Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|Order of fish}}
{{For|the deceptive online actions by one to another|Catfishing}}
{{About|the fish||Catfish (disambiguation)|}}
{{Redirect|Kaari|other uses|Kaari (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Campanian|Present|refs=<ref name=NT24>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=18 April 2024 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}<small>Possible earlier [[Late Cretaceous]] records<ref name=Patterson1993/><ref name=Afrocascudo>{{Cite journal |last1=Brito |first1=P. M. |last2=Dutheil |first2=D. B. |last3=Gueriau |first3=P. |last4=Keith |first4=P. |last5=Carnevale |first5=G. |last6=Britto |first6=M. |last7=Meunier |first7=F. J. |last8=Khalloufi |first8=B. |last9=King |first9=A. |last10=de Amorim |first10=P. F. |last11=Costa |first11=W. J. E. M. |title=A saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana |year=2024 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=132 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.04.008 |bibcode=2024GondR.132..103B }}</ref></small>
| image = Ameiurus melas by Duane Raver.png
| image_caption = [[Black bullhead]]
| image_upright = 1.1
| taxon = Siluriformes
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1817
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{FishBase order | order = Siluriformes| month = December | year = 2011}}</ref>
| subdivision = '''Extant families:'''
*[[Ailiidae]]<ref name=Wang2016>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145675|title=Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Asian Schilbid Genera Including ''Clupisoma'' (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae)|year=2016 |doi-access=free |last1=Wang |first1=Jing |last2=Lu |first2=Bin |last3=Zan |first3=Ruiguang |last4=Chai |first4=Jing |last5=Ma |first5=Wei |last6=Jin |first6=Wei |last7=Duan |first7=Rongyao |last8=Luo |first8=Jing |last9=Murphy |first9=Robert W. |last10=Xiao |first10=Heng |last11=Chen |first11=Ziming |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=e0145675 |pmid=26751688 |pmc=4713424 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1145675W }}</ref>
*[[Akysidae]]
*[[Amblycipitidae]]
*[[Amphiliidae]]
*[[Anchariidae]]
*[[Ariidae]]
*[[Aspredinidae]]
*[[Astroblepidae]]
*[[Auchenipteridae]]
*[[Austroglanididae]]
*[[Bagridae]]
*[[Callichthyidae]]
*[[Cetopsidae]]
*[[Chacidae]]
*[[Clariidae]]
*[[Claroteidae]]
*[[Cranoglanididae]]<!-- Zoosystema 22 (4): 847-852 -->
*[[Malapteruridae]]
*[[Mochokidae]]
*[[Nematogenyiidae]]
*[[Pangasiidae]]
*[[Pimelodidae]]
*[[Plotosidae]]
*[[Pseudopimelodidae]]
*[[Schilbeidae]]
*[[Scoloplacidae]]
*[[Siluridae]]
*[[Sisoridae]]
*[[Trichomycteridae]]
* ''[[incertae sedis]]'':
**''[[Conorhynchos]]''
'''Extinct family:'''
*[[Andinichthyidae]][[extinction|†]]
*[[Bachmanniidae]][[extinction|†]]
*[[Hypsidoridae]]
| type_species = ''[[Silurus glanis]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
}}
'''Catfish''' (or '''catfishes'''; [[order (biology)|order]] '''Siluriformes''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|lj|ʊər|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} or '''Nematognathi''') are a diverse group of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]]. Named for their prominent [[barbel (anatomy)|barbel]]s, which resemble a [[cat]]'s [[whisker]]s, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the [[Mekong giant catfish]] from [[Southeast Asia]], the [[wels catfish]] of [[Eurasia]], and the [[Brachyplatystoma filamentosum|piraíba]] of [[South America]], to [[detritivore]]s (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny [[parasite|parasitic]] species commonly called the [[Candiru (fish)|candiru]], ''Vandellia cirrhosa''. Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and [[swimbladder]]. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are [[Aquaculture of catfish|farmed]] or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus ''[[Corydoras]]'', are important in the [[fishkeeping|aquarium hobby]]. Many catfish are [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]],<ref name="aworld">[http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm Catfish Varieties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417234946/http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm |date=17 April 2012 }}. animal-world.com</ref><ref name="samer">Wong, Kate (6 June 2001) [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta "How Nocturnal Catfish Stalk Their Prey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320110006/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta |date=20 March 2011 }}. ''Scientific American''.</ref> but others (many [[Auchenipteridae]]) are [[crepuscular]] or [[Diurnality|diurnal]] (most [[Loricariidae]] or [[Callichthyidae]], for example).
==Taxonomy==
Molecular evidence suggests that in spite of the great morphological diversity seen throughout the order, all catfish form a [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=JP |author2=Lundberg JG |author3=Hardman M |year=2006 |title=A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences |journal=Mol Phylogenet Evol |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=636–62 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.044 |pmid=16876440|bibcode=2006MolPE..41..636S }}</ref> Catfish belong to a superorder called the [[Ostariophysi]], which also includes the [[Cypriniformes]] (carps and minnows), [[Characiformes]] (characins and tetras), [[Gonorynchiformes]] (milkfish and beaked salmons) and [[Gymnotiformes]] (South American knifefish), a superorder characterized by the [[Weberian apparatus]]. Some place Gymnotiformes as a sub-order of Siluriformes; however, this is not as widely accepted. Currently, the Siluriformes are said to be the [[sister group]] to the Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated due to more recent molecular evidence.<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |title-link=Fishes of the World |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], Inc |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-471-25031-9}}</ref> {{As of|2007}} there were about thirty-six [[extant taxon|extant]] catfish families, and about 3,093 extant species have been described.<ref name="ferraris">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraris |first1=Carl J. Jr. |last2=Miya |first2=M |last3=Azuma |first3=Y |last4=Nishida |first4=M |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfish, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |pages=1–628 |citeseerx=10.1.1.232.798 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414082401/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-14 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> This makes the catfish order the second or third most diverse [[vertebrate]] order; in fact, one out of every twenty vertebrate species is a catfish.<ref name="tol">{{cite web |last=Lundberg |first=John G. |author2=Friel, John P. |date=20 January 2003 |title=Siluriformes |url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128012752/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi |archive-date=28 January 2007 |access-date=18 April 2007 |publisher=[[Tree of Life Web Project]]}}</ref>
Catfish are believed to have a [[Gondwana|Gondwanan]] origin primarily centered around South America, as the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] living catfish groups are known from there. The earliest known definitive members lived in the [[Americas]] from the [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]] stages of the [[Late Cretaceous]], including the [[Andinichthyidae]], ''Vorhisia vulpes'' and possibly ''[[Arius (fish)|Arius]]''.<ref name=NT24/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Gary |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |date=2021-09-01 |title=Upper Cretaceous teleostean otoliths from the Severn Formation (Maastrichtian) of Maryland, USA, with an unusual occurrence of Siluriformes and Beryciformes and the oldest Atlantic coast Gadiformes |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |pages=104867 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021CrRes.12504867S }}</ref><ref name=Cavin2017/> A potential fossil record is known from the earlier [[Coniacian]]-[[Santonian]] stages in [[Niger]] of [[West Africa]],<ref name=Patterson1993>{{cite book|author=Patterson, C.|year=1993|chapter=Osteichthyes: Teleostei|editor=Benton, M.J.|title=The Fossil Record 2|pages=621-656|publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]]|location=London}}</ref> though this has been considered unreliable,<ref name=Cavin2017>{{Citation |last=Cavin |first=Lionel |title=Evolutionary Histories of Freshwater Fishes |date=2017 |work=Freshwater Fishes: 250 Million Years of Evolutionary History |pages=53–125 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78548-138-3.50004-2 |access-date=2024-05-08 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-78548-138-3}}</ref> and the putative earliest [[Loricariidae|armored catfish]] known from the fossil record, ''[[Afrocascudo]]'', lived during the [[Cenomanian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]] in [[Morocco]] of [[North Africa]] ([[Kem Kem Group]]).<ref name="Afrocascudo" /> The describers of ''Afrocascudo'' claimed that the presence of a derived loricariid so early on would indicate the extensive diversification of catfish, or at least loricarioids, prior to the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. As extant loricariids are only known from South America, much of this diversification must have occurred on the supercontinent of [[Gondwana|West Gondwana]] prior to its fragmentation into South America and Africa.<ref name="Afrocascudo" /> Britz and colleagues suggested that ''Afrocascudo'' instead represents a juvenile [[Obaichthyidae|obaichthyid]] [[Lepisosteiformes|lepisosteiform]], possibly a junior synonym of ''Obaichthys''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Britz, R.|author2=Pinion, Amanda K.|author3=Kubicek, Kole M.|author4=Conway, Kevin W.|year=2024|title=Comment on “A Saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana” by Brito et al|journal=Gondwana Research|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.014}}</ref> The authors of the original study still stood by their original conclusion based on the absence of important [[Holostei|holostean]] characters, and noted that it could not be a juvenile, since the bones were completely ossified.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brito |first1=Paulo M. |last2=Dutheil |first2=Didier B. |last3=Keith |first3=Philippe |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |last5=Meunier |first5=François J. |last6=Khalloufi |first6=Bouziane |last7=Gueriau |first7=Pierre |year=2024|title=A reply to a comment on Brito et al., 2024, A Saharan fossil and the dawn of the Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana by Britz, Pinion, Kubicek and Conway|journal=Gondwana Research|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.013}}</ref>
[[File:Blue catfish skeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue catfish (''[[Blue catfish|Ictalurus furcatus]])'' skeleton on display at the [[Museum of Osteology]].]]
The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 paper, ''[[Horabagrus]]'', ''[[Phreatobius]]'', and ''[[Conorhynchos]]'' were not classified under any current catfish families.<ref name="ferraris" /> There is disagreement on the family status of certain groups; for example, Nelson (2006) lists Auchenoglanididae and Heteropneustidae as separate families, while the All Catfish Species Inventory (ACSI) includes them under other families. [[FishBase]] and the [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] lists Parakysidae as a separate family, while this group is included under [[Akysidae]] by both Nelson (2006) and ACSI.<ref name="Nelson" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Catfish Families |url=http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502195241/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html |archive-date=2 May 2007 |access-date=28 April 2007 |publisher=All Catfish Species Inventory}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase family|family=Parakysidae|year=2007|month=April}}</ref><ref>{{ITIS|id=553185|taxon=Parakysidae|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Many sources do not list the recently revised family [[Anchariidae]].<ref name="Anchariidae">{{cite journal |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |author2=Sparks, John S. |year=2005 |title=Revision of the endemic Malagasy catfish family Anchariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species |url=http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=303–323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215172203/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref> The family [[Horabagridae]], including ''Horabagrus'', ''[[Pseudeutropius]]'', and ''[[Platytropius]]'', is not shown by some authors but presented by others as a true group.<ref name="Sullivan" /> Thus, the actual number of families differs between authors. The species count is in constant flux due to [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] work as well as description of new species.<ref name="Nelson" /> Between 2003 and 2005, over one hundred species were named, a rate three times faster than that of the past century.<ref name="neotropdiversity">{{cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |author2=Reis, Roberto E. |author-link2=Roberto Esser dos Reis |year=2005 |title=Neotropical catfish diversity: an historical perspective |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=453–454 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252005000400001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In June 2005, researchers named the newest family of catfish, [[Lacantuniidae]], only the third new family of fish distinguished in the last seventy years, the others being the [[coelacanth]] in 1938 and the [[megamouth shark]] in 1983. The new species in [[Lacantuniidae]], ''[[Lacantunia enigmatica]]'', was found in the [[Lacantun river]] in the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]].<ref name="rodiles">{{cite journal |last=Rodiles-Hernández |first=Rocío |author2=Hendrickson, Dean A. |author3=Lundberg, John G. |author4=Humphries, Julian M. |year=2005 |title=''Lacantunia enigmatica'' (Teleostei: Siluriformes) a new and phylogenetically puzzling freshwater fish from Mesoamerica |url=http://biostor.org/reference/15994 |url-status=live |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1000 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1000.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015806/http://biostor.org/reference/15994 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2009 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due to [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies. While most studies, both morphological and molecular, agree that catfishes are arranged into three main [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]], the relationship among these lineages has been a contentious point in which these studies, performed for example by [[Rui Diogo]], differ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Arcila |first1=Dahiana |last2=Ortí |first2=Guillermo |last3=Vari |first3=Richard |last4=Armbruster |first4=Jonathan W. |last5=Stiassny |first5=Melanie L. J. |last6=Ko |first6=Kyung D. |last7=Sabaj |first7=Mark H. |last8=Lundberg |first8=John |last9=Revell |first9=Liam J. |date=2017-01-13 |title=Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=0020 |bibcode=2017NatEE...1...20A |doi=10.1038/s41559-016-0020 |pmid=28812610 |s2cid=16535732}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wei-Jen |last2=Lavoué |first2=Sébastien |last3=Mayden |first3=Richard L. |date=2013-04-09 |title=Evolutionary Origin and Early Biogeography of Otophysan Fishes (Ostariophysi: Teleostei) |journal=Evolution |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=2218–2239 |doi=10.1111/evo.12104 |pmid=23888847 |s2cid=40056087 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Rivera-Rivera |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |date=October 2018 |title=Back to the roots: Reducing evolutionary rate heterogeneity among sequences gives support for the early morphological hypothesis of the root of Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=127 |pages=272–279 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.004 |pmid=29885935 |s2cid=47014511 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018MolPE.127..272R }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Diogo |first=Rui |date=2004-11-01 |title=Phylogeny, origin and biogeography of catfishes: support for a Pangean origin of 'modern teleosts' and reexamination of some Mesozoic Pangean connections between the Gondwanan and Laurasian supercontinents |journal=Animal Biologyn |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=331–351 |doi=10.1163/1570756042729546}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rui. |first=Diogo |title=The origin of higher clades : osteology, myology, phylogeny and evolution of bony fishes and the rise of tetrapods |date=2007 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=9781578085590 |location=Enfield, NH |oclc=680560456}}</ref> The three main lineages in Siluriformes are the family [[Diplomystidae]], the denticulate catfish suborder [[Loricarioidea|Loricarioidei]] (containing the Neotropical "suckermouth" catfishes), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. According to [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] data, [[Diplomystidae]] is usually considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and the [[cladistics|sister group]] to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Lei |date=April 2011 |title=GONORYNCHIFORMES AND OSTARIOPHYSAN RELATIONSHIPS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW - Edited by T. Grande, F. J. Poyato-Ariza and R. Diogo |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=1277–1278 |bibcode=2011JFBio..78.1277Y |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02907.x}}</ref> Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to a [[clade]] that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei; this phylogeny has been obtained in numerous studies based on genetic data.<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakatani |first1=Masanori |last2=Miya |first2=Masaki |last3=Mabuchi |first3=Kohji |last4=Saitoh |first4=Kenji |last5=Nishida |first5=Mutsumi |date=2011-06-22 |title=Evolutionary history of Otophysi (Teleostei), a major clade of the modern freshwater fishes: Pangaean origin and Mesozoic radiation |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=177 |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11..177N |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-177 |pmc=3141434 |pmid=21693066 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, it has been suggested that these molecular results are errors as a result of [[long branch attraction]], incorrectly placing Loricarioidei as the earliest-branching catfish lineage.<ref name=":2" /> When a data filtering method<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rivera-Rivera |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |date=2019-08-13 |title=LSX: automated reduction of gene-specific lineage evolutionary rate heterogeneity for multi-gene phylogeny inference |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=420 |biorxiv=10.1101/220053 |doi=10.1186/s12859-019-3020-1 |pmc=6693147 |pmid=31409290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a final phylogeny was recovered which showed the [[Diplomystidae]] are the earliest-branching catfish, followed by [[Loricarioidea|Loricarioidei]] and Siluroidei as sister lineages, providing both morphological and molecular support for [[Diplomystidae]] being the earliest branching catfish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rivera-Rivera |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |date=October 2018 |title=Back to the roots: Reducing evolutionary rate heterogeneity among sequences gives support for the early morphological hypothesis of the root of Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=127 |pages=272–279 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.004 |pmid=29885935 |s2cid=47014511 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018MolPE.127..272R }}</ref>
Below is a list of family relationships by different authors. Lacantuniidae is included in the Sullivan scheme based on recent evidence that places it sister to [[Claroteidae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lundberg |first=John G. |author2=Sullivan, John P. |author3=Rodiles-Hernández, Rocío |author4=Hendrickson, Dean A. |year=2007 |title=Discovery of African roots for the Mesoamerican Chiapas catfish, ''Lacantunia enigmatica'', requires an ancient intercontinental passage |url=https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=156 |pages=39–53 |doi=10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[39:DOARFT]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=4171034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326130159/https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref>
{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Nelson, 2006<ref name="Nelson" />
! colspan="2" | Sullivan et al., 2006<ref name="Sullivan" />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:25%;" |
*Unresolved families
**Cetopsidae
**Pseudopimelodidae
**Heptapteridae
**Cranoglanididae
**Ictaluridae
*[[Loricarioidea]]
**Amphiliidae
**Trichomycteridae
**Nematogenyiidae
**Callichthyidae
**Scoloplacidae
**Astroblepidae
**Loricariidae
*[[Sisoroidea]]
**Amblycipitidae
**Akysidae
**Sisoridae
**Erethistidae
**Aspredinidae
*Doradoidea
**Mochokidae
**Doradidae
**Auchenipteridae
| style="width:25%;" |
*Siluroidea
**Siluridae
**Malapteruridae
**Auchenoglanididae
**Chacidae
**Plotosidae
**Clariidae
**Heteropneustidae
*Bagroidea
**Austroglanididae
**Claroteidae
**Ariidae
**Schilbeidae
**Pangasiidae
**Bagridae
**Pimelodidae
| style="width:25%;" |
*Unresolved families
**Cetopsidae
**Plotosidae
**Chacidae
**Siluridae
**Pangasiidae
*Suborder Loricarioidei
**Trichomycteridae
**Nematogenyiidae
**Callichthyidae
**Scoloplacidae
**Astroblepidae
**Loricariidae
*Clarioidea
**Clariidae
**Heteropneustidae
*Arioidea
**Ariidae
**Anchariidae
*Pimelodoidea
**Pimelodidae
**Pseudopimelodidae
**Heptapteridae
**''Conorhynchos''
*Ictaluroidea
**Ictaluridae
**Cranoglanididae
| style="width:25%;" |
*Doradoidea (sister to Aspredinidae)
**Doradidae
**Auchenipteridae
*"Big Asia"
**Sisoroidea
***Amblycipitidae
***Akysidae
***Sisoridae
***Erethistidae
**''[[Ailia]]'' + ''[[Laides]]'' (Asian schilbeids)
**Horabagridae (''[[Horabagrus]]'' + ''[[Pseudeutropius]]'' + ''[[Platytropius]]'')
**Bagridae (without ''[[Rita (fish)|Rita]]'')
*"Big Africa"
**Mochokidae
**Malapteruridae
**Amphiliidae
**Claroteidae
**Lacantuniidae
**Schilbeidae
|}
|}
=== Phylogeny ===
Phylogeny of living Siluriformes based on 2017<ref>{{cite journal |last=Betancur-Rodriguez |first=Ricardo |author2=Edward O. Wiley |author3=Gloria Arratia |author4=Arturo Acero |author5=Nicolas Bailly |author6=Masaki Miya |author7=Guillaume Lecointre |author8=Guillermo Ortí |year=2017 |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |edition=4 |volume=17 |issue=162 |pages=162 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |pmc=5501477 |pmid=28683774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and extinct families based on Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |author2=Terry C. Grande |author3=Mark V. H. Wilson |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |isbn=9781118342336 |edition=5}}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|label1=Siluriformes
|1={{clade
|1=†[[Andinichthyidae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Loricaroidei
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Nematogenyidae]] [[File:Contributions to the fauna of Chile (Nematogenys inermis).jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Trichomycteridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Trichomycterus punctatissimus.jpg|70 px]]</span>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Callichthyidae]] [[File:Hoplosternum littorale Orbigny.jpg|70 px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Astroblepidae]] [[File:Astroblepus sabalo.jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Loricariidae]] [[File:Loricariichthys anus Orbigny.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Diplomystoidei
|1={{clade
|1=[[Diplomystidae]]
|2=†[[Bachmanniidae]]
}}
|label2=Siluroidei
|2={{clade
|label1=Hypsidoroidea
|1=†[[Hypsidoridae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Cetopsoidea
|1=[[Cetopsidae]] [[File:Cetopsis plumbea.jpg|70 px]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Siluroidea
|1=[[Siluridae]] [[File:Silurus glanis1.jpg|70 px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Arioidea
|1=[[Pangasiidae]]
|label2=Big African<br>catfishes
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mochokidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Synodontis multipunctatus J. Green.jpg|70 px]]</span>
|2=[[Claroteidae]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Ictaluroidea
|1={{clade
|1=[[Plotosidae]]
|2=[[Ictaluridae]] [[File:Black bullhead fish (white background).jpg|70 px]] }}
|2={{clade
|label1=Clarioidea
|1=[[Clariidae]] [[File:Clarias gariepinus.jpg|70 px]]
|label2=Sisoroidea
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ailiidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sisoridae]] [[File:Bagrus yarrelli Sykes.jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Bagridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Rita sacerdotum.jpg|70 px]]</span>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Doradoidea
|1={{clade
|1=[[Aspredinidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Doradidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Silurus costatus now in Platydoras sketch of Gronow 1754.jpg|70 px]]</span>
|2=[[Auchenipteridae]] [[File:Ageneiosus militaris Orbigny.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
|label2=Pimelodoidea
|2={{clade
|1=[[Heptapteridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Pimelodella gracilis.jpg|70 px]]</span>
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pseudopimelodidae]] [[File:Pseudopimelodus mangurus.jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Pimelodidae]] [[File:Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum3.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Unassigned families:
* [[Bachmanniidae]][[extinction|†]]
* [[Scoloplacidae]] (Loricarioidei)
* [[Akysidae]] (Sisoroidea)
* [[Amblycipitidae]] (Sisoroidea)
* [[Anchariidae]] (Arioidea)
* [[Ariidae]] (Arioidea)
* [[Amphiliidae]] (Big African catfishes)
* [[Austroglanididae]] (Arioidea)
* [[Chacidae]] (Siluroidei)
* ''[[Conorhynchos]]'' (Pimelodoidea)
* [[Cranoglanididae]] (Ictaluroidea)
* [[Heteropneustidae]] (Clarioidea)
* [[Horabagridae]] (Sisoroidea)
* [[Kryptoglanidae]] (Siluroidea)
* [[Lacantuniidae]] (Big African catfishes)
* [[Malapteruridae]] (Big African catfishes)
* [[Phreatobiidae]] (Pimelodoidea)
* ''[[Rita (fish)|Rita]]'' (Sisoroidea)
* [[Schilbeidae]] (Big African catfishes)
==Ecology==
===Distribution and habitat===
Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except [[Antarctica]]. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.<ref name="Nelson"/> They are most diverse in [[tropics|tropical]] South America, Asia, and Africa, with one family native to North America and one family in Europe.<ref name=tol/> More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the only [[Ostariophysi|ostariophysan]]s that have entered [[fresh water|freshwater]] habitats in [[Madagascar]], Australia, and [[New Guinea]].<ref name="Bruton">{{cite journal|title=Alternative life-history strategies of catfishes|last=Bruton|first=Michael N.|journal=Aquat. Living Resour.|year=1996|volume=9|pages=35–41|doi=10.1051/alr:1996040|s2cid=85428351 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
They are found in fresh water/[[brackish water]] environments, though most inhabit shallow, running water.<ref name="Bruton"/> Representatives of at least eight families are [[hypogean]] (live underground) with three families that are also [[troglobite|troglobitic]] (inhabiting caves).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Morphological Adaptations of the Texas Blind Catfishes ''Trogloglanis pattersoni'' and ''Satan eurystomus'' (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) to Their Underground Environment|first=Thomas G.|last=Langecker|author2=Longley, Glenn|journal=[[Copeia]]|year=1993|pages=976–986|doi=10.2307/1447075|volume=1993|issue=4|jstor=1447075}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mexican blindcats genus ''Prietella'' (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae): an overview of recent explorations|first=Dean A.|last=Hendrickson|author2=Krejca, Jean K. |author3=Martinez, Juan Manuel Rodríguez |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|volume=62|pages=315–337|year=2001|issue=1–3|doi=10.1023/A:1011808805094|bibcode=2001EnvBF..62..315H |s2cid=19962442}}</ref> One such species is ''[[Phreatobius cisternarum]]'', known to live underground in [[phreatic]] habitats.<ref name=pcisternarum>{{FishBase|genus=Phreatobius|species=cisternarum|year=2007|month=Apr}}</ref> Numerous species from the families [[Ariidae]] and [[Plotosidae]], and a few species from among the [[Aspredinidae]] and [[Bagridae]], are found in salt water.<ref>Monks N. (editor): ''Brackish Water Fishes'', TFH 2006, {{ISBN|0-7938-0564-3}}</ref><ref>Schäfer F: ''Brackish Water Fishes'', Aqualog 2005, {{ISBN|3-936027-82-X}}</ref>
In the Southern United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names, such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf| title = Texas Dept. Wildlife| access-date = 3 January 2012| archive-date = 21 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021704/https://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname "chucklehead", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catfish |url=https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Friends of Woodland Park |language=en-US |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015117/https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish |url-status=live }}</ref>
===As invasive species===
Representatives of the [[genus]] ''[[Ictalurus]]'' have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters and have only increased the ecological pressure on native European [[fauna]]. [[Walking catfish]] have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there. [[Flathead catfish]], ''Pylodictis olivaris'', is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages.<ref name=tol/> ''[[Pterygoplichthys]]'' species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established [[feral]] populations in many warm waters around the world.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The South American Suckermouth Armored Catfish, ''Pterygoplichthys anisitsi'' (Pisces: Loricaridae), in Texas, with Comments on Foreign Fish Introductions in the American Southwest|first=Leo G.|last=Nico|author2=Martin, R. Trent|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=46|issue=1|year=2001|pages=98–104|doi=10.2307/3672381|jstor=3672381}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Amazon Sailfin Catfish, ''Pterygoplichthys pardalis'' (Castelnau, 1855) (Loricariidae), Another Exotic Species Established in Southeastern Mexico|first=Armando T.|last=Wakida-Kusunokia|author2=Ruiz-Carusb, Ramon |author3=Amador-del-Angelc, Enrique |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|pages=141–144|volume=52|issue=1|doi=10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[141:ASCPPC]2.0.CO;2|year=2007|s2cid=86847378 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031235535/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-31 |url-status=live|title=New Philippine record of South American sailfin catfishes (Pisces: Loricariidae)|first=Joel M.|last=Chavez|author2=de la Paz, Reynaldo M.|author3= Manohar, Surya Krishna|author4= Pagulayan, Roberto C.|author5= Carandang Vi, Jose R.|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1109|pages=57–68|year=2006|access-date=22 June 2009|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1109.1.6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304213101/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF|archive-date=4 March 2009|title=The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, ''Liposarcus multiradiatus'' (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters|first=Lucy|last=Bunkley-Williams|author2=Williams, Ernest H. Jr.|author3= Lilystrom, Craig G.|author4= Corujo-Flores, Iris|author5= Zerbi, Alfonso J.|author6= Aliaume, Catherine|author7= Churchill, Timothy N.|journal=Caribbean Journal of Science|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=90–94|year=1994|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506010509/http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-06 |url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=44|issue=2|pages=252–259|year=2005|title=Size Structure, Reproductive Phenology, and Sex Ratio of an Exotic Armored Catfish (''Liposarcus multiradiatus'') in the Kaoping River of Southern Taiwan|first=Shih-Hsiung|last=Liang|author2=Wu, Hsiao-Ping |author3=Shieh, Bao-Sen |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref>
==Physical characteristics==
===External anatomy of catfish===
Most catfish are [[bottom feeder]]s. In general, they are [[buoyancy|negatively buoyant]], which means that they usually sink rather than float due to a reduced [[gas bladder]] and a heavy, bony head.<ref name="Bruton"/> Catfish have a variety of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened [[ventrum]] to allow for benthic feeding.<ref name="Bruton"/>
A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate, as well as perhaps serving as a [[hydrofoil]]. Some have a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains no [[incisor|incisiform]] teeth; catfish generally feed through [[suction]] or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey.<ref name="Bruton"/> Some families, though, notably the [[Loricariidae]] and [[Astroblepidae]], have a [[suckermouth]] that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water. Catfish also have a [[Fish anatomy#Head|maxilla]] reduced to a support for [[barbel (anatomy)|barbels]]; this means that they are unable to protrude their mouths as other fish such as [[carp]].<ref name="Bruton"/>
[[File:Channelcat.jpg|thumb|The [[channel catfish]] has four pairs of [[barbel (anatomy)|barbels]].]]
Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels - nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of chin barbels, though pairs of barbels may be absent depending on the species. Catfish barbels always occur in pairs. Many larger catfish also have [[chemoreceptor]]s across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, [[gustation]] plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food".<ref>Atema, Jelle (1980) [https://books.google.com/books?id=TZbRp0z5-p0C&pg=PA57 "Chemical senses, chemical signals, and feeding behavior in fishes"] pp. 57–101. In: Bardach, JE ''Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes'', The WorldFish Center, {{ISBN|978-971-02-0003-0}}.</ref> Because their barbels and chemoreception are more important in detecting food, the eyes on catfish are generally small. Like other [[ostariophysi|ostariophysan]]s, they are characterized by the presence of a [[Weberian apparatus]].<ref name="Nelson"/> Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder allow for improved [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] and sound production.<ref name="Bruton"/>
Catfish do not have [[scale (anatomy)|scale]]s; their bodies are often naked. In some species, their [[mucus]]-covered [[skin]] is used in [[cutaneous respiration]], where the fish breathes through its skin.<ref name="Bruton"/> In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called [[scute]]s; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. In [[Loricarioidea|loricarioids]] and in the Asian genus ''[[Sisor]]'', the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free [[dermis|dermal]] plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of ''[[Lithodoras]]''. These plates may be supported by [[vertebra]]l [[Process (anatomy)|process]]es, as in [[Scoloplacidae|scoloplacids]] and in ''Sisor'', but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family [[Amphiliidae]]) and in hoplomyzontines ([[Aspredinidae]]), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of [[Doradidae|doradids]], ''Sisor'', and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied [[lateral line]] ossicles with dorsal and ventral [[lamina (algae)|lamina]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Friel, J P |author2=Lundberg, J G |year=1996|title=''Micromyzon akamai'', gen. et sp. nov., a small and eyeless banjo catfish (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the river channels of the lower Amazon basin|journal=[[Copeia]]|issue=3|pages=641–648|jstor=1447528|volume=1996|doi=10.2307/1447528}}</ref>
All catfish other than members of the [[Malapteruridae]] ([[electric fish|electric]] catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bony, leading spine-like ray on their [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[pectoral fin]]s. As a defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, enabling them to inflict severe wounds.<ref name=tol/> In numerous catfish species, these fin rays can be used to deliver a stinging [[protein]] if the fish is irritated;<ref name=fin>{{cite web| url = http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060603225626/http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm| archive-date = 3 June 2006|title=Channel Catfish |access-date=2 December 2006|publisher=Fairfax County Public Schools}}</ref> as many as half of all catfish species may be venomous in this fashion, making the Siluriformes overwhelmingly the vertebrate order with the largest number of venomous species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Jeremy J |title=Diversity, phylogenetic distribution, and origins of venomous catfishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=4 December 2009 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=282 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-282 |pmid=19961571 |pmc=2791775 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..282W |doi-access=free }}</ref> This [[venom]] is produced by [[gland]]ular cells in the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermal]] tissue covering the spines.<ref name="Nelson"/> In members of the family [[Plotosidae]] and of the genus ''[[Heteropneustes]]'', this protein is so strong it may hospitalize humans who receive a sting; in ''[[Plotosus|Plotosus lineatus]]'', the stings can be lethal.<ref name="Nelson"/> The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are two of the most conspicuous features of siluriforms, and differ from those in other fish groups.<ref name='Ballen'>{{cite journal|author1=Ballen, Gustavo A.|author2=De Pinna, Mario C. C.|title=A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)|year=2022|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=194|issue=2|pages=601–625|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095540/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/2/601/6191677|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the widespread use of the spines for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies the fields have struggled to effectively use the information due to a lack of consistency in the nomenclature, with a general standard for the descriptive anatomy of catfish spines proposed in 2022 to try and resolve this problem.<ref name='Ballen'/>
Juvenile catfish, like most fish, have relatively large heads, eyes, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of the genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|title=First description of small juveniles of the primitive catfish ''Diplomystes'' (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae)|first=John G.|last=Lundberg|author2=Berra, Tim M.|author3=Friel, John P.|journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters|volume=15|issue=1|pages=71–82|year=2004|url=https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211152811/https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sexual dimorphism]] is reported in about half of all families of catfish.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031234339/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-31 |url-status=live|title=''Synodontis acanthoperca'', a new species from the Ogôoué River system, Gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)|first=John P.|last=Friel|author2=Vigliotta, Thomas R.|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1125|pages=45–56|year=2006|access-date=22 June 2009|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1125.1.3}}</ref> The modification of the [[anal fin]] into an [[penis|intromittent organ]] (in internal fertilizers) as well as accessory structures of the reproductive apparatus (in both internal and external fertilizers) have been described in species belonging to 11 different families.<ref name="Mazzoldi">{{cite journal|title=Variation of male reproductive apparatus in relation to fertilization modalities in the catfish families Auchenipteridae and Callichthyidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)|first=C.|last=Mazzoldi|author2=Lorenzi, V. |author3=Rasotto, M. B. |journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=2007|volume=70|issue=1 |pages=243–256|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01300.x|bibcode=2007JFBio..70..243M }}</ref>
===Size===
[[File:Bagarius yarrelli India.png|thumb|left|Giant ''[[Bagarius yarrelli]]'' (goonch) caught in India. Some goonch in the Kali River grow large enough to attack humans and water buffalo]]
Catfish have one of the largest ranges in size within a single order of [[Actinopterygii|bony fish]].<ref name="Bruton"/> Many catfish have a maximum length of under {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nelson" /> Some of the smallest species of the [[Aspredinidae]] and [[Trichomycteridae]] reach sexual maturity at only {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=tol/>
The [[wels catfish]], ''Silurus glanis'', and the much smaller related [[Aristotle's catfish]], are the only catfish indigenous to [[Europe]]; the former ranges throughout Europe, and the latter is restricted to [[Greece]]. [[Mythology]] and literature record wels catfish of astounding proportions yet are to be proven scientifically. The typical size of the species is about {{convert|1.2–1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and fish more than {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} are rare. However, they are known to exceed {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight. In July 2009, a catfish weighing {{convert|88|kg|lb}} was caught in the [[River Ebro]], Spain, by an 11-year-old British schoolgirl.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | location=London | title=Schoolgirl nets 9ft monster fish | date=15 July 2009 | access-date=28 April 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In North America, the largest ''[[Ictalurus furcatus]]'' (blue catfish) caught in the [[Missouri River]] on 20 July 2010, weighed {{convert|59|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The largest [[flathead catfish]], ''Pylodictis olivaris'', ever caught was in [[Independence, Kansas]], weighing {{convert|56|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.
These records pale in comparison to a [[Mekong giant catfish]] caught in northern [[Thailand]] on 1 May 2005, and reported to the press almost 2 months later, that weighed {{convert|293|kg|lb}}. This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981.<ref name=Mekong>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html|title=Grizzly Bear-Size Catfish Caught in Thailand|date=29 June 2005|access-date=14 July 2006|publisher=National Geographic News|archive-date=30 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050630233848/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also in Asia, [[Jeremy Wade]] caught a {{convert|75.5|kg|lb|1|adj=on}} [[Bagarius yarrelli|goonch]] following [[Kali River goonch attacks|three fatal attacks on humans]] in the [[Sharda River|Kali River]] on the [[India]]-[[Nepal]] border. Wade was of the opinion that the offending fish must have been significantly larger than this to have taken an 18-year-old boy, as well as a [[water buffalo]].{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source.|date=March 2020}}
Piraíba ''([[Brachyplatystoma|Brachyplatystoma filamentosum]])'' can grow exceptionally large and are native to the Amazon Basin. They can occasionally grow to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, as evidenced by numerous catches. Deaths from being swallowed by these fish have been reported in the region.
===Internal anatomy===
[[File:Kryptopterus 2.jpg|thumb|''[[Kryptopterus vitreolus]]'' (glass catfish) have transparent bodies lacking both scales and pigments. Most of the internal organs are located near the head.]]
In many catfish, the "humeral process" is a bony process extending backward from the [[pectoral girdle]] immediately above the base of the pectoral fin. It lies beneath the skin, where its outline may be determined by dissecting the skin or probing with a needle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212539/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process|archive-date=17 December 2007|title=Term : humeral process|publisher=[[FishBase]]|year=2007}}</ref>
The [[retina]]e of catfish are composed of single [[cone cell|cone]]s and large [[rod cell|rod]]s. Many catfish have a [[tapetum lucidum]], which may help enhance [[photon]] capture and increase low-light sensitivity. [[Double cone (biology)|Double cone]]s, though present in most [[teleost]]s, are absent from catfish.<ref name="Douglas">{{cite journal|last=Douglas|first=Ron H.|author2=Collin, Shaun P.|author3=Corrigan, Julie|date=15 November 2002|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425|title=The eyes of suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae, subfamily Hypostomus): pupil response, lenticular longitudinal spherical aberration and retinal topography|publisher=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=205|issue=22|pages=3425–3433|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|doi=10.1242/jeb.205.22.3425|pmid=12364396|access-date=9 June 2007|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044830/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425|url-status=live}}</ref>
The anatomical organization of the [[testicle|testis]] in catfish is variable among the families of catfish, but the majority of them present fringed testis: Ictaluridae, Claridae, Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, and Pseudopimelodidae.<ref name="Barros"/> In the testes of some species of Siluriformes, organs and structures such as a spermatogenic cranial region and a secretory caudal region are observed, in addition to the presence of seminal vesicles in the caudal region.<ref name="Brito"/> The total number of fringes and their length are different in the [[Caudal (anatomical term)|caudal]] and [[Skull|cranial]] portions between species.<ref name="Barros">{{cite journal|title=Reproductive apparatus and gametogenesis of ''Lophiosilurus alexandri'' Steindachner (Pisces, Teleostei, Siluriformes)|first=Marcelo D. M.|last=Barros|author2=Guimarães-Cruz, Rodrigo J. |author3=Veloso-Júnior, Vanderlei C. |author4= Santos, José E. dos |journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=24|issue=1|pages=213–221|year=2007|doi=10.1590/S0101-81752007000100028|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fringes of the caudal region may present tubules, in which the lumen is filled by secretion and [[Spermatozoon|spermatozoa]].<ref name="Barros"/> Spermatocysts are formed from cytoplasmic extensions of [[Sertoli cell]]s; the release of spermatozoa is allowed by breaking of the cyst walls.<ref name="Barros"/>
The occurrence of [[seminal vesicle]]s, in spite of their interspecific variability in size, gross morphology, and function, has not been related to the mode of fertilization. They are typically paired, multichambered, and connected with the [[sperm duct]], and have been reported to play glandular and storage functions. Seminal vesicle secretion may include [[steroid]]s and steroid glucuronides, with hormonal and pheromonal functions, but it appears to be primarily constituted of mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, and phospholipids.<ref name="Mazzoldi"/>
Fish ovaries may be of two types - gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the [[coelom]]ic cavity and then eliminated. In the second type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the [[oviduct]].<ref name="Brito"/> Many catfish are cystovarian in type, including ''[[Pseudoplatystoma corruscans]]'', ''[[Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum|P. fasciatum]]'', ''[[Lophiosilurus alexandri]]'', and ''[[Loricaria lentiginosa]]''.<ref name="Barros"/><ref name="Brito">{{cite journal|title=Reproduction of the surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil|last=Brito|first=M.F.G.|author2=Bazzoli, N.|journal=Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia|volume=55|issue=5|year=2003|doi=10.1590/S0102-09352003000500018|page=624|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Communication ==
Catfish can produce different types of sounds and also have well-developed auditory reception used to discriminate between sounds with different pitches and velocities. They are also able to determine the distance of the sound's origin and from what direction it originated.<ref name="General Sounds Kasumayan">{{cite journal|last=Kasumayan|first=A. O.|title=Sounds and Sound Production in Fishes|journal=Journal of Ichthyology|year=2008|volume=48|issue=11|pages=981–1030|doi=10.1134/S0032945208110039|s2cid=23223714}}</ref> This is a very important fish communication mechanism, especially during [[agonistic behavior|agonistic]] and distress behaviors. Catfish are able to produce a variety of sounds for communication that can be classified into two groups: drumming sounds and [[stridulation]] sounds. The variability in catfish sound signals differs due to a few factors: the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resulting sound, and physiological differences such as size, sex, and age.<ref name="Stridulatory">{{cite journal|last=Vance|first=Theresa L.|title=Variation in Stridulatory Sound Production in the Channel Catfish, ''Ictalurus punctatus''|jstor=4608557|journal=BIOS|year=2000|volume=71|issue=3|pages=79–84}}</ref> To create a drumming sound, catfish use an indirect vibration mechanism using a [[swimbladder]]. In these fishes, sonic muscles insert on the ramus Mulleri, also known as the elastic spring. The sonic muscles pull the elastic spring forward and extend the swimbladder. When the muscles relax, the tension in the spring quickly returns the swimbladder to its original position, which produces the sound.<ref name="Sound Generating Mechs">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|author2=Michael L. Fine|title=Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: A Unique Diversity in Vertebrates|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=3–43}}</ref>
Catfish also have a sound-generating mechanism in their [[pectoral fins]]. Many species in the catfish family possess an enhanced first pectoral fin ray, called the spine, which can be moved by large [[Abduction (kinesiology)|abductor]] and [[Adduction|adductor]] muscles. The base of the catfishes' spines has a sequence of ridges, and the spine normally slides within a groove on the fish's pelvic girdle during routine movement; but, pressing the ridges on the spine against the pelvic girdle groove creates a series of short pulses.<ref name="General Sounds Kasumayan" /><ref name="Sound Generating Mechs" /> The movement is analogous to a finger moving down the teeth of a comb, and consequently a series of sharp taps is produced.<ref name="Stridulatory" />
Sound-generating mechanisms are often different between the sexes. In some catfish, pectoral fins are longer in males than in females of similar length, and differences in the characteristic of the sounds produced were also observed.<ref name="Sound Generating Mechs" /> Comparison between families of the same order of catfish demonstrated family and species-specific patterns of vocalization, according to a study by Maria Clara Amorim. During courtship behavior in three species of ''Corydoras'' catfish, all males actively produced stridulation sounds before egg fertilization, and the species' songs were different in pulse number and sound duration.<ref name="Amorim article">{{cite journal|last=Amorim|first=Maria Clara P.|title=Diversity of Sound Production in Fish|journal=Communication in Fish|year=2006|volume=1|pages=71–105}}</ref>
Sound production in catfish may also be correlated with fighting and alarm calls. According to a study by Kaatz, sounds for disturbance (e.g. alarm) and agonistic behavior were not significantly different, which suggests distress sounds can be used to sample variation in agonistic sound production.<ref name="Amorim article" /> However, in a comparison of a few different species of tropical catfish, some fish put under distress conditions produced a higher intensity of stridulatory sounds than drumming sounds.<ref name="Agonistic behavior"/> Differences in the proportion of drumming versus stridulation sounds depend on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] constraints, such as different sizes of drumming muscles and pectoral spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not even be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive sound production occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening signal and stridulations are used as a defense signal. Kaatz investigated 83 species from 14 families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.<ref name="Agonistic behavior">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|author2=Myrberg, Arthur A Jr.|title=Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=121–148}}</ref>
==Economic importance==
===Aquaculture===
[[File:Loading2 U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish.jpg|thumb|Loading U.S. farm-raised catfish.]]
{{Main|Aquaculture of catfish}}
Catfish are easy to farm in warm climates, leading to inexpensive and safe food at local grocers. About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile (100-km) radius of [[Belzoni, Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite web | author= Morris, J.E. |title= Pond Culture of Channel Catfish in the North Central Region | publisher= North Central Regional Aquaculture Center| date= October 1993| url= http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070206022434/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf| archive-date= 6 February 2007| access-date= 28 June 2006}}</ref> [[Channel catfish]] (''Ictalurus punctatus'') supports a $450 million/yr aquaculture industry.<ref name=tol/> The largest producers are located in the [[Southern United States]], including [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], and [[Arkansas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113343/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-15 |url-status=live|title=Catfish Production|date=21 July 2017|website=www.nass.usda.gov|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
Catfish raised in inland tanks or channels are usually considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease should be contained and not spread to the wild.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Paul | last = Rogers | title = Economy of Scales | journal = Stanford Magazine | publisher = [[Stanford University|Stanford Alumni Association]] | issue = March / April 2006 | url = http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html | access-date = 14 February 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123839/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html | archive-date = 11 June 2008 | url-status = dead}}</ref>
In Asia, many catfish species are important as food. Several [[airbreathing catfish]] (Clariidae) and [[shark catfish]] (Pangasiidae) species are heavily cultured in Africa and Asia. Exports of one particular shark catfish species from [[Vietnam]], ''[[Pangasius bocourti]]'', have met with pressures from the U.S. catfish industry. In 2003, The [[United States Congress]] passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled as catfish.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-catfish28nov28,0,6595048.story?coll=la-home-business| title = "'Catfish' bred in Asia move up on U.S. food chain"$, Associated Press via L.A. Times, 28 November 2006| website = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 28 November 2006| access-date = 5 December 2006| archive-date = 23 September 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095543/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-28-fi-catfish28-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref> As a result, the Vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the U.S. as "basa fish." Trader Joe's has labeled frozen fillets of Vietnamese ''[[Pangasius hypophthalmus]]'' as "striper."<ref>Cole, Nancy (27 January 2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070731074338/http://growfish.com.au/content.asp?contentid=5816 Catfish imports not slowing]. Northwest Arkansas News</ref>
There is a large and growing ornamental fish trade, with hundreds of species of catfish, such as ''[[Corydoras]]'' and [[Loricariidae|armored suckermouth catfish]] (often called plecos), being a popular component of many [[aquarium|aquaria]]. Other catfish commonly found in the aquarium trade are [[Aspredinidae|banjo catfish]], [[Doradidae|talking catfish]], and [[Pimelodidae|long-whiskered catfish]].
===Catfish as food===
{{Cookbook|Catfish}}[[File:Fried catfish new orleans.JPG|thumb|Fried catfish from the [[cuisine of New Orleans]]]]
Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for hundreds of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Judgments as to the quality and flavor vary, with some food critics considering catfish excellent to eat, while others dismiss them as watery and lacking in flavor.<ref name=Baker>Jenny Baker (1988), ''Simply Fish'' p 36–37. Faver & Faber, London.</ref> Catfish is high in [[vitamin D]].<ref name = FactD>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm|title=Vitamin D and Healthy Bones|publisher=New York State Department of Health|access-date=13 July 2007|archive-date=18 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173653/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Farm-raised catfish contains low levels of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s and a much higher proportion of [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s.<ref>[http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study Fatty Fish Not Equal in Good Fats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321233925/http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study |date=21 March 2012 }}. Reuters. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association, July 2008</ref>
In [[Central Europe]], catfish were often viewed as a [[delicacy]] to be enjoyed on [[Feast Day|feast days]] and holidays. Migrants from Europe and Africa to the United States brought along this tradition, and in the [[Southern United States]], catfish is an extremely popular food.
The most commonly eaten species in the United States are the [[channel catfish]] and the [[blue catfish]], both of which are common in the wild and increasingly widely farmed. Farm-raised catfish became such a staple of the U.S. diet that President [[Ronald Reagan]] proclaimed National Catfish Day on June 25, 1987, to recognize "the value of farm-raised catfish."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-07 |title=The Rehab Archipelago {{!}} Forced Labor and Other Abuses in Drug Detention Centers in Southern Vietnam |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/09/07/rehab-archipelago/forced-labor-and-other-abuses-drug-detention-centers-southern |access-date=2019-06-25 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>
Catfish is eaten in a variety of ways. In Europe, it is often cooked in similar ways to [[carp]], but in the United States it is popularly crumbed with [[cornmeal]] and fried.<ref name=Baker/>
[[File:Pecel Lele 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Pecel lele]] served with ''[[sambal]]'', [[tempeh]] and ''[[lalab]]'' vegetables in a tent ''[[warung]]'' in Jakarta, Indonesia]]
In [[Indonesia]], catfish is usually served fried or grilled in street stalls called ''[[warung]]'' and eaten with vegetables, [[sambal]] (a spicy [[relish]] or sauce), and usually ''[[nasi uduk]]'' (traditional [[coconut rice]]). The dish is called {{lang|id|pecel lele}} or {{lang|id|pecak lele}}. {{lang|id|Lele}} is the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] word for catfish. The same dish can also be called as {{lang|id|lele penyet}} (squashed catfish) if the fish is lightly squashed along with sambal with a stone [[Mortar and pestle|mortar-and-pestle]]. The {{lang|id|pecel}} or {{lang|id|pecak}} version presents the fish in a separate plate while the mortar is solely for sambal.
In [[Malaysia]], catfish is called ''ikan keli'' and is fried with spices or grilled and eaten with [[tamarind]] and [[Bird's eye chili|Thai chili]] gravy and is also often eaten with [[steamed rice]].
In [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India]]n states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]], catfish (locally known as ''magur'') is eaten as a favored delicacy during the [[monsoon]]s. In the Indian state of [[Kerala]], the local catfish, known as ''thedu''' or ''etta'' in [[Malayalam]], is also popular.
In [[Hungary]], catfish is often cooked in [[paprika]] sauce (Harcsapaprikás) typical of [[Hungarian cuisine]]. It is traditionally served with [[pasta]] smothered with [[curd cheese]] ([[túrós csusza]]).
In [[Myanmar]] (formally Burma), catfish is usually used in ''[[mohinga]]'', a traditional noodle [[fish soup]] cooked with [[lemon grass]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], pepper, banana stem, onions, and other local ingredients.
[[File:Catfishjf.JPG|thumb|[[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] fried ''hito'' (catfish) with vinegar and ''[[kalamansi]]'' dip sauce]]
Vietnamese catfish, of the genus ''[[Pangasius]]'', cannot be legally marketed as catfish in the United States, and so is referred to as [[Iridescent shark|''swai'']] or ''[[Basa (fish)|basa]]''.<ref name = FactSwai>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm|title=Union Fish Company – Basa/Swai Details|access-date=11 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071109150512/http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm |archive-date = 9 November 2007}}</ref> Only fish of the family ''[[Ictaluridae]]'' may be marketed as catfish in the United States.<ref name = PL107171>Public Law 107-171, § 10806, 116 [[United States Statutes at Large|Stat.]] 526-527, codified in {{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d|title=United States Code, Title 21, section 321d. Market names for catfish and ginseng|mode=cs2|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417123630/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d|url-status=live}} and {{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343-|title=United States Code, Title 21, section 343 (t). Misbranded food|access-date=9 May 2017|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''See'' ''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae Piazza's Seafood World, LLC v. Odom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae |date=23 September 2023 }}'', 448 F. 3d 744 (5th Cir. 2006), ''citing'' Kerrilee E. Kobbeman, "Legislative Note, Hook, Line and Sinker: How Congress Swallowed the Domestic Catfish Industry's Narrow Definition of this Ubiquitous Bottomfeeder," 57 ARK. L.REV. 407, 411-18 (2004).</ref> In the UK, Vietnamese catfish is sometimes sold as "Vietnamese river cobbler", although more commonly as Basa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf| publisher = [[Committee on Toxicity|COT]]| title = Fish Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006| date = 26 May 2007| access-date = 23 May 2013| archive-date = 31 January 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120131042544/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
In [[Nigeria]], catfish is often cooked in a variety of [[stew]]s. It is particularly cooked in a delicacy popularly known as "catfish pepper soup" which is enjoyed throughout the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html|title=How to cook the irresistible catfish pepper soup|last=Oreva|first=Duke|date=2018-05-14|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175134/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Jewish dietary law, known as [[kashrut]], fish must have fins and scales to be [[kashrut|kosher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kosher Spirit: Fins and Scales |url=https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=OK Kosher Certification |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129062913/https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since catfish lacks scales, they are not kosher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/|title=Channel Catfish|website=fisheries.tamu.edu|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061619/https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Mythology==
In the mythology of the Japanese [[Shinto religion]] natural phenomenon are caused by ''[[kami]]''. [[Earthquakes]] are caused by a giant catfish called [[Namazu]]. There are other ''kami'' associated with earthquakes. In [[Kyoto]] it's usually an eel, but after the [[1855 Edo earthquake]] {{Nihongo|'''''Namazu-e'''''|鯰絵||"catfish prints"}} were printed giving more popularity to the catfish ''kami'' that has been known since the 16th century [[Otsu-e]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosen |first1=Brenda |title=The Mythical Creatures Bible |publisher=Sterling |date=2009 |page=370}}</ref> In one catfish print the divine white horse of [[Amaterasu]] is depicted knocking down the earthquake-causing catfish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smits |first1=Gregory |title=Seismic Japan: The Long History and Continuing Legacy of the Ansei Edo Earthquake |date=2013 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=158|bibcode=2013sjlh.book.....S }}</ref>
==Dangers to humans==
[[File:Image-Striped eel catfish2.jpg|thumb|A sting from the striped eel catfish, ''[[Plotosus lineatus]]'', may be fatal.]]
