8 billion (2022–23)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Government |date=May 2023 |title=Budget 2023-24: Stronger foundations for a better future |url=https://budget.gov.au/content/overview/download/budget_overview-20230511.pdf |page=66 |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212424/https://budget.gov.au/content/overview/download/budget_overview-20230511.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| address = Canberra
| url = https://www.directory.gov.au
}}
{{Politics of Australia sidebar}}
The '''Australian Government''', also known as the '''Commonwealth Government''', is the [[Federation#Federal governments|national government]] of [[Australia]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]. The government consists of the parliamentary members of the party or coalition that currently has the support of a majority of members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and in some contexts also includes the departments and other [[Executive (government)|executive bodies]] ministers oversee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Government |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115011547/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Albanese government|current government]] consists of [[Anthony Albanese]] and other [[Australian Labor Party]] parliamentarians, in place since the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]].
The [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] is the [[head of the government]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Prime Minister |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026065221/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They are formally appointed to the role by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] (the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]]'s representative), however their decision is normally limited to selecting the [[parliamentary leader]] who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230312093248/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230227233931/https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref> By convention, the prime minister must also be a member of the House.<ref name=":2" />
Other key members of the government include cabinet ministers (who head government departments), junior ministers, parliamentary secretaries and government [[backbencher]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The prime minister and cabinet ministers form the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]], the key decision-making organ of the government that forms policy and decides the agenda of the government.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130413/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government can exercise both [[legislative power]] (through their control of the Parliament) and [[executive power]] (as ministers). However, in accordance with [[responsible government]], this also requires the actions of the government in its executive capacity to be subject to scrutiny from non-government members of the Parliament.<ref name=":6" />
The government is based in the nation's capital, [[Canberra]], in the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. The head offices of all [[Australian Government#Departments|sixteen federal departments]] lie in Canberra, along with [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] and the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200526201310/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/181094/20200527-0017/www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory.html |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date= |website=Study Australia |publisher=[[Australian Trade and Investment Commission]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200415223930/https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |archive-date=2020-04-15 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=High Court of Australia |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government must act in accordance with law and the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]].
In exercising executive power, government ministers formally exercise power on behalf of the [[King of Australia]], in which the executive power is vested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministers and shadow ministers |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083041/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|61}}</ref>
== Name ==
The name of the government in the [[Constitution of Australia]] is the "Government of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia}} s 4</ref> This and terms such as "Commonwealth Government" were used by the government itself until the [[Whitlam government]] implemented a policy of using the term "Government of Australia" as a means of blurring the distinctions between state and Commonwealth governments in an attempt to increase federal power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/chameleoncrownqu0000twom |title=The Chameleon Crown |publisher=Federation Press |year=2006 |location=Sydney |page=113 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1974 |title=The term "Australian Government" |url=https://anzlaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/I75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40/View/FullText.htm |journal=[[Australian Law Journal]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Westlaw}}</ref>
In other contexts, the term "government" refers to [[Politics of Australia|all public agencies that exercise the power of the State]], whether legislative, executive or judicial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quick |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft/page/699/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth |last2=Garran |first2=Robert |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1901 |location=Sydney |page=699 |language=en |author-link=John Quick (politician) |author-link2=Robert Garran |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
==Executive power==
The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch.
Unlike the other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, Cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes [[public servants]], police, government departments and independent [[Statutory body#Australia|statutory bodies]] who directly implement policy and laws.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Appleby |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-09-14 |title=Explainer: what is executive government and what does it have to do with the Voice to Parliament? |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=UNSW Newsroom |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042412/https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Executive power]] is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by [[John Locke]] as all government power not [[Legislative power|legislative]] or [[Judicial power|judicial]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameroon |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |publisher=ANU Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781760461553 |location=Canberra |page=10 |doi=10.22459/CS.11.2017 |jstor=j.ctt1zgwk12.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for [[Delegated legislation|statutory instruments]] and [[Henry VIII clauses]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Inappropriate Delegation of Legislative Power |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Parliament of Australia |isbn=978-0-642-71951-5 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062252/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greentree |first=Catherine Dale |date=2020 |title=The Commonwealth Executive Power: Historical Constitutional Origins and the Future of the Prerogative |url=https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.53637/GJLF5868 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118072054/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the Constitution (primarily under [[Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia|section 51]]). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the [[royal prerogative]], such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from [[Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia|section 61 of the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=Peta |date=2018 |title=Nationhood and Section 61 of the Constitution |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |journal=University of Western Australia Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |via=[[Austlii]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101112/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These were defined by [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] Justice [[Anthony Mason (judge)|Anthony Mason]], as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation".<ref>{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Victoria v Commonwealth|source=HCA|num=52|year=1975|pinpoint=para 19 of Mason J's opinion|parallelcite=(1975) 134 CLR 338}}</ref> They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households [[Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|during a financial crisis]]<ref>{{cite AustLII|litigants=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|link=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation |year=2009|court=HCA|num=23|parallelcite=(2009) 238 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1}}</ref> and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" [[Ruddock v Vadarlis|from entering the country]].<ref>{{Cite AustLII|FCA|1329|2001|litigants=Ruddock v Vadarlis|link=Ruddock v Vadarlis|date=18 September 2001|courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court (Full Court)]] (Australia)|parallelcite=(2001) 110 FCR 491}}</ref>
There are times when the government acts in a [[Caretaker government of Australia|caretaker capacity]], principally in the period before and immediately following a general election.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Caretaker Conventions in Australia |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |journal=Australian Prime Ministers Centre: Prime Minister Facts |publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] |issue=63 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104939/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
===The role of the King and the governor-general===
{{main|Monarchy of Australia|Governor-General of Australia}}
The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Parliament of Australia |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111623/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |url-status=live }}</ref> belonging (according to the [[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot]] formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut00bage/page/72 |title=The English constitution: and Other Political Essays |publisher=Appleton & Company |year=1895 |location=New York |language=en |ol=24399357M |author-link=Walter Bagehot |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia |publisher=Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters) |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |pages=283–6}}</ref> While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|62}}</ref> (but since the appointing of [[Sir Isaac Isaacs|Sir Isaacs Isaacs]] in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?la=en&hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |publisher=Department of the House of Representatives |isbn=978-1-74366-654-8 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=B. C. |edition=7th |location=Canberra, Australia |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Governor-General |editor-last2=Fowler |editor-first2=P. E. |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About%20Parliament/House%20of%20Representatives/Powers%20practice%20and%20procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter1/7chap01_2_3.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051505/https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C&la=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia|64}}</ref> As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in Cabinet, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is presided over by the governor-general.
Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require [[royal assent]] before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution}} s 1; {{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|58}}</ref>
However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers, the King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref> Reserve powers are rarely exercised, with the most notable example of their use occurring in [[the Dismissal]] of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|Sir John Kerr]] dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are reserve powers? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Powers and the Whitlam dismissal |url=https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220318123154/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rule of Law Education Centre |language=en-AU}}</ref> The validity of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested.
===Executive council===
{{main|Federal Executive Council (Australia)}}
The Federal Executive Council is a formal body that exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet and to carry out various other functions. All ministers are members of the council and are entitled to be styled ''[[The Honourable]]'', a style which they retain for life. The [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]] presides at the meeting of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Executive Council Handbook 2021 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230303084148/https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator [[Katy Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Katy Gallagher, ACT |url=https://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230311033920/http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=OpenAustralia.org |publisher=[[OpenAustralia Foundation]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Cabinet===
{{main|Cabinet of Australia}}
The Cabinet of Australia is the de facto highest executive body of the government. It consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the Cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a [[cabinet reshuffle]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Cabinet |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312021339/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also several junior ministers, called ''Parliamentary Secretaries'', responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= York |first=Barry |date=2015-09-24 |title=The Cabinet |url=https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626063125/https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] at Old Parliament House |language=en |url-status=deviated }}</ref>
The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is it that the Prime Minister and Cabinet are not mentioned in the Australian Constitution? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626070043/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Federal Executive Council |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230627030548/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref>
Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the [[front bench]]. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Whitlam government]].<ref name=":4" />
The prime minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<ref name=":3" />
When [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Australian Labor Party Caucus|Caucus]], and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Ministry |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230428104209/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the [[2007 Australian general election|2007 general election]], the then Leader of the Opposition, [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Worsley |first=Ben |date=11 September 2007 |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071015011332/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/76826/20071014-2203/www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.html |archive-date=2007-10-15}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2007 |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120653/http://www.abc.net.au:80/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |archive-date=2007-11-23}}</ref> There are [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in [[1 Bligh Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Commonwealth Parliament Offices (CPOs) |url=https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626051933/https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-date=26 June 2023 |website=Ministerial and Parliamentary Services |access-date=5 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Departments===
{{see also|List of Australian Government entities}}
{{As of|2023|11|27}}, there are 16 departments of the Australian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Administrative Arrangements Order |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByRegDate/AdministrativeArrangementsOrders/InForce |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122024016/https://legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByRegDate/AdministrativeArrangementsOrders/InForce |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)|Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]]
* [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]]
* [[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]
* [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]]
* [[Department of Education (Australia)|Department of Education]]
* [[Department of Employment and Workplace Relations]]
* [[Department of Finance (Australia)|Department of Finance]]
* [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]
* [[Department of Health and Aged Care]]
* [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Department of Home Affairs]]
* [[Department of Industry, Science and Resources]]
* [[Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts]]
* [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]]
* [[Department of Social Services (Australia)|Department of Social Services]]
* [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]]
* [[Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)|Department of Veterans' Affairs]]
Additionally, there are four departments which support the [[Parliament of Australia]]:<ref name="parldepts">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Departments|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210605134005/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|archive-date=2021-06-05|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Parliament of Australia]]|publisher=Parliament of Australia|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Department of Parliamentary Services]]
* [[Australian House of Representatives|Department of the House of Representatives]]
* [[Department of the Senate]]
* [[Parliamentary Budget Office]]
==Publicly owned entities==
===Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament===
The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament:
* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 '[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183323/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00300|date=20 April 2021}}'</ref>)
* [[Clean Energy Finance Corporation]] (''Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012'[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00265] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130242/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00265|date=26 July 2020}}'</ref>)
* [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (''Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 '[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00736] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183304/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00736|date=20 April 2021}}'</ref>)
===Government Business Enterprises===
{{As of|2021|3}}, the following Corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) by section 5(1) of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (PGPA) Rule:<ref name="gbe">{{cite web|title=Government Business Enterprises {{!}} Department of Finance|url=https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210121030124/https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises|archive-date=2021-01-21|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Australian Government|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2021 |others=Gordon, Josh |title=Paul Fletcher says NBN Co was free to award $77.5m in bonuses under the rules covering government-owned businesses. Is he correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-23/fact-check-nbn-co-bonuses-paul-fletcher/100020864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210519235307/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/121044/20210520-0000/www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-23/fact-check-nbn-co-bonuses-paul-fletcher/100020864.html |archive-date=2021-05-19 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Australia Post]]