While the vast majority of catfish are harmless to humans, a few species are known to present some risk. Many catfish species have "stings" (actually non-venomous in most cases) embedded behind their fins; thus precautions must be taken when handling them. Stings by the venomous [[striped eel catfish]] have killed people in rare cases.<ref>{{FishBase|genus=Plotosus|species=lineatus|month=November|year=2014}}</ref>
==Catfish fishing records==
By information from International Game Fish Association [[IGFA]] the most outstanding record:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrec.igfa.org/ |title=IGFA World Records |publisher=International Game Fish Association |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064327/http://wrec.igfa.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The biggest flathead catfish caught was by Ken Paulie in the [[Elk City Reservoir]] in Kansas, US on 19 May 1998 that weighed {{convert|55.79|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
==See also==
* [[Lotidae]]
==References==
{{clear}}
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Siluriformes}}
{{Wikispecies|Siluriformes}}
{{EB1911 poster|Cat-fish}}
* [http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ All catfish species inventory]
* [http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845 "Giant Baghair caught in Jamuna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032305/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845 |date=29 November 2014 }} in ''The Daily Star'' (Bangladesh), 12 May 2009
* Skelton, Paul H. and Teugels, Guy G. 1992. [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019675 Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 56: Neotype description for the African catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces: Siluroidei: Clariidae)]. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Commercial fish topics}}
{{Seafood}}
{{Meat}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q59576}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Siluriformes|.]]
[[Category:Edible fish]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Ostariophysi]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish]]
[[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '⚠️⚠️⚠️Catfish can poo on you when you catch them, WATCH OUT!⚠️⚠️⚠️{{Short description|Order of fish}}
{{For|the deceptive online actions by one to another|Catfishing}}
{{About|the fish||Catfish (disambiguation)|}}
{{Redirect|Kaari|other uses|Kaari (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Campanian|Present|refs=<ref name=NT24>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=18 April 2024 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}<small>Possible earlier [[Late Cretaceous]] records<ref name=Patterson1993/><ref name=Afrocascudo>{{Cite journal |last1=Brito |first1=P. M. |last2=Dutheil |first2=D. B. |last3=Gueriau |first3=P. |last4=Keith |first4=P. |last5=Carnevale |first5=G. |last6=Britto |first6=M. |last7=Meunier |first7=F. J. |last8=Khalloufi |first8=B. |last9=King |first9=A. |last10=de Amorim |first10=P. F. |last11=Costa |first11=W. J. E. M. |title=A saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana |year=2024 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=132 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.04.008 |bibcode=2024GondR.132..103B }}</ref></small>
| image = Ameiurus melas by Duane Raver.png
| image_caption = [[Black bullhead]]
| image_upright = 1.1
| taxon = Siluriformes
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1817
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{FishBase order | order = Siluriformes| month = December | year = 2011}}</ref>
| subdivision = '''Extant families:'''
*[[Ailiidae]]<ref name=Wang2016>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145675|title=Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Asian Schilbid Genera Including ''Clupisoma'' (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae)|year=2016 |doi-access=free |last1=Wang |first1=Jing |last2=Lu |first2=Bin |last3=Zan |first3=Ruiguang |last4=Chai |first4=Jing |last5=Ma |first5=Wei |last6=Jin |first6=Wei |last7=Duan |first7=Rongyao |last8=Luo |first8=Jing |last9=Murphy |first9=Robert W. |last10=Xiao |first10=Heng |last11=Chen |first11=Ziming |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=e0145675 |pmid=26751688 |pmc=4713424 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1145675W }}</ref>
*[[Akysidae]]
*[[Amblycipitidae]]
*[[Amphiliidae]]
*[[Anchariidae]]
*[[Ariidae]]
*[[Aspredinidae]]
*[[Astroblepidae]]
*[[Auchenipteridae]]
*[[Austroglanididae]]
*[[Bagridae]]
*[[Callichthyidae]]
*[[Cetopsidae]]
*[[Chacidae]]
*[[Clariidae]]
*[[Claroteidae]]
*[[Cranoglanididae]]<!-- Zoosystema 22 (4): 847-852 -->
*[[Malapteruridae]]
*[[Mochokidae]]
*[[Nematogenyiidae]]
*[[Pangasiidae]]
*[[Pimelodidae]]
*[[Plotosidae]]
*[[Pseudopimelodidae]]
*[[Schilbeidae]]
*[[Scoloplacidae]]
*[[Siluridae]]
*[[Sisoridae]]
*[[Trichomycteridae]]
* ''[[incertae sedis]]'':
**''[[Conorhynchos]]''
'''Extinct family:'''
*[[Andinichthyidae]][[extinction|†]]
*[[Bachmanniidae]][[extinction|†]]
*[[Hypsidoridae]]
| type_species = ''[[Silurus glanis]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
}}
'''Catfish''' (or '''catfishes'''; [[order (biology)|order]] '''Siluriformes''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|lj|ʊər|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} or '''Nematognathi''') are a diverse group of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]]. Named for their prominent [[barbel (anatomy)|barbel]]s, which resemble a [[cat]]'s [[whisker]]s, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the [[Mekong giant catfish]] from [[Southeast Asia]], the [[wels catfish]] of [[Eurasia]], and the [[Brachyplatystoma filamentosum|piraíba]] of [[South America]], to [[detritivore]]s (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny [[parasite|parasitic]] species commonly called the [[Candiru (fish)|candiru]], ''Vandellia cirrhosa''. Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and [[swimbladder]]. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are [[Aquaculture of catfish|farmed]] or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus ''[[Corydoras]]'', are important in the [[fishkeeping|aquarium hobby]]. Many catfish are [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]],<ref name="aworld">[http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm Catfish Varieties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417234946/http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm |date=17 April 2012 }}. animal-world.com</ref><ref name="samer">Wong, Kate (6 June 2001) [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta "How Nocturnal Catfish Stalk Their Prey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320110006/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta |date=20 March 2011 }}. ''Scientific American''.</ref> but others (many [[Auchenipteridae]]) are [[crepuscular]] or [[Diurnality|diurnal]] (most [[Loricariidae]] or [[Callichthyidae]], for example).
==Taxonomy==
Molecular evidence suggests that in spite of the great morphological diversity seen throughout the order, all catfish form a [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=JP |author2=Lundberg JG |author3=Hardman M |year=2006 |title=A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences |journal=Mol Phylogenet Evol |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=636–62 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.044 |pmid=16876440|bibcode=2006MolPE..41..636S }}</ref> Catfish belong to a superorder called the [[Ostariophysi]], which also includes the [[Cypriniformes]] (carps and minnows), [[Characiformes]] (characins and tetras), [[Gonorynchiformes]] (milkfish and beaked salmons) and [[Gymnotiformes]] (South American knifefish), a superorder characterized by the [[Weberian apparatus]]. Some place Gymnotiformes as a sub-order of Siluriformes; however, this is not as widely accepted. Currently, the Siluriformes are said to be the [[sister group]] to the Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated due to more recent molecular evidence.<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |title-link=Fishes of the World |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], Inc |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-471-25031-9}}</ref> {{As of|2007}} there were about thirty-six [[extant taxon|extant]] catfish families, and about 3,093 extant species have been described.<ref name="ferraris">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraris |first1=Carl J. Jr. |last2=Miya |first2=M |last3=Azuma |first3=Y |last4=Nishida |first4=M |year=2007 |title=Checklist of catfish, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1418 |pages=1–628 |citeseerx=10.1.1.232.798 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414082401/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-14 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> This makes the catfish order the second or third most diverse [[vertebrate]] order; in fact, one out of every twenty vertebrate species is a catfish.<ref name="tol">{{cite web |last=Lundberg |first=John G. |author2=Friel, John P. |date=20 January 2003 |title=Siluriformes |url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128012752/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi |archive-date=28 January 2007 |access-date=18 April 2007 |publisher=[[Tree of Life Web Project]]}}</ref>
Catfish are believed to have a [[Gondwana|Gondwanan]] origin primarily centered around South America, as the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] living catfish groups are known from there. The earliest known definitive members lived in the [[Americas]] from the [[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]] stages of the [[Late Cretaceous]], including the [[Andinichthyidae]], ''Vorhisia vulpes'' and possibly ''[[Arius (fish)|Arius]]''.<ref name=NT24/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Gary |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |date=2021-09-01 |title=Upper Cretaceous teleostean otoliths from the Severn Formation (Maastrichtian) of Maryland, USA, with an unusual occurrence of Siluriformes and Beryciformes and the oldest Atlantic coast Gadiformes |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |pages=104867 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021CrRes.12504867S }}</ref><ref name=Cavin2017/> A potential fossil record is known from the earlier [[Coniacian]]-[[Santonian]] stages in [[Niger]] of [[West Africa]],<ref name=Patterson1993>{{cite book|author=Patterson, C.|year=1993|chapter=Osteichthyes: Teleostei|editor=Benton, M.J.|title=The Fossil Record 2|pages=621-656|publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]]|location=London}}</ref> though this has been considered unreliable,<ref name=Cavin2017>{{Citation |last=Cavin |first=Lionel |title=Evolutionary Histories of Freshwater Fishes |date=2017 |work=Freshwater Fishes: 250 Million Years of Evolutionary History |pages=53–125 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78548-138-3.50004-2 |access-date=2024-05-08 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-78548-138-3}}</ref> and the putative earliest [[Loricariidae|armored catfish]] known from the fossil record, ''[[Afrocascudo]]'', lived during the [[Cenomanian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]] in [[Morocco]] of [[North Africa]] ([[Kem Kem Group]]).<ref name="Afrocascudo" /> The describers of ''Afrocascudo'' claimed that the presence of a derived loricariid so early on would indicate the extensive diversification of catfish, or at least loricarioids, prior to the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. As extant loricariids are only known from South America, much of this diversification must have occurred on the supercontinent of [[Gondwana|West Gondwana]] prior to its fragmentation into South America and Africa.<ref name="Afrocascudo" /> Britz and colleagues suggested that ''Afrocascudo'' instead represents a juvenile [[Obaichthyidae|obaichthyid]] [[Lepisosteiformes|lepisosteiform]], possibly a junior synonym of ''Obaichthys''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Britz, R.|author2=Pinion, Amanda K.|author3=Kubicek, Kole M.|author4=Conway, Kevin W.|year=2024|title=Comment on “A Saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana” by Brito et al|journal=Gondwana Research|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.014}}</ref> The authors of the original study still stood by their original conclusion based on the absence of important [[Holostei|holostean]] characters, and noted that it could not be a juvenile, since the bones were completely ossified.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brito |first1=Paulo M. |last2=Dutheil |first2=Didier B. |last3=Keith |first3=Philippe |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |last5=Meunier |first5=François J. |last6=Khalloufi |first6=Bouziane |last7=Gueriau |first7=Pierre |year=2024|title=A reply to a comment on Brito et al., 2024, A Saharan fossil and the dawn of the Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana by Britz, Pinion, Kubicek and Conway|journal=Gondwana Research|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.013}}</ref>
[[File:Blue catfish skeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue catfish (''[[Blue catfish|Ictalurus furcatus]])'' skeleton on display at the [[Museum of Osteology]].]]
The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 paper, ''[[Horabagrus]]'', ''[[Phreatobius]]'', and ''[[Conorhynchos]]'' were not classified under any current catfish families.<ref name="ferraris" /> There is disagreement on the family status of certain groups; for example, Nelson (2006) lists Auchenoglanididae and Heteropneustidae as separate families, while the All Catfish Species Inventory (ACSI) includes them under other families. [[FishBase]] and the [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] lists Parakysidae as a separate family, while this group is included under [[Akysidae]] by both Nelson (2006) and ACSI.<ref name="Nelson" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Catfish Families |url=http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502195241/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html |archive-date=2 May 2007 |access-date=28 April 2007 |publisher=All Catfish Species Inventory}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase family|family=Parakysidae|year=2007|month=April}}</ref><ref>{{ITIS|id=553185|taxon=Parakysidae|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Many sources do not list the recently revised family [[Anchariidae]].<ref name="Anchariidae">{{cite journal |last=Ng |first=Heok Hee |author2=Sparks, John S. |year=2005 |title=Revision of the endemic Malagasy catfish family Anchariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species |url=http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=303–323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215172203/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref> The family [[Horabagridae]], including ''Horabagrus'', ''[[Pseudeutropius]]'', and ''[[Platytropius]]'', is not shown by some authors but presented by others as a true group.<ref name="Sullivan" /> Thus, the actual number of families differs between authors. The species count is in constant flux due to [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] work as well as description of new species.<ref name="Nelson" /> Between 2003 and 2005, over one hundred species were named, a rate three times faster than that of the past century.<ref name="neotropdiversity">{{cite journal |last=Ferraris |first=Carl J. Jr. |author2=Reis, Roberto E. |author-link2=Roberto Esser dos Reis |year=2005 |title=Neotropical catfish diversity: an historical perspective |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=453–454 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252005000400001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In June 2005, researchers named the newest family of catfish, [[Lacantuniidae]], only the third new family of fish distinguished in the last seventy years, the others being the [[coelacanth]] in 1938 and the [[megamouth shark]] in 1983. The new species in [[Lacantuniidae]], ''[[Lacantunia enigmatica]]'', was found in the [[Lacantun river]] in the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]].<ref name="rodiles">{{cite journal |last=Rodiles-Hernández |first=Rocío |author2=Hendrickson, Dean A. |author3=Lundberg, John G. |author4=Humphries, Julian M. |year=2005 |title=''Lacantunia enigmatica'' (Teleostei: Siluriformes) a new and phylogenetically puzzling freshwater fish from Mesoamerica |url=http://biostor.org/reference/15994 |url-status=live |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1000 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1000.1.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015806/http://biostor.org/reference/15994 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2009 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due to [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies. While most studies, both morphological and molecular, agree that catfishes are arranged into three main [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]], the relationship among these lineages has been a contentious point in which these studies, performed for example by [[Rui Diogo]], differ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Arcila |first1=Dahiana |last2=Ortí |first2=Guillermo |last3=Vari |first3=Richard |last4=Armbruster |first4=Jonathan W. |last5=Stiassny |first5=Melanie L. J. |last6=Ko |first6=Kyung D. |last7=Sabaj |first7=Mark H. |last8=Lundberg |first8=John |last9=Revell |first9=Liam J. |date=2017-01-13 |title=Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=0020 |bibcode=2017NatEE...1...20A |doi=10.1038/s41559-016-0020 |pmid=28812610 |s2cid=16535732}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wei-Jen |last2=Lavoué |first2=Sébastien |last3=Mayden |first3=Richard L. |date=2013-04-09 |title=Evolutionary Origin and Early Biogeography of Otophysan Fishes (Ostariophysi: Teleostei) |journal=Evolution |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=2218–2239 |doi=10.1111/evo.12104 |pmid=23888847 |s2cid=40056087 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Rivera-Rivera |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |date=October 2018 |title=Back to the roots: Reducing evolutionary rate heterogeneity among sequences gives support for the early morphological hypothesis of the root of Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=127 |pages=272–279 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.004 |pmid=29885935 |s2cid=47014511 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018MolPE.127..272R }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Diogo |first=Rui |date=2004-11-01 |title=Phylogeny, origin and biogeography of catfishes: support for a Pangean origin of 'modern teleosts' and reexamination of some Mesozoic Pangean connections between the Gondwanan and Laurasian supercontinents |journal=Animal Biologyn |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=331–351 |doi=10.1163/1570756042729546}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rui. |first=Diogo |title=The origin of higher clades : osteology, myology, phylogeny and evolution of bony fishes and the rise of tetrapods |date=2007 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=9781578085590 |location=Enfield, NH |oclc=680560456}}</ref> The three main lineages in Siluriformes are the family [[Diplomystidae]], the denticulate catfish suborder [[Loricarioidea|Loricarioidei]] (containing the Neotropical "suckermouth" catfishes), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. According to [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] data, [[Diplomystidae]] is usually considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and the [[cladistics|sister group]] to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Lei |date=April 2011 |title=GONORYNCHIFORMES AND OSTARIOPHYSAN RELATIONSHIPS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW - Edited by T. Grande, F. J. Poyato-Ariza and R. Diogo |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=1277–1278 |bibcode=2011JFBio..78.1277Y |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02907.x}}</ref> Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to a [[clade]] that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei; this phylogeny has been obtained in numerous studies based on genetic data.<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakatani |first1=Masanori |last2=Miya |first2=Masaki |last3=Mabuchi |first3=Kohji |last4=Saitoh |first4=Kenji |last5=Nishida |first5=Mutsumi |date=2011-06-22 |title=Evolutionary history of Otophysi (Teleostei), a major clade of the modern freshwater fishes: Pangaean origin and Mesozoic radiation |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=177 |bibcode=2011BMCEE..11..177N |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-177 |pmc=3141434 |pmid=21693066 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, it has been suggested that these molecular results are errors as a result of [[long branch attraction]], incorrectly placing Loricarioidei as the earliest-branching catfish lineage.<ref name=":2" /> When a data filtering method<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rivera-Rivera |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |date=2019-08-13 |title=LSX: automated reduction of gene-specific lineage evolutionary rate heterogeneity for multi-gene phylogeny inference |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=420 |biorxiv=10.1101/220053 |doi=10.1186/s12859-019-3020-1 |pmc=6693147 |pmid=31409290 |doi-access=free}}</ref> was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a final phylogeny was recovered which showed the [[Diplomystidae]] are the earliest-branching catfish, followed by [[Loricarioidea|Loricarioidei]] and Siluroidei as sister lineages, providing both morphological and molecular support for [[Diplomystidae]] being the earliest branching catfish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rivera-Rivera |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Montoya-Burgos |first2=Juan I. |date=October 2018 |title=Back to the roots: Reducing evolutionary rate heterogeneity among sequences gives support for the early morphological hypothesis of the root of Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=127 |pages=272–279 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.004 |pmid=29885935 |s2cid=47014511 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018MolPE.127..272R }}</ref>
Below is a list of family relationships by different authors. Lacantuniidae is included in the Sullivan scheme based on recent evidence that places it sister to [[Claroteidae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lundberg |first=John G. |author2=Sullivan, John P. |author3=Rodiles-Hernández, Rocío |author4=Hendrickson, Dean A. |year=2007 |title=Discovery of African roots for the Mesoamerican Chiapas catfish, ''Lacantunia enigmatica'', requires an ancient intercontinental passage |url=https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=156 |pages=39–53 |doi=10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[39:DOARFT]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=4171034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326130159/https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref>
{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Nelson, 2006<ref name="Nelson" />
! colspan="2" | Sullivan et al., 2006<ref name="Sullivan" />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:25%;" |
*Unresolved families
**Cetopsidae
**Pseudopimelodidae
**Heptapteridae
**Cranoglanididae
**Ictaluridae
*[[Loricarioidea]]
**Amphiliidae
**Trichomycteridae
**Nematogenyiidae
**Callichthyidae
**Scoloplacidae
**Astroblepidae
**Loricariidae
*[[Sisoroidea]]
**Amblycipitidae
**Akysidae
**Sisoridae
**Erethistidae
**Aspredinidae
*Doradoidea
**Mochokidae
**Doradidae
**Auchenipteridae
| style="width:25%;" |
*Siluroidea
**Siluridae
**Malapteruridae
**Auchenoglanididae
**Chacidae
**Plotosidae
**Clariidae
**Heteropneustidae
*Bagroidea
**Austroglanididae
**Claroteidae
**Ariidae
**Schilbeidae
**Pangasiidae
**Bagridae
**Pimelodidae
| style="width:25%;" |
*Unresolved families
**Cetopsidae
**Plotosidae
**Chacidae
**Siluridae
**Pangasiidae
*Suborder Loricarioidei
**Trichomycteridae
**Nematogenyiidae
**Callichthyidae
**Scoloplacidae
**Astroblepidae
**Loricariidae
*Clarioidea
**Clariidae
**Heteropneustidae
*Arioidea
**Ariidae
**Anchariidae
*Pimelodoidea
**Pimelodidae
**Pseudopimelodidae
**Heptapteridae
**''Conorhynchos''
*Ictaluroidea
**Ictaluridae
**Cranoglanididae
| style="width:25%;" |
*Doradoidea (sister to Aspredinidae)
**Doradidae
**Auchenipteridae
*"Big Asia"
**Sisoroidea
***Amblycipitidae
***Akysidae
***Sisoridae
***Erethistidae
**''[[Ailia]]'' + ''[[Laides]]'' (Asian schilbeids)
**Horabagridae (''[[Horabagrus]]'' + ''[[Pseudeutropius]]'' + ''[[Platytropius]]'')
**Bagridae (without ''[[Rita (fish)|Rita]]'')
*"Big Africa"
**Mochokidae
**Malapteruridae
**Amphiliidae
**Claroteidae
**Lacantuniidae
**Schilbeidae
|}
|}
=== Phylogeny ===
Phylogeny of living Siluriformes based on 2017<ref>{{cite journal |last=Betancur-Rodriguez |first=Ricardo |author2=Edward O. Wiley |author3=Gloria Arratia |author4=Arturo Acero |author5=Nicolas Bailly |author6=Masaki Miya |author7=Guillaume Lecointre |author8=Guillermo Ortí |year=2017 |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |edition=4 |volume=17 |issue=162 |pages=162 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |pmc=5501477 |pmid=28683774 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and extinct families based on Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |author2=Terry C. Grande |author3=Mark V. H. Wilson |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |isbn=9781118342336 |edition=5}}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|label1=Siluriformes
|1={{clade
|1=†[[Andinichthyidae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Loricaroidei
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Nematogenyidae]] [[File:Contributions to the fauna of Chile (Nematogenys inermis).jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Trichomycteridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Trichomycterus punctatissimus.jpg|70 px]]</span>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Callichthyidae]] [[File:Hoplosternum littorale Orbigny.jpg|70 px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Astroblepidae]] [[File:Astroblepus sabalo.jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Loricariidae]] [[File:Loricariichthys anus Orbigny.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Diplomystoidei
|1={{clade
|1=[[Diplomystidae]]
|2=†[[Bachmanniidae]]
}}
|label2=Siluroidei
|2={{clade
|label1=Hypsidoroidea
|1=†[[Hypsidoridae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Cetopsoidea
|1=[[Cetopsidae]] [[File:Cetopsis plumbea.jpg|70 px]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Siluroidea
|1=[[Siluridae]] [[File:Silurus glanis1.jpg|70 px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Arioidea
|1=[[Pangasiidae]]
|label2=Big African<br>catfishes
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mochokidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Synodontis multipunctatus J. Green.jpg|70 px]]</span>
|2=[[Claroteidae]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Ictaluroidea
|1={{clade
|1=[[Plotosidae]]
|2=[[Ictaluridae]] [[File:Black bullhead fish (white background).jpg|70 px]] }}
|2={{clade
|label1=Clarioidea
|1=[[Clariidae]] [[File:Clarias gariepinus.jpg|70 px]]
|label2=Sisoroidea
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ailiidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sisoridae]] [[File:Bagrus yarrelli Sykes.jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Bagridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Rita sacerdotum.jpg|70 px]]</span>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Doradoidea
|1={{clade
|1=[[Aspredinidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Doradidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Silurus costatus now in Platydoras sketch of Gronow 1754.jpg|70 px]]</span>
|2=[[Auchenipteridae]] [[File:Ageneiosus militaris Orbigny.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
|label2=Pimelodoidea
|2={{clade
|1=[[Heptapteridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Pimelodella gracilis.jpg|70 px]]</span>
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pseudopimelodidae]] [[File:Pseudopimelodus mangurus.jpg|70 px]]
|2=[[Pimelodidae]] [[File:Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum3.jpg|70 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Unassigned families:
* [[Bachmanniidae]][[extinction|†]]
* [[Scoloplacidae]] (Loricarioidei)
* [[Akysidae]] (Sisoroidea)
* [[Amblycipitidae]] (Sisoroidea)
* [[Anchariidae]] (Arioidea)
* [[Ariidae]] (Arioidea)
* [[Amphiliidae]] (Big African catfishes)
* [[Austroglanididae]] (Arioidea)
* [[Chacidae]] (Siluroidei)
* ''[[Conorhynchos]]'' (Pimelodoidea)
* [[Cranoglanididae]] (Ictaluroidea)
* [[Heteropneustidae]] (Clarioidea)
* [[Horabagridae]] (Sisoroidea)
* [[Kryptoglanidae]] (Siluroidea)
* [[Lacantuniidae]] (Big African catfishes)
* [[Malapteruridae]] (Big African catfishes)
* [[Phreatobiidae]] (Pimelodoidea)
* ''[[Rita (fish)|Rita]]'' (Sisoroidea)
* [[Schilbeidae]] (Big African catfishes)
==Ecology==
===Distribution and habitat===
Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except [[Antarctica]]. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.<ref name="Nelson"/> They are most diverse in [[tropics|tropical]] South America, Asia, and Africa, with one family native to North America and one family in Europe.<ref name=tol/> More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the only [[Ostariophysi|ostariophysan]]s that have entered [[fresh water|freshwater]] habitats in [[Madagascar]], Australia, and [[New Guinea]].<ref name="Bruton">{{cite journal|title=Alternative life-history strategies of catfishes|last=Bruton|first=Michael N.|journal=Aquat. Living Resour.|year=1996|volume=9|pages=35–41|doi=10.1051/alr:1996040|s2cid=85428351 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
They are found in fresh water/[[brackish water]] environments, though most inhabit shallow, running water.<ref name="Bruton"/> Representatives of at least eight families are [[hypogean]] (live underground) with three families that are also [[troglobite|troglobitic]] (inhabiting caves).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Morphological Adaptations of the Texas Blind Catfishes ''Trogloglanis pattersoni'' and ''Satan eurystomus'' (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) to Their Underground Environment|first=Thomas G.|last=Langecker|author2=Longley, Glenn|journal=[[Copeia]]|year=1993|pages=976–986|doi=10.2307/1447075|volume=1993|issue=4|jstor=1447075}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mexican blindcats genus ''Prietella'' (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae): an overview of recent explorations|first=Dean A.|last=Hendrickson|author2=Krejca, Jean K. |author3=Martinez, Juan Manuel Rodríguez |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|volume=62|pages=315–337|year=2001|issue=1–3|doi=10.1023/A:1011808805094|bibcode=2001EnvBF..62..315H |s2cid=19962442}}</ref> One such species is ''[[Phreatobius cisternarum]]'', known to live underground in [[phreatic]] habitats.<ref name=pcisternarum>{{FishBase|genus=Phreatobius|species=cisternarum|year=2007|month=Apr}}</ref> Numerous species from the families [[Ariidae]] and [[Plotosidae]], and a few species from among the [[Aspredinidae]] and [[Bagridae]], are found in salt water.<ref>Monks N. (editor): ''Brackish Water Fishes'', TFH 2006, {{ISBN|0-7938-0564-3}}</ref><ref>Schäfer F: ''Brackish Water Fishes'', Aqualog 2005, {{ISBN|3-936027-82-X}}</ref>
In the Southern United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names, such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf| title = Texas Dept. Wildlife| access-date = 3 January 2012| archive-date = 21 February 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021704/https://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname "chucklehead", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catfish |url=https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Friends of Woodland Park |language=en-US |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015117/https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish |url-status=live }}</ref>
===As invasive species===
Representatives of the [[genus]] ''[[Ictalurus]]'' have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters and have only increased the ecological pressure on native European [[fauna]]. [[Walking catfish]] have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there. [[Flathead catfish]], ''Pylodictis olivaris'', is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages.<ref name=tol/> ''[[Pterygoplichthys]]'' species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established [[feral]] populations in many warm waters around the world.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The South American Suckermouth Armored Catfish, ''Pterygoplichthys anisitsi'' (Pisces: Loricaridae), in Texas, with Comments on Foreign Fish Introductions in the American Southwest|first=Leo G.|last=Nico|author2=Martin, R. Trent|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=46|issue=1|year=2001|pages=98–104|doi=10.2307/3672381|jstor=3672381}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Amazon Sailfin Catfish, ''Pterygoplichthys pardalis'' (Castelnau, 1855) (Loricariidae), Another Exotic Species Established in Southeastern Mexico|first=Armando T.|last=Wakida-Kusunokia|author2=Ruiz-Carusb, Ramon |author3=Amador-del-Angelc, Enrique |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|pages=141–144|volume=52|issue=1|doi=10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[141:ASCPPC]2.0.CO;2|year=2007|s2cid=86847378 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031235535/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-31 |url-status=live|title=New Philippine record of South American sailfin catfishes (Pisces: Loricariidae)|first=Joel M.|last=Chavez|author2=de la Paz, Reynaldo M.|author3= Manohar, Surya Krishna|author4= Pagulayan, Roberto C.|author5= Carandang Vi, Jose R.|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1109|pages=57–68|year=2006|access-date=22 June 2009|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1109.1.6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304213101/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF|archive-date=4 March 2009|title=The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, ''Liposarcus multiradiatus'' (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters|first=Lucy|last=Bunkley-Williams|author2=Williams, Ernest H. Jr.|author3= Lilystrom, Craig G.|author4= Corujo-Flores, Iris|author5= Zerbi, Alfonso J.|author6= Aliaume, Catherine|author7= Churchill, Timothy N.|journal=Caribbean Journal of Science|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=90–94|year=1994|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506010509/http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-06 |url-status=live|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=44|issue=2|pages=252–259|year=2005|title=Size Structure, Reproductive Phenology, and Sex Ratio of an Exotic Armored Catfish (''Liposarcus multiradiatus'') in the Kaoping River of Southern Taiwan|first=Shih-Hsiung|last=Liang|author2=Wu, Hsiao-Ping |author3=Shieh, Bao-Sen |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref>
==Physical characteristics==
===External anatomy of catfish===
Most catfish are [[bottom feeder]]s. In general, they are [[buoyancy|negatively buoyant]], which means that they usually sink rather than float due to a reduced [[gas bladder]] and a heavy, bony head.<ref name="Bruton"/> Catfish have a variety of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened [[ventrum]] to allow for benthic feeding.<ref name="Bruton"/>
A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate, as well as perhaps serving as a [[hydrofoil]]. Some have a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains no [[incisor|incisiform]] teeth; catfish generally feed through [[suction]] or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey.<ref name="Bruton"/> Some families, though, notably the [[Loricariidae]] and [[Astroblepidae]], have a [[suckermouth]] that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water. Catfish also have a [[Fish anatomy#Head|maxilla]] reduced to a support for [[barbel (anatomy)|barbels]]; this means that they are unable to protrude their mouths as other fish such as [[carp]].<ref name="Bruton"/>
[[File:Channelcat.jpg|thumb|The [[channel catfish]] has four pairs of [[barbel (anatomy)|barbels]].]]
Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels - nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of chin barbels, though pairs of barbels may be absent depending on the species. Catfish barbels always occur in pairs. Many larger catfish also have [[chemoreceptor]]s across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, [[gustation]] plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food".<ref>Atema, Jelle (1980) [https://books.google.com/books?id=TZbRp0z5-p0C&pg=PA57 "Chemical senses, chemical signals, and feeding behavior in fishes"] pp. 57–101. In: Bardach, JE ''Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes'', The WorldFish Center, {{ISBN|978-971-02-0003-0}}.</ref> Because their barbels and chemoreception are more important in detecting food, the eyes on catfish are generally small. Like other [[ostariophysi|ostariophysan]]s, they are characterized by the presence of a [[Weberian apparatus]].<ref name="Nelson"/> Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder allow for improved [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] and sound production.<ref name="Bruton"/>
Catfish do not have [[scale (anatomy)|scale]]s; their bodies are often naked. In some species, their [[mucus]]-covered [[skin]] is used in [[cutaneous respiration]], where the fish breathes through its skin.<ref name="Bruton"/> In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called [[scute]]s; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. In [[Loricarioidea|loricarioids]] and in the Asian genus ''[[Sisor]]'', the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free [[dermis|dermal]] plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of ''[[Lithodoras]]''. These plates may be supported by [[vertebra]]l [[Process (anatomy)|process]]es, as in [[Scoloplacidae|scoloplacids]] and in ''Sisor'', but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family [[Amphiliidae]]) and in hoplomyzontines ([[Aspredinidae]]), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of [[Doradidae|doradids]], ''Sisor'', and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied [[lateral line]] ossicles with dorsal and ventral [[lamina (algae)|lamina]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Friel, J P |author2=Lundberg, J G |year=1996|title=''Micromyzon akamai'', gen. et sp. nov., a small and eyeless banjo catfish (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the river channels of the lower Amazon basin|journal=[[Copeia]]|issue=3|pages=641–648|jstor=1447528|volume=1996|doi=10.2307/1447528}}</ref>
All catfish other than members of the [[Malapteruridae]] ([[electric fish|electric]] catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bony, leading spine-like ray on their [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[pectoral fin]]s. As a defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, enabling them to inflict severe wounds.<ref name=tol/> In numerous catfish species, these fin rays can be used to deliver a stinging [[protein]] if the fish is irritated;<ref name=fin>{{cite web| url = http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060603225626/http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm| archive-date = 3 June 2006|title=Channel Catfish |access-date=2 December 2006|publisher=Fairfax County Public Schools}}</ref> as many as half of all catfish species may be venomous in this fashion, making the Siluriformes overwhelmingly the vertebrate order with the largest number of venomous species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Jeremy J |title=Diversity, phylogenetic distribution, and origins of venomous catfishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=4 December 2009 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=282 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-282 |pmid=19961571 |pmc=2791775 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..282W |doi-access=free }}</ref> This [[venom]] is produced by [[gland]]ular cells in the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermal]] tissue covering the spines.<ref name="Nelson"/> In members of the family [[Plotosidae]] and of the genus ''[[Heteropneustes]]'', this protein is so strong it may hospitalize humans who receive a sting; in ''[[Plotosus|Plotosus lineatus]]'', the stings can be lethal.<ref name="Nelson"/> The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are two of the most conspicuous features of siluriforms, and differ from those in other fish groups.<ref name='Ballen'>{{cite journal|author1=Ballen, Gustavo A.|author2=De Pinna, Mario C. C.|title=A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)|year=2022|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=194|issue=2|pages=601–625|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008|access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095540/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/2/601/6191677|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the widespread use of the spines for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies the fields have struggled to effectively use the information due to a lack of consistency in the nomenclature, with a general standard for the descriptive anatomy of catfish spines proposed in 2022 to try and resolve this problem.<ref name='Ballen'/>
Juvenile catfish, like most fish, have relatively large heads, eyes, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of the genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|title=First description of small juveniles of the primitive catfish ''Diplomystes'' (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae)|first=John G.|last=Lundberg|author2=Berra, Tim M.|author3=Friel, John P.|journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters|volume=15|issue=1|pages=71–82|year=2004|url=https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211152811/https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sexual dimorphism]] is reported in about half of all families of catfish.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031234339/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-31 |url-status=live|title=''Synodontis acanthoperca'', a new species from the Ogôoué River system, Gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)|first=John P.|last=Friel|author2=Vigliotta, Thomas R.|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1125|pages=45–56|year=2006|access-date=22 June 2009|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1125.1.3}}</ref> The modification of the [[anal fin]] into an [[penis|intromittent organ]] (in internal fertilizers) as well as accessory structures of the reproductive apparatus (in both internal and external fertilizers) have been described in species belonging to 11 different families.<ref name="Mazzoldi">{{cite journal|title=Variation of male reproductive apparatus in relation to fertilization modalities in the catfish families Auchenipteridae and Callichthyidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)|first=C.|last=Mazzoldi|author2=Lorenzi, V. |author3=Rasotto, M. B. |journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=2007|volume=70|issue=1 |pages=243–256|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01300.x|bibcode=2007JFBio..70..243M }}</ref>
===Size===
[[File:Bagarius yarrelli India.png|thumb|left|Giant ''[[Bagarius yarrelli]]'' (goonch) caught in India. Some goonch in the Kali River grow large enough to attack humans and water buffalo]]
Catfish have one of the largest ranges in size within a single order of [[Actinopterygii|bony fish]].<ref name="Bruton"/> Many catfish have a maximum length of under {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nelson" /> Some of the smallest species of the [[Aspredinidae]] and [[Trichomycteridae]] reach sexual maturity at only {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=tol/>
The [[wels catfish]], ''Silurus glanis'', and the much smaller related [[Aristotle's catfish]], are the only catfish indigenous to [[Europe]]; the former ranges throughout Europe, and the latter is restricted to [[Greece]]. [[Mythology]] and literature record wels catfish of astounding proportions yet are to be proven scientifically. The typical size of the species is about {{convert|1.2–1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and fish more than {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} are rare. However, they are known to exceed {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight. In July 2009, a catfish weighing {{convert|88|kg|lb}} was caught in the [[River Ebro]], Spain, by an 11-year-old British schoolgirl.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | location=London | title=Schoolgirl nets 9ft monster fish | date=15 July 2009 | access-date=28 April 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In North America, the largest ''[[Ictalurus furcatus]]'' (blue catfish) caught in the [[Missouri River]] on 20 July 2010, weighed {{convert|59|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The largest [[flathead catfish]], ''Pylodictis olivaris'', ever caught was in [[Independence, Kansas]], weighing {{convert|56|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.
These records pale in comparison to a [[Mekong giant catfish]] caught in northern [[Thailand]] on 1 May 2005, and reported to the press almost 2 months later, that weighed {{convert|293|kg|lb}}. This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981.<ref name=Mekong>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html|title=Grizzly Bear-Size Catfish Caught in Thailand|date=29 June 2005|access-date=14 July 2006|publisher=National Geographic News|archive-date=30 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050630233848/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also in Asia, [[Jeremy Wade]] caught a {{convert|75.5|kg|lb|1|adj=on}} [[Bagarius yarrelli|goonch]] following [[Kali River goonch attacks|three fatal attacks on humans]] in the [[Sharda River|Kali River]] on the [[India]]-[[Nepal]] border. Wade was of the opinion that the offending fish must have been significantly larger than this to have taken an 18-year-old boy, as well as a [[water buffalo]].{{citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source.|date=March 2020}}
Piraíba ''([[Brachyplatystoma|Brachyplatystoma filamentosum]])'' can grow exceptionally large and are native to the Amazon Basin. They can occasionally grow to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, as evidenced by numerous catches. Deaths from being swallowed by these fish have been reported in the region.
===Internal anatomy===
[[File:Kryptopterus 2.jpg|thumb|''[[Kryptopterus vitreolus]]'' (glass catfish) have transparent bodies lacking both scales and pigments. Most of the internal organs are located near the head.]]
In many catfish, the "humeral process" is a bony process extending backward from the [[pectoral girdle]] immediately above the base of the pectoral fin. It lies beneath the skin, where its outline may be determined by dissecting the skin or probing with a needle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212539/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process|archive-date=17 December 2007|title=Term : humeral process|publisher=[[FishBase]]|year=2007}}</ref>
The [[retina]]e of catfish are composed of single [[cone cell|cone]]s and large [[rod cell|rod]]s. Many catfish have a [[tapetum lucidum]], which may help enhance [[photon]] capture and increase low-light sensitivity. [[Double cone (biology)|Double cone]]s, though present in most [[teleost]]s, are absent from catfish.<ref name="Douglas">{{cite journal|last=Douglas|first=Ron H.|author2=Collin, Shaun P.|author3=Corrigan, Julie|date=15 November 2002|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425|title=The eyes of suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae, subfamily Hypostomus): pupil response, lenticular longitudinal spherical aberration and retinal topography|publisher=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=205|issue=22|pages=3425–3433|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|doi=10.1242/jeb.205.22.3425|pmid=12364396|access-date=9 June 2007|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044830/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425|url-status=live}}</ref>
The anatomical organization of the [[testicle|testis]] in catfish is variable among the families of catfish, but the majority of them present fringed testis: Ictaluridae, Claridae, Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, and Pseudopimelodidae.<ref name="Barros"/> In the testes of some species of Siluriformes, organs and structures such as a spermatogenic cranial region and a secretory caudal region are observed, in addition to the presence of seminal vesicles in the caudal region.<ref name="Brito"/> The total number of fringes and their length are different in the [[Caudal (anatomical term)|caudal]] and [[Skull|cranial]] portions between species.<ref name="Barros">{{cite journal|title=Reproductive apparatus and gametogenesis of ''Lophiosilurus alexandri'' Steindachner (Pisces, Teleostei, Siluriformes)|first=Marcelo D. M.|last=Barros|author2=Guimarães-Cruz, Rodrigo J. |author3=Veloso-Júnior, Vanderlei C. |author4= Santos, José E. dos |journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=24|issue=1|pages=213–221|year=2007|doi=10.1590/S0101-81752007000100028|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fringes of the caudal region may present tubules, in which the lumen is filled by secretion and [[Spermatozoon|spermatozoa]].<ref name="Barros"/> Spermatocysts are formed from cytoplasmic extensions of [[Sertoli cell]]s; the release of spermatozoa is allowed by breaking of the cyst walls.<ref name="Barros"/>
The occurrence of [[seminal vesicle]]s, in spite of their interspecific variability in size, gross morphology, and function, has not been related to the mode of fertilization. They are typically paired, multichambered, and connected with the [[sperm duct]], and have been reported to play glandular and storage functions. Seminal vesicle secretion may include [[steroid]]s and steroid glucuronides, with hormonal and pheromonal functions, but it appears to be primarily constituted of mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, and phospholipids.<ref name="Mazzoldi"/>
Fish ovaries may be of two types - gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the [[coelom]]ic cavity and then eliminated. In the second type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the [[oviduct]].<ref name="Brito"/> Many catfish are cystovarian in type, including ''[[Pseudoplatystoma corruscans]]'', ''[[Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum|P. fasciatum]]'', ''[[Lophiosilurus alexandri]]'', and ''[[Loricaria lentiginosa]]''.<ref name="Barros"/><ref name="Brito">{{cite journal|title=Reproduction of the surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil|last=Brito|first=M.F.G.|author2=Bazzoli, N.|journal=Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia|volume=55|issue=5|year=2003|doi=10.1590/S0102-09352003000500018|page=624|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Communication ==
Catfish can produce different types of sounds and also have well-developed auditory reception used to discriminate between sounds with different pitches and velocities. They are also able to determine the distance of the sound's origin and from what direction it originated.<ref name="General Sounds Kasumayan">{{cite journal|last=Kasumayan|first=A. O.|title=Sounds and Sound Production in Fishes|journal=Journal of Ichthyology|year=2008|volume=48|issue=11|pages=981–1030|doi=10.1134/S0032945208110039|s2cid=23223714}}</ref> This is a very important fish communication mechanism, especially during [[agonistic behavior|agonistic]] and distress behaviors. Catfish are able to produce a variety of sounds for communication that can be classified into two groups: drumming sounds and [[stridulation]] sounds. The variability in catfish sound signals differs due to a few factors: the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resulting sound, and physiological differences such as size, sex, and age.<ref name="Stridulatory">{{cite journal|last=Vance|first=Theresa L.|title=Variation in Stridulatory Sound Production in the Channel Catfish, ''Ictalurus punctatus''|jstor=4608557|journal=BIOS|year=2000|volume=71|issue=3|pages=79–84}}</ref> To create a drumming sound, catfish use an indirect vibration mechanism using a [[swimbladder]]. In these fishes, sonic muscles insert on the ramus Mulleri, also known as the elastic spring. The sonic muscles pull the elastic spring forward and extend the swimbladder. When the muscles relax, the tension in the spring quickly returns the swimbladder to its original position, which produces the sound.<ref name="Sound Generating Mechs">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|author2=Michael L. Fine|title=Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: A Unique Diversity in Vertebrates|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=3–43}}</ref>
Catfish also have a sound-generating mechanism in their [[pectoral fins]]. Many species in the catfish family possess an enhanced first pectoral fin ray, called the spine, which can be moved by large [[Abduction (kinesiology)|abductor]] and [[Adduction|adductor]] muscles. The base of the catfishes' spines has a sequence of ridges, and the spine normally slides within a groove on the fish's pelvic girdle during routine movement; but, pressing the ridges on the spine against the pelvic girdle groove creates a series of short pulses.<ref name="General Sounds Kasumayan" /><ref name="Sound Generating Mechs" /> The movement is analogous to a finger moving down the teeth of a comb, and consequently a series of sharp taps is produced.<ref name="Stridulatory" />
Sound-generating mechanisms are often different between the sexes. In some catfish, pectoral fins are longer in males than in females of similar length, and differences in the characteristic of the sounds produced were also observed.<ref name="Sound Generating Mechs" /> Comparison between families of the same order of catfish demonstrated family and species-specific patterns of vocalization, according to a study by Maria Clara Amorim. During courtship behavior in three species of ''Corydoras'' catfish, all males actively produced stridulation sounds before egg fertilization, and the species' songs were different in pulse number and sound duration.<ref name="Amorim article">{{cite journal|last=Amorim|first=Maria Clara P.|title=Diversity of Sound Production in Fish|journal=Communication in Fish|year=2006|volume=1|pages=71–105}}</ref>
Sound production in catfish may also be correlated with fighting and alarm calls. According to a study by Kaatz, sounds for disturbance (e.g. alarm) and agonistic behavior were not significantly different, which suggests distress sounds can be used to sample variation in agonistic sound production.<ref name="Amorim article" /> However, in a comparison of a few different species of tropical catfish, some fish put under distress conditions produced a higher intensity of stridulatory sounds than drumming sounds.<ref name="Agonistic behavior"/> Differences in the proportion of drumming versus stridulation sounds depend on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] constraints, such as different sizes of drumming muscles and pectoral spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not even be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive sound production occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening signal and stridulations are used as a defense signal. Kaatz investigated 83 species from 14 families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.<ref name="Agonistic behavior">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|author2=Myrberg, Arthur A Jr.|title=Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=121–148}}</ref>
==Economic importance==
===Aquaculture===
[[File:Loading2 U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish.jpg|thumb|Loading U.S. farm-raised catfish.]]
{{Main|Aquaculture of catfish}}
Catfish are easy to farm in warm climates, leading to inexpensive and safe food at local grocers. About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile (100-km) radius of [[Belzoni, Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite web | author= Morris, J.E. |title= Pond Culture of Channel Catfish in the North Central Region | publisher= North Central Regional Aquaculture Center| date= October 1993| url= http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070206022434/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf| archive-date= 6 February 2007| access-date= 28 June 2006}}</ref> [[Channel catfish]] (''Ictalurus punctatus'') supports a $450 million/yr aquaculture industry.<ref name=tol/> The largest producers are located in the [[Southern United States]], including [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], and [[Arkansas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113343/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-15 |url-status=live|title=Catfish Production|date=21 July 2017|website=www.nass.usda.gov|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
Catfish raised in inland tanks or channels are usually considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease should be contained and not spread to the wild.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Paul | last = Rogers | title = Economy of Scales | journal = Stanford Magazine | publisher = [[Stanford University|Stanford Alumni Association]] | issue = March / April 2006 | url = http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html | access-date = 14 February 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123839/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html | archive-date = 11 June 2008 | url-status = dead}}</ref>
In Asia, many catfish species are important as food. Several [[airbreathing catfish]] (Clariidae) and [[shark catfish]] (Pangasiidae) species are heavily cultured in Africa and Asia. Exports of one particular shark catfish species from [[Vietnam]], ''[[Pangasius bocourti]]'', have met with pressures from the U.S. catfish industry. In 2003, The [[United States Congress]] passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled as catfish.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-catfish28nov28,0,6595048.story?coll=la-home-business| title = "'Catfish' bred in Asia move up on U.S. food chain"$, Associated Press via L.A. Times, 28 November 2006| website = [[Los Angeles Times]]| date = 28 November 2006| access-date = 5 December 2006| archive-date = 23 September 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095543/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-28-fi-catfish28-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref> As a result, the Vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the U.S. as "basa fish." Trader Joe's has labeled frozen fillets of Vietnamese ''[[Pangasius hypophthalmus]]'' as "striper."<ref>Cole, Nancy (27 January 2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070731074338/http://growfish.com.au/content.asp?contentid=5816 Catfish imports not slowing]. Northwest Arkansas News</ref>
There is a large and growing ornamental fish trade, with hundreds of species of catfish, such as ''[[Corydoras]]'' and [[Loricariidae|armored suckermouth catfish]] (often called plecos), being a popular component of many [[aquarium|aquaria]]. Other catfish commonly found in the aquarium trade are [[Aspredinidae|banjo catfish]], [[Doradidae|talking catfish]], and [[Pimelodidae|long-whiskered catfish]].
===Catfish as food===
{{Cookbook|Catfish}}[[File:Fried catfish new orleans.JPG|thumb|Fried catfish from the [[cuisine of New Orleans]]]]
Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for hundreds of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Judgments as to the quality and flavor vary, with some food critics considering catfish excellent to eat, while others dismiss them as watery and lacking in flavor.<ref name=Baker>Jenny Baker (1988), ''Simply Fish'' p 36–37. Faver & Faber, London.</ref> Catfish is high in [[vitamin D]].<ref name = FactD>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm|title=Vitamin D and Healthy Bones|publisher=New York State Department of Health|access-date=13 July 2007|archive-date=18 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173653/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Farm-raised catfish contains low levels of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s and a much higher proportion of [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s.<ref>[http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study Fatty Fish Not Equal in Good Fats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321233925/http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study |date=21 March 2012 }}. Reuters. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association, July 2008</ref>
In [[Central Europe]], catfish were often viewed as a [[delicacy]] to be enjoyed on [[Feast Day|feast days]] and holidays. Migrants from Europe and Africa to the United States brought along this tradition, and in the [[Southern United States]], catfish is an extremely popular food.
The most commonly eaten species in the United States are the [[channel catfish]] and the [[blue catfish]], both of which are common in the wild and increasingly widely farmed. Farm-raised catfish became such a staple of the U.S. diet that President [[Ronald Reagan]] proclaimed National Catfish Day on June 25, 1987, to recognize "the value of farm-raised catfish."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-07 |title=The Rehab Archipelago {{!}} Forced Labor and Other Abuses in Drug Detention Centers in Southern Vietnam |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/09/07/rehab-archipelago/forced-labor-and-other-abuses-drug-detention-centers-southern |access-date=2019-06-25 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>
Catfish is eaten in a variety of ways. In Europe, it is often cooked in similar ways to [[carp]], but in the United States it is popularly crumbed with [[cornmeal]] and fried.<ref name=Baker/>
[[File:Pecel Lele 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Pecel lele]] served with ''[[sambal]]'', [[tempeh]] and ''[[lalab]]'' vegetables in a tent ''[[warung]]'' in Jakarta, Indonesia]]
In [[Indonesia]], catfish is usually served fried or grilled in street stalls called ''[[warung]]'' and eaten with vegetables, [[sambal]] (a spicy [[relish]] or sauce), and usually ''[[nasi uduk]]'' (traditional [[coconut rice]]). The dish is called {{lang|id|pecel lele}} or {{lang|id|pecak lele}}. {{lang|id|Lele}} is the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] word for catfish. The same dish can also be called as {{lang|id|lele penyet}} (squashed catfish) if the fish is lightly squashed along with sambal with a stone [[Mortar and pestle|mortar-and-pestle]]. The {{lang|id|pecel}} or {{lang|id|pecak}} version presents the fish in a separate plate while the mortar is solely for sambal.
In [[Malaysia]], catfish is called ''ikan keli'' and is fried with spices or grilled and eaten with [[tamarind]] and [[Bird's eye chili|Thai chili]] gravy and is also often eaten with [[steamed rice]].
In [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India]]n states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]], catfish (locally known as ''magur'') is eaten as a favored delicacy during the [[monsoon]]s. In the Indian state of [[Kerala]], the local catfish, known as ''thedu''' or ''etta'' in [[Malayalam]], is also popular.
In [[Hungary]], catfish is often cooked in [[paprika]] sauce (Harcsapaprikás) typical of [[Hungarian cuisine]]. It is traditionally served with [[pasta]] smothered with [[curd cheese]] ([[túrós csusza]]).
In [[Myanmar]] (formally Burma), catfish is usually used in ''[[mohinga]]'', a traditional noodle [[fish soup]] cooked with [[lemon grass]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], pepper, banana stem, onions, and other local ingredients.
[[File:Catfishjf.JPG|thumb|[[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] fried ''hito'' (catfish) with vinegar and ''[[kalamansi]]'' dip sauce]]
Vietnamese catfish, of the genus ''[[Pangasius]]'', cannot be legally marketed as catfish in the United States, and so is referred to as [[Iridescent shark|''swai'']] or ''[[Basa (fish)|basa]]''.<ref name = FactSwai>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm|title=Union Fish Company – Basa/Swai Details|access-date=11 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071109150512/http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm |archive-date = 9 November 2007}}</ref> Only fish of the family ''[[Ictaluridae]]'' may be marketed as catfish in the United States.<ref name = PL107171>Public Law 107-171, § 10806, 116 [[United States Statutes at Large|Stat.]] 526-527, codified in {{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d|title=United States Code, Title 21, section 321d. Market names for catfish and ginseng|mode=cs2|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417123630/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d|url-status=live}} and {{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343-|title=United States Code, Title 21, section 343 (t). Misbranded food|access-date=9 May 2017|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''See'' ''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae Piazza's Seafood World, LLC v. Odom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae |date=23 September 2023 }}'', 448 F. 3d 744 (5th Cir. 2006), ''citing'' Kerrilee E. Kobbeman, "Legislative Note, Hook, Line and Sinker: How Congress Swallowed the Domestic Catfish Industry's Narrow Definition of this Ubiquitous Bottomfeeder," 57 ARK. L.REV. 407, 411-18 (2004).</ref> In the UK, Vietnamese catfish is sometimes sold as "Vietnamese river cobbler", although more commonly as Basa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf| publisher = [[Committee on Toxicity|COT]]| title = Fish Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006| date = 26 May 2007| access-date = 23 May 2013| archive-date = 31 January 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120131042544/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
In [[Nigeria]], catfish is often cooked in a variety of [[stew]]s. It is particularly cooked in a delicacy popularly known as "catfish pepper soup" which is enjoyed throughout the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html|title=How to cook the irresistible catfish pepper soup|last=Oreva|first=Duke|date=2018-05-14|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175134/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Jewish dietary law, known as [[kashrut]], fish must have fins and scales to be [[kashrut|kosher]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kosher Spirit: Fins and Scales |url=https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=OK Kosher Certification |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129062913/https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since catfish lacks scales, they are not kosher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/|title=Channel Catfish|website=fisheries.tamu.edu|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061619/https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Mythology==
In the mythology of the Japanese [[Shinto religion]] natural phenomenon are caused by ''[[kami]]''. [[Earthquakes]] are caused by a giant catfish called [[Namazu]]. There are other ''kami'' associated with earthquakes. In [[Kyoto]] it's usually an eel, but after the [[1855 Edo earthquake]] {{Nihongo|'''''Namazu-e'''''|鯰絵||"catfish prints"}} were printed giving more popularity to the catfish ''kami'' that has been known since the 16th century [[Otsu-e]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosen |first1=Brenda |title=The Mythical Creatures Bible |publisher=Sterling |date=2009 |page=370}}</ref> In one catfish print the divine white horse of [[Amaterasu]] is depicted knocking down the earthquake-causing catfish.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smits |first1=Gregory |title=Seismic Japan: The Long History and Continuing Legacy of the Ansei Edo Earthquake |date=2013 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=158|bibcode=2013sjlh.book.....S }}</ref>
==Dangers to humans==
[[File:Image-Striped eel catfish2.jpg|thumb|A sting from the striped eel catfish, ''[[Plotosus lineatus]]'', may be fatal.]]
While the vast majority of catfish are harmless to humans, a few species are known to present some risk. Many catfish species have "stings" (actually non-venomous in most cases) embedded behind their fins; thus precautions must be taken when handling them. Stings by the venomous [[striped eel catfish]] have killed people in rare cases.<ref>{{FishBase|genus=Plotosus|species=lineatus|month=November|year=2014}}</ref>
==Catfish fishing records==
By information from International Game Fish Association [[IGFA]] the most outstanding record:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrec.igfa.org/ |title=IGFA World Records |publisher=International Game Fish Association |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064327/http://wrec.igfa.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The biggest flathead catfish caught was by Ken Paulie in the [[Elk City Reservoir]] in Kansas, US on 19 May 1998 that weighed {{convert|55.79|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
==See also==
* [[Lotidae]]
==References==
{{clear}}
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Siluriformes}}
{{Wikispecies|Siluriformes}}
{{EB1911 poster|Cat-fish}}
* [http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ All catfish species inventory]
* [http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845 "Giant Baghair caught in Jamuna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032305/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845 |date=29 November 2014 }} in ''The Daily Star'' (Bangladesh), 12 May 2009
* Skelton, Paul H. and Teugels, Guy G. 1992. [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019675 Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 56: Neotype description for the African catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces: Siluroidei: Clariidae)]. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Commercial fish topics}}
{{Seafood}}
{{Meat}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q59576}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Siluriformes|.]]
[[Category:Edible fish]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Ostariophysi]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish]]
[[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]' |
All external links in the new text (all_links ) | [
0 => 'https://doi.org/10.3374%2F014.065.0101',
1 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GondR.132..103B',
2 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.04.008',
3 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4713424',
4 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1145675W',
5 => 'https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145675',
6 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26751688',
7 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Siluriformes',
8 => 'http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm',
9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120417234946/http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm',
10 => 'http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110320110006/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta',
12 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MolPE..41..636S',
13 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.05.044',
14 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876440',
15 => 'http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf',
16 => 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.798',
17 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1418.1.1',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080414082401/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf',
19 => 'http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070128012752/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi',
21 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104867',
22 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CrRes.12504867S',
23 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671',
24 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78548-138-3.50004-2',
25 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.014',
26 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.013',
27 => 'http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070502195241/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html',
29 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?Family=Parakysidae',
30 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553185',
31 => 'http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071215172203/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf',
33 => 'https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1679-62252005000400001',
34 => 'http://biostor.org/reference/15994',
35 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1000.1.1',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015806/http://biostor.org/reference/15994',
37 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEE...1...20A',
38 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0020',
39 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812610',
40 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16535732',
41 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12104',
42 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23888847',
43 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40056087',
44 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004',
45 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MolPE.127..272R',
46 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885935',
47 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47014511',
48 => 'https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570756042729546',
49 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680560456',
50 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JFBio..78.1277Y',
51 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2011.02907.x',
52 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141434',
53 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..177N',
54 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-177',
55 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693066',
56 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693147',
57 => 'https://doi.org/10.1101%2F220053',
58 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12859-019-3020-1',
59 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409290',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090326130159/https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf',
61 => 'https://doi.org/10.1635%2F0097-3157(2007)156%5B39:DOARFT%5D2.0.CO;2',
62 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4171034',
63 => 'https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf',
64 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477',
65 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BMCEE..17..162B',
66 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3',
67 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28683774',
68 => 'https://doi.org/10.1051%2Falr:1996040',
69 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85428351',
70 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447075',
71 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447075',
72 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnvBF..62..315H',
73 => 'https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA:1011808805094',
74 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19962442',
75 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Phreatobius&speciesname=cisternarum',
76 => 'http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021704/https://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf',
78 => 'https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish',
79 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015117/https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish',
80 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3672381',
81 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3672381',
82 => 'https://doi.org/10.1894%2F0038-4909(2007)52%5B141:ASCPPC%5D2.0.CO;2',
83 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86847378',
84 => 'http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf',
85 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1109.1.6',
86 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061031235535/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090304213101/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF',
88 => 'http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF',
89 => 'http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060506010509/http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf',
91 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TZbRp0z5-p0C&pg=PA57',
92 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447528',
93 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447528',
94 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060603225626/http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm',
95 => 'http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm',
96 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791775',
97 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9..282W',
98 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-282',
99 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19961571',
100 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008',
101 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab008',
102 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095540/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/2/601/6191677',
103 => 'https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf',
104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211211152811/https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf',
105 => 'http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf',
106 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1125.1.3',
107 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061031234339/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf',
108 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFBio..70..243M',
109 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2006.01300.x',
110 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html',
111 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html',
112 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050630233848/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html',
113 => 'http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html',
114 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212539/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process',
115 => 'http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process',
116 => 'http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425',
117 => 'https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.205.22.3425',
118 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12364396',
119 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044830/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425',
120 => 'https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000100028',
121 => 'https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-09352003000500018',
122 => 'https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0032945208110039',
123 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23223714',
124 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/4608557',
125 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070206022434/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf',
126 => 'http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf',
127 => 'http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf',
128 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113343/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf',
129 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123839/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html',
130 => 'http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html',
131 => 'http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-catfish28nov28,0,6595048.story?coll=la-home-business',
132 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095543/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-28-fi-catfish28-story.html',
133 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070731074338/http://growfish.com.au/content.asp?contentid=5816',
134 => 'http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm',
135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173653/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm',
136 => 'http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study',
137 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120321233925/http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study',
138 => 'https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/09/07/rehab-archipelago/forced-labor-and-other-abuses-drug-detention-centers-southern',
139 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071109150512/http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm',
140 => 'http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm',
141 => 'https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d',
142 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417123630/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d',
143 => 'https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343-',
144 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343',
145 => 'https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae',
146 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae',
147 => 'http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf',
148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120131042544/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf',
149 => 'http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html',
150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175134/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html',
151 => 'https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/',
152 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221129062913/https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/',
153 => 'https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/',
154 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061619/https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/',
155 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013sjlh.book.....S',
156 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Plotosus&speciesname=lineatus',
157 => 'http://wrec.igfa.org/',
158 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064327/http://wrec.igfa.org/',
159 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59576#identifiers',
160 => 'http://silurus.acnatsci.org/',
161 => 'http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845',
162 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032305/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845',
163 => 'http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019675',
164 => 'https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Siluriformes/',
165 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Siluriformes',
166 => 'https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15704',
167 => 'http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=261',
168 => 'https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6236K',
169 => 'https://eol.org/pages/5083',
170 => 'https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SILUO',
171 => 'http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12028',
172 => 'https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/cf39f373-b721-41d5-a19a-79e32a7d16e4',
173 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/708',
174 => 'https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49175',
175 => 'https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11492',
176 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163992',
177 => 'https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000164622',
178 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7995',
179 => 'https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f3b3f8d1-e3e7-464a-99e3-0a62abc12965',
180 => 'https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=701516',
181 => 'https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35487',
182 => 'https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB0787CD-0A42-FF9F-FDAB-FA3AE5C2256C',
183 => 'http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=113925',
184 => 'https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154157',
185 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12151027x',
186 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12151027x',
187 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284852105171',
188 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021003',
189 => 'https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000348893&P_CON_LNG=ENG',
190 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126271&CON_LNG=ENG'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links ) | [
0 => 'http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi',
1 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TZbRp0z5-p0C&pg=PA57',
2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060603225626/http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm',
3 => 'http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm',
4 => 'http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf',
5 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html',
6 => 'http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212539/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process',
8 => 'http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process',
9 => 'http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070206022434/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf',
11 => 'http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf',
12 => 'http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf',
13 => 'http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html',
14 => 'http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-catfish28nov28,0,6595048.story?coll=la-home-business',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070731074338/http://growfish.com.au/content.asp?contentid=5816',
16 => 'http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm',
17 => 'http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071109150512/http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm',
19 => 'http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm',
20 => 'https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343-',
21 => 'http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf',
22 => 'http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf',
23 => 'http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html',
24 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?Family=Parakysidae',
25 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553185',
26 => 'http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf',
27 => 'http://biostor.org/reference/15994',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090326130159/https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf',
29 => 'https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf',
30 => 'http://wrec.igfa.org/',
31 => 'http://silurus.acnatsci.org/',
32 => 'http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845',
33 => 'http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019675',
34 => 'https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SILUO',
35 => 'http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12028',
36 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/708',
37 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163992',
38 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7995',
39 => 'http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=113925',
40 => 'http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html',
41 => 'https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000164622',
42 => 'https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Siluriformes/',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123839/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html',
44 => 'https://eol.org/pages/5083',
45 => 'https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/cf39f373-b721-41d5-a19a-79e32a7d16e4',
46 => 'https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/',
47 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Plotosus&speciesname=lineatus',
48 => 'https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154157',
49 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Phreatobius&speciesname=cisternarum',
50 => 'http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf',
51 => 'http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090304213101/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF',
53 => 'http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF',
54 => 'http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf',
55 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19962442',
56 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23223714',
57 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16535732',
58 => 'https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d',
59 => 'https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae',
60 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40056087',
61 => 'http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=261',
62 => 'https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15704',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120321233925/http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study',
64 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59576#identifiers',
65 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12151027x',
66 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12151027x',
67 => 'http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Siluriformes',
68 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Siluriformes',
69 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html',
70 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008',
71 => 'https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11492',
72 => 'https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f3b3f8d1-e3e7-464a-99e3-0a62abc12965',
73 => 'https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB0787CD-0A42-FF9F-FDAB-FA3AE5C2256C',
74 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126271&CON_LNG=ENG',
75 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85428351',
76 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86847378',
77 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47014511',
78 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4171034',
79 => 'https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6236K',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061031235535/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf',
81 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060506010509/http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf',
82 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061031234339/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf',
83 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113343/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080414082401/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071215172203/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf',
86 => 'https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/',
87 => 'https://doi.org/10.1051%2Falr:1996040',
88 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447075',
89 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447075',
90 => 'https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA:1011808805094',
91 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3672381',
92 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3672381',
93 => 'https://doi.org/10.1894%2F0038-4909(2007)52%5B141:ASCPPC%5D2.0.CO;2',
94 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1109.1.6',
95 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447528',
96 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447528',
97 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791775',
98 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-282',
99 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19961571',
100 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab008',
101 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1125.1.3',
102 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2006.01300.x',
103 => 'https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.205.22.3425',
104 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12364396',
105 => 'https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000100028',
106 => 'https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-09352003000500018',
107 => 'https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0032945208110039',
108 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.05.044',
109 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876440',
110 => 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.798',
111 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1418.1.1',
112 => 'https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1679-62252005000400001',
113 => 'https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1000.1.1',
114 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0020',
115 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812610',
116 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12104',
117 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23888847',
118 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004',
119 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885935',
120 => 'https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570756042729546',
121 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680560456',
122 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2011.02907.x',
123 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141434',
124 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-177',
125 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693066',
126 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693147',
127 => 'https://doi.org/10.1101%2F220053',
128 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12859-019-3020-1',
129 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409290',
130 => 'https://doi.org/10.1635%2F0097-3157(2007)156%5B39:DOARFT%5D2.0.CO;2',
131 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477',
132 => 'https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3',
133 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28683774',
134 => 'https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145675',
135 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1145675W',
136 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26751688',
137 => 'https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf',
138 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/4608557',
139 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021003',
140 => 'https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish',
141 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4713424',
142 => 'http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm',
143 => 'http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta',
144 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032305/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845',
145 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120417234946/http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm',
146 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110320110006/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta',
147 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070128012752/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi',
148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021704/https://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf',
149 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015117/https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish',
150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095540/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/2/601/6191677',
151 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211211152811/https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf',
152 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050630233848/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html',
153 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044830/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425',
154 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095543/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-28-fi-catfish28-story.html',
155 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173653/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm',
156 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210417123630/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d',
157 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343',
158 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae',
159 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120131042544/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf',
160 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175134/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221129062913/https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/',
162 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061619/https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/',
163 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070502195241/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html',
164 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015806/http://biostor.org/reference/15994',
165 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064327/http://wrec.igfa.org/',
166 => 'https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49175',
167 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnvBF..62..315H',
168 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9..282W',
169 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFBio..70..243M',
170 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEE...1...20A',
171 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JFBio..78.1277Y',
172 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..177N',
173 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BMCEE..17..162B',
174 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284852105171',
175 => 'https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=701516',
176 => 'https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35487',
177 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013sjlh.book.....S',
178 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.04.008',
179 => 'https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/09/07/rehab-archipelago/forced-labor-and-other-abuses-drug-detention-centers-southern',
180 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GondR.132..103B',
181 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MolPE..41..636S',
182 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MolPE.127..272R',
183 => 'https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000348893&P_CON_LNG=ENG',
184 => 'https://doi.org/10.3374%2F014.065.0101',
185 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104867',
186 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.014',
187 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CrRes.12504867S',
188 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671',
189 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.013',
190 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78548-138-3.50004-2'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>⚠️⚠️⚠️Catfish can poo on you when you catch them, WATCH OUT!⚠️⚠️⚠️</p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of fish</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the deceptive online actions by one to another, see <a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">Catfishing</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fish. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catfish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catfish (disambiguation)">Catfish (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kaari" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaari_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaari (disambiguation)">Kaari (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Catfish<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Campanian–Present</span><sup id="cite_ref-NT24_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NT24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div>
<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:191.70461538462px; width:28.295384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:191.70461538462px; width:28.295384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:192.70461538462px; width:26.295384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
</div>
</div></span><small>Possible earlier <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> records<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Afrocascudo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afrocascudo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png/240px-Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png/360px-Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png/480px-Ameiurus_melas_by_Duane_Raver.png 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="970" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Black_bullhead" title="Black bullhead">Black bullhead</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Siluriformes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Otophysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Otophysi">Otophysi</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siluriformes</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">G. Cuvier</a>, 1817</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Silurus_glanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Silurus glanis">Silurus glanis</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<p><b>Extant families:</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailiidae" title="Ailiidae">Ailiidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Akysidae">Akysidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amblycipitidae" title="Amblycipitidae">Amblycipitidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amphiliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiliidae">Amphiliidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anchariidae" title="Anchariidae">Anchariidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariidae" title="Ariidae">Ariidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aspredinidae" title="Aspredinidae">Aspredinidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astroblepidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astroblepidae">Astroblepidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Auchenipteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Auchenipteridae">Auchenipteridae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austroglanididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroglanididae">Austroglanididae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bagridae" title="Bagridae">Bagridae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Callichthyidae" title="Callichthyidae">Callichthyidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cetopsidae" title="Cetopsidae">Cetopsidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacidae">Chacidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clariidae">Clariidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claroteidae" title="Claroteidae">Claroteidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cranoglanididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranoglanididae">Cranoglanididae</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malapteruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapteruridae">Malapteruridae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mochokidae" title="Mochokidae">Mochokidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nematogenyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematogenyiidae">Nematogenyiidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pangasiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasiidae">Pangasiidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">Pimelodidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plotosidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plotosidae">Plotosidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopimelodidae" title="Pseudopimelodidae">Pseudopimelodidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schilbeidae" title="Schilbeidae">Schilbeidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scoloplacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoloplacidae">Scoloplacidae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siluridae" title="Siluridae">Siluridae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sisoridae" title="Sisoridae">Sisoridae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i>:
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conorhynchos" title="Conorhynchos">Conorhynchos</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
<p><b>Extinct family:</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinichthyidae" title="Andinichthyidae">Andinichthyidae</a><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bachmanniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachmanniidae">Bachmanniidae</a><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypsidoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsidoridae">Hypsidoridae</a></li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style>
<p><b>Catfish</b> (or <b>catfishes</b>; <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Siluriformes</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/lj/: 'l' in 'lute'">lj</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <b>Nematognathi</b>) are a diverse group of <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fish</a>. Named for their prominent <a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" title="Barbel (anatomy)">barbels</a>, which resemble a <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisker">whiskers</a>, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_giant_catfish" title="Mekong giant catfish">Mekong giant catfish</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wels_catfish" title="Wels catfish">wels catfish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brachyplatystoma_filamentosum" title="Brachyplatystoma filamentosum">piraíba</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a> (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitic</a> species commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Candiru_(fish)" title="Candiru (fish)">candiru</a>, <i>Vandellia cirrhosa</i>. Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and <a href="/wiki/Swimbladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimbladder">swimbladder</a>. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">farmed</a> or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Corydoras" title="Corydoras">Corydoras</a></i>, are important in the <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">aquarium hobby</a>. Many catfish are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aworld_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aworld-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-samer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others (many <a href="/wiki/Auchenipteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Auchenipteridae">Auchenipteridae</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> (most <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">Loricariidae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Callichthyidae" title="Callichthyidae">Callichthyidae</a>, for example).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Phylogeny"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogeny</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ecology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ecology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Distribution_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution and habitat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#As_invasive_species"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">As invasive species</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Physical_characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Physical characteristics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_anatomy_of_catfish"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">External anatomy of catfish</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Size"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Size</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Internal_anatomy"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Internal anatomy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economic_importance"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economic importance</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Aquaculture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Aquaculture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Catfish_as_food"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Catfish as food</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mythology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Mythology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dangers_to_humans"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Dangers to humans</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Catfish_fishing_records"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Catfish fishing records</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Molecular evidence suggests that in spite of the great morphological diversity seen throughout the order, all catfish form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catfish belong to a superorder called the <a href="/wiki/Ostariophysi" title="Ostariophysi">Ostariophysi</a>, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a> (carps and minnows), <a href="/wiki/Characiformes" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a> (characins and tetras), <a href="/wiki/Gonorynchiformes" title="Gonorynchiformes">Gonorynchiformes</a> (milkfish and beaked salmons) and <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> (South American knifefish), a superorder characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a>. Some place Gymnotiformes as a sub-order of Siluriformes; however, this is not as widely accepted. Currently, the Siluriformes are said to be the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated due to more recent molecular evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about thirty-six <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> catfish families, and about 3,093 extant species have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-ferraris_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferraris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the catfish order the second or third most diverse <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> order; in fact, one out of every twenty vertebrate species is a catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-tol_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Catfish are believed to have a <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> origin primarily centered around South America, as the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> living catfish groups are known from there. The earliest known definitive members lived in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> stages of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Andinichthyidae" title="Andinichthyidae">Andinichthyidae</a>, <i>Vorhisia vulpes</i> and possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Arius_(fish)" title="Arius (fish)">Arius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NT24_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NT24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavin2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavin2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A potential fossil record is known from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Coniacian" title="Coniacian">Coniacian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a> stages in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson1993_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this has been considered unreliable,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavin2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavin2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the putative earliest <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">armored catfish</a> known from the fossil record, <i><a href="/wiki/Afrocascudo" title="Afrocascudo">Afrocascudo</a></i>, lived during the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> age of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kem_Kem_Group" title="Kem Kem Group">Kem Kem Group</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Afrocascudo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afrocascudo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The describers of <i>Afrocascudo</i> claimed that the presence of a derived loricariid so early on would indicate the extensive diversification of catfish, or at least loricarioids, prior to the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. As extant loricariids are only known from South America, much of this diversification must have occurred on the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">West Gondwana</a> prior to its fragmentation into South America and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Afrocascudo_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afrocascudo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britz and colleagues suggested that <i>Afrocascudo</i> instead represents a juvenile <a href="/wiki/Obaichthyidae" title="Obaichthyidae">obaichthyid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">lepisosteiform</a>, possibly a junior synonym of <i>Obaichthys</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of the original study still stood by their original conclusion based on the absence of important <a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">holostean</a> characters, and noted that it could not be a juvenile, since the bones were completely ossified.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg/220px-Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg/330px-Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg/440px-Blue_catfish_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Blue catfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Blue_catfish" title="Blue catfish">Ictalurus furcatus</a>)</i> skeleton on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 paper, <i><a href="/wiki/Horabagrus" title="Horabagrus">Horabagrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phreatobius" title="Phreatobius">Phreatobius</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Conorhynchos" title="Conorhynchos">Conorhynchos</a></i> were not classified under any current catfish families.<sup id="cite_ref-ferraris_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferraris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is disagreement on the family status of certain groups; for example, Nelson (2006) lists Auchenoglanididae and Heteropneustidae as separate families, while the All Catfish Species Inventory (ACSI) includes them under other families. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a> lists Parakysidae as a separate family, while this group is included under <a href="/wiki/Akysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Akysidae">Akysidae</a> by both Nelson (2006) and ACSI.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sources do not list the recently revised family <a href="/wiki/Anchariidae" title="Anchariidae">Anchariidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anchariidae_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anchariidae-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family <a href="/wiki/Horabagridae" title="Horabagridae">Horabagridae</a>, including <i>Horabagrus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudeutropius" title="Pseudeutropius">Pseudeutropius</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Platytropius" title="Platytropius">Platytropius</a></i>, is not shown by some authors but presented by others as a true group.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the actual number of families differs between authors. The species count is in constant flux due to <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> work as well as description of new species.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2003 and 2005, over one hundred species were named, a rate three times faster than that of the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-neotropdiversity_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neotropdiversity-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2005, researchers named the newest family of catfish, <a href="/wiki/Lacantuniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacantuniidae">Lacantuniidae</a>, only the third new family of fish distinguished in the last seventy years, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanth</a> in 1938 and the <a href="/wiki/Megamouth_shark" title="Megamouth shark">megamouth shark</a> in 1983. The new species in <a href="/wiki/Lacantuniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacantuniidae">Lacantuniidae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lacantunia_enigmatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacantunia enigmatica">Lacantunia enigmatica</a></i>, was found in the <a href="/wiki/Lacantun_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacantun river">Lacantun river</a> in the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rodiles_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodiles-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies. While most studies, both morphological and molecular, agree that catfishes are arranged into three main <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a>, the relationship among these lineages has been a contentious point in which these studies, performed for example by <a href="/wiki/Rui_Diogo" title="Rui Diogo">Rui Diogo</a>, differ.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three main lineages in Siluriformes are the family <a href="/wiki/Diplomystidae" title="Diplomystidae">Diplomystidae</a>, the denticulate catfish suborder <a href="/wiki/Loricarioidea" title="Loricarioidea">Loricarioidei</a> (containing the Neotropical "suckermouth" catfishes), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. According to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> data, <a href="/wiki/Diplomystidae" title="Diplomystidae">Diplomystidae</a> is usually considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and the <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">sister group</a> to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei; this phylogeny has been obtained in numerous studies based on genetic data.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been suggested that these molecular results are errors as a result of <a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a>, incorrectly placing Loricarioidei as the earliest-branching catfish lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a data filtering method<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a final phylogeny was recovered which showed the <a href="/wiki/Diplomystidae" title="Diplomystidae">Diplomystidae</a> are the earliest-branching catfish, followed by <a href="/wiki/Loricarioidea" title="Loricarioidea">Loricarioidei</a> and Siluroidei as sister lineages, providing both morphological and molecular support for <a href="/wiki/Diplomystidae" title="Diplomystidae">Diplomystidae</a> being the earliest branching catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Below is a list of family relationships by different authors. Lacantuniidae is included in the Sullivan scheme based on recent evidence that places it sister to <a href="/wiki/Claroteidae" title="Claroteidae">Claroteidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2">Nelson, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th colspan="2">Sullivan et al., 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:25%;">