* [[Defence Housing Australia]]
The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5(2) of the PGPA Rule:<ref name="gbe"/>
* [[ASC Pty Ltd|Australian Submarine Corporation]] (ASC)
* Australian Naval Infrastructure
* [[Australian Rail Track Corporation]], which manages the [[Inland Rail]] project
* [[Moorebank Intermodal Terminal]]
* [[NBN Co]]
* [[Snowy Hydro Limited|Snowy Hydro]]
* [[Western Sydney Airport]]
===Other public non-financial corporations===
* [[Airservices Australia]]
==See also==
* [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
* [[Australian Public Service]]
* [[Referendums in Australia]]
* [[States and territories of Australia]]
* [[Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia]]
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=government of Australia}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Australian Government
|list =
{{Australia topic|title=Government of Australia|prefix=Government of}}
{{Governments of Australia}}
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{{Australian Government Departments}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Government}}
[[Category:Government of Australia| ]]
[[Category:Westminster system governments|Australia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,163 +1,2 @@
{{Short description|Federal government of Australia}}
{{About|the federal government of Australia|the political structure of Australia|Politics of Australia|the second level of government|States and territories of Australia|the third level|Local government in Australia}}
-{{Use Australian English|date=May 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
-{{ Infobox executive government
- | border = federal
- | nativename = Government of the Commonwealth of Australia
- | image = Australian Government - Logo.svg
- | image_size = 250px
- | alt = The monochrome [[logo]] and [[wordmark]] of the Australian Government, based on the coat of arms of Australia
- | caption = The monochrome [[logo]] and [[wordmark]] of the Australian Government, based on the [[coat of arms of Australia]]
- | date_established = {{Start date and age|1901|01|01|df=yes}}
- | country = [[Australia]]
- | leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]:
-[[Anthony Albanese]]
- | appointed = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]: [[David Hurley]]
- | main_organ = {{Plainlist|
-* [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] (''[[de jure]]'')
-* [[Cabinet of Australia]] (''[[de facto]]'')
-}}
- | ministries = [[List of Australian Government entities|16 government departments]]
- | responsible = [[Parliament of Australia]]
- | budget = $644.8 billion (2022–23)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Government |date=May 2023 |title=Budget 2023-24: Stronger foundations for a better future |url=https://budget.gov.au/content/overview/download/budget_overview-20230511.pdf |page=66 |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212424/https://budget.gov.au/content/overview/download/budget_overview-20230511.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
- | address = Canberra
- | url = https://www.directory.gov.au
- }}
-{{Politics of Australia sidebar}}
-The '''Australian Government''', also known as the '''Commonwealth Government''', is the [[Federation#Federal governments|national government]] of [[Australia]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]. The government consists of the parliamentary members of the party or coalition that currently has the support of a majority of members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and in some contexts also includes the departments and other [[Executive (government)|executive bodies]] ministers oversee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Government |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115011547/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Albanese government|current government]] consists of [[Anthony Albanese]] and other [[Australian Labor Party]] parliamentarians, in place since the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]].
-
-The [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] is the [[head of the government]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Prime Minister |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026065221/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They are formally appointed to the role by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] (the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]]'s representative), however their decision is normally limited to selecting the [[parliamentary leader]] who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230312093248/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230227233931/https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref> By convention, the prime minister must also be a member of the House.<ref name=":2" />
-
-Other key members of the government include cabinet ministers (who head government departments), junior ministers, parliamentary secretaries and government [[backbencher]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The prime minister and cabinet ministers form the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]], the key decision-making organ of the government that forms policy and decides the agenda of the government.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130413/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government can exercise both [[legislative power]] (through their control of the Parliament) and [[executive power]] (as ministers). However, in accordance with [[responsible government]], this also requires the actions of the government in its executive capacity to be subject to scrutiny from non-government members of the Parliament.<ref name=":6" />
-
-The government is based in the nation's capital, [[Canberra]], in the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. The head offices of all [[Australian Government#Departments|sixteen federal departments]] lie in Canberra, along with [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] and the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200526201310/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/181094/20200527-0017/www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory.html |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date= |website=Study Australia |publisher=[[Australian Trade and Investment Commission]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200415223930/https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |archive-date=2020-04-15 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=High Court of Australia |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government must act in accordance with law and the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]].
-
-In exercising executive power, government ministers formally exercise power on behalf of the [[King of Australia]], in which the executive power is vested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministers and shadow ministers |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083041/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|61}}</ref>
-
-== Name ==
-The name of the government in the [[Constitution of Australia]] is the "Government of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia}} s 4</ref> This and terms such as "Commonwealth Government" were used by the government itself until the [[Whitlam government]] implemented a policy of using the term "Government of Australia" as a means of blurring the distinctions between state and Commonwealth governments in an attempt to increase federal power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/chameleoncrownqu0000twom |title=The Chameleon Crown |publisher=Federation Press |year=2006 |location=Sydney |page=113 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1974 |title=The term "Australian Government" |url=https://anzlaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/I75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40/View/FullText.htm |journal=[[Australian Law Journal]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Westlaw}}</ref>
-
-In other contexts, the term "government" refers to [[Politics of Australia|all public agencies that exercise the power of the State]], whether legislative, executive or judicial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quick |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft/page/699/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth |last2=Garran |first2=Robert |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1901 |location=Sydney |page=699 |language=en |author-link=John Quick (politician) |author-link2=Robert Garran |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
-
-==Executive power==
-The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch.