<ul><li>Unresolved families
<ul><li>Cetopsidae</li>
<li>Pseudopimelodidae</li>
<li>Heptapteridae</li>
<li>Cranoglanididae</li>
<li>Ictaluridae</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loricarioidea" title="Loricarioidea">Loricarioidea</a>
<ul><li>Amphiliidae</li>
<li>Trichomycteridae</li>
<li>Nematogenyiidae</li>
<li>Callichthyidae</li>
<li>Scoloplacidae</li>
<li>Astroblepidae</li>
<li>Loricariidae</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sisoroidea" title="Sisoroidea">Sisoroidea</a>
<ul><li>Amblycipitidae</li>
<li>Akysidae</li>
<li>Sisoridae</li>
<li>Erethistidae</li>
<li>Aspredinidae</li></ul></li>
<li>Doradoidea
<ul><li>Mochokidae</li>
<li>Doradidae</li>
<li>Auchenipteridae</li></ul></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<ul><li>Siluroidea
<ul><li>Siluridae</li>
<li>Malapteruridae</li>
<li>Auchenoglanididae</li>
<li>Chacidae</li>
<li>Plotosidae</li>
<li>Clariidae</li>
<li>Heteropneustidae</li></ul></li>
<li>Bagroidea
<ul><li>Austroglanididae</li>
<li>Claroteidae</li>
<li>Ariidae</li>
<li>Schilbeidae</li>
<li>Pangasiidae</li>
<li>Bagridae</li>
<li>Pimelodidae</li></ul></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<ul><li>Unresolved families
<ul><li>Cetopsidae</li>
<li>Plotosidae</li>
<li>Chacidae</li>
<li>Siluridae</li>
<li>Pangasiidae</li></ul></li>
<li>Suborder Loricarioidei
<ul><li>Trichomycteridae</li>
<li>Nematogenyiidae</li>
<li>Callichthyidae</li>
<li>Scoloplacidae</li>
<li>Astroblepidae</li>
<li>Loricariidae</li></ul></li>
<li>Clarioidea
<ul><li>Clariidae</li>
<li>Heteropneustidae</li></ul></li>
<li>Arioidea
<ul><li>Ariidae</li>
<li>Anchariidae</li></ul></li>
<li>Pimelodoidea
<ul><li>Pimelodidae</li>
<li>Pseudopimelodidae</li>
<li>Heptapteridae</li>
<li><i>Conorhynchos</i></li></ul></li>
<li>Ictaluroidea
<ul><li>Ictaluridae</li>
<li>Cranoglanididae</li></ul></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<ul><li>Doradoidea (sister to Aspredinidae)
<ul><li>Doradidae</li>
<li>Auchenipteridae</li></ul></li>
<li>"Big Asia"
<ul><li>Sisoroidea
<ul><li>Amblycipitidae</li>
<li>Akysidae</li>
<li>Sisoridae</li>
<li>Erethistidae</li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailia" title="Ailia">Ailia</a></i> + <i><a href="/wiki/Laides" title="Laides">Laides</a></i> (Asian schilbeids)</li>
<li>Horabagridae (<i><a href="/wiki/Horabagrus" title="Horabagrus">Horabagrus</a></i> + <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudeutropius" title="Pseudeutropius">Pseudeutropius</a></i> + <i><a href="/wiki/Platytropius" title="Platytropius">Platytropius</a></i>)</li>
<li>Bagridae (without <i><a href="/wiki/Rita_(fish)" title="Rita (fish)">Rita</a></i>)</li></ul></li>
<li>"Big Africa"
<ul><li>Mochokidae</li>
<li>Malapteruridae</li>
<li>Amphiliidae</li>
<li>Claroteidae</li>
<li>Lacantuniidae</li>
<li>Schilbeidae</li></ul></li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Phylogeny of living Siluriformes based on 2017<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extinct families based on Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228437153">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0.1em 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style>
<table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:80%">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Siluriformes
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p>†<a href="/wiki/Andinichthyidae" title="Andinichthyidae">Andinichthyidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Loricaroidei
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Nematogenyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematogenyidae">Nematogenyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_(Nematogenys_inermis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_%28Nematogenys_inermis%29.jpg/70px-Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_%28Nematogenys_inermis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_%28Nematogenys_inermis%29.jpg/105px-Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_%28Nematogenys_inermis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_%28Nematogenys_inermis%29.jpg/140px-Contributions_to_the_fauna_of_Chile_%28Nematogenys_inermis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg/70px-Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg/105px-Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg/140px-Trichomycterus_punctatissimus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Callichthyidae" title="Callichthyidae">Callichthyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg/70px-Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg/105px-Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg/140px-Hoplosternum_littorale_Orbigny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="677" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Astroblepidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astroblepidae">Astroblepidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg/70px-Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg/105px-Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg/140px-Astroblepus_sabalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="416" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">Loricariidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg/70px-Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg/105px-Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg/140px-Loricariichthys_anus_Orbigny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="536" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Diplomystoidei
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Diplomystidae" title="Diplomystidae">Diplomystidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p>†<a href="/wiki/Bachmanniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachmanniidae">Bachmanniidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">Siluroidei
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Hypsidoroidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p>†<a href="/wiki/Hypsidoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsidoridae">Hypsidoridae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Cetopsoidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Cetopsidae" title="Cetopsidae">Cetopsidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg/70px-Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg/105px-Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg/140px-Cetopsis_plumbea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="445" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Siluroidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Siluridae" title="Siluridae">Siluridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silurus_glanis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silurus_glanis1.jpg/70px-Silurus_glanis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silurus_glanis1.jpg/105px-Silurus_glanis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silurus_glanis1.jpg/140px-Silurus_glanis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="680" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Arioidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Pangasiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasiidae">Pangasiidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">Big African<br />catfishes
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Mochokidae" title="Mochokidae">Mochokidae</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg/70px-Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg/105px-Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg/140px-Synodontis_multipunctatus_J._Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1566" /></a></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Claroteidae" title="Claroteidae">Claroteidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Ictaluroidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Plotosidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plotosidae">Plotosidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Ictaluridae" title="Ictaluridae">Ictaluridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_bullhead_fish_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Black_bullhead_fish_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Black_bullhead_fish_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Black_bullhead_fish_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Black_bullhead_fish_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Black_bullhead_fish_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Black_bullhead_fish_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="937" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Clarioidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Clariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clariidae">Clariidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarias_gariepinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clarias_gariepinus.jpg/70px-Clarias_gariepinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clarias_gariepinus.jpg/105px-Clarias_gariepinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clarias_gariepinus.jpg/140px-Clarias_gariepinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="502" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">Sisoroidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Ailiidae" title="Ailiidae">Ailiidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Sisoridae" title="Sisoridae">Sisoridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg/70px-Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg/105px-Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg/140px-Bagrus_yarrelli_Sykes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Bagridae" title="Bagridae">Bagridae</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rita_sacerdotum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rita_sacerdotum.jpg/70px-Rita_sacerdotum.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rita_sacerdotum.jpg/105px-Rita_sacerdotum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rita_sacerdotum.jpg/140px-Rita_sacerdotum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">Doradoidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Aspredinidae" title="Aspredinidae">Aspredinidae</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Doradidae" title="Doradidae">Doradidae</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg/70px-Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg/105px-Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg/140px-Silurus_costatus_now_in_Platydoras_sketch_of_Gronow_1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Auchenipteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Auchenipteridae">Auchenipteridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg/70px-Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg/105px-Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg/140px-Ageneiosus_militaris_Orbigny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="568" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">Pimelodoidea
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Heptapteridae" title="Heptapteridae">Heptapteridae</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg/70px-Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg/105px-Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg/140px-Pimelodella_gracilis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228437153">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Pseudopimelodidae" title="Pseudopimelodidae">Pseudopimelodidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg/70px-Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg/105px-Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg/140px-Pseudopimelodus_mangurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="503" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">Pimelodidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg/70px-Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg/105px-Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg/140px-Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="397" /></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>Unassigned families:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachmanniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachmanniidae">Bachmanniidae</a><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scoloplacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoloplacidae">Scoloplacidae</a> (Loricarioidei)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Akysidae">Akysidae</a> (Sisoroidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amblycipitidae" title="Amblycipitidae">Amblycipitidae</a> (Sisoroidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anchariidae" title="Anchariidae">Anchariidae</a> (Arioidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariidae" title="Ariidae">Ariidae</a> (Arioidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amphiliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiliidae">Amphiliidae</a> (Big African catfishes)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austroglanididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroglanididae">Austroglanididae</a> (Arioidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacidae">Chacidae</a> (Siluroidei)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Conorhynchos" title="Conorhynchos">Conorhynchos</a></i> (Pimelodoidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cranoglanididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranoglanididae">Cranoglanididae</a> (Ictaluroidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heteropneustidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropneustidae">Heteropneustidae</a> (Clarioidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horabagridae" title="Horabagridae">Horabagridae</a> (Sisoroidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kryptoglanidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kryptoglanidae">Kryptoglanidae</a> (Siluroidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lacantuniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacantuniidae">Lacantuniidae</a> (Big African catfishes)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malapteruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapteruridae">Malapteruridae</a> (Big African catfishes)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phreatobiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatobiidae">Phreatobiidae</a> (Pimelodoidea)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rita_(fish)" title="Rita (fish)">Rita</a></i> (Sisoroidea)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schilbeidae" title="Schilbeidae">Schilbeidae</a> (Big African catfishes)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most diverse in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> South America, Asia, and Africa, with one family native to North America and one family in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-tol_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the only <a href="/wiki/Ostariophysi" title="Ostariophysi">ostariophysans</a> that have entered <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> habitats in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>They are found in fresh water/<a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> environments, though most inhabit shallow, running water.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of at least eight families are <a href="/wiki/Hypogean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypogean">hypogean</a> (live underground) with three families that are also <a href="/wiki/Troglobite" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglobite">troglobitic</a> (inhabiting caves).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such species is <i><a href="/wiki/Phreatobius_cisternarum" title="Phreatobius cisternarum">Phreatobius cisternarum</a></i>, known to live underground in <a href="/wiki/Phreatic" title="Phreatic">phreatic</a> habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-pcisternarum_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcisternarum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous species from the families <a href="/wiki/Ariidae" title="Ariidae">Ariidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plotosidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plotosidae">Plotosidae</a>, and a few species from among the <a href="/wiki/Aspredinidae" title="Aspredinidae">Aspredinidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagridae" title="Bagridae">Bagridae</a>, are found in salt water.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the Southern United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names, such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname "chucklehead", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_invasive_species">As invasive species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ictalurus" title="Ictalurus">Ictalurus</a></i> have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters and have only increased the ecological pressure on native European <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walking_catfish" title="Walking catfish">Walking catfish</a> have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there. <a href="/wiki/Flathead_catfish" title="Flathead catfish">Flathead catfish</a>, <i>Pylodictis olivaris</i>, is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages.<sup id="cite_ref-tol_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pterygoplichthys" title="Pterygoplichthys">Pterygoplichthys</a></i> species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> populations in many warm waters around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_anatomy_of_catfish">External anatomy of catfish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External anatomy of catfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Most catfish are <a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">bottom feeders</a>. In general, they are <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">negatively buoyant</a>, which means that they usually sink rather than float due to a reduced <a href="/wiki/Gas_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas bladder">gas bladder</a> and a heavy, bony head.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catfish have a variety of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened <a href="/wiki/Ventrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventrum">ventrum</a> to allow for benthic feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate, as well as perhaps serving as a <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoil</a>. Some have a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains no <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisiform</a> teeth; catfish generally feed through <a href="/wiki/Suction" title="Suction">suction</a> or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some families, though, notably the <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">Loricariidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astroblepidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astroblepidae">Astroblepidae</a>, have a <a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">suckermouth</a> that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water. Catfish also have a <a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy#Head" title="Fish anatomy">maxilla</a> reduced to a support for <a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" title="Barbel (anatomy)">barbels</a>; this means that they are unable to protrude their mouths as other fish such as <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channelcat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Channelcat.jpg/220px-Channelcat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Channelcat.jpg/330px-Channelcat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Channelcat.jpg/440px-Channelcat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">channel catfish</a> has four pairs of <a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" title="Barbel (anatomy)">barbels</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels - nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of chin barbels, though pairs of barbels may be absent depending on the species. Catfish barbels always occur in pairs. Many larger catfish also have <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a> across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, <a href="/wiki/Gustation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustation">gustation</a> plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because their barbels and chemoreception are more important in detecting food, the eyes on catfish are generally small. Like other <a href="/wiki/Ostariophysi" title="Ostariophysi">ostariophysans</a>, they are characterized by the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder allow for improved <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a> and sound production.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Catfish do not have <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a>; their bodies are often naked. In some species, their <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>-covered <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration" title="Cutaneous respiration">cutaneous respiration</a>, where the fish breathes through its skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a>; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. In <a href="/wiki/Loricarioidea" title="Loricarioidea">loricarioids</a> and in the Asian genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sisor" title="Sisor">Sisor</a></i>, the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermal</a> plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of <i><a href="/wiki/Lithodoras" title="Lithodoras">Lithodoras</a></i>. These plates may be supported by <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebral</a> <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">processes</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Scoloplacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoloplacidae">scoloplacids</a> and in <i>Sisor</i>, but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family <a href="/wiki/Amphiliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiliidae">Amphiliidae</a>) and in hoplomyzontines (<a href="/wiki/Aspredinidae" title="Aspredinidae">Aspredinidae</a>), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of <a href="/wiki/Doradidae" title="Doradidae">doradids</a>, <i>Sisor</i>, and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> ossicles with dorsal and ventral <a href="/wiki/Lamina_(algae)" title="Lamina (algae)">lamina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>All catfish other than members of the <a href="/wiki/Malapteruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapteruridae">Malapteruridae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">electric</a> catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bony, leading spine-like ray on their <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a>. As a defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, enabling them to inflict severe wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-tol_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In numerous catfish species, these fin rays can be used to deliver a stinging <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> if the fish is irritated;<sup id="cite_ref-fin_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fin-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as many as half of all catfish species may be venomous in this fashion, making the Siluriformes overwhelmingly the vertebrate order with the largest number of venomous species.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> is produced by <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glandular</a> cells in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermal</a> tissue covering the spines.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In members of the family <a href="/wiki/Plotosidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plotosidae">Plotosidae</a> and of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Heteropneustes" title="Heteropneustes">Heteropneustes</a></i>, this protein is so strong it may hospitalize humans who receive a sting; in <i><a href="/wiki/Plotosus" title="Plotosus">Plotosus lineatus</a></i>, the stings can be lethal.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are two of the most conspicuous features of siluriforms, and differ from those in other fish groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballen_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballen-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the widespread use of the spines for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies the fields have struggled to effectively use the information due to a lack of consistency in the nomenclature, with a general standard for the descriptive anatomy of catfish spines proposed in 2022 to try and resolve this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballen_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballen-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Juvenile catfish, like most fish, have relatively large heads, eyes, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of the genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is reported in about half of all families of catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modification of the <a href="/wiki/Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal fin</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">intromittent organ</a> (in internal fertilizers) as well as accessory structures of the reproductive apparatus (in both internal and external fertilizers) have been described in species belonging to 11 different families.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzoldi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzoldi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png/220px-Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png/330px-Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png/440px-Bagarius_yarrelli_India.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Giant <i><a href="/wiki/Bagarius_yarrelli" title="Bagarius yarrelli">Bagarius yarrelli</a></i> (goonch) caught in India. Some goonch in the Kali River grow large enough to attack humans and water buffalo</figcaption></figure>
<p>Catfish have one of the largest ranges in size within a single order of <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">bony fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many catfish have a maximum length of under 12 cm (4.7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the smallest species of the <a href="/wiki/Aspredinidae" title="Aspredinidae">Aspredinidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a> reach sexual maturity at only 1 cm (0.39 in).<sup id="cite_ref-tol_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wels_catfish" title="Wels catfish">wels catfish</a>, <i>Silurus glanis</i>, and the much smaller related <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_catfish" title="Aristotle's catfish">Aristotle's catfish</a>, are the only catfish indigenous to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>; the former ranges throughout Europe, and the latter is restricted to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> and literature record wels catfish of astounding proportions yet are to be proven scientifically. The typical size of the species is about 1.2–1.6 m (3.9–5.2 ft), and fish more than 2 m (6.6 ft) are rare. However, they are known to exceed 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in length and 100 kg (220 lb) in weight. In July 2009, a catfish weighing 88 kilograms (194 lb) was caught in the <a href="/wiki/River_Ebro" class="mw-redirect" title="River Ebro">River Ebro</a>, Spain, by an 11-year-old British schoolgirl.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In North America, the largest <i><a href="/wiki/Ictalurus_furcatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictalurus furcatus">Ictalurus furcatus</a></i> (blue catfish) caught in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> on 20 July 2010, weighed 59 kg (130 lb). The largest <a href="/wiki/Flathead_catfish" title="Flathead catfish">flathead catfish</a>, <i>Pylodictis olivaris</i>, ever caught was in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Kansas" title="Independence, Kansas">Independence, Kansas</a>, weighing 56 kg (123 lb).
</p><p>These records pale in comparison to a <a href="/wiki/Mekong_giant_catfish" title="Mekong giant catfish">Mekong giant catfish</a> caught in northern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> on 1 May 2005, and reported to the press almost 2 months later, that weighed 293 kilograms (646 lb). This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Mekong_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekong-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Asia, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wade" title="Jeremy Wade">Jeremy Wade</a> caught a 75.5-kilogram (166.4 lb) <a href="/wiki/Bagarius_yarrelli" title="Bagarius yarrelli">goonch</a> following <a href="/wiki/Kali_River_goonch_attacks" title="Kali River goonch attacks">three fatal attacks on humans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Kali River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> border. Wade was of the opinion that the offending fish must have been significantly larger than this to have taken an 18-year-old boy, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Piraíba <i>(<a href="/wiki/Brachyplatystoma" title="Brachyplatystoma">Brachyplatystoma filamentosum</a>)</i> can grow exceptionally large and are native to the Amazon Basin. They can occasionally grow to 200 kg (440 lb), as evidenced by numerous catches. Deaths from being swallowed by these fish have been reported in the region.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_anatomy">Internal anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kryptopterus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kryptopterus_2.jpg/220px-Kryptopterus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kryptopterus_2.jpg/330px-Kryptopterus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kryptopterus_2.jpg/440px-Kryptopterus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kryptopterus_vitreolus" title="Kryptopterus vitreolus">Kryptopterus vitreolus</a></i> (glass catfish) have transparent bodies lacking both scales and pigments. Most of the internal organs are located near the head.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In many catfish, the "humeral process" is a bony process extending backward from the <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral girdle">pectoral girdle</a> immediately above the base of the pectoral fin. It lies beneath the skin, where its outline may be determined by dissecting the skin or probing with a needle.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinae</a> of catfish are composed of single <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a>. Many catfish have a <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a>, which may help enhance <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> capture and increase low-light sensitivity. <a href="/wiki/Double_cone_(biology)" title="Double cone (biology)">Double cones</a>, though present in most <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleosts</a>, are absent from catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The anatomical organization of the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testis</a> in catfish is variable among the families of catfish, but the majority of them present fringed testis: Ictaluridae, Claridae, Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, and Pseudopimelodidae.<sup id="cite_ref-Barros_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barros-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the testes of some species of Siluriformes, organs and structures such as a spermatogenic cranial region and a secretory caudal region are observed, in addition to the presence of seminal vesicles in the caudal region.<sup id="cite_ref-Brito_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brito-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of fringes and their length are different in the <a href="/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal (anatomical term)">caudal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">cranial</a> portions between species.<sup id="cite_ref-Barros_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barros-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fringes of the caudal region may present tubules, in which the lumen is filled by secretion and <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barros_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barros-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spermatocysts are formed from cytoplasmic extensions of <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cells</a>; the release of spermatozoa is allowed by breaking of the cyst walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Barros_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barros-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, in spite of their interspecific variability in size, gross morphology, and function, has not been related to the mode of fertilization. They are typically paired, multichambered, and connected with the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm duct">sperm duct</a>, and have been reported to play glandular and storage functions. Seminal vesicle secretion may include <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a> and steroid glucuronides, with hormonal and pheromonal functions, but it appears to be primarily constituted of mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides, and phospholipids.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzoldi_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzoldi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Fish ovaries may be of two types - gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelomic</a> cavity and then eliminated. In the second type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brito_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brito-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many catfish are cystovarian in type, including <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplatystoma_corruscans" title="Pseudoplatystoma corruscans">Pseudoplatystoma corruscans</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplatystoma_fasciatum" title="Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum">P. fasciatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lophiosilurus_alexandri" title="Lophiosilurus alexandri">Lophiosilurus alexandri</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Loricaria_lentiginosa" title="Loricaria lentiginosa">Loricaria lentiginosa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barros_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barros-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brito_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brito-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Catfish can produce different types of sounds and also have well-developed auditory reception used to discriminate between sounds with different pitches and velocities. They are also able to determine the distance of the sound's origin and from what direction it originated.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Sounds_Kasumayan_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Sounds_Kasumayan-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a very important fish communication mechanism, especially during <a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonistic behavior">agonistic</a> and distress behaviors. Catfish are able to produce a variety of sounds for communication that can be classified into two groups: drumming sounds and <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a> sounds. The variability in catfish sound signals differs due to a few factors: the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resulting sound, and physiological differences such as size, sex, and age.<sup id="cite_ref-Stridulatory_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stridulatory-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To create a drumming sound, catfish use an indirect vibration mechanism using a <a href="/wiki/Swimbladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimbladder">swimbladder</a>. In these fishes, sonic muscles insert on the ramus Mulleri, also known as the elastic spring. The sonic muscles pull the elastic spring forward and extend the swimbladder. When the muscles relax, the tension in the spring quickly returns the swimbladder to its original position, which produces the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_Generating_Mechs_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_Generating_Mechs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Catfish also have a sound-generating mechanism in their <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fins">pectoral fins</a>. Many species in the catfish family possess an enhanced first pectoral fin ray, called the spine, which can be moved by large <a href="/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">abductor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adduction">adductor</a> muscles. The base of the catfishes' spines has a sequence of ridges, and the spine normally slides within a groove on the fish's pelvic girdle during routine movement; but, pressing the ridges on the spine against the pelvic girdle groove creates a series of short pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Sounds_Kasumayan_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Sounds_Kasumayan-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sound_Generating_Mechs_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_Generating_Mechs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement is analogous to a finger moving down the teeth of a comb, and consequently a series of sharp taps is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Stridulatory_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stridulatory-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sound-generating mechanisms are often different between the sexes. In some catfish, pectoral fins are longer in males than in females of similar length, and differences in the characteristic of the sounds produced were also observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_Generating_Mechs_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_Generating_Mechs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparison between families of the same order of catfish demonstrated family and species-specific patterns of vocalization, according to a study by Maria Clara Amorim. During courtship behavior in three species of <i>Corydoras</i> catfish, all males actively produced stridulation sounds before egg fertilization, and the species' songs were different in pulse number and sound duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Amorim_article_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amorim_article-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sound production in catfish may also be correlated with fighting and alarm calls. According to a study by Kaatz, sounds for disturbance (e.g. alarm) and agonistic behavior were not significantly different, which suggests distress sounds can be used to sample variation in agonistic sound production.<sup id="cite_ref-Amorim_article_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amorim_article-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a comparison of a few different species of tropical catfish, some fish put under distress conditions produced a higher intensity of stridulatory sounds than drumming sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Agonistic_behavior_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agonistic_behavior-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in the proportion of drumming versus stridulation sounds depend on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> constraints, such as different sizes of drumming muscles and pectoral spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not even be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive sound production occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening signal and stridulations are used as a defense signal. Kaatz investigated 83 species from 14 families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Agonistic_behavior_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agonistic_behavior-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg/220px-Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg/330px-Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg/440px-Loading2_U.S._Farm-Raised_Catfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Loading U.S. farm-raised catfish.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Aquaculture of catfish</a></div>
<p>Catfish are easy to farm in warm climates, leading to inexpensive and safe food at local grocers. About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile (100-km) radius of <a href="/wiki/Belzoni,_Mississippi" title="Belzoni, Mississippi">Belzoni, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">Channel catfish</a> (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) supports a $450 million/yr aquaculture industry.<sup id="cite_ref-tol_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest producers are located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Catfish raised in inland tanks or channels are usually considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease should be contained and not spread to the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In Asia, many catfish species are important as food. Several <a href="/wiki/Airbreathing_catfish" title="Airbreathing catfish">airbreathing catfish</a> (Clariidae) and <a href="/wiki/Shark_catfish" title="Shark catfish">shark catfish</a> (Pangasiidae) species are heavily cultured in Africa and Asia. Exports of one particular shark catfish species from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pangasius_bocourti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasius bocourti">Pangasius bocourti</a></i>, have met with pressures from the U.S. catfish industry. In 2003, The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled as catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the U.S. as "basa fish." Trader Joe's has labeled frozen fillets of Vietnamese <i><a href="/wiki/Pangasius_hypophthalmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasius hypophthalmus">Pangasius hypophthalmus</a></i> as "striper."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There is a large and growing ornamental fish trade, with hundreds of species of catfish, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Corydoras" title="Corydoras">Corydoras</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">armored suckermouth catfish</a> (often called plecos), being a popular component of many <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquaria</a>. Other catfish commonly found in the aquarium trade are <a href="/wiki/Aspredinidae" title="Aspredinidae">banjo catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doradidae" title="Doradidae">talking catfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">long-whiskered catfish</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catfish_as_food">Catfish as food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catfish as food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Catfish" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Catfish"> Catfish</a></b></i></li></ul>
</div></div></div>
</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG/220px-Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG/330px-Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG/440px-Fried_catfish_new_orleans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Fried catfish from the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Orleans" title="Cuisine of New Orleans">cuisine of New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for hundreds of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Judgments as to the quality and flavor vary, with some food critics considering catfish excellent to eat, while others dismiss them as watery and lacking in flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catfish is high in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FactD_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactD-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farm-raised catfish contains low levels of <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> and a much higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega-6 fatty acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, catfish were often viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a> to be enjoyed on <a href="/wiki/Feast_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast Day">feast days</a> and holidays. Migrants from Europe and Africa to the United States brought along this tradition, and in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, catfish is an extremely popular food.
</p><p>The most commonly eaten species in the United States are the <a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">channel catfish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_catfish" title="Blue catfish">blue catfish</a>, both of which are common in the wild and increasingly widely farmed. Farm-raised catfish became such a staple of the U.S. diet that President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> proclaimed National Catfish Day on June 25, 1987, to recognize "the value of farm-raised catfish."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Catfish is eaten in a variety of ways. In Europe, it is often cooked in similar ways to <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, but in the United States it is popularly crumbed with <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a> and fried.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecel_Lele_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pecel_Lele_1.JPG/220px-Pecel_Lele_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pecel_Lele_1.JPG/330px-Pecel_Lele_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pecel_Lele_1.JPG/440px-Pecel_Lele_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pecel_lele" title="Pecel lele">Pecel lele</a> served with <i><a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lalab" title="Lalab">lalab</a></i> vegetables in a tent <i><a href="/wiki/Warung" title="Warung">warung</a></i> in Jakarta, Indonesia</figcaption></figure>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, catfish is usually served fried or grilled in street stalls called <i><a href="/wiki/Warung" title="Warung">warung</a></i> and eaten with vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a> (a spicy <a href="/wiki/Relish" title="Relish">relish</a> or sauce), and usually <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_uduk" title="Nasi uduk">nasi uduk</a></i> (traditional <a href="/wiki/Coconut_rice" title="Coconut rice">coconut rice</a>). The dish is called <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pecel lele</i></span> or <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pecak lele</i></span>. <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Lele</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> word for catfish. The same dish can also be called as <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">lele penyet</i></span> (squashed catfish) if the fish is lightly squashed along with sambal with a stone <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar-and-pestle</a>. The <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pecel</i></span> or <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pecak</i></span> version presents the fish in a separate plate while the mortar is solely for sambal.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, catfish is called <i>ikan keli</i> and is fried with spices or grilled and eaten with <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili" title="Bird's eye chili">Thai chili</a> gravy and is also often eaten with <a href="/wiki/Steamed_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamed rice">steamed rice</a>.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, catfish (locally known as <i>magur</i>) is eaten as a favored delicacy during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>. In the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, the local catfish, known as <i>thedu'</i> or <i>etta</i> in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, is also popular.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, catfish is often cooked in <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a> sauce (Harcsapaprikás) typical of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian cuisine</a>. It is traditionally served with <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> smothered with <a href="/wiki/Curd_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Curd cheese">curd cheese</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAr%C3%B3s_csusza" title="Túrós csusza">túrós csusza</a>).
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (formally Burma), catfish is usually used in <i><a href="/wiki/Mohinga" title="Mohinga">mohinga</a></i>, a traditional noodle <a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">fish soup</a> cooked with <a href="/wiki/Lemon_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon grass">lemon grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, pepper, banana stem, onions, and other local ingredients.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catfishjf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catfishjf.JPG/220px-Catfishjf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catfishjf.JPG/330px-Catfishjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catfishjf.JPG/440px-Catfishjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> fried <i>hito</i> (catfish) with vinegar and <i><a href="/wiki/Kalamansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamansi">kalamansi</a></i> dip sauce</figcaption></figure>
<p>Vietnamese catfish, of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pangasius" title="Pangasius">Pangasius</a></i>, cannot be legally marketed as catfish in the United States, and so is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark"><i>swai</i></a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">basa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FactSwai_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactSwai-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only fish of the family <i><a href="/wiki/Ictaluridae" title="Ictaluridae">Ictaluridae</a></i> may be marketed as catfish in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-PL107171_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL107171-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, Vietnamese catfish is sometimes sold as "Vietnamese river cobbler", although more commonly as Basa.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, catfish is often cooked in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>. It is particularly cooked in a delicacy popularly known as "catfish pepper soup" which is enjoyed throughout the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In Jewish dietary law, known as <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>, fish must have fins and scales to be <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since catfish lacks scales, they are not kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In the mythology of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto religion">Shinto religion</a> natural phenomenon are caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</a> are caused by a giant catfish called <a href="/wiki/Namazu" title="Namazu">Namazu</a>. There are other <i>kami</i> associated with earthquakes. In <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> it's usually an eel, but after the <a href="/wiki/1855_Edo_earthquake" title="1855 Edo earthquake">1855 Edo earthquake</a> <i><b>Namazu-e</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鯰絵</span></span>, "catfish prints")</span> were printed giving more popularity to the catfish <i>kami</i> that has been known since the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Otsu-e" title="Otsu-e">Otsu-e</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one catfish print the divine white horse of <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> is depicted knocking down the earthquake-causing catfish.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers_to_humans">Dangers to humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dangers to humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg/220px-Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg/330px-Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg/440px-Image-Striped_eel_catfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A sting from the striped eel catfish, <i><a href="/wiki/Plotosus_lineatus" title="Plotosus lineatus">Plotosus lineatus</a></i>, may be fatal.</figcaption></figure>
<p>While the vast majority of catfish are harmless to humans, a few species are known to present some risk. Many catfish species have "stings" (actually non-venomous in most cases) embedded behind their fins; thus precautions must be taken when handling them. Stings by the venomous <a href="/wiki/Striped_eel_catfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Striped eel catfish">striped eel catfish</a> have killed people in rare cases.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catfish_fishing_records">Catfish fishing records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Catfish fishing records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>By information from International Game Fish Association <a href="/wiki/IGFA" class="mw-redirect" title="IGFA">IGFA</a> the most outstanding record:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>The biggest flathead catfish caught was by Ken Paulie in the <a href="/wiki/Elk_City_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Elk City Reservoir">Elk City Reservoir</a> in Kansas, US on 19 May 1998 that weighed 55.79 kg (123 lb 0 oz)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotidae" title="Lotidae">Lotidae</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-NT24-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NT24_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NT24_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNearThacker2024" class="citation journal cs1">Near, Thomas J; Thacker, Christine E (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3374%2F014.065.0101">"Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>65</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3374%2F014.065.0101">10.3374/014.065.0101</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Peabody+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+classification+of+living+and+fossil+ray-finned+fishes+%28Actinopterygii%29&rft.volume=65&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3374%2F014.065.0101&rft.aulast=Near&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J&rft.au=Thacker%2C+Christine+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3374%252F014.065.0101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Patterson1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson1993_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson1993_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson,_C.1993" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, C. (1993). "Osteichthyes: Teleostei". In Benton, M.J. (ed.). <i>The Fossil Record 2</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>. pp. 621–656.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osteichthyes%3A+Teleostei&rft.btitle=The+Fossil+Record+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=621-656&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Patterson%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Afrocascudo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Afrocascudo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afrocascudo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afrocascudo_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritoDutheilGueriauKeith2024" class="citation journal cs1">Brito, P. M.; Dutheil, D. B.; Gueriau, P.; Keith, P.; Carnevale, G.; Britto, M.; Meunier, F. J.; Khalloufi, B.; King, A.; de Amorim, P. F.; Costa, W. J. E. M. (2024). "A saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana". <i>Gondwana Research</i>. <b>132</b>: 103–112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GondR.132..103B">2024GondR.132..103B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.04.008">10.1016/j.gr.2024.04.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=A+saharan+fossil+and+the+dawn+of+Neotropical+armoured+catfishes+in+Gondwana&rft.volume=132&rft.pages=103-112&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.04.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024GondR.132..103B&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Dutheil%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Gueriau%2C+P.&rft.au=Keith%2C+P.&rft.au=Carnevale%2C+G.&rft.au=Britto%2C+M.&rft.au=Meunier%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Khalloufi%2C+B.&rft.au=King%2C+A.&rft.au=de+Amorim%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Costa%2C+W.+J.+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wang2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLuZanChai2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Jing; Lu, Bin; Zan, Ruiguang; Chai, Jing; Ma, Wei; Jin, Wei; Duan, Rongyao; Luo, Jing; Murphy, Robert W.; Xiao, Heng; Chen, Ziming (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4713424">"Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Asian Schilbid Genera Including <i>Clupisoma</i> (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae)"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (1): e0145675. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1145675W">2016PLoSO..1145675W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145675">10.1371/journal.pone.0145675</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4713424">4713424</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26751688">26751688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+Relationships+of+Five+Asian+Schilbid+Genera+Including+Clupisoma+%28Siluriformes%3A+Schilbeidae%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0145675&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4713424%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26751688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145675&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1145675W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft.au=Lu%2C+Bin&rft.au=Zan%2C+Ruiguang&rft.au=Chai%2C+Jing&rft.au=Ma%2C+Wei&rft.au=Jin%2C+Wei&rft.au=Duan%2C+Rongyao&rft.au=Luo%2C+Jing&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Heng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ziming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4713424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Siluriformes">"Siluriformes"</a> in <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2011 version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-aworld-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aworld_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm">Catfish Varieties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417234946/http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/catfish/catfish.htm">Archived</a> 17 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. animal-world.com</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-samer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-samer_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong, Kate (6 June 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta">"How Nocturnal Catfish Stalk Their Prey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110320110006/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-nocturnal-catfish-sta">Archived</a> 20 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sullivan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanLundberg_JGHardman_M2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, JP; Lundberg JG; Hardman M (2006). "A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences". <i>Mol Phylogenet Evol</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 636–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MolPE..41..636S">2006MolPE..41..636S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.05.044">10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876440">16876440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Phylogenet+Evol&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+analysis+of+the+major+groups+of+catfish+%28Teleostei%3A+Siluriformes%29+using+rag1+and+rag2+nuclear+gene+sequences&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=636-62&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16876440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.05.044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MolPE..41..636S&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Lundberg+JG&rft.au=Hardman+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nelson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). <a href="/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World" title="Fishes of the World"><i>Fishes of the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25031-9"><bdi>978-0-471-25031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-25031-9&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ferraris-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferraris_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferraris_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrarisMiyaAzumaNishida2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ferraris, Carl J. Jr.; Miya, M; Azuma, Y; Nishida, M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf">"Checklist of catfish, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zootaxa" title="Zootaxa">Zootaxa</a></i>. <b>1418</b>: 1–628. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.798">10.1.1.232.798</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1418.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414082401/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01418p300.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Checklist+of+catfish%2C+recent+and+fossil+%28Osteichthyes%3A+Siluriformes%29%2C+and+catalogue+of+siluriform+primary+types&rft.volume=1418&rft.pages=1-628&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.232.798%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1418.1.1&rft.aulast=Ferraris&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.+Jr.&rft.au=Miya%2C+M&rft.au=Azuma%2C+Y&rft.au=Nishida%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2007f%2Fzt01418p300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tol-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tol_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tol_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tol_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tol_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tol_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tol_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundbergFriel,_John_P.2003" class="citation web cs1">Lundberg, John G.; Friel, John P. (20 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi">"Siluriformes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128012752/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siluriformes&rft.pub=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Friel%2C+John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2Ftree%3Fgroup%3DSiluriformes%26contgroup%3DOstariophysi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringerSchwarzhans2021" class="citation journal cs1">Stringer, Gary; Schwarzhans, Werner (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104867">"Upper Cretaceous teleostean otoliths from the Severn Formation (Maastrichtian) of Maryland, USA, with an unusual occurrence of Siluriformes and Beryciformes and the oldest Atlantic coast Gadiformes"</a>. <i>Cretaceous Research</i>. <b>125</b>: 104867. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CrRes.12504867S">2021CrRes.12504867S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104867">10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671">0195-6671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=Upper+Cretaceous+teleostean+otoliths+from+the+Severn+Formation+%28Maastrichtian%29+of+Maryland%2C+USA%2C+with+an+unusual+occurrence+of+Siluriformes+and+Beryciformes+and+the+oldest+Atlantic+coast+Gadiformes&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=104867&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.issn=0195-6671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104867&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021CrRes.12504867S&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Schwarzhans%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cretres.2021.104867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cavin2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavin2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavin2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavin2017" class="citation cs2">Cavin, Lionel (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78548-138-3.50004-2">"Evolutionary Histories of Freshwater Fishes"</a>, <i>Freshwater Fishes: 250 Million Years of Evolutionary History</i>, Elsevier, pp. 53–125, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78548-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78548-138-3"><bdi>978-1-78548-138-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freshwater+Fishes%3A+250+Million+Years+of+Evolutionary+History&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Histories+of+Freshwater+Fishes&rft.pages=53-125&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78548-138-3&rft.aulast=Cavin&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fb978-1-78548-138-3.50004-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritz,_R.Pinion,_Amanda_K.Kubicek,_Kole_M.Conway,_Kevin_W.2024" class="citation journal cs1">Britz, R.; Pinion, Amanda K.; Kubicek, Kole M.; Conway, Kevin W. (2024). "Comment on "A Saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana" by Brito et al". <i>Gondwana Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.014">10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%E2%80%9CA+Saharan+fossil+and+the+dawn+of+Neotropical+armoured+catfishes+in+Gondwana%E2%80%9D+by+Brito+et+al&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.014&rft.au=Britz%2C+R.&rft.au=Pinion%2C+Amanda+K.&rft.au=Kubicek%2C+Kole+M.&rft.au=Conway%2C+Kevin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritoDutheilKeithCarnevale2024" class="citation journal cs1">Brito, Paulo M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Keith, Philippe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Meunier, François J.; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Gueriau, Pierre (2024). "A reply to a comment on Brito et al., 2024, A Saharan fossil and the dawn of the Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana by Britz, Pinion, Kubicek and Conway". <i>Gondwana Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.013">10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=A+reply+to+a+comment+on+Brito+et+al.%2C+2024%2C+A+Saharan+fossil+and+the+dawn+of+the+Neotropical+armoured+catfishes+in+Gondwana+by+Britz%2C+Pinion%2C+Kubicek+and+Conway&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2024.06.013&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Paulo+M.&rft.au=Dutheil%2C+Didier+B.&rft.au=Keith%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Carnevale%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Meunier%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois+J.&rft.au=Khalloufi%2C+Bouziane&rft.au=Gueriau%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html">"Catfish Families"</a>. All Catfish Species Inventory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502195241/http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Families.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catfish+Families&rft.pub=All+Catfish+Species+Inventory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilurus.acnatsci.org%2FACSI%2Ftaxa%2FFamilies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?Family=Parakysidae">"Parakysidae"</a> in <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. April 2007 version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553185">"Parakysidae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parakysidae&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D553185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anchariidae-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anchariidae_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgSparks,_John_S.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ng, Heok Hee; Sparks, John S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf">"Revision of the endemic Malagasy catfish family Anchariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 303–323. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215172203/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief16_4_02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ichthyol.+Explor.+Freshwaters&rft.atitle=Revision+of+the+endemic+Malagasy+catfish+family+Anchariidae+%28Teleostei%3A+Siluriformes%29%2C+with+descriptions+of+a+new+genus+and+three+new+species&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-323&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Heok+Hee&rft.au=Sparks%2C+John+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfeil-verlag.de%2F04biol%2Fpdf%2Fief16_4_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-neotropdiversity-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neotropdiversity_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrarisReis,_Roberto_E.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ferraris, Carl J. Jr.; <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Esser_dos_Reis" title="Roberto Esser dos Reis">Reis, Roberto E.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1679-62252005000400001">"Neotropical catfish diversity: an historical perspective"</a>. <i>Neotropical Ichthyology</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 453–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1679-62252005000400001">10.1590/S1679-62252005000400001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neotropical+Ichthyology&rft.atitle=Neotropical+catfish+diversity%3A+an+historical+perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-454&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1679-62252005000400001&rft.aulast=Ferraris&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.+Jr.&rft.au=Reis%2C+Roberto+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS1679-62252005000400001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rodiles-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rodiles_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodiles-HernándezHendrickson,_Dean_A.Lundberg,_John_G.Humphries,_Julian_M.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rodiles-Hernández, Rocío; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Lundberg, John G.; Humphries, Julian M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biostor.org/reference/15994">"<i>Lacantunia enigmatica</i> (Teleostei: Siluriformes) a new and phylogenetically puzzling freshwater fish from Mesoamerica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zootaxa" title="Zootaxa">Zootaxa</a></i>. <b>1000</b>: 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1000.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.1000.1.1</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015806/http://biostor.org/reference/15994">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Lacantunia+enigmatica+%28Teleostei%3A+Siluriformes%29+a+new+and+phylogenetically+puzzling+freshwater+fish+from+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=1000&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1000.1.1&rft.aulast=Rodiles-Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Roc%C3%ADo&rft.au=Hendrickson%2C+Dean+A.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Humphries%2C+Julian+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiostor.org%2Freference%2F15994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcilaOrtíVariArmbruster2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arcila, Dahiana; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard; Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Stiassny, Melanie L. J.; Ko, Kyung D.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Lundberg, John; Revell, Liam J. (13 January 2017). "Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life". <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 0020. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEE...1...20A">2017NatEE...1...20A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0020">10.1038/s41559-016-0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812610">28812610</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16535732">16535732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+interrogation+advances+resolution+of+recalcitrant+groups+in+the+tree+of+life&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=0020&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16535732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28812610&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatEE...1...20A&rft.aulast=Arcila&rft.aufirst=Dahiana&rft.au=Ort%C3%AD%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Vari%2C+Richard&rft.au=Armbruster%2C+Jonathan+W.&rft.au=Stiassny%2C+Melanie+L.+J.&rft.au=Ko%2C+Kyung+D.&rft.au=Sabaj%2C+Mark+H.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+John&rft.au=Revell%2C+Liam+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLavouéMayden2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Wei-Jen; Lavoué, Sébastien; Mayden, Richard L. (9 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12104">"Evolutionary Origin and Early Biogeography of Otophysan Fishes (Ostariophysi: Teleostei)"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>67</b> (8): 2218–2239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12104">10.1111/evo.12104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23888847">23888847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40056087">40056087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Origin+and+Early+Biogeography+of+Otophysan+Fishes+%28Ostariophysi%3A+Teleostei%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2218-2239&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40056087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23888847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevo.12104&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Wei-Jen&rft.au=Lavou%C3%A9%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Mayden%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fevo.12104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera-RiveraMontoya-Burgos2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rivera-Rivera, Carlos J.; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I. (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004">"Back to the roots: Reducing evolutionary rate heterogeneity among sequences gives support for the early morphological hypothesis of the root of Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>127</b>: 272–279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MolPE.127..272R">2018MolPE.127..272R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004">10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885935">29885935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47014511">47014511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+roots%3A+Reducing+evolutionary+rate+heterogeneity+among+sequences+gives+support+for+the+early+morphological+hypothesis+of+the+root+of+Siluriformes+%28Teleostei%3A+Ostariophysi%29&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=272-279&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47014511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29885935&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MolPE.127..272R&rft.aulast=Rivera-Rivera&rft.aufirst=Carlos+J.&rft.au=Montoya-Burgos%2C+Juan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2018.06.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiogo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Diogo, Rui (1 November 2004). "Phylogeny, origin and biogeography of catfishes: support for a Pangean origin of 'modern teleosts' and reexamination of some Mesozoic Pangean connections between the Gondwanan and Laurasian supercontinents". <i>Animal Biologyn</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 331–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570756042729546">10.1163/1570756042729546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Biologyn&rft.atitle=Phylogeny%2C+origin+and+biogeography+of+catfishes%3A+support+for+a+Pangean+origin+of+%27modern+teleosts%27+and+reexamination+of+some+Mesozoic+Pangean+connections+between+the+Gondwanan+and+Laurasian+supercontinents&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-351&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570756042729546&rft.aulast=Diogo&rft.aufirst=Rui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRui.2007" class="citation book cs1">Rui., Diogo (2007). <i>The origin of higher clades : osteology, myology, phylogeny and evolution of bony fishes and the rise of tetrapods</i>. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578085590" title="Special:BookSources/9781578085590"><bdi>9781578085590</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680560456">680560456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+higher+clades+%3A+osteology%2C+myology%2C+phylogeny+and+evolution+of+bony+fishes+and+the+rise+of+tetrapods&rft.place=Enfield%2C+NH&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F680560456&rft.isbn=9781578085590&rft.aulast=Rui.&rft.aufirst=Diogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Lei (April 2011). "GONORYNCHIFORMES AND OSTARIOPHYSAN RELATIONSHIPS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW - Edited by T. Grande, F. J. Poyato-Ariza and R. Diogo". <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 1277–1278. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JFBio..78.1277Y">2011JFBio..78.1277Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2011.02907.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02907.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=GONORYNCHIFORMES+AND+OSTARIOPHYSAN+RELATIONSHIPS%3A+A+COMPREHENSIVE+REVIEW+-+Edited+by+T.+Grande%2C+F.+J.+Poyato-Ariza+and+R.+Diogo&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1277-1278&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2011.02907.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JFBio..78.1277Y&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Lei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakataniMiyaMabuchiSaitoh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nakatani, Masanori; Miya, Masaki; Mabuchi, Kohji; Saitoh, Kenji; Nishida, Mutsumi (22 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141434">"Evolutionary history of Otophysi (Teleostei), a major clade of the modern freshwater fishes: Pangaean origin and Mesozoic radiation"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..177N">2011BMCEE..11..177N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-177">10.1186/1471-2148-11-177</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141434">3141434</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693066">21693066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+history+of+Otophysi+%28Teleostei%29%2C+a+major+clade+of+the+modern+freshwater+fishes%3A+Pangaean+origin+and+Mesozoic+radiation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3141434%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21693066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-177&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011BMCEE..11..177N&rft.aulast=Nakatani&rft.aufirst=Masanori&rft.au=Miya%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Mabuchi%2C+Kohji&rft.au=Saitoh%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Nishida%2C+Mutsumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3141434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera-RiveraMontoya-Burgos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rivera-Rivera, Carlos J.; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I. (13 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693147">"LSX: automated reduction of gene-specific lineage evolutionary rate heterogeneity for multi-gene phylogeny inference"</a>. <i>BMC Bioinformatics</i>. <b>20</b> (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 420. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F220053">10.1101/220053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12859-019-3020-1">10.1186/s12859-019-3020-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693147">6693147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409290">31409290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=LSX%3A+automated+reduction+of+gene-specific+lineage+evolutionary+rate+heterogeneity+for+multi-gene+phylogeny+inference&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=420&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6693147%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31409290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12859-019-3020-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F220053%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Rivera-Rivera&rft.aufirst=Carlos+J.&rft.au=Montoya-Burgos%2C+Juan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6693147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera-RiveraMontoya-Burgos2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rivera-Rivera, Carlos J.; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I. (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004">"Back to the roots: Reducing evolutionary rate heterogeneity among sequences gives support for the early morphological hypothesis of the root of Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>127</b>: 272–279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MolPE.127..272R">2018MolPE.127..272R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004">10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885935">29885935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47014511">47014511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+roots%3A+Reducing+evolutionary+rate+heterogeneity+among+sequences+gives+support+for+the+early+morphological+hypothesis+of+the+root+of+Siluriformes+%28Teleostei%3A+Ostariophysi%29&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=272-279&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2018.06.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47014511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29885935&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MolPE.127..272R&rft.aulast=Rivera-Rivera&rft.aufirst=Carlos+J.&rft.au=Montoya-Burgos%2C+Juan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2018.06.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundbergSullivan,_John_P.Rodiles-Hernández,_RocíoHendrickson,_Dean_A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lundberg, John G.; Sullivan, John P.; Rodiles-Hernández, Rocío; Hendrickson, Dean A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326130159/https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf">"Discovery of African roots for the Mesoamerican Chiapas catfish, <i>Lacantunia enigmatica</i>, requires an ancient intercontinental passage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</i>. <b>156</b>: 39–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1635%2F0097-3157%282007%29156%5B39%3ADOARFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[39:DOARFT]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4171034">4171034</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Academy+of+Natural+Sciences+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+African+roots+for+the+Mesoamerican+Chiapas+catfish%2C+Lacantunia+enigmatica%2C+requires+an+ancient+intercontinental+passage&rft.volume=156&rft.pages=39-53&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1635%2F0097-3157%282007%29156%5B39%3ADOARFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4171034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Rodiles-Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Roc%C3%ADo&rft.au=Hendrickson%2C+Dean+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.utexas.edu%2Fdeanhend%2Fwww%2Fpdfs%2FLundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetancur-RodriguezEdward_O._WileyGloria_ArratiaArturo_Acero2017" class="citation journal cs1">Betancur-Rodriguez, Ricardo; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477">"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (162) (4 ed.): 162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BMCEE..17..162B">2017BMCEE..17..162B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3">10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5501477">5501477</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28683774">28683774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+classification+of+bony+fishes&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=162&rft.pages=162&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5501477%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28683774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-017-0958-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BMCEE..17..162B&rft.aulast=Betancur-Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.au=Edward+O.+Wiley&rft.au=Gloria+Arratia&rft.au=Arturo+Acero&rft.au=Nicolas+Bailly&rft.au=Masaki+Miya&rft.au=Guillaume+Lecointre&rft.au=Guillermo+Ort%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5501477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonTerry_C._GrandeMark_V._H._Wilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Joseph S.; Terry C. Grande; Mark V. H. Wilson (2016). <i>Fishes of the World</i> (5 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118342336" title="Special:BookSources/9781118342336"><bdi>9781118342336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781118342336&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft.au=Terry+C.+Grande&rft.au=Mark+V.+H.+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bruton-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruton1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bruton, Michael N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Falr%3A1996040">"Alternative life-history strategies of catfishes"</a>. <i>Aquat. Living Resour</i>. <b>9</b>: 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Falr%3A1996040">10.1051/alr:1996040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85428351">85428351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquat.+Living+Resour.&rft.atitle=Alternative+life-history+strategies+of+catfishes&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Falr%3A1996040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85428351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bruton&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Falr%253A1996040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeckerLongley,_Glenn1993" class="citation journal cs1">Langecker, Thomas G.; Longley, Glenn (1993). "Morphological Adaptations of the Texas Blind Catfishes <i>Trogloglanis pattersoni</i> and <i>Satan eurystomus</i> (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) to Their Underground Environment". <i><a href="/wiki/Copeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Copeia">Copeia</a></i>. <b>1993</b> (4): 976–986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447075">10.2307/1447075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447075">1447075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Morphological+Adaptations+of+the+Texas+Blind+Catfishes+Trogloglanis+pattersoni+and+Satan+eurystomus+%28Siluriformes%3A+Ictaluridae%29+to+Their+Underground+Environment&rft.volume=1993&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=976-986&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1447075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1447075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langecker&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft.au=Longley%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricksonKrejca,_Jean_K.Martinez,_Juan_Manuel_Rodríguez2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hendrickson, Dean A.; Krejca, Jean K.; Martinez, Juan Manuel Rodríguez (2001). "Mexican blindcats genus <i>Prietella</i> (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae): an overview of recent explorations". <i>Environmental Biology of Fishes</i>. <b>62</b> (1–3): 315–337. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnvBF..62..315H">2001EnvBF..62..315H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011808805094">10.1023/A:1011808805094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19962442">19962442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Biology+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Mexican+blindcats+genus+Prietella+%28Siluriformes%3A+Ictaluridae%29%3A+an+overview+of+recent+explorations&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=315-337&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19962442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011808805094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001EnvBF..62..315H&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Dean+A.&rft.au=Krejca%2C+Jean+K.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Juan+Manuel+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pcisternarum-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcisternarum_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Phreatobius&speciesname=cisternarum">"<i>Phreatobius cisternarum</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. Apr 2007 version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monks N. (editor): <i>Brackish Water Fishes</i>, TFH 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7938-0564-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7938-0564-3">0-7938-0564-3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schäfer F: <i>Brackish Water Fishes</i>, Aqualog 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-936027-82-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-936027-82-X">3-936027-82-X</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf">"Texas Dept. Wildlife"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021704/https://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Dept.+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpwd.state.tx.us%2Fpublications%2Fpwdpubs%2Fmedia%2Fpwd_br_t3200_0236.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish">"Catfish"</a>. <i>Friends of Woodland Park</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015117/https://www.friendsofwoodlandpark.org/catfish">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+Woodland+Park&rft.atitle=Catfish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofwoodlandpark.org%2Fcatfish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoMartin,_R._Trent2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nico, Leo G.; Martin, R. Trent (2001). "The South American Suckermouth Armored Catfish, <i>Pterygoplichthys anisitsi</i> (Pisces: Loricaridae), in Texas, with Comments on Foreign Fish Introductions in the American Southwest". <i>The Southwestern Naturalist</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 98–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3672381">10.2307/3672381</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3672381">3672381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+South+American+Suckermouth+Armored+Catfish%2C+Pterygoplichthys+anisitsi+%28Pisces%3A+Loricaridae%29%2C+in+Texas%2C+with+Comments+on+Foreign+Fish+Introductions+in+the+American+Southwest&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-104&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3672381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3672381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nico&rft.aufirst=Leo+G.&rft.au=Martin%2C+R.+Trent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakida-KusunokiaRuiz-Carusb,_RamonAmador-del-Angelc,_Enrique2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wakida-Kusunokia, Armando T.; Ruiz-Carusb, Ramon; Amador-del-Angelc, Enrique (2007). "Amazon Sailfin Catfish, <i>Pterygoplichthys pardalis</i> (Castelnau, 1855) (Loricariidae), Another Exotic Species Established in Southeastern Mexico". <i>The Southwestern Naturalist</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 141–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1894%2F0038-4909%282007%2952%5B141%3AASCPPC%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[141:ASCPPC]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86847378">86847378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Amazon+Sailfin+Catfish%2C+Pterygoplichthys+pardalis+%28Castelnau%2C+1855%29+%28Loricariidae%29%2C+Another+Exotic+Species+Established+in+Southeastern+Mexico&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-144&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1894%2F0038-4909%282007%2952%5B141%3AASCPPC%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86847378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wakida-Kusunokia&rft.aufirst=Armando+T.