-
-Unlike the other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, Cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes [[public servants]], police, government departments and independent [[Statutory body#Australia|statutory bodies]] who directly implement policy and laws.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Appleby |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-09-14 |title=Explainer: what is executive government and what does it have to do with the Voice to Parliament? |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=UNSW Newsroom |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042412/https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-[[Executive power]] is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by [[John Locke]] as all government power not [[Legislative power|legislative]] or [[Judicial power|judicial]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameroon |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |publisher=ANU Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781760461553 |location=Canberra |page=10 |doi=10.22459/CS.11.2017 |jstor=j.ctt1zgwk12.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for [[Delegated legislation|statutory instruments]] and [[Henry VIII clauses]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Inappropriate Delegation of Legislative Power |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Parliament of Australia |isbn=978-0-642-71951-5 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062252/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greentree |first=Catherine Dale |date=2020 |title=The Commonwealth Executive Power: Historical Constitutional Origins and the Future of the Prerogative |url=https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.53637/GJLF5868 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118072054/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the Constitution (primarily under [[Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia|section 51]]). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the [[royal prerogative]], such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from [[Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia|section 61 of the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=Peta |date=2018 |title=Nationhood and Section 61 of the Constitution |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |journal=University of Western Australia Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |via=[[Austlii]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101112/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These were defined by [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] Justice [[Anthony Mason (judge)|Anthony Mason]], as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation".<ref>{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Victoria v Commonwealth|source=HCA|num=52|year=1975|pinpoint=para 19 of Mason J's opinion|parallelcite=(1975) 134 CLR 338}}</ref> They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households [[Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|during a financial crisis]]<ref>{{cite AustLII|litigants=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|link=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation |year=2009|court=HCA|num=23|parallelcite=(2009) 238 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1}}</ref> and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" [[Ruddock v Vadarlis|from entering the country]].<ref>{{Cite AustLII|FCA|1329|2001|litigants=Ruddock v Vadarlis|link=Ruddock v Vadarlis|date=18 September 2001|courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court (Full Court)]] (Australia)|parallelcite=(2001) 110 FCR 491}}</ref>
-
-There are times when the government acts in a [[Caretaker government of Australia|caretaker capacity]], principally in the period before and immediately following a general election.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Caretaker Conventions in Australia |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |journal=Australian Prime Ministers Centre: Prime Minister Facts |publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] |issue=63 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104939/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-===The role of the King and the governor-general===
-{{main|Monarchy of Australia|Governor-General of Australia}}
-
-The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Parliament of Australia |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111623/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |url-status=live }}</ref> belonging (according to the [[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot]] formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut00bage/page/72 |title=The English constitution: and Other Political Essays |publisher=Appleton & Company |year=1895 |location=New York |language=en |ol=24399357M |author-link=Walter Bagehot |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia |publisher=Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters) |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |pages=283–6}}</ref> While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|62}}</ref> (but since the appointing of [[Sir Isaac Isaacs|Sir Isaacs Isaacs]] in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?la=en&hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |publisher=Department of the House of Representatives |isbn=978-1-74366-654-8 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=B. C. |edition=7th |location=Canberra, Australia |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Governor-General |editor-last2=Fowler |editor-first2=P. E. |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About%20Parliament/House%20of%20Representatives/Powers%20practice%20and%20procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter1/7chap01_2_3.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051505/https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C&la=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia|64}}</ref> As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in Cabinet, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is presided over by the governor-general.
-
-Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require [[royal assent]] before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution}} s 1; {{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|58}}</ref>
-
-However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers, the King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref> Reserve powers are rarely exercised, with the most notable example of their use occurring in [[the Dismissal]] of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|Sir John Kerr]] dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are reserve powers? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Powers and the Whitlam dismissal |url=https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220318123154/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rule of Law Education Centre |language=en-AU}}</ref> The validity of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested.
-
-===Executive council===
-{{main|Federal Executive Council (Australia)}}
-The Federal Executive Council is a formal body that exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet and to carry out various other functions. All ministers are members of the council and are entitled to be styled ''[[The Honourable]]'', a style which they retain for life. The [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]] presides at the meeting of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Executive Council Handbook 2021 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230303084148/https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator [[Katy Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Katy Gallagher, ACT |url=https://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230311033920/http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=OpenAustralia.org |publisher=[[OpenAustralia Foundation]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-===Cabinet===
-{{main|Cabinet of Australia}}
-The Cabinet of Australia is the de facto highest executive body of the government. It consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the Cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a [[cabinet reshuffle]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Cabinet |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312021339/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also several junior ministers, called ''Parliamentary Secretaries'', responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= York |first=Barry |date=2015-09-24 |title=The Cabinet |url=https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626063125/https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] at Old Parliament House |language=en |url-status=deviated }}</ref>
-
-The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is it that the Prime Minister and Cabinet are not mentioned in the Australian Constitution? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626070043/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Federal Executive Council |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230627030548/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the [[front bench]]. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Whitlam government]].<ref name=":4" />
-
-The prime minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<ref name=":3" />
-
-When [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Australian Labor Party Caucus|Caucus]], and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Ministry |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230428104209/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the [[2007 Australian general election|2007 general election]], the then Leader of the Opposition, [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Worsley |first=Ben |date=11 September 2007 |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071015011332/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/76826/20071014-2203/www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.html |archive-date=2007-10-15}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
-
-The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2007 |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120653/http://www.abc.net.au:80/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |archive-date=2007-11-23}}</ref> There are [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in [[1 Bligh Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Commonwealth Parliament Offices (CPOs) |url=https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626051933/https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-date=26 June 2023 |website=Ministerial and Parliamentary Services |access-date=5 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-===Departments===
-{{see also|List of Australian Government entities}}
-
-{{As of|2023|11|27}}, there are 16 departments of the Australian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Administrative Arrangements Order |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByRegDate/AdministrativeArrangementsOrders/InForce |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122024016/https://legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByRegDate/AdministrativeArrangementsOrders/InForce |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-* [[Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)|Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]]
-* [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]]
-* [[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]
-* [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]]
-* [[Department of Education (Australia)|Department of Education]]
-* [[Department of Employment and Workplace Relations]]
-* [[Department of Finance (Australia)|Department of Finance]]
-* [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]
-* [[Department of Health and Aged Care]]
-* [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Department of Home Affairs]]
-* [[Department of Industry, Science and Resources]]
-* [[Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts]]
-* [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]]
-* [[Department of Social Services (Australia)|Department of Social Services]]
-* [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]]
-* [[Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)|Department of Veterans' Affairs]]
-
-Additionally, there are four departments which support the [[Parliament of Australia]]:<ref name="parldepts">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Departments|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210605134005/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|archive-date=2021-06-05|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Parliament of Australia]]|publisher=Parliament of Australia|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
-* [[Department of Parliamentary Services]]
-* [[Australian House of Representatives|Department of the House of Representatives]]
-* [[Department of the Senate]]
-* [[Parliamentary Budget Office]]
-
-==Publicly owned entities==
-
-===Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament===
-The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament:
-
-* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 '[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183323/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00300|date=20 April 2021}}'</ref>)
-* [[Clean Energy Finance Corporation]] (''Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012'[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00265] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130242/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00265|date=26 July 2020}}'</ref>)
-* [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (''Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 '[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00736] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183304/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00736|date=20 April 2021}}'</ref>)
-
-===Government Business Enterprises===
-{{As of|2021|3}}, the following Corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) by section 5(1) of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (PGPA) Rule:<ref name="gbe">{{cite web|title=Government Business Enterprises {{!}} Department of Finance|url=https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210121030124/https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises|archive-date=2021-01-21|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Australian Government|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2021 |others=Gordon, Josh |title=Paul Fletcher says NBN Co was free to award $77.5m in bonuses under the rules covering government-owned businesses. Is he correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-23/fact-check-nbn-co-bonuses-paul-fletcher/100020864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210519235307/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/121044/20210520-0000/www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-23/fact-check-nbn-co-bonuses-paul-fletcher/100020864.html |archive-date=2021-05-19 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
-
-* [[Australia Post]]
-* [[Defence Housing Australia]]
-
-The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5(2) of the PGPA Rule:<ref name="gbe"/>
-* [[ASC Pty Ltd|Australian Submarine Corporation]] (ASC)
-* Australian Naval Infrastructure
-* [[Australian Rail Track Corporation]], which manages the [[Inland Rail]] project
-* [[Moorebank Intermodal Terminal]]
-* [[NBN Co]]
-* [[Snowy Hydro Limited|Snowy Hydro]]
-* [[Western Sydney Airport]]
-
-===Other public non-financial corporations===
-* [[Airservices Australia]]
-
-==See also==
-* [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
-* [[Australian Public Service]]
-* [[Referendums in Australia]]
-* [[States and territories of Australia]]
-* [[Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia]]
-{{Notelist}}
-
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-
-==External links==
-{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=government of Australia}}
-
-{{Navboxes
-|title = Articles related to Australian Government
-|list =
-{{Australia topic|title=Government of Australia|prefix=Government of}}
-{{Governments of Australia}}
-{{Oceania topic|Government of|title=Governments of Oceania}}
-{{Australia topics}}
-{{Australian Government Departments}}
-}}
-
-{{Authority control}}
-
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Government}}
-[[Category:Government of Australia| ]]
-[[Category:Westminster system governments|Australia]]
' |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines ) | [
0 => '{{Use Australian English|date=May 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}',
1 => '{{ Infobox executive government',
2 => ' | border = federal',
3 => ' | nativename = Government of the Commonwealth of Australia',
4 => ' | image = Australian Government - Logo.svg',
5 => ' | image_size = 250px',
6 => ' | alt = The monochrome [[logo]] and [[wordmark]] of the Australian Government, based on the coat of arms of Australia',
7 => ' | caption = The monochrome [[logo]] and [[wordmark]] of the Australian Government, based on the [[coat of arms of Australia]]',
8 => ' | date_established = {{Start date and age|1901|01|01|df=yes}}',
9 => ' | country = [[Australia]]',
10 => ' | leader_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]:',
11 => '[[Anthony Albanese]]',
12 => ' | appointed = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]: [[David Hurley]]',
13 => ' | main_organ = {{Plainlist|',
14 => '* [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]] (''[[de jure]]'')',
15 => '* [[Cabinet of Australia]] (''[[de facto]]'')',
16 => '}}',
17 => ' | ministries = [[List of Australian Government entities|16 government departments]]',
18 => ' | responsible = [[Parliament of Australia]]',
19 => ' | budget = $644.8 billion (2022–23)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Government |date=May 2023 |title=Budget 2023-24: Stronger foundations for a better future |url=https://budget.gov.au/content/overview/download/budget_overview-20230511.pdf |page=66 |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028212424/https://budget.gov.au/content/overview/download/budget_overview-20230511.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>',
20 => ' | address = Canberra',
21 => ' | url = https://www.directory.gov.au',
22 => ' }}',
23 => '{{Politics of Australia sidebar}}',
24 => 'The '''Australian Government''', also known as the '''Commonwealth Government''', is the [[Federation#Federal governments|national government]] of [[Australia]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]. The government consists of the parliamentary members of the party or coalition that currently has the support of a majority of members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and in some contexts also includes the departments and other [[Executive (government)|executive bodies]] ministers oversee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Government |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115011547/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Albanese government|current government]] consists of [[Anthony Albanese]] and other [[Australian Labor Party]] parliamentarians, in place since the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]].',
25 => '',
26 => 'The [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] is the [[head of the government]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Prime Minister |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026065221/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They are formally appointed to the role by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] (the [[Monarchy of Australia|King]]'s representative), however their decision is normally limited to selecting the [[parliamentary leader]] who has the support of a majority of members in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the House of Representatives |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230312093248/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_of_Representatives |archive-date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-06-03 |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of the Governor-General |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20230227233931/https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/role-governor-general |archive-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref> By convention, the prime minister must also be a member of the House.<ref name=":2" />',
27 => '',
28 => 'Other key members of the government include cabinet ministers (who head government departments), junior ministers, parliamentary secretaries and government [[backbencher]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The prime minister and cabinet ministers form the [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]], the key decision-making organ of the government that forms policy and decides the agenda of the government.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126130413/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/government/cabinet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government can exercise both [[legislative power]] (through their control of the Parliament) and [[executive power]] (as ministers). However, in accordance with [[responsible government]], this also requires the actions of the government in its executive capacity to be subject to scrutiny from non-government members of the Parliament.<ref name=":6" />',
29 => '',
30 => 'The government is based in the nation's capital, [[Canberra]], in the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. The head offices of all [[Australian Government#Departments|sixteen federal departments]] lie in Canberra, along with [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] and the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200526201310/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/181094/20200527-0017/www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/Destinations/australian-capital-territory.html |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date= |website=Study Australia |publisher=[[Australian Trade and Investment Commission]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200415223930/https://www.hcourt.gov.au/contact/contact-us |archive-date=2020-04-15 |access-date=31 May 2020 |website=High Court of Australia |publisher=[[High Court of Australia]] |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government must act in accordance with law and the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]].',
31 => '',
32 => 'In exercising executive power, government ministers formally exercise power on behalf of the [[King of Australia]], in which the executive power is vested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministers and shadow ministers |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |website=Parliamentary Education Office |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083041/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/parliament-and-its-people/people-in-parliament/ministers-and-shadow-ministers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|61}}</ref>',
33 => '',
34 => '== Name ==',
35 => 'The name of the government in the [[Constitution of Australia]] is the "Government of the Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia}} s 4</ref> This and terms such as "Commonwealth Government" were used by the government itself until the [[Whitlam government]] implemented a policy of using the term "Government of Australia" as a means of blurring the distinctions between state and Commonwealth governments in an attempt to increase federal power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Anne |url=https://archive.org/details/chameleoncrownqu0000twom |title=The Chameleon Crown |publisher=Federation Press |year=2006 |location=Sydney |page=113 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1974 |title=The term "Australian Government" |url=https://anzlaw.thomsonreuters.com/Document/I75f19bd79c4b11ea89ea91c88091df40/View/FullText.htm |journal=[[Australian Law Journal]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Westlaw}}</ref>',
36 => '',
37 => 'In other contexts, the term "government" refers to [[Politics of Australia|all public agencies that exercise the power of the State]], whether legislative, executive or judicial.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quick |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft/page/699/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth |last2=Garran |first2=Robert |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1901 |location=Sydney |page=699 |language=en |author-link=John Quick (politician) |author-link2=Robert Garran |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>',
38 => '',
39 => '==Executive power==',
40 => 'The government's primary role, in its executive capacity, is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. However, laws are frequently drafted according to the interests of the executive branch as the government often also controls the legislative branch.',
41 => '',
42 => 'Unlike the other two branches of government, however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime minister, Cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes [[public servants]], police, government departments and independent [[Statutory body#Australia|statutory bodies]] who directly implement policy and laws.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/ |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Appleby |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-09-14 |title=Explainer: what is executive government and what does it have to do with the Voice to Parliament? |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=UNSW Newsroom |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042412/https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/explainer-what-executive-government-and-what-does-it-have-do-voice-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref>',
43 => '',
44 => '[[Executive power]] is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by [[John Locke]] as all government power not [[Legislative power|legislative]] or [[Judicial power|judicial]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameroon |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |publisher=ANU Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781760461553 |location=Canberra |page=10 |doi=10.22459/CS.11.2017 |jstor=j.ctt1zgwk12.6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice, however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide-ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. The executive can also be delegated legislative power through provisions allowing for [[Delegated legislation|statutory instruments]] and [[Henry VIII clauses]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Inappropriate Delegation of Legislative Power |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Parliament of Australia |isbn=978-0-642-71951-5 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062252/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Scrutiny_of_Bills/Completed_inquiries/work41/c05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately whether power is executive or legislative is determined on a case-by-case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greentree |first=Catherine Dale |date=2020 |title=The Commonwealth Executive Power: Historical Constitutional Origins and the Future of the Prerogative |url=https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.53637/GJLF5868 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118072054/https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/06-GREENTREE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>',
45 => '',
46 => 'As most executive power is granted by statute, the executive power of the government is similarly limited to those areas in which the Commonwealth is granted the power to legislate under the Constitution (primarily under [[Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia|section 51]]). They also retain certain powers traditionally part of the [[royal prerogative]], such as the power to declare war and enter into treaties. Finally, there exists certain "nationhood powers", implied from [[Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia|section 61 of the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=Peta |date=2018 |title=Nationhood and Section 61 of the Constitution |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |journal=University of Western Australia Law Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |via=[[Austlii]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101112/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2018/21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These were defined by [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] Justice [[Anthony Mason (judge)|Anthony Mason]], as powers "peculiarly adapted to the government of a nation and which cannot otherwise be carried on for the benefit of the nation".<ref>{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Victoria v Commonwealth|source=HCA|num=52|year=1975|pinpoint=para 19 of Mason J's opinion|parallelcite=(1975) 134 CLR 338}}</ref> They have been found to include the power to provide financial stimulus payments to households [[Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|during a financial crisis]]<ref>{{cite AustLII|litigants=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation|link=Pape v Commissioner of Taxation |year=2009|court=HCA|num=23|parallelcite=(2009) 238 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1}}</ref> and the power to prevent "unlawful non-citizens" [[Ruddock v Vadarlis|from entering the country]].<ref>{{Cite AustLII|FCA|1329|2001|litigants=Ruddock v Vadarlis|link=Ruddock v Vadarlis|date=18 September 2001|courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court (Full Court)]] (Australia)|parallelcite=(2001) 110 FCR 491}}</ref>',
47 => '',
48 => 'There are times when the government acts in a [[Caretaker government of Australia|caretaker capacity]], principally in the period before and immediately following a general election.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Caretaker Conventions in Australia |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |journal=Australian Prime Ministers Centre: Prime Minister Facts |publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] |issue=63 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104939/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/63-Caretaker-role.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>',
49 => '',
50 => '===The role of the King and the governor-general===',
51 => '{{main|Monarchy of Australia|Governor-General of Australia}}',
52 => '',
53 => 'The King is not involved with the day-to-day operations of the government,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Parliament of Australia |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111623/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government |url-status=live }}</ref> belonging (according to the [[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot]] formulation) to the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |url=https://archive.org/details/englishconstitut00bage/page/72 |title=The English constitution: and Other Political Essays |publisher=Appleton & Company |year=1895 |location=New York |language=en |ol=24399357M |author-link=Walter Bagehot |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyke |first=John |title=Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia |publisher=Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters) |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-455-24415-0 |edition=2nd |location=Pyrmont, NSW |pages=283–6}}</ref> While the executive power of the Commonwealth is formally vested in the monarch, the Constitution requires those powers to be exercisable by a governor-general, appointed by the monarch as their representative<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|62}}</ref> (but since the appointing of [[Sir Isaac Isaacs|Sir Isaacs Isaacs]] in 1931, always appointed according to the advice of federal ministers, rather than British ministers).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?la=en&hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C |title=House of Representatives Practice |date=June 2018 |publisher=Department of the House of Representatives |isbn=978-1-74366-654-8 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=B. C. |edition=7th |location=Canberra, Australia |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Governor-General |editor-last2=Fowler |editor-first2=P. E. |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About%20Parliament/House%20of%20Representatives/Powers%20practice%20and%20procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter1/7chap01_2_3.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051505/https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/53_HoR/532_PPP/Practice7/combined.pdf?hash=17DE820A4B6D7F47EA296777BF6D2F2CBD609F7C&la=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the government do not exercise executive power of their own accord but are instead appointed by the governor-general as ministers, formally as the "Queen's [or King's] Ministers of State".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution of Australia|64}}</ref> As such, while government ministers make most major decisions in Cabinet, those decisions do not have legal force until approved by the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is presided over by the governor-general.',
54 => '',
55 => 'Similarly, laws passed by both houses of parliament require [[royal assent]] before being enacted, as the monarch is a constituent part of the Parliament.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution}} s 1; {{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Constitution|58}}</ref>',
56 => '',
57 => 'However, in all these cases, except for certain reserve powers, the King and the governor-general must follow the advice of the prime minister or other ministers in the exercise of his powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref> Reserve powers are rarely exercised, with the most notable example of their use occurring in [[the Dismissal]] of 1975. In that case, the Governor-General [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|Sir John Kerr]] dismissed the prime minister and government due to his conclusion that the government had failed to secure supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are reserve powers? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/ |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Powers and the Whitlam dismissal |url=https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220318123154/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/ |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Rule of Law Education Centre |language=en-AU}}</ref> The validity of the use of the powers during that event remain highly contested.',
58 => '',
59 => '===Executive council===',
60 => '{{main|Federal Executive Council (Australia)}}',
61 => 'The Federal Executive Council is a formal body that exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet and to carry out various other functions. All ministers are members of the council and are entitled to be styled ''[[The Honourable]]'', a style which they retain for life. The [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]] presides at the meeting of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Executive Council Handbook 2021 |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230303084148/https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/executive-council-handbook-2021.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Australia |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator [[Katy Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Katy Gallagher, ACT |url=https://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230311033920/http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senator/katy_gallagher/act |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=OpenAustralia.org |publisher=[[OpenAustralia Foundation]] |url-status=live }}</ref>',
62 => '',
63 => '===Cabinet===',
64 => '{{main|Cabinet of Australia}}',
65 => 'The Cabinet of Australia is the de facto highest executive body of the government. It consists of the prime minister and senior ministers and makes most of the important policy decisions of the government. Members of the Cabinet are selected by the prime minister and may be added or removed at any time, usually through a [[cabinet reshuffle]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Cabinet |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312021339/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Cabinet |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also several junior ministers, called ''Parliamentary Secretaries'', responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= York |first=Barry |date=2015-09-24 |title=The Cabinet |url=https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626063125/https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/the-cabinet/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] at Old Parliament House |language=en |url-status=deviated }}</ref>',
66 => '',
67 => 'The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is it that the Prime Minister and Cabinet are not mentioned in the Australian Constitution? |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626070043/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-is-it-that-the-prime-minister-and-cabinet-are-not-mentioned-in-the-australian-constitution/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Federal Executive Council |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230627030548/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/Federal_Executive_Council |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref>',
68 => '',
69 => 'Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the [[front bench]]. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Whitlam government]].<ref name=":4" />',
70 => '',
71 => 'The prime minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the prime minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<ref name=":3" />',
72 => '',
73 => 'When [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Australian Labor Party Caucus|Caucus]], and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor prime ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Ministry |work=House of Representatives Practice (7th edition) |date=June 2018 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230428104209/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter2/The_Ministry |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-05 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the [[2007 Australian general election|2007 general election]], the then Leader of the Opposition, [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Worsley |first=Ben |date=11 September 2007 |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071015011332/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/76826/20071014-2203/www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.html |archive-date=2007-10-15}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>',
74 => '',
75 => 'The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2007 |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120653/http://www.abc.net.au:80/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |archive-date=2007-11-23}}</ref> There are [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in [[1 Bligh Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Commonwealth Parliament Offices (CPOs) |url=https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-url=http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626051933/https://maps.finance.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament-offices-cpos |archive-date=26 June 2023 |website=Ministerial and Parliamentary Services |access-date=5 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>',
76 => '',
77 => '===Departments===',
78 => '{{see also|List of Australian Government entities}}',
79 => '',
80 => '{{As of|2023|11|27}}, there are 16 departments of the Australian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Administrative Arrangements Order |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByRegDate/AdministrativeArrangementsOrders/InForce |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122024016/https://legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByRegDate/AdministrativeArrangementsOrders/InForce |url-status=live }}</ref>',
81 => '',
82 => '* [[Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)|Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]]',
83 => '* [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]]',
84 => '* [[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]',
85 => '* [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]]',
86 => '* [[Department of Education (Australia)|Department of Education]]',
87 => '* [[Department of Employment and Workplace Relations]]',
88 => '* [[Department of Finance (Australia)|Department of Finance]]',
89 => '* [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]',
90 => '* [[Department of Health and Aged Care]]',
91 => '* [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Department of Home Affairs]]',
92 => '* [[Department of Industry, Science and Resources]]',
93 => '* [[Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts]]',
94 => '* [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]]',
95 => '* [[Department of Social Services (Australia)|Department of Social Services]]',
96 => '* [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]]',
97 => '* [[Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)|Department of Veterans' Affairs]]',
98 => '',
99 => 'Additionally, there are four departments which support the [[Parliament of Australia]]:<ref name="parldepts">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Departments|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210605134005/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments|archive-date=2021-06-05|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Parliament of Australia]]|publisher=Parliament of Australia|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>',
100 => '* [[Department of Parliamentary Services]]',
101 => '* [[Australian House of Representatives|Department of the House of Representatives]]',
102 => '* [[Department of the Senate]]',
103 => '* [[Parliamentary Budget Office]]',
104 => '',
105 => '==Publicly owned entities==',
106 => '',
107 => '===Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament===',
108 => 'The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament:',
109 => '',
110 => '* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 '[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183323/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00300|date=20 April 2021}}'</ref>)',
111 => '* [[Clean Energy Finance Corporation]] (''Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Clean Energy Finance Corporation Act 2012'[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00265] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130242/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00265|date=26 July 2020}}'</ref>)',
112 => '* [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (''Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991''<ref>Federal Register of Legislation – Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 '[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00736] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183304/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00736|date=20 April 2021}}'</ref>)',
113 => '',
114 => '===Government Business Enterprises===',
115 => '{{As of|2021|3}}, the following Corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) by section 5(1) of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (PGPA) Rule:<ref name="gbe">{{cite web|title=Government Business Enterprises {{!}} Department of Finance|url=https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210121030124/https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises|archive-date=2021-01-21|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Australian Government|via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2021 |others=Gordon, Josh |title=Paul Fletcher says NBN Co was free to award $77.5m in bonuses under the rules covering government-owned businesses. Is he correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-23/fact-check-nbn-co-bonuses-paul-fletcher/100020864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20210519235307/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/121044/20210520-0000/www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-23/fact-check-nbn-co-bonuses-paul-fletcher/100020864.html |archive-date=2021-05-19 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>',
116 => '',
117 => '* [[Australia Post]]',
118 => '* [[Defence Housing Australia]]',
119 => '',
120 => 'The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5(2) of the PGPA Rule:<ref name="gbe"/>',
121 => '* [[ASC Pty Ltd|Australian Submarine Corporation]] (ASC)',
122 => '* Australian Naval Infrastructure',
123 => '* [[Australian Rail Track Corporation]], which manages the [[Inland Rail]] project',
124 => '* [[Moorebank Intermodal Terminal]]',
125 => '* [[NBN Co]]',
126 => '* [[Snowy Hydro Limited|Snowy Hydro]]',
127 => '* [[Western Sydney Airport]]',
128 => '',
129 => '===Other public non-financial corporations===',
130 => '* [[Airservices Australia]]',
131 => '',
132 => '==See also==',
133 => '* [[Prime Minister of Australia]]',
134 => '* [[Australian Public Service]]',
135 => '* [[Referendums in Australia]]',
136 => '* [[States and territories of Australia]]',
137 => '* [[Timeline of the expansion of federal powers in Australia]]',
138 => '{{Notelist}}',
139 => '',
140 => '==References==',
141 => '{{Reflist}}',
142 => '',
143 => '==External links==',
144 => '{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=government of Australia}}',
145 => '',
146 => '{{Navboxes',
147 => '|title = Articles related to Australian Government',
148 => '|list =',
149 => '{{Australia topic|title=Government of Australia|prefix=Government of}}',
150 => '{{Governments of Australia}}',
151 => '{{Oceania topic|Government of|title=Governments of Oceania}}',
152 => '{{Australia topics}}',
153 => '{{Australian Government Departments}}',
154 => '}}',
155 => '',
156 => '{{Authority control}}',
157 => '',
158 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Government}}',
159 => '[[Category:Government of Australia| ]]',
160 => '[[Category:Westminster system governments|Australia]]'
] |
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