&rft.au=Ruiz-Carusb%2C+Ramon&rft.au=Amador-del-Angelc%2C+Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavezde_la_Paz,_Reynaldo_M.Manohar,_Surya_KrishnaPagulayan,_Roberto_C.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chavez, Joel M.; de la Paz, Reynaldo M.; Manohar, Surya Krishna; Pagulayan, Roberto C.; Carandang Vi, Jose R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf">"New Philippine record of South American sailfin catfishes (Pisces: Loricariidae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zootaxa" title="Zootaxa">Zootaxa</a></i>. <b>1109</b>: 57–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1109.1.6">10.11646/zootaxa.1109.1.6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031235535/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01109p068.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=New+Philippine+record+of+South+American+sailfin+catfishes+%28Pisces%3A+Loricariidae%29&rft.volume=1109&rft.pages=57-68&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1109.1.6&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Joel+M.&rft.au=de+la+Paz%2C+Reynaldo+M.&rft.au=Manohar%2C+Surya+Krishna&rft.au=Pagulayan%2C+Roberto+C.&rft.au=Carandang+Vi%2C+Jose+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2006f%2Fzt01109p068.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunkley-WilliamsWilliams,_Ernest_H._Jr.Lilystrom,_Craig_G.Corujo-Flores,_Iris1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bunkley-Williams, Lucy; Williams, Ernest H. Jr.; Lilystrom, Craig G.; Corujo-Flores, Iris; Zerbi, Alfonso J.; Aliaume, Catherine; Churchill, Timothy N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304213101/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF">"The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, <i>Liposarcus multiradiatus</i> (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Caribbean Journal of Science</i>. <b>30</b> (1–2): 90–94. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/VOL30/P090-094.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+South+American+Sailfin+Armored+Catfish%2C+Liposarcus+multiradiatus+%28Hancock%29%2C+a+New+Exotic+Established+in+Puerto+Rican+Fresh+Waters&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bunkley-Williams&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ernest+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Lilystrom%2C+Craig+G.&rft.au=Corujo-Flores%2C+Iris&rft.au=Zerbi%2C+Alfonso+J.&rft.au=Aliaume%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Timothy+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.uprm.edu%2Fpublications%2Fcjs%2FVOL30%2FP090-094.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiangWu,_Hsiao-PingShieh,_Bao-Sen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liang, Shih-Hsiung; Wu, Hsiao-Ping; Shieh, Bao-Sen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf">"Size Structure, Reproductive Phenology, and Sex Ratio of an Exotic Armored Catfish (<i>Liposarcus multiradiatus</i>) in the Kaoping River of Southern Taiwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zoological Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 252–259. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506010509/http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/44.2/252.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Studies&rft.atitle=Size+Structure%2C+Reproductive+Phenology%2C+and+Sex+Ratio+of+an+Exotic+Armored+Catfish+%28Liposarcus+multiradiatus%29+in+the+Kaoping+River+of+Southern+Taiwan&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-259&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Shih-Hsiung&rft.au=Wu%2C+Hsiao-Ping&rft.au=Shieh%2C+Bao-Sen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzoolstud.sinica.edu.tw%2FJournals%2F44.2%2F252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atema, Jelle (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZbRp0z5-p0C&pg=PA57">"Chemical senses, chemical signals, and feeding behavior in fishes"</a> pp. 57–101. In: Bardach, JE <i>Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes</i>, The WorldFish Center, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-02-0003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-02-0003-0">978-971-02-0003-0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriel,_J_PLundberg,_J_G1996" class="citation journal cs1">Friel, J P; Lundberg, J G (1996). "<i>Micromyzon akamai</i>, gen. et sp. nov., a small and eyeless banjo catfish (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the river channels of the lower Amazon basin". <i><a href="/wiki/Copeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Copeia">Copeia</a></i>. <b>1996</b> (3): 641–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1447528">10.2307/1447528</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1447528">1447528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Micromyzon+akamai%2C+gen.+et+sp.+nov.%2C+a+small+and+eyeless+banjo+catfish+%28Siluriformes%3A+Aspredinidae%29+from+the+river+channels+of+the+lower+Amazon+basin&rft.volume=1996&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=641-648&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1447528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1447528%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Friel%2C+J+P&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+J+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-fin-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fin_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603225626/http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm">"Channel Catfish"</a>. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/channel_catfish.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+Catfish&rft.pub=Fairfax+County+Public+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcps.k12.va.us%2FStratfordLandingES%2FEcology%2Fmpages%2Fchannel_catfish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Jeremy J (4 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791775">"Diversity, phylogenetic distribution, and origins of venomous catfishes"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9..282W">2009BMCEE...9..282W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-282">10.1186/1471-2148-9-282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791775">2791775</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19961571">19961571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Diversity%2C+phylogenetic+distribution%2C+and+origins+of+venomous+catfishes&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=282&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791775%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19961571&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-282&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BMCEE...9..282W&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ballen-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ballen_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballen_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallen,_Gustavo_A.De_Pinna,_Mario_C._C.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ballen, Gustavo A.; De Pinna, Mario C. C. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008">"A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>194</b> (2): 601–625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab008">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095540/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/2/601/6191677">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+standardized+terminology+of+spines+in+the+order+Siluriformes+%28Actinopterygii%3A+Ostariophysi%29&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=601-625&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab008&rft.au=Ballen%2C+Gustavo+A.&rft.au=De+Pinna%2C+Mario+C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundbergBerra,_Tim_M.Friel,_John_P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lundberg, John G.; Berra, Tim M.; Friel, John P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf">"First description of small juveniles of the primitive catfish <i>Diplomystes</i> (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 71–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211152811/https://mansfield.osu.edu/assets/mansfield/tberra/pdf/Diplomystes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ichthyol.+Explor.+Freshwaters&rft.atitle=First+description+of+small+juveniles+of+the+primitive+catfish+Diplomystes+%28Siluriformes%3A+Diplomystidae%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-82&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Berra%2C+Tim+M.&rft.au=Friel%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmansfield.osu.edu%2Fassets%2Fmansfield%2Ftberra%2Fpdf%2FDiplomystes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrielVigliotta,_Thomas_R.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Friel, John P.; Vigliotta, Thomas R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf">"<i>Synodontis acanthoperca</i>, a new species from the Ogôoué River system, Gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zootaxa" title="Zootaxa">Zootaxa</a></i>. <b>1125</b>: 45–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1125.1.3">10.11646/zootaxa.1125.1.3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031234339/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01125p056.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Synodontis+acanthoperca%2C+a+new+species+from+the+Og%C3%B4ou%C3%A9+River+system%2C+Gabon+with+comments+on+spiny+ornamentation+and+sexual+dimorphism+in+mochokid+catfishes+%28Siluriformes%3A+Mochokidae%29&rft.volume=1125&rft.pages=45-56&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1125.1.3&rft.aulast=Friel&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Vigliotta%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fzootaxa%2F2006f%2Fzt01125p056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mazzoldi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzoldi_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzoldi_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzoldiLorenzi,_V.Rasotto,_M._B.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzoldi, C.; Lorenzi, V.; Rasotto, M. B. (2007). "Variation of male reproductive apparatus in relation to fertilization modalities in the catfish families Auchenipteridae and Callichthyidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)". <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 243–256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFBio..70..243M">2007JFBio..70..243M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2006.01300.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01300.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=Variation+of+male+reproductive+apparatus+in+relation+to+fertilization+modalities+in+the+catfish+families+Auchenipteridae+and+Callichthyidae+%28Teleostei%3A+Siluriformes%29&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-256&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2006.01300.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JFBio..70..243M&rft.aulast=Mazzoldi&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Lorenzi%2C+V.&rft.au=Rasotto%2C+M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html">"Schoolgirl nets 9ft monster fish"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 15 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5834754/Schoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Schoolgirl+nets+9ft+monster+fish&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F5834754%2FSchoolgirl-nets-9ft-monster-fish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mekong-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mekong_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050630233848/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html">"Grizzly Bear-Size Catfish Caught in Thailand"</a>. National Geographic News. 29 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grizzly+Bear-Size+Catfish+Caught+in+Thailand&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F06%2F0629_050629_giantcatfish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212539/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process">"Term : humeral process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=humeral%20process">the original</a> on 17 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Term+%3A+humeral+process&rft.pub=FishBase&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilaman.ifm-geomar.de%2FGlossary%2FGlossary.cfm%3FTermEnglish%3Dhumeral%2520process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Douglas-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasCollin,_Shaun_P.Corrigan,_Julie2002" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, Ron H.; Collin, Shaun P.; Corrigan, Julie (15 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425">"The eyes of suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae, subfamily Hypostomus): pupil response, lenticular longitudinal spherical aberration and retinal topography"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>205</b> (22). The Journal of Experimental Biology: 3425–3433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.205.22.3425">10.1242/jeb.205.22.3425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12364396">12364396</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044830/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/22/3425">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+eyes+of+suckermouth+armoured+catfish+%28Loricariidae%2C+subfamily+Hypostomus%29%3A+pupil+response%2C+lenticular+longitudinal+spherical+aberration+and+retinal+topography&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3425-3433&rft.date=2002-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.205.22.3425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12364396&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Ron+H.&rft.au=Collin%2C+Shaun+P.&rft.au=Corrigan%2C+Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F205%2F22%2F3425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Barros-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barros_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barros_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barros_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barros_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barros_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrosGuimarães-Cruz,_Rodrigo_J.Veloso-Júnior,_Vanderlei_C.Santos,_José_E._dos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barros, Marcelo D. M.; Guimarães-Cruz, Rodrigo J.; Veloso-Júnior, Vanderlei C.; Santos, José E. dos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000100028">"Reproductive apparatus and gametogenesis of <i>Lophiosilurus alexandri</i> Steindachner (Pisces, Teleostei, Siluriformes)"</a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de Zoologia</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 213–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000100028">10.1590/S0101-81752007000100028</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Zoologia&rft.atitle=Reproductive+apparatus+and+gametogenesis+of+Lophiosilurus+alexandri+Steindachner+%28Pisces%2C+Teleostei%2C+Siluriformes%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-221&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0101-81752007000100028&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+D.+M.&rft.au=Guimar%C3%A3es-Cruz%2C+Rodrigo+J.&rft.au=Veloso-J%C3%BAnior%2C+Vanderlei+C.&rft.au=Santos%2C+Jos%C3%A9+E.+dos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0101-81752007000100028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brito-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brito_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brito_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brito_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritoBazzoli,_N.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brito, M.F.G.; Bazzoli, N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-09352003000500018">"Reproduction of the surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil"</a>. <i>Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia</i>. <b>55</b> (5): 624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-09352003000500018">10.1590/S0102-09352003000500018</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arquivo+Brasileiro+de+Medicina+Veterin%C3%A1ria+e+Zootecnia&rft.atitle=Reproduction+of+the+surubim+catfish+%28Pisces%2C+Pimelodidae%29+in+the+S%C3%A3o+Francisco+River%2C+Pirapora+Region%2C+Minas+Gerais%2C+Brazil&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=624&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0102-09352003000500018&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=M.F.G.&rft.au=Bazzoli%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0102-09352003000500018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-General_Sounds_Kasumayan-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-General_Sounds_Kasumayan_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General_Sounds_Kasumayan_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasumayan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kasumayan, A. O. (2008). "Sounds and Sound Production in Fishes". <i>Journal of Ichthyology</i>. <b>48</b> (11): 981–1030. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0032945208110039">10.1134/S0032945208110039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23223714">23223714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ichthyology&rft.atitle=Sounds+and+Sound+Production+in+Fishes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=981-1030&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0032945208110039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23223714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kasumayan&rft.aufirst=A.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stridulatory-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stridulatory_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stridulatory_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2000" class="citation journal cs1">Vance, Theresa L. (2000). "Variation in Stridulatory Sound Production in the Channel Catfish, <i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>". <i>BIOS</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 79–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4608557">4608557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIOS&rft.atitle=Variation+in+Stridulatory+Sound+Production+in+the+Channel+Catfish%2C+Ictalurus+punctatus&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79-84&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4608557%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Theresa+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sound_Generating_Mechs-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sound_Generating_Mechs_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sound_Generating_Mechs_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sound_Generating_Mechs_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadichMichael_L._Fine2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ladich, Friedrich; Michael L. Fine (2006). "Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: A Unique Diversity in Vertebrates". <i>Communication in Fishes</i>. <b>1</b>: 3–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+in+Fishes&rft.atitle=Sound-Generating+Mechanisms+in+Fishes%3A+A+Unique+Diversity+in+Vertebrates&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=3-43&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ladich&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=Michael+L.+Fine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Amorim_article-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amorim_article_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amorim_article_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmorim2006" class="citation journal cs1">Amorim, Maria Clara P. (2006). "Diversity of Sound Production in Fish". <i>Communication in Fish</i>. <b>1</b>: 71–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+in+Fish&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+Sound+Production+in+Fish&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=71-105&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Amorim&rft.aufirst=Maria+Clara+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agonistic_behavior-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agonistic_behavior_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agonistic_behavior_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadichMyrberg,_Arthur_A_Jr.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ladich, Friedrich; Myrberg, Arthur A Jr. (2006). "Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication". <i>Communication in Fishes</i>. <b>1</b>: 121–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+in+Fishes&rft.atitle=Agonistic+Behavior+and+Acoustic+Communication&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=121-148&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ladich&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=Myrberg%2C+Arthur+A+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_J.E.1993" class="citation web cs1">Morris, J.E. (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206022434/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf">"Pond Culture of Channel Catfish in the North Central Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. North Central Regional Aquaculture Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pond+Culture+of+Channel+Catfish+in+the+North+Central+Region&rft.pub=North+Central+Regional+Aquaculture+Center&rft.date=1993-10&rft.au=Morris%2C+J.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.iastate.edu%2FPublications%2FNCR444.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf">"Catfish Production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nass.usda.gov</i>. 21 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113343/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/CatfProd/CatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nass.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Catfish+Production&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusda.mannlib.cornell.edu%2Fusda%2Fcurrent%2FCatfProd%2FCatfProd-07-21-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123839/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html">"Economy of Scales"</a>. <i>Stanford Magazine</i> (March / April 2006). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford Alumni Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2006/marapr/features/fishfarming.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Magazine&rft.atitle=Economy+of+Scales&rft.issue=March+%2F+April+2006&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordalumni.org%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2006%2Fmarapr%2Ffeatures%2Ffishfarming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-catfish28nov28,0,6595048.story?coll=la-home-business">""'Catfish' bred in Asia move up on U.S. food chain"$, Associated Press via L.A. Times, 28 November 2006"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 28 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095543/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-28-fi-catfish28-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%22%27Catfish%27+bred+in+Asia+move+up+on+U.S.+food+chain%22%24%2C+Associated+Press+via+L.A.+Times%2C+28+November+2006&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-catfish28nov28%2C0%2C6595048.story%3Fcoll%3Dla-home-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Nancy (27 January 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070731074338/http://growfish.com.au/content.asp?contentid=5816">Catfish imports not slowing</a>. Northwest Arkansas News</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Baker-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Baker (1988), <i>Simply Fish</i> p 36–37. Faver & Faber, London.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FactD-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FactD_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm">"Vitamin D and Healthy Bones"</a>. New York State Department of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173653/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitamin+D+and+Healthy+Bones&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.ny.us%2Fdiseases%2Fconditions%2Fosteoporosis%2Fvitd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study">Fatty Fish Not Equal in Good Fats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321233925/http://www.fitfunctional.com/index.php/articles/nutrition/60-fatty-fish-not-equal-in-qgoodq-fats-study">Archived</a> 21 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association, July 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/09/07/rehab-archipelago/forced-labor-and-other-abuses-drug-detention-centers-southern">"The Rehab Archipelago | Forced Labor and Other Abuses in Drug Detention Centers in Southern Vietnam"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Rehab+Archipelago+%7C+Forced+Labor+and+Other+Abuses+in+Drug+Detention+Centers+in+Southern+Vietnam&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2011%2F09%2F07%2Frehab-archipelago%2Fforced-labor-and-other-abuses-drug-detention-centers-southern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FactSwai-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FactSwai_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109150512/http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm">"Union Fish Company – Basa/Swai Details"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionfishco.com/swai/details.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Fish+Company+%E2%80%93+Basa%2FSwai+Details&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionfishco.com%2Fswai%2Fdetails.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PL107171-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PL107171_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public Law 107-171, § 10806, 116 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> 526-527, codified in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d">"United States Code, Title 21, section 321d. Market names for catfish and ginseng"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417123630/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/321d">archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%2C+Title+21%2C+section+321d.+Market+names+for+catfish+and+ginseng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F21%2F321d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343-">"United States Code, Title 21, section 343 (t). Misbranded food"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/343">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%2C+Title+21%2C+section+343+%28t%29.+Misbranded+food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F21%2F343-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae">Piazza's Seafood World, LLC v. Odom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095542/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14897106900736461981&q=ictaluridae">Archived</a> 23 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 448 F. 3d 744 (5th Cir. 2006), <i>citing</i> Kerrilee E. Kobbeman, "Legislative Note, Hook, Line and Sinker: How Congress Swallowed the Domestic Catfish Industry's Narrow Definition of this Ubiquitous Bottomfeeder," 57 ARK. L.REV. 407, 411-18 (2004).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf">"Fish Labelling (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Toxicity" title="Committee on Toxicity">COT</a>. 26 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131042544/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/506/pdfs/uksi_20060506_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish+Labelling+%28Amendment%29+%28England%29+Regulations+2006&rft.pub=COT&rft.date=2007-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2006%2F506%2Fpdfs%2Fuksi_20060506_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreva2018" class="citation news cs1">Oreva, Duke (14 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html">"How to cook the irresistible catfish pepper soup"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175134/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/how-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+to+cook+the+irresistible+catfish+pepper+soup&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Oreva&rft.aufirst=Duke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulse.ng%2Flifestyle%2Ffood-travel-arts-culture%2Fhow-to-cook-the-irresistible-catfish-pepper-soup-id8377325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/">"Kosher Spirit: Fins and Scales"</a>. <i>OK Kosher Certification</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129062913/https://www.ok.org/article/fins-scales/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OK+Kosher+Certification&rft.atitle=Kosher+Spirit%3A+Fins+and+Scales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ok.org%2Farticle%2Ffins-scales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/">"Channel Catfish"</a>. <i>fisheries.tamu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061619/https://fisheries.tamu.edu/pond-management/species/channel-catfish/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fisheries.tamu.edu&rft.atitle=Channel+Catfish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffisheries.tamu.edu%2Fpond-management%2Fspecies%2Fchannel-catfish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Brenda (2009). <i>The Mythical Creatures Bible</i>. Sterling. p. 370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythical+Creatures+Bible&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmits2013" class="citation book cs1">Smits, Gregory (2013). <i>Seismic Japan: The Long History and Continuing Legacy of the Ansei Edo Earthquake</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013sjlh.book.....S">2013sjlh.book.....S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seismic+Japan%3A+The+Long+History+and+Continuing+Legacy+of+the+Ansei+Edo+Earthquake&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013sjlh.book.....S&rft.aulast=Smits&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Plotosus&speciesname=lineatus">"<i>Plotosus lineatus</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. November 2014 version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrec.igfa.org/">"IGFA World Records"</a>. International Game Fish Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101064327/http://wrec.igfa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IGFA+World+Records&rft.pub=International+Game+Fish+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrec.igfa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catfish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siluriformes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Siluriformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cat-fish" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cat-fish">Cat-fish</a></span>".</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silurus.acnatsci.org/">All catfish species inventory</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845">"Giant Baghair caught in Jamuna"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032305/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=87845">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>The Daily Star</i> (Bangladesh), 12 May 2009</li>
<li>Skelton, Paul H. and Teugels, Guy G. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019675">Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 56: Neotype description for the African catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces: Siluroidei: Clariidae)</a>. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Actinopterygii_orders_by_subclass" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Actinopterygii" title="Template:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Actinopterygii" title="Template talk:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Actinopterygii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Actinopterygii_orders_by_subclass" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> orders by subclass</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></li>
<li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li>
<li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichir" title="Bichir">Polypteriformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Actinopteri" title="Actinopteri">Actinopteri</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amiiformes" title="Amiiformes">Amiiformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleostei</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elopomorpha" title="Elopomorpha">Elopomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elopiformes" title="Elopiformes">Elopiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bonefishes" title="Bonefishes">Albuliformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Notacanthiformes" title="Notacanthiformes">Notacanthiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Anguilliformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha" title="Osteoglossomorpha">Osteoglossomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossiformes" title="Osteoglossiformes">Osteoglossiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hiodontiformes" title="Hiodontiformes">Hiodontiformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otocephala" title="Otocephala">Otocephala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clupeiformes" title="Clupeiformes">Clupeiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alepocephaliformes" title="Alepocephaliformes">Alepocephaliformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gonorynchiformes" title="Gonorynchiformes">Gonorynchiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Characiformes" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siluriformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidogalaxias" title="Lepidogalaxias">Lepidogalaxii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidogalaxias" title="Lepidogalaxias">Lepidogalaxiiformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protacanthopterygii" title="Protacanthopterygii">Protacanthopterygii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentiniformes" title="Argentiniformes">Argentiniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galaxiidae" title="Galaxiidae">Galaxiiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmoniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esociformes" title="Esociformes">Esociformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomiati" title="Stomiati">Stomiati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osmeriformes" title="Osmeriformes">Osmeriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stomiiformes" title="Stomiiformes">Stomiiformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellynose_fish" title="Jellynose fish">Ateleopodiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aulopiformes" title="Aulopiformes">Aulopiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myctophiformes" title="Myctophiformes">Myctophiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lampriformes" title="Lampriformes">Lampriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beardfish" title="Beardfish">Polymixiiformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracanthopterygii" title="Paracanthopterygii">Paracanthopterygii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percopsiformes" title="Percopsiformes">Percopsiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeiformes" title="Zeiformes">Zeiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stylephorus" title="Stylephorus">Stylephoriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gadiformes" title="Gadiformes">Gadiformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopterygii" title="Acanthopterygii">Acanthopterygii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryciformes" title="Beryciformes">Beryciformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trachichthyiformes" title="Trachichthyiformes">Trachichthyiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holocentriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocentriformes">Holocentriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiiformes" title="Ophidiiformes">Ophidiiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batrachoididae" title="Batrachoididae">Batrachoidiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurtiformes" title="Kurtiformes">Kurtiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gobiiformes" title="Gobiiformes">Gobiiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syngnathiformes" title="Syngnathiformes">Syngnathiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scombriformes" title="Scombriformes">Scombriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synbranchiformes" title="Synbranchiformes">Synbranchiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anabantiformes" title="Anabantiformes">Anabantiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">Istiophoriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Pleuronectiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cichliformes" title="Cichliformes">Cichliformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atheriniformes" title="Atheriniformes">Atheriniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinodontiformes" title="Cyprinodontiformes">Cyprinodontiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beloniformes" title="Beloniformes">Beloniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mugiliformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gobiesociformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobiesociformes">Gobiesociformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blenniiformes" title="Blenniiformes">Blenniiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerreiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerreiformes">Gerreiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranoscopiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranoscopiformes (page does not exist)">Uranoscopiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labriformes" title="Labriformes">Labriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moroniformes" title="Moroniformes">Moroniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephippiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephippiformes (page does not exist)">Ephippiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetodontiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaetodontiformes (page does not exist)">Chaetodontiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acanthuriformes" title="Acanthuriformes">Acanthuriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutjaniformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutjaniformes (page does not exist)">Lutjaniformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobotiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobotiformes (page does not exist)">Lobotiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spariformes" title="Spariformes">Spariformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scatophagiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scatophagiformes (page does not exist)">Scatophagiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priacanthiformes" title="Priacanthiformes">Priacanthiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caproiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caproiformes">Caproiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">Lophiiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pempheriformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pempheriformes (page does not exist)">Pempheriformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centrarchiformes" title="Centrarchiformes">Centrarchiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scorpaeniformes" title="Scorpaeniformes">Scorpaeniformes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Common carp">common</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seafood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seafood" title="Template:Seafood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seafood" title="Template talk:Seafood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Catfish_as_food">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bouillabaisse ingredients"><img alt="Bouillabaisse ingredients" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/140px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/210px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/280px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Category: Seafood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boxed_beef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boxed beef (page does not exist)">Boxed beef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-vegetarian">Non-vegetarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Siluriformes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59576" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q59576">Q59576</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Siluriformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Siluriformes/">Siluriformes</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Siluriformes">Siluriformes</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15704">15704</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=261">261</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6236K">6236K</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/5083">5083</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1SILUO">1SILUO</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12028">12028</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/cf39f373-b721-41d5-a19a-79e32a7d16e4">cf39f373-b721-41d5-a19a-79e32a7d16e4</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/708">708</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49175">49175</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11492">11492</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163992">163992</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000164622">NBNSYS0000164622</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7995">7995</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f3b3f8d1-e3e7-464a-99e3-0a62abc12965">f3b3f8d1-e3e7-464a-99e3-0a62abc12965</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=701516">701516</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35487">35487</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB0787CD-0A42-FF9F-FDAB-FA3AE5C2256C">AB0787CD-0A42-FF9F-FDAB-FA3AE5C2256C</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=113925">113925</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154157">154157</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59576#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Siluriformes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12151027x">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Siluriformes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12151027x">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284852105171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catfishes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021003">United States</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000348893&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sumci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126271&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |