Jump to content

Edit filter log

Details for log entry 38845099

11:29, 29 September 2024: 176.233.31.186 (talk) triggered filter 231, performing the action "edit" on Tehran. Actions taken: Disallow; Filter description: Long string of characters containing no spaces (examine)

Changes made in edit

| area_water_percent =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 615
| area_urban_km2 = 615
| area_metro_km2 = 2235
| area_metro_km2 = 30000
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref>
| elevation_m = 900 to 1830
| elevation_m = 900 to 1830
| elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003
| elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003
| population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br />Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br />Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref>
| population_urban = 9,039,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_urban = 9,039,000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_metro = 15,800,000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref>
| population_metro = 15,800,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref>
| population_est = 9,400,000
| population_est = 9,400,000
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| population_blank1 = [[List of Iran cities by population|1st]]
| population_blank1 = [[List of Iran cities by population|1st]]
| population_demonym = Tehrani&nbsp;([[English language|en]])
| population_demonym = Tehrani&nbsp;([[English language|en]])
| population_density_km2 = 11,800
| population_density_km2 = 11,0000000
| area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+98 21]]
| area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+5313120620]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]]
| blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]]
| website = [https://en.tehran.ir/ tehran.ir]
| website = [https://en.tehran.ir/ tehran.ir]
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| timezone = [[Iran Time]]
| timezone = [[london Time]]
| utc_offset = +03:30
| utc_offset = +09:30
| timezone_DST = (Not Observed)
| timezone_DST = (Not Observed)
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}}
{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}}


'''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]].
'''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Skibidi}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]].


In the [[classical antiquity]], part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages (now [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]), a prominent [[Medes|Median]] city<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> destroyed in the medieval [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab]], [[Oghuz Turks|Turkic]], and [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol]] invasions. Modern Ray was absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran.
In the [[classical antiquity]], part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages (now [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]), a prominent [[Medes|Median]] city<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> destroyed in the medieval [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab]], [[Oghuz Turks|Turkic]], and [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol]] invasions. Modern Ray was absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran.

Action parameters

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
null
Name of the user account (user_name)
'176.233.31.186'
Type of the user account (user_type)
'ip'
Age of the user account (user_age)
0
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*' ]
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
true
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Page ID (page_id)
57654
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Tehran'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Tehran'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'Sdunc41', 1 => 'ClueBot NG', 2 => 'Smoking Ted', 3 => 'Brightkingdom', 4 => 'Afrowriter', 5 => 'GreenC bot', 6 => 'KylieTastic', 7 => '37.44.58.173', 8 => '2A02:8109:9F0C:B300:381E:F50B:EC70:F9ED', 9 => 'Robby' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
723819443
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
'Real Tehran '
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age)
46627
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Capital and largest city in Iran}} {{About|the Iranian capital city}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tehran | native_name = {{lang|fa|تهران}} | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Capital city]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Azadi Tower (29358497718).jpg | photo2a = Tehran end-year traffic, 19 March 2018 (13961228001006636570840100161167 81764) (cropped).jpg | photo2b = پل طبیعت تهران (cropped).jpg | photo3a = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg | photo3b = National Garden, Tehran 07.jpg | photo4a = City Theater of Tehran 2019 6 (cropped).jpg | photo4b = Národní muzeum Íránu.jpg | spacing = 2 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 275 | foot_montage = <div style="background:#fee8ab;"> '''Clockwise from top'''<br />[[Azadi Tower]]; [[Tabiat Bridge]] and [[Alborz]]; [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]]; [[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]]; [[City Theater of Tehran|City Theater]]; [[Golestan Palace]] and [[Milad Tower]]</div> }} | image_caption = | image_seal = لوگو شهرداری تهران.svg | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Iran#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Iran and Asia | image_map1 = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=9|frame-lat=35.7219|frame-long=51.3347 |type=shape-inverse|id=Q3616|title=City map interactive |type2=point|id2=Q3616|stroke-width=3|stroke-color=#7e7e7e|fill=#7e7e7e|title2=zones|marker=city }} | coordinates = {{coord|35|41|21|N|51|23|20|E|region:IR-23_type:city(9,000,000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Iran | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tehran Province|Tehran]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Tehran County|Tehran]]<br />[[Ray County, Iran|Rey]]<br />[[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Tehran|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Alireza Zakani]] | leader_title2 = [[Islamic City Council of Tehran|City Council Chairman]] | leader_name2 = [[Mehdi Chamran]] | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web| url=https://tmicto.tehran.ir/Portals/0/Document/Amarname/NEW_PDF/AmarShahr/96-TehranStatisticalYearBook.pdf| title=City of Tehran Statisticalyearbook| access-date=2021-04-13| archive-date=2021-04-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://tmicto.tehran.ir/Portals/0/Document/Amarname/NEW_PDF/AmarShahr/96-TehranStatisticalYearBook.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 615 | area_metro_km2 = 2235 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref> | elevation_m = 900 to 1830 | elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003 | population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br />Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref> | population_urban = 9,039,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_metro = 15,800,000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> | population_est = 9,400,000 | pop_est_as_of = 2018 | population_blank1_title = Population rank in Iran | population_blank1 = [[List of Iran cities by population|1st]] | population_demonym = Tehrani&nbsp;([[English language|en]]) | population_density_km2 = 11,800 | area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+98 21]] | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = [https://en.tehran.ir/ tehran.ir] | footnotes = | timezone = [[Iran Time]] | utc_offset = +03:30 | timezone_DST = (Not Observed) }} {{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}} '''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]]. In the [[classical antiquity]], part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages (now [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]), a prominent [[Medes|Median]] city<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> destroyed in the medieval [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab]], [[Oghuz Turks|Turkic]], and [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol]] invasions. Modern Ray was absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran. Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1786, because of its proximity to Iran's territories in the [[Caucasus]], then separated from Iran in the [[Russo-Persian Wars|Russo-Iranian Wars]], to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties. The capital has been moved several times throughout history, however, and Tehran became the 32nd [[Capitals of Persia|capital of Persia]]. Large-scale construction works began in the 1920s, and Tehran became a destination for mass migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |title=Tehran (Iran) : Introduction – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330180118/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran is home to many historical sites, including the royal complexes of [[Golestan Palace|Golestan]], [[Sa'dabad Complex|Sa'dabad]], and [[Niavaran Complex|Niavaran]], where the last two dynasties of the former [[Imperial State of Iran]] were seated. Tehran's landmarks include the [[Azadi Tower]], a memorial built under the reign of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] in 1971 to mark the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire]], the [[Milad Tower]], the world's [[List of tallest towers|sixth-tallest self-supporting tower]], completed in 2007, and the [[Tabiat Bridge]], completed in 2014.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211329/http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the population are [[Persian people|Persian]],<ref name="tabnak"/><ref name="Mohammad">{{Cite book |author1=Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal |author2=McDonald, Peter |author3=Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat |title=The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction |publisher=Springer |date=September 30, 2009 |pages=100–101 |chapter=Region of Residence}}</ref> with roughly 99% of them speaking the [[Persian language]], alongside [[Ethnicities in Iran|other ethnolinguistic groups]] in the city which became Persianized and assimilated.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Schuppe, Mareike. |title=Coping with Growth in Tehran: Strategies of Development Regulation |publisher=GRIN Verlag |date=2008 |page=13 |quote=Besides Persian, there are Azari, Armenian, and Jewish communities in Tehran. The vast majority of Tehran's residents are Persian-speaking (98.3%).}}</ref> Tehran is served by [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini International Airport]], alongside the domestic [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad Airport]], [[Tehran railway station|a central railway station]], [[Tehran Metro]], a [[bus rapid transit]] system, [[Trolleybuses in Tehran|trolleybuses]], and [[List of Expressways in Tehran|a large network of highways]]. Plans to relocate the capital from Tehran to another area due to [[air pollution]] and earthquakes have not been approved so far. A 2016 survey of 230 cities across the globe by [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] ranked Tehran 203rd for [[quality of life]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-diaspora-idUSKCN0WV16D |title=Iranian expats hard to woo as Western firms seek a foothold in Iran |author=Barbaglia, Pamela. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401143212/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-diaspora-idUSKCN0WV16D |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Tourism#MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index|Global Destinations Cities Index]] in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest [[Tourism in Iran|growing destinations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/bangkok-takes-title-in-2016-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index |title=Bangkok Takes Title in 2016 Mastercard Global Destinations Cities Index |author=Erenhouse, Ryan. |publisher=[[MasterCard]]'s newsroom |date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428214732/http://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/bangkok-takes-title-in-2016-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran City Council declared October 6 the Tehran Day in 2016, celebrating the date when in 1907 the city officially became the capital of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/|title = Citizens of Capital Mark Tehran Day on October 6|date = 2018-10-06|access-date = 2018-10-07|archive-date = 2019-07-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190706073748/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/|url-status = live}}</ref> == Etymology == Various theories on the origin of the name Tehran have been put forward. Iranian linguist [[Ahmad Kasravi]], in an article "Shemiran-Tehran", suggested that Tehran and Kehran mean "the warm place", and "Shemiran" means "the cool place". He listed cities with the same base and suffix and studied the components of the word in ancient [[Iranian languages]], and came to the conclusion that Tehran and Kehran meant the same thing in different Iranian language families, as the constant "t" and "k" are close to each other in such languages. He also provided evidence that cities named "Shemiran" were colder than those named "Tehran" or "Kehran". He considered other theories not considering the ancient history of Iranian languages such as "Tirgan" theory and "Tahran" theory [[folk etymology]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahya|first=Zoka|title=Karvand of Kasravi|publisher=Franklin|year=1978|location=Tehran|pages=273–283}}</ref> Another theory is that "Tehran" derives from Tiran/Tirgan, "the abode of [[Tir (god)|Tir]]", the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] equivalent of [[Hermes]]). The ancient [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] town of Tiran had a neighbour, [[Mehran (district)|Mehran]] ("abode of Mehr/Mithra", the Zoroastrian sun/justice angel). Both of these were mere villages in the suburbs of the great city of Ray/Rhages. Mehran still exists as a residential district in Greater Tehran, as well as Ray, which forms the southern suburbs of Tehran. {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} The official City of Tehran website says that "Tehran" comes from the Persian words "Tah" meaning "end", or "bottom", and "Ran" meaning "[mountain] slope"—literally, the bottom of the mountain (ته کوه), referring to Tehran's position at the foot of the [[Alborz]] mountains.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Behrooz, Samira |author2=Karampour, Katayoun |url=http://universityandheritage.net/SIFU/XII_Hanoi_2009/en/abstracts/html/14.html |title=A Research on Adaptation of Historic Urban Landscapes |date=November 15, 2008 |access-date=June 18, 2009 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115732/http://universityandheritage.net/SIFU/XII_Hanoi_2009/en/abstracts/html/14.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Spelling=== In English, it is also spelt "'''Teheran'''",<ref>{{cite web |title= Tehran: national capital, Iran |website= Britannica.com |date= 25 November 2023 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran |access-date= 25 November 2023}}</ref> with both variants being used in books since at least 1800, and "Teheran" being the dominant form from after WWII until shortly before the Islamic Revolution.<ref>John Allen Gay for [[The National Interest]], May 27, 2014. [https://nationalinterest.org/feature/when-did-peking-become-beijing-persia-become-iran-we-have-10525 "When Did Peking Become Beijing and Persia Become Iran? We Have the Data"], with the [[Google Books]] [[Ngram Viewer]] graph [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Tehran%2CTeheran&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=0&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CTehran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CTeheran%3B%2Cc0 here]. Accessed 12 Dec 2023.</ref> == History == {{For timeline}} Archaeological remains from the ancient city of Ray suggest that settlement in Tehran dates back over 6,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran/History|title = Tehrān - History}}</ref> === Classical era === Tehran is in the historical [[Media (region)|Media]] region of ({{lang-peo|𐎶𐎠𐎭}} {{transliteration|peo|Māda}}) in northwestern Iran. By the time of the [[Medes|Median Empire]], part of present-day Tehran was a suburb of the prominent Median city of Rhages ({{lang-peo|𐎼𐎥𐎠}} {{transliteration|peo|Ragā}}). In the [[Avesta]]'s ''[[Vendidad|Videvdat]]'' (i, 15), Rhages is mentioned as the 12th sacred place created by [[Ahura Mazda|Ohrmazd]].<ref name="Minorsky">{{Cite encyclopedia |author1=Minorsky, Vladimir |author2=Bosworth, Clifford Edmund |title=Al-Rayy |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition |volume=8 |pages=471–473}}</ref> In [[Achaemenid Empire|Old Persian]] inscriptions, Rhages appears as a province ([[Behistun Inscription|Bistun]] 2, 10–18). From Rhages, [[Darius I]] sent reinforcements to his father [[Hystaspes (father of Darius I)|Hystaspes]], who was putting down a rebellion in [[Parthia]] (Bistun 3, 1–10).<ref name="Minorsky" /> Some [[Middle Persian]] texts give Rhages as the birthplace of [[Zoroaster]],<ref>{{Citation |author1=Sarkhosh Curtis, Vesta |author2=Stewart, Sarah |title=Birth of the Persian Empire |publisher=I.B. Tauris |date=2005 |page=37}}</ref> although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in [[Khorasan Province]]. [[Mount Damavand]], the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh|Šāhnāme]]'',<ref name="Tafazolli">A. Tafazolli, "In Iranian Mythology" in Encyclopædia Iranica</ref> an Iranian [[epic poem]] based on the [[Persian mythology|ancient legends of Iran]]. It appears in the epics as the homeland of the [[Protoplast (religion)|protoplast]] [[Keyumars]], the birthplace of King [[Manuchehr]], the place where King [[Fereydun]] bound the dragon fiend [[Zahhak|Aždahāk]] (Bivarasp), and the place where [[Arash]] shot his arrow.<ref name="Tafazolli" /> === Medieval period === In 641, during the reign of the [[Sasanian Empire]], [[Yazdegerd III|Yazdgerd III]] issued his last appeal to the nation from Rhages, before fleeing to Khorasan.<ref name="Minorsky" /> Rhages was dominated by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] [[House of Mihran]], and [[Siyavakhsh]]—the son of [[Mihran Bahram-i Chubin|Mehran]], the son of [[Bahram Chobin]]—who resisted the seventh-century [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim invasion of Iran]].<ref name="Minorsky" /> Because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rhages, they ordered the town destroyed and rebuilt anew by traitor aristocrat [[Farrukhzad]].<ref name="Minorsky" /> In the ninth century, Tehran was a well-known village, but less so than the city of Rhages, flourishing nearby. Rhages was described in detail by tenth-century Muslim geographers.<ref name="Minorsky" /> Despite the interest that Arabian [[Baghdad]] displayed in Rhages, the number of Arabs in the city remained insignificant and the population mainly consisted of Iranians of all classes.<ref name="Minorsky" /><ref>(Bulddan, Yackubl, 276)</ref> The [[Oghuz Turks]] invaded Rhages in 1035, and again in 1042, but the city was recovered under the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]] and the [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarezmians]].<ref name="Minorsky" /> Medieval writer [[Najm al-Din Razi|Najm od Din Razi]] declared the population of Rhages about 500,000 before the [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol invasion]]. In the 13th century, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] invaded Rhages, laid the city to ruins, and massacred many of its inhabitants.<ref name="Minorsky" /> Others escaped to Tehran. In July 1404, [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] ambassador [[Ruy González de Clavijo]] visited Tehran on a journey to [[Samarkand]], the capital of Turco-Mongol conqueror [[Timur]], the ruler of Iran at the time. He described it in his diary as an unwalled region. === Early modern era === Italian traveler [[Pietro della Valle]] passed through Tehran overnight in 1618, and in his memoirs called the city ''Taheran''. English traveler [[Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet|Thomas Herbert]] entered Tehran in 1627, and mentioned it as ''Tyroan''. Herbert stated that the city had about 3,000 houses.<ref name="britannica1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Teheran (city) |volume= 26 | pages = 506&ndash;507: final para |last1= Houtum-Schindler |first1= Albert |author-link= Albert Houtum-Schindler }}</ref> [[File:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, painting, ca. 1840.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A portrait of [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] ruler [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]], at London's [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A Museum]]]] In the early 18th century, [[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan]] of the [[Zand dynasty]] ordered a palace and a government office built in Tehran, possibly to declare the city his capital; but he later moved his government to [[Shiraz]]. Eventually, Qajar king [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] chose Tehran as the capital of Iran in 1786.<ref name="books.google.nl">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC&pg=PA12 |title=Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896 |access-date=December 26, 2014 |first=Abbas |last=Amanat |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520083219 |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191554/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Agha Mohammad Khan's choice of his capital was based on a similar concern for the control of both northern and southern Iran.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> He was aware of the loyalties of the inhabitants of former capitals [[Isfahan]] and Shiraz to the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] and Zand dynasties respectively, and was wary of the power of the local notables in these cities.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Thus, he probably viewed Tehran's lack of a substantial urban structure as a blessing, because it minimized the chances of resistance to his rule by the notables and by the general public.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Moreover, he had to remain within close reach of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and Iran's integral [[North Caucasus|northern]] and [[South Caucasus|southern]] [[Caucasus|Caucasian territories]]<ref name="books.google.nl" />—at that time not yet irrevocably lost per the treaties of [[Treaty of Gulistan|Golestan]] and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] to the neighboring [[Russian Empire]]—which would follow in the course of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Dowling, Timothy C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ |title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond |pages=728–730 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=December 2, 2014 |isbn=978-1-59884-948-6 |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012040129/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Golestan Palace Album No. 132-31.jpg|thumb|A modern street in Tehran at the end of the 19th-century. (Golestan Palace Collection)]] After 50 years of Qajar rule, the city still barely had more than 80,000 inhabitants.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Up until the 1870s, Tehran consisted of a walled citadel, a roofed [[bazaar]], and the three main neighborhoods of [[Oudlajan|Udlajan]], Chale-Meydan, and Sangelaj, where the majority resided. During the long reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Naser al-Din Shah]] (1848-1896), Tehran witnessed Iran's first [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|institute of higher learning]], [[Imperial Bank of Persia|bank]], [[Tehran–Rey Railway|railway line]] and museum. <ref>{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who Was Who |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |access-date=2024-09-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230270510 |title=The Statesman's Year-Book |date=1922-08-25 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-27051-0 |editor-last=Scott-Keltie |editor-first=John |location=Basingstoke |editor-last2=Epstein |editor-first2=Mortimer}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=IV. KARL BAEDEKER UND SEINE ERBEN – REISE-INFORMATION |work=Baedeker &amp; Cook – Tourismus am Mittelrhein 1756 bis ca. 1914 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-00471-7/6 |access-date=2024-09-26 |publisher=Peter Lang}}</ref> The city expanded rapidly through multiple development plans<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chisholm |first=Hugh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.18648 |title=Britannica year-book, 1913 - a survey of the world's progress since the completion in 1910 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1913 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |location=London}}</ref> The first development plan of Tehran in 1855 emphasized traditional spatial structure. The second, under the supervision of [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar ol Fonun]] in 1878, included new city walls, in the form of a perfect octagon with an area of 19 square kilometers, mimicking the [[Renaissance]] cities of Europe.<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011">{{cite web|url=http://jph.sagepub.com/content/12/1/49|author=Vahdat Za, Vahid.|title=Spatial Discrimination in Tehran's Modern Urban Planning 1906–1979|year=2011|work=Journal of Planning History vol. 12 no. 1 49–62|access-date=2013-04-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016094735/http://jph.sagepub.com/content/12/1/49|archive-date=2015-10-16}}</ref> Tehran was 19.79 square kilometers, and had expanded more than fourfold.<ref>Shirazian, Reza, Atlas-i Tehran-i Qadim, Dastan Publishing House: Tehran, 2015, P. 11</ref> === Late modern era === [[File:Poster of Conquest of Tehran in July 1909 by Bakhtiaris.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Triumph of Tehran]]: [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari|Sardar Asad II]] and [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni|Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni]] conquering Tehran in July 1909]] Growing awareness of civil rights resulted in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]] and the [[Persian Constitution of 1906|first constitution of Iran]] in 1906. On June 2, 1907, the parliament passed a law on local governance known as the ''Baladie'' ([[municipal law]]), providing a detailed outline of issues such as the role of councils within the city, the members' qualifications, the election process, and the requirements to be entitled to vote. The then-Qajar monarch [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar|Mohammad Ali Shah]] abolished the constitution and [[1908 bombardment of the Majlis|bombarded]] the parliament with the help of the Russian-controlled [[Persian Cossack Brigade|Cossack Brigade]] on June 23, 1908. That was followed by the capture of the city by the revolutionary forces of [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari|Ali-Qoli Khan]] (Sardar Asad II) and [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni|Mohammad Vali Khan]] (Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni) on July 13, 1909. As a result, the monarch was exiled and replaced by his son [[Ahmad Shah Qajar|Ahmad]], and the parliament was re-established. ==== World War I ==== During the [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian campaign]], Russian forces that were occupying the northwest of Iran marched around [[Qazvin]] and approached Tehran, caused a crisis and the dissolution of [[National Consultative Assembly|parliament]]. [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] and his entourage decided to leave Tehran and move the capital to another place, sparking fears of rebellion in other cities.<ref name="Bahar-1992">[[Mohammad-Taqi Bahar|Bahar, Mohammad Taghi]] (1992). A brief history of political parties in Iran: the extinction of the Qajar dynasty. J. First. Amir Kabir Publications. {{ISBN|9789640005965}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Robat Karim]], Iranian forces led by Heydar Latifiyan prevented the Russians from taking Tehran, despite the latter winning the battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جنگ‌های جهانی |url=https://movarekhpod.com/world-wars/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=مورخ |language=fa-IR}}</ref> This also allowed government functions to be moved to Qom and then to Isfahan, while the monarchy remained in Tehran.<ref name="Bahar-1992" /> ==== Pahlavi rule ==== [[File:ETH-BIB-Teheran aus 400 m Höhe-Persienflug 1924-1925-LBS MH02-02-0085-AL-FL.tif|250px|thumb|Aerial view of Tehran in 1925]] After [[World War I]], the [[constituent assembly]] elected [[Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] as the new monarch, who immediately suspended the Baladie law of 1907, replacing the decentralized and autonomous city councils with centralist approaches to [[governance]] and planning.<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011" /> From the 1920s to the 1930s, under the rule of Reza Shah, the city was essentially rebuilt from scratch. Several old buildings, including parts of the [[Golestan Palace]], [[Tekyeh Dowlat|Tekye Dowlat]], and [[Toopkhaneh|Tupkhane Square]], were replaced with modern buildings influenced by classical Iranian architecture, particularly the buildings of the [[Bank Melli Iran|National Bank]], the police headquarters, the telegraph office, and the military academy. Changes to the urban fabric began with the street-widening act of 1933, which served as a framework for changes in all other cities. The [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Grand Bazaar]] was divided in half and many historic buildings were demolished and replaced by wide straight avenues,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaichian |first1=Mohammad |url=https://archive.org/details/towncountryinmid0000chai/page/95/mode/2up |title=Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization |date=2009 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-2677-6 |location=New York |pages=95–116 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the traditional texture of the city was replaced with intersecting cruciform streets that created large roundabouts in major public spaces such as the bazaar. As an attempt to create a network for easy transportation within the city, the old citadel and city walls were demolished in 1937, replaced by wide streets cutting through the urban fabric. The new city map of Tehran in 1937 was heavily influenced by modernist planning patterns of zoning and gridiron networks.<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011" /> During [[World War II]], Soviet and British troops entered the city. In 1943, Tehran was the site of the [[Tehran Conference]], attended by U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Soviet Premier [[Joseph Stalin]], and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]]. The establishment of the planning organization of Iran in 1948 resulted in the first socioeconomic development plan to cover from 1949 to 1955. These plans not only failed to slow the unbalanced growth of Tehran but with the 1962 land reforms that Reza Shah's son and successor [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] named the ''[[White Revolution]]'', Tehran's chaotic growth was further accentuated. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Tehran developed rapidly under Mohammad Reza Shah. Modern buildings altered the face of Tehran and ambitious projects were planned for the following decades. To resolve the problem of [[social exclusion]], the first comprehensive plan was approved in 1968. The consortium of Iranian architect [[Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian|Abd-ol-Aziz Farmanfarmaian]] and the American firm of [[Victor Gruen|Victor Gruen Associates]] identified the main problems blighting the city as high-density suburbs, air and water pollution, inefficient infrastructure, unemployment, and rural-urban migration. Eventually, the whole plan was marginalized by the [[1979 Revolution]] and the subsequent [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011" /> [[File:Tehran_IMG_20191219_122637099_(49550671088).jpg|thumb|The [[Azadi Tower]] was built in 1971.]] Tehran's most famous landmark, the Azadi Tower, was built by the order of the Shah in 1971. It was designed by [[Hossein Amanat]], an architect whose design won a competition, combining elements of classical [[Sasanian architecture|Sassanian architecture]] with post-classical Iranian architecture. Formerly known as the ''Shahyad Tower'', it was built to commemorate the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the Imperial State of Iran]]. ===Islamic Republic=== During the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in 1980 to 1988, Tehran was repeatedly targeted by airstrikes and [[Scud]] missile attacks. The 435-meter-high Milad Tower, one of the proposed development projects of pre-revolutionary Iran,<ref name="SadCity">{{cite web|last=Vanstiphout|first=Wouter|title=The Saddest City in the World|url=http://www.thenewtown.nl/article.php?id_article=71|work=The New Town|access-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219102023/http://www.thenewtown.nl/article.php?id_article=71|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> was completed in 2007, and has become a famous landmark of Tehran. Tabiat Bridge, a 270-meter [[footbridge|pedestrian overpass]]<ref name="archdaily" /> that was designed by award-winning architect [[Leila Araghian]], was completed in 2014. {{-}} == Demographics == {{See also|Demographics of Tehran}} {{Further|Ethnicities in Iran}} [[File:Tehran Population (1956-2016).png|thumb|right|Population of Tehran]] [[File:Tehran population pyramid in 2016.svg|thumb|[[Tehran province]] population pyramid in 2016]] ===Population=== {{Historical populations | title = Tehran's Population History | percentages = pagr | 1554| 1,000 | 1626| 3,000 | 1797| 15,000 | 1807| 50,000 | 1812| 60,000 | 1834| 80,000 | 1867| 147,256 | 1930| 250,000 | 1940| 540,087 | 1956| 1,560,934 | 1966| 2,719,730 | 1976| 4,530,223 | 1986| 6,058,207 | 1991| 6,497,238 | 1996| 6,758,845 | 2006| 7,711,230 | 2011| 8,244,759 | 2016| 8,737,510 }} The city of Tehran had a population of 7,711,230 in 2,286,787 households at the time of the 2006 National Census.<ref name="2006 Tehran Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Tehran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084534/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 8,154,051 people in 2,624,511 households.<ref name="2011 Tehran Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Tehran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120190153/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls|archive-date=20 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 8,693,706 people in 2,911,065 households.<ref name="2016 Tehran Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Tehran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171617/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> ===Language and ethnicity=== With its cosmopolitan atmosphere, Tehran is home to diverse ethnic and linguistic groups from all over the country. The present-day dominant language of Tehran is the [[Tehrani accent|Tehrani variety]] of the [[Persian language]], and the majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as [[Persian people|Persians]].<ref name="Mohammad" /><ref name="tabnak"/> However, before, the native language of the Tehran–Ray region was not Persian, which is linguistically Southwest Iranian and originates in [[Fars Province|Fars]], but a now extinct [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Central Dialects|author-last=Windfuhr|author-first=Gernot L.|author-link=Gernot Windfuhr|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|pages=242–252|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects|access-date=23 August 2013|volume=5|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905072810/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Iranian Azeris]] form the second-largest ethnic group of the city, comprising about 10-15% <ref name="Iran-Azeris">{{cite news |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0052) |title=Iran-Azeris |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |date=December 1987 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125044513/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+ir0052%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |title=Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis |year=2005 |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |isbn=9780739714768 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the total population, while ethnic [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]] are the third-largest, comprising about 5% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82021017/ |title=یک و نیم میلیون مازندرانی پایتخت نشین شدند |publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA]] |date=April 3, 2016 |language=fa |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=August 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820072730/http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82021017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran's other ethnic communities include [[Kurds]], [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]], [[Iranian Georgians|Georgians]], [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtyaris]], [[Talysh people|Talysh]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Assyrians in Iran|Assyrians]], [[Arabs]], [[Jews]], and [[Circassians in Iran|Circassians]]. According to a 2010 census conducted by the Sociology Department of the [[University of Tehran]], in many districts of Tehran across various socio-economic classes in proportion to population sizes of each district and socio-economic class, 63% of the people were born in Tehran, 98% knew Persian, 75% identified themselves as ethnic Persian, and 13% had some degree of proficiency in a European language.<ref name="tabnak">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/133668 |title=چنددرصد تهرانی‌ها در تهران به دنیا آمده‌اند؟ |website=tabnak.ir |language=fa |date=November 3, 2010 |access-date=December 18, 2010 |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033705/http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/133668 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran saw a drastic change in its ethnic-social composition in the early 1980s. After the political, social, and economic consequences of the [[1979 Revolution]] and the years that followed, a number of Iranian citizens, mostly Tehranis, left Iran. The majority of [[Iranian diaspora|Iranian emigrations]] have left for the [[Iranian Americans|United States]], [[Iranians in Germany|Germany]], [[Swedish Iranians|Sweden]], and [[Iranian Canadians|Canada]]. With the start of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] (1980–1988), the second wave of inhabitants fled the city, especially during the Iraqi air offensives on the capital. With most major powers backing Iraq at the time, economic isolation gave yet more reason for many inhabitants to leave the city (and the country). Having left all they had and have struggled to adapt to a new country and build a life, most of them never came back when the war was over. During the war, Tehran also received a great number of migrants from the west and the southwest of the country bordering [[Iraq]]. The unstable situation and the war in neighbouring [[Afghanistan]] and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for much seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]], but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly [[Dari language|Dari]]-speaking [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Hazara people|Hazara]], speaking a variety of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly [[Mesopotamian Arabic]]-speakers who are often of Iranian and Persian ethnic heritage. === Religion === {{See also|Religion in Iran|List of religious centers in Tehran}} The majority of Tehranis are officially [[Twelver Shia]] [[Islam|Muslims]], which has also been the state religion since the 16th-century [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion]]. Other religious communities in the city include followers of the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Sufism|Mystic]] branches of Islam, various [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations, [[Judaism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. There are many religious centres scattered around the city, from old to newly built centres, including [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Mosques and madrasehs|mosques]], [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Churches|churches]], [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Synagogues|synagogues]], and [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Fire temples|Zoroastrian fire temples]]. The city also has a very small third-generation Indian [[Sikh]] community with a local [[gurdwara]] that was visited by the Indian Prime Minister in 2012.<ref name="Indian Prime Minister in Tehran">{{cite web|last=Lakshman|first=Nikhil|title=Indian Prime Minister in Tehran|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-to-organise-a-summit-the-iranian-way/20120830.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903043924/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-to-organise-a-summit-the-iranian-way/20120830.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Geography == === Location and subdivisions === [[File:Tehran district map (blank).svg|thumb|Districts of Tehran]] The metropolis of Tehran is divided into 22 municipal districts, each with its own administrative center. Of the 22 municipal districts, 20 are located in [[Tehran County]]'s [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]], while districts [[District 1 (Tehran)|1]] and [[District 20 (Tehran)|20]] are respectively located in the counties of [[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] and [[Ray County, Iran|Ray]]. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! Regions and municipal districts of Tehran |- | {| | valign="top" | '''North''':<br /> <u>District 1:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Farmaniyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Evin<br /> &nbsp;• Darakeh<br /> &nbsp;• Zaferaniyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Mahmoodiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Velenjak<br /> &nbsp;• Darband<br /> &nbsp;• Golabdarreh<br /> &nbsp;• Jamaran<br /> &nbsp;• Dezashib<br /> &nbsp;• Niavaran<br /> &nbsp;• Darabad<br /> &nbsp;• Tajrish<br /> &nbsp;• Gheytariyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Chizar<br /> &nbsp;• Ozgol<br /> &nbsp;• Aghdasiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Elahieh<br /> &nbsp;• Jamshidiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Saadabad<br /> &nbsp;• Kamraniyeh<br /> <u>District 2:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Farahzad<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrara<br /> &nbsp;• Gisha<br /> &nbsp;• Punak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bahtari<br /> &nbsp;• Saadat Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Sadeghieh<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e Gharb<br /> &nbsp;• Tarasht<br /> &nbsp;• Tohid<br /> <u>District 3:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Darus<br /> &nbsp;• Davoodiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Ekhtiariyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Golhak<br /> &nbsp;• Vanak<br /> &nbsp;• Jordan<br /> <u>District 5:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Bolvar-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ferdowsi<br /> &nbsp;• Jannat Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Ekbatan<br /> &nbsp;• Punak<br /> <u>District 6:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Amir Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Arjantin<br /> &nbsp;• Yousef Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Park-e Laleh<br /> | valign="top" | '''East''':<br /> <u>District 4:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Khak Sefid<br /> &nbsp;• Hakimiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Lavizan<br /> &nbsp;• Ozgol<br /> &nbsp;• Pasdaran<br /> &nbsp;• Resalat<br /> &nbsp;• Shams Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Shemiran-e-No<br /> &nbsp;• Tehranpars<br /> &nbsp;• Zargande<br /> &nbsp;• Narmak<br /> <u>District 7:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Abbas Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Behjat<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Emam<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hossein<br /> &nbsp;• Sabalan<br /> <u>District 8:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Mo'allem<br /> &nbsp;• Narmak<br /> &nbsp;• Samangan<br /> &nbsp;• Nezam Abad<br /> <u>District 13:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Dowshan Tappe<br /> &nbsp;• Niru Havaii<br /> &nbsp;• Tehran-e-No<br /> &nbsp;• Piroozi<br /> <u>District 14:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Chaharsad<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dastgah<br /> &nbsp;• Dulab<br /> &nbsp;• Esfahanak<br /> &nbsp;• Khorasan<br /> &nbsp;• Sad Dastgah<br /> | valign="top" | '''Center''':<br /> <u>District 10:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Beryanak<br /> &nbsp;• Haft Chenar<br /> &nbsp;• Salsabil<br /> <u>District 11:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Dokhaniyat<br /> &nbsp;• Lashkar<br /> &nbsp;• Moniriyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Sheikh Hadi<br /> <u>District 12:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Baharestan<br /> &nbsp;• Bazar-e Tehran<br /> &nbsp;• Ferdowsi<br /> &nbsp;• Gorgan<br /> &nbsp;• Park-e Shahrr<br /> &nbsp;• Pich-e Shemiran<br /> <u>District 17:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Emamzade<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hasan<br /> &nbsp;• Bagh Khazaneh<br /> &nbsp;• Qal'e Morghi<br /> | valign="top" | '''South''':<br /> <u>District 15:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Afsariyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Bisim<br /> &nbsp;• Khavaran<br /> &nbsp;• Kiyanshahr<br /> &nbsp;• Masoudiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Moshiriyeh<br /> <u>District 16:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Ali Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Bagh-e Azari<br /> &nbsp;• Khazane<br /> &nbsp;• Yakhchi Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Javadiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Nazi Abad<br /> <u>District 19:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Abdol Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Khani Abad No<br /> &nbsp;• Nemat Abad<br /> <u>District 20:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Dolat Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Javanmard-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ghassab<br /> &nbsp;• Ebn<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Babviyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Hazrat-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abdol-Azim<br /> &nbsp;• Sizdah-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aban<br /> &nbsp;• Rey<br /> | valign="top" | '''West''':<br /> <u>District 9:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Jey<br /> &nbsp;• Sar-Asyab<br /> &nbsp;• Mehr Abad<br /> <u>District 18:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Khalije Fars<br /> &nbsp;• Yaft Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Shad Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vali-Asr<br /> &nbsp;• Tolid Daru<br /> &nbsp;• Ferdows<br /> <u>District 21:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e-Darya<br /> &nbsp;• Bashgah-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Naft<br /> &nbsp;• Tehransar<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e-Pasdaran<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e-Azadi<br /> &nbsp;• Vardavard<br /> <u>District 22:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Bagh-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Haj-Seif<br /> &nbsp;• Kan<br /> &nbsp;• Kuy-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sazman-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Barname<br /> &nbsp;• Park Chitgar<br /> &nbsp;• Peykanshahr<br /> &nbsp;• Stadium-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Azadi<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cheshmeh<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rah-Ahan<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Omid &nbsp;• Shahid Baqeri<br /> &nbsp;• Dehkade-ye-Olympic<br /> &nbsp;• Daryache Chitgar<br /> &nbsp;• Golestan<br /> |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! Municipal districts of Tehran |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Name!!Persian Name!!County!!Number of<br />Municipal Regions!!Area!!Population!!Population Density!!Location within Tehran |- | [[District 1 (Tehran)|District 1]] || منطقه ۱ – Mantaqe ye Yek || [[Shemiranat County]] || 10 || {{nts|64.0}} km² || 487,508 || {{nts|10,533}}/km² || [[File:Tehran1.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 2 (Tehran)|District 2]] || منطقه ۲ – Mantaqe ye Do || [[Tehran County]] || 9 || {{nts|64.0}} km² || 701,303 || {{nts|14,964}}/km² || [[File:Tehran2.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 3 (Tehran)|District 3]]|| منطقه ۳ – Mantaqe ye Se || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|31.2}} km² || 330,649 || {{nts|10,156}}/km² || [[File:Tehran3.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 4 (Tehran)|District 4]]|| منطقه ۴ – Mantaqe ye Chahār || [[Tehran County]] || 9 || {{nts|61.4}} km² || 919,001 || {{nts|14,943}}/km² || [[File:Tehran4.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 5 (Tehran)|District 5]] || منطقه ۵ – Mantaqe ye Panj || [[Tehran County]] || 7 || {{nts|52.9}} km² || 858,346 || {{nts|18,320}}/km² || [[File:Tehran5.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 6 (Tehran)|District 6]]|| منطقه ۶ – Mantaqe ye Šeŝ || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|21.4}} km² || 251,384 || {{nts|13,763}}/km² || [[File:Tehran6.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 7 (Tehran)|District 7]]|| منطقه ۷ – Mantaqe ye Haft || [[Tehran County]] || 5 || {{nts|15.4}} km² || 312,194 || {{nts|20,140}}/km² || [[File:Tehran7.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 8 (Tehran)|District 8]]|| منطقه ۸ – Mantaqe ye Haŝt || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|13.4}} km² || 425,197 || {{nts|31,984}}/km² || [[File:Tehran8.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 9 (Tehran)|District 9]]|| منطقه ۹ – Mantaqe ye Noh || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|19.6}} km² || 174,239 || {{nts|6,387}}/km² || [[File:Tehran9.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 10 (Tehran)|District 10]] || منطقه ۱۰ – Mantaqe ye Dah || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|8.2}} km² || 327,115 || {{nts|40,029}}/km² || [[File:Tehran10.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 11 (Tehran)|District 11]]|| منطقه ۱۱ – Mantaqe ye Yāzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 4 || {{nts|12.6}} km² || 307,940 || {{nts|25,743}}/km² || [[File:Tehran11.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 12 (Tehran)|District 12]]|| منطقه ۱۲ – Mantaqe ye Davāzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|16.9}} km² || 241,831 || {{nts|15,150}}/km² || [[File:Tehran12.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 13 (Tehran)|District 13]]|| منطقه ۱۳ – Mantaqe ye Sizdah || [[Tehran County]] || 4 || {{nts|12.8}} km² || 248,952 || {{nts|14,726}}/km² || [[File:Tehran13.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 14 (Tehran)|District 14]] || منطقه ۱۴ – Mantaqe ye Ĉahārdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|24.3}} km² || 515,795 || {{nts|21,370}}/km² || [[File:Tehran14.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 15 (Tehran)|District 15]]|| منطقه ۱۵ – Mantaqe ye Pānzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|35.4}} km² || 641,279 || {{nts|23,186}}/km² || [[File:Tehran15.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 16 (Tehran)|District 16]]|| منطقه ۱۶ – Mantaqe ye Ŝānzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|18.1}} km² || 268,406 || {{nts|16,238}}/km² || [[File:Tehran16.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 17 (Tehran)|District 17]]|| منطقه ۱۷ – Mantaqe ye Hefdah || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|8.2}} km² || 273,231 || {{nts|33,276}}/km² || [[File:Tehran17.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 18 (Tehran)|District 18]]|| منطقه ۱۸ – Mantaqe ye Heĵdah || [[Tehran County]] || 5 || {{nts|37.5}} km² || 419,882 || {{nts|11,029}}/km² || [[File:Tehran18.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 19 (Tehran)|District 19]]|| منطقه ۱۹ – Mantaqe ye Nuzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|20.3}} km² || 261,027 || {{nts|12,809}}/km² || [[File:Tehran19.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 20 (Tehran)|District 20]] || منطقه ۲۰ – Mantaqe ye Bist || [[Ray County, Iran|Ray County]] || 5 || {{nts|23.0}} km² || 365,259 || {{nts|16,365}}/km² || [[File:Tehran20.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 21 (Tehran)|District 21]]|| منطقه ۲۱ – Mantaqe ye Bist-o-Yek || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|51.6}} km² || 186,821 || {{nts|3,646}}/km² || [[File:Tehran21.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 22 (Tehran)|District 22]] || منطقه ۲۲ – Mantaqe ye Bist-o-Do || [[Tehran County]] || 4 || {{nts|54.0}} km² || 176,347 || {{nts|3,025}}/km² || [[File:Tehran22.PNG|200px]] |source: [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/tehrancity/]| |} |} Northern Tehran is the wealthiest part of the city,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/05/09/iran-lightens-up-on-western-ways/ |title=Iran Lightens Up On Western Ways |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=May 9, 1993 |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806210515/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-09/features/9305090413_1_islamic-revolution-islamic-codes-tehran |url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of various districts such as [[Zafaraniyeh]], [[Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Jordan Street) Tehran|Jordan]], [[Elahieh|Elahiyeh]], [[Pasdaran (district)|Pasdaran]], [[Kamranieh]], [[Ajudanieh|Ajodanieh]], [[Farmanieh]], [[Darrous]], [[Niavaran]], [[Jamaran]], [[Aghdasieh]], [[Mahmoodieh]], [[Velenjak]], [[Gheytarieh|Qeytarieh]], Ozgol and [[Ekhtiarieh]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com">Buzbee, Sally. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html "Tehran: Split Between Liberal, Hard-Line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141930/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html |date=2017-08-06 }}. [[Associated Press]] via ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Thursday 4 October 2007.</ref><ref name="accessmylibrary.com">Hundley, Tom. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8331982_ITM "Pro-reform Khatami appears victorious after 30 million Iranians cast votes"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. 8 June 2001.</ref> While the center of the city houses government ministries and headquarters, commercial centers are located further north. === Climate === [[File:Tehran Profile, Level 1, 2012.jpg|thumb|Urban sustainability analysis of the metropolitan area of Tehran, using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the [[United Nations Global Compact|UN Global Compact]] Cities Programme]] Most of Tehran has a [[semi-arid climate]], according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] (''BSh'' (hot semi-arid) in the region of the [[Mehrabad International Airport]], and ''BSk'' (cold semi-arid) in higher areas), with a borderline [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') in the northern area of the city, with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.<!---PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS TO 'COLD SEMI-ARID CLIMATE' BECAUSE THAT'S INCORRECT. TEHRAN'S AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF 15.6 WHEN MULTIPLIED BY 20 GIVES A TOTAL OF 312, WHICH IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THE TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OF 429 MM.---> Tehran's climate is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering [[Alborz]] mountains to its north and the country's central desert to the south. As the city has a large area, with significant differences in elevation among various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly north than in the flat southern part of Tehran. For instance, the {{convert|17.3|km|abbr=on}} [[Valiasr Street]] runs from Tehran's railway station at {{convert|1117|m|abbr=on}} elevation above sea level in the south of the city to [[Tajrish Square]] at 1712.6&nbsp;m (5612.3&nbsp;ft) elevation above sea level in the north.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|title=Elevation Finder|last=Tools|first=Free Map|website=Freemaptools.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-02|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516040306/https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the elevation can even rise up to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} at the end of [[Velenjak]] in northern Tehran. The sparse texture, the existence of old gardens, orchards, green spaces along the highways and the lack of industrial activities in the north of the city have helped the air in the northern areas to be 2 to 3 degrees Celsius cooler than the southern areas of the city.<ref name="Tehran Geography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/27105/تهران--جغرافیا--شیوا-جعفری|title=Tehran Geography|language=fa|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911143144/https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/27105/تهران--جغرافیا--شیوا-جعفری|url-status=live}}</ref> The main direction of the prevailing wind in Tehran is northwest to southeast.<ref name="hamshahrionline">[https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/173606/آشنایی-با-دریاچه-شهدای-خلیج-فارس-چیتگر-تهران/Chitgar lake (in Persian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209054656/https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/173606/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |date=9 December 2022 }}. hamshahrionline.ir</ref> Other air currents that blow in the area of Tehran are: # Tochal breeze: With the rapid cooling of the Alborz mountain range at night, a local high-pressure center is formed on Mount Tochal, and this cold current flows down the mountain due to its weight and high pressure; Thus, a gentle breeze blows into the city from the north at night.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> # Southern and southeastern regional winds: these winds blow from the desert plains in the hot months of the year.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> # Western winds: These winds are among the planetary winds that affect the city of Tehran more or less throughout the year and can be called the prevailing wind.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> Air currents have a great effect on Tehran's weather. The prevailing wind blowing from the west causes the west of the city to always be exposed to fresh air; Although this wind brings smoke and pollution from the western industrial areas, its strong wind can take the polluted air out of the city of Tehran.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> In most years, winter provides half of Tehran's total annual rainfall. March is the rainiest month of the year and about one-fifth of the annual rainfall occurs in it. Summer is also the least rainy season and September is the driest month of the year in Tehran. The average annual rainfall of the city is sometimes very different in the north and south regions.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> There are between 205 and 213 days of clear to partly cloudy weather in Tehran.<ref name="atlas.tehran.ir">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143424/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=171/ Climate and air pollution of Tehran (in Persian)]. atlas.tehran.ir</ref> One of the most intense rains in Tehran happened on April 21, 1962 and this rain lasted for 10 hours. Meteorology also announced that the amount of rainfall on that one day in Tehran was equivalent to six years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iichs.ir/p/history.aspx?id=2|title=Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies|language=fa|access-date=2018-06-11|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121001916/http://www.iichs.ir/p/history.aspx?id=2|url-status=live}}</ref> Summer is hot and dry with little rain, but [[relative humidity]] is generally low, making the heat tolerable. Average high temperatures are between {{convert|31|C}} and {{convert|38|°C}} during [[summer|summer months]], and it can sometimes rise up to {{convert|40|C}} during [[heat waves]]. Average low temperatures in summer are between {{convert|18|C}} and {{convert|25|°C}}, and it can occasionally drop to below {{convert|14|C}}&nbsp; in the mountainous north of the city at night. Winter is cold and occasionally snowy, with an average of 12.3 snow days annually in central Tehran and more than 23.7 snow days annually in northern Tehran. During the [[winter|winter months]], average high temperatures are between {{convert|3|C}} and {{convert|11|°C}} and average low temperatures are between {{convert|-5|C}} and {{convert|1|°C}}, and it can occasionally drop to below {{convert|-10|C}}&nbsp; during [[cold waves]]. Most of the annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] occurs from late autumn to mid-spring. March is the wettest month with an average precipitation of {{convert|39.6|mm}}. The hottest month is July, with a mean minimum temperature of {{convert|24|°C}} and a mean maximum temperature of {{convert|36.7|°C}}, and the coldest is January, with a mean minimum temperature of {{convert|-0.4|°C}} and a mean maximum temperature of {{convert|7.9|°C}}.<ref name="IranTour">{{cite web|url=http://www.irantour.org/Iran/Climate.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610002354/http://www.irantour.org/Iran/Climate.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2003-06-10|title=Climate of Tehran|website=Irantour.org|access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref> The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|43|°C|0}} on 3 July 1958 and the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-15|°C|0}} on 8 January 1969.<ref name="records"/> {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Tehran Mehrabad, altitude: 1191 m (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951-present){{efn-la|Rainy days from parameter codes 46 and 71 from the NOAA source}} |Jan record high C = 19.6 |Feb record high C = 24.4 |Mar record high C = 30.3 |Apr record high C = 33.4 |May record high C = 37.0 |Jun record high C = 42.2 |Jul record high C = 43.0 |Aug record high C = 42.4 |Sep record high C = 38.4 |Oct record high C = 33.4 |Nov record high C = 26.4 |Dec record high C = 21.0 |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 11.1 |Mar high C = 16.2 |Apr high C = 22.3 |May high C = 28.2 |Jun high C = 34.3 |Jul high C = 36.9 |Aug high C = 35.8 |Sep high C = 31.6 |Oct high C = 24.6 |Nov high C = 15.7 |Dec high C = 10.2 |Jan mean C = 4.7 |Feb mean C = 7.0 |Mar mean C = 11.8 |Apr mean C = 17.6 |May mean C = 23.2 |Jun mean C = 28.8 |Jul mean C = 31.4 |Aug mean C = 30.5 |Sep mean C = 26.3 |Oct mean C = 19.6 |Nov mean C = 11.6 |Dec mean C = 6.5 |Jan low C = 1.3 |Feb low C = 3.0 |Mar low C = 7.2 |Apr low C = 12.6 |May low C = 17.6 |Jun low C = 22.5 |Jul low C = 25.2 |Aug low C = 24.6 |Sep low C = 20.7 |Oct low C = 14.8 |Nov low C = 7.8 |Dec low C = 3.2 |Jan record low C = -15.0 |Feb record low C = -13.0 |Mar record low C = -8.0 |Apr record low C = -4.0 |May record low C = 2.4 |Jun record low C = 5.0 |Jul record low C = 14.0 |Aug record low C = 13.0 |Sep record low C = 9.0 |Oct record low C = 2.8 |Nov record low C = -7.2 |Dec record low C = -13.0 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days= 4.8 |Feb precipitation days= 5.4 |Mar precipitation days= 5.9 |Apr precipitation days= 5.2 |May precipitation days= 3.7 |Jun precipitation days= 0.8 |Jul precipitation days= 0.5 |Aug precipitation days= 0.3 |Sep precipitation days= 0.2 |Oct precipitation days= 2.5 |Nov precipitation days= 4.9 |Dec precipitation days= 5.3 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 31.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 32.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 42.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 34.8 |May precipitation mm = 14.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 2.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 2.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 1.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 13.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 30.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 31.8 |Jan sun = 176.0 |Feb sun = 178.0 |Mar sun = 208.0 |Apr sun = 232.0 |May sun = 284.0 |Jun sun = 339.0 |Jul sun = 344.0 |Aug sun = 344.0 |Sep sun = 305.0 |Oct sun = 254.0 |Nov sun = 181.0 |Dec sun = 164.0 |Jan humidity = 57 |Feb humidity = 51 |Mar humidity = 43 |Apr humidity = 39 |May humidity = 31 |Jun humidity = 25 |Jul humidity = 25 |Aug humidity = 26 |Sep humidity = 28 |Oct humidity = 36 |Nov humidity = 50 |Dec humidity = 58 | Jan snow cm = 24.0 | Feb snow cm = 11.6 | Mar snow cm = 1.7 | Apr snow cm = 0.1 | May snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jul snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Oct snow cm = 0.0 | Nov snow cm = 0.0 | Dec snow cm = 7.3 | year snow cm = | Jan rain days =6 | Feb rain days =7.1 | Mar rain days =10.3 | Apr rain days =9.8 | May rain days =6.9 | Jun rain days =2 | Jul rain days =1.6 | Aug rain days =0.9 | Sep rain days =0.7 | Oct rain days =5.3 | Nov rain days =8.6 | Dec rain days =7.8 | year rain days = |Jan snow days= 5.1 |Feb snow days= 2.9 |Mar snow days= 1.1 |Apr snow days= 0.1 |May snow days= 0.0 |Jun snow days= 0.0 |Jul snow days= 0.0 |Aug snow days= 0.0 |Sep snow days= 0.0 |Oct snow days= 0.0 |Nov snow days= 0.4 |Dec snow days= 2.7 | Jan uv = 2 | Feb uv = 3 | Mar uv = 3 | Apr uv = 5 | May uv = 6 | Jun uv = 7 | Jul uv = 7 | Aug uv = 7 | Sep uv = 5 | Oct uv = 4 | Nov uv = 3 | Dec uv = 2 |source 1 = [[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]]<ref name="ncei">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: TehranMehrabadAirport-40754 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/TehranMehrabadAirport_40754.csv |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=17 March 2024 |format=CSV}}</ref> (snowfall 1981-2010)<ref name="snow81">{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Tehran (Mehrabad airport) |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=28 March 2024 |format=XLS |quote=WMO number: 40754}}</ref> |source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records<ref name="records">* {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/7.asp |title=Highest record temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=11 March 2018}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Highest Record temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= 27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/6.asp |title=Lowest record temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205221146/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/6.asp |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Lowest record temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>), (snow/sleet days 1951-2005<ref name="snowdays">{{cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/32.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816025748/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/32.asp |archive-date=16 August 2012 |access-date=28 March 2024 |title=Form 32: No. Of days with snow or sleet Station: Tehran Mehrabad(40754) |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}</ref>), Weather Atlas (UV)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iran/tehran-climate|title=Tehran, Iran - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast}}</ref> |date=October 2022 }} {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Tehran-Shomal (north of Tehran), altitude: 1549.1 m (1988–2010, temperature normals, precipitation, and snow days 1988-2020, records 1988-present) |Jan record high C = 17.2 |Feb record high C = 23.5 |Mar record high C = 29.0 |Apr record high C = 32.4 |May record high C = 34.6 |Jun record high C = 40.4 |Jul record high C = 41.8 |Aug record high C = 42.0 |Sep record high C = 36.9 |Oct record high C = 31.2 |Nov record high C = 23.6 |Dec record high C = 19.6 |Jan high C = 6.9 |Feb high C = 9.1 |Mar high C = 14.3 |Apr high C = 20.2 |May high C = 26.1 |Jun high C = 32.2 |Jul high C = 34.9 |Aug high C = 33.9 |Sep high C = 29.8 |Oct high C = 22.9 |Nov high C = 14.3 |Dec high C = 9.0 |Jan mean C = 3.0 |Feb mean C = 4.8 |Mar mean C = 9.6 |Apr mean C = 15.0 |May mean C = 20.3 |Jun mean C = 26.1 |Jul mean C = 28.9 |Aug mean C = 27.8 |Sep mean C = 23.7 |Oct mean C = 17.3 |Nov mean C = 9.8 |Dec mean C = 5.0 |Jan low C = -1.0 |Feb low C = 0.5 |Mar low C = 4.8 |Apr low C = 9.8 |May low C = 14.5 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 22.9 |Aug low C = 21.6 |Sep low C = 17.5 |Oct low C = 11.6 |Nov low C = 5.2 |Dec low C = 1.0 |Jan record low C = -13.0 |Feb record low C = -11.0 |Mar record low C = -8.0 |Apr record low C = -2.4 |May record low C = 0.0 |Jun record low C = 12.0 |Jul record low C = 15.4 |Aug record low C = 10.6 |Sep record low C = 8.8 |Oct record low C = 2.6 |Nov record low C = -8.3 |Dec record low C = -9.6 |Jan precipitation days= 12.3 |Feb precipitation days= 10.9 |Mar precipitation days= 12.3 |Apr precipitation days= 10.0 |May precipitation days= 8.9 |Jun precipitation days= 3.3 |Jul precipitation days= 3.4 |Aug precipitation days= 1.6 |Sep precipitation days= 1.3 |Oct precipitation days= 5.8 |Nov precipitation days= 8.6 |Dec precipitation days= 10.7 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 56.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 70.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.9 |May precipitation mm = 25.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 5.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 3.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 3.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 24.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 53.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 61.1 |Jan sun = 135.8 |Feb sun = 146.4 |Mar sun = 185.1 |Apr sun = 215.0 |May sun = 274.6 |Jun sun = 322.8 |Jul sun = 331.8 |Aug sun = 327.5 |Sep sun = 292.6 |Oct sun = 245.5 |Nov sun = 171.5 |Dec sun = 135.8 |Jan humidity = 67 |Feb humidity = 59 |Mar humidity = 53 |Apr humidity = 44 |May humidity = 39 |Jun humidity = 30 |Jul humidity = 31 |Aug humidity = 31 |Sep humidity = 33 |Oct humidity = 44 |Nov humidity = 57 |Dec humidity = 66 |Jan snow days= 7.3 |Feb snow days= 5.6 |Mar snow days= 2.3 |Apr snow days= 0.1 |May snow days= 0.1 |Jun snow days= 0 |Jul snow days= 0 |Aug snow days= 0 |Sep snow days= 0 |Oct snow days= 0 |Nov snow days= 1.0 |Dec snow days= 4.0 |source 1 =<ref name="chaharmahalmet.ir">[http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp I.R. OF IRAN SHAHREKORD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829024954/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp |date=2017-08-29}}. 1988–2020</ref> |date=1988-2010 |source 2 =<ref name="data.irimo.ir">[http://www.data.irimo.ir/ I.R. OF IRAN METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |date=29 May 2020}}. 1988–2020</ref>}} {{Weather box | collapsed = yes | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | location = Tehran Geophysic, altitude: 1418.6 m (1991–2010, temperature normals and precipitation 1991-2020, records 1991-2022) | Jan record high C = 17.0 | Feb record high C = 22.7 | Mar record high C = 28.4 | Apr record high C = 32.0 | May record high C = 36.0 | Jun record high C = 40.6 | Jul record high C = 41.6 | Aug record high C = 40.9 | Sep record high C = 37.3 | Oct record high C = 32.0 | Nov record high C = 24.0 | Dec record high C = 19.6 | Jan high C = 7.4 | Feb high C = 9.7 | Mar high C = 14.8 | Apr high C = 20.7 | May high C = 26.5 | Jun high C = 32.6 | Jul high C = 35.3 | Aug high C = 34.2 | Sep high C = 30.1 | Oct high C = 23.3 | Nov high C = 14.6 | Dec high C = 9.1 | Jan mean C = 4.2 | Feb mean C = 6.2 | Mar mean C = 10.7 | Apr mean C = 16.3 | May mean C = 21.9 | Jun mean C = 27.8 | Jul mean C = 30.5 | Aug mean C = 29.5 | Sep mean C = 25.4 | Oct mean C = 18.8 | Nov mean C = 10.8 | Dec mean C = 6.0 | Jan low C = 0.8 | Feb low C = 2.5 | Mar low C = 6.6 | Apr low C = 11.7 | May low C = 16.5 | Jun low C = 22.1 | Jul low C = 25.1 | Aug low C = 24.1 | Sep low C = 20.2 | Oct low C = 14.3 | Nov low C = 7.3 | Dec low C = 2.7 | Jan record low C = -11.7 | Feb record low C = -8.2 | Mar record low C = -6.0 | Apr record low C = -1.8 | May record low C = 4.5 | Jun record low C = 11.8 | Jul record low C = 15.4 | Aug record low C = 13.6 | Sep record low C = 10.0 | Oct record low C = 6.4 | Nov record low C = -7.9 | Dec record low C = -7.2 | Jan precipitation days = 10.0 | Feb precipitation days = 9.1 | Mar precipitation days = 11.2 | Apr precipitation days = 9.3 | May precipitation days = 8.5 | Jun precipitation days = 2.7 | Jul precipitation days = 1.6 | Aug precipitation days = 0.9 | Sep precipitation days = 1.2 | Oct precipitation days = 4.1 | Nov precipitation days = 8.4 | Dec precipitation days = 10.1 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 47.4 | Feb precipitation mm = 38.7 | Mar precipitation mm = 51.9 | Apr precipitation mm = 40.5 | May precipitation mm = 17.3 | Jun precipitation mm = 3.6 | Jul precipitation mm = 3.2 | Aug precipitation mm = 2.5 | Sep precipitation mm = 2.0 | Oct precipitation mm = 17.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 36.1 | Dec precipitation mm = 39.5 | Jan sun = 157.3 | Feb sun = 172.3 | Mar sun = 198.1 | Apr sun = 213.8 | May sun = 279.1 | Jun sun = 342.4 | Jul sun = 345.2 | Aug sun = 346.7 | Sep sun = 308.4 | Oct sun = 257.1 | Nov sun = 180.1 | Dec sun = 146.8 | Jan snow days = 5.1 | Feb snow days = 3.3 | Mar snow days = 2.0 | Apr snow days = 0.0 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.1 | Nov snow days = 0.3 | Dec snow days = 2.9 | source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records<ref name="records" /> (temperatures<ref name="temperatures">* {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/3.asp |title=Average Maximum temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=6 September 2014}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Average Maximum temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date= 29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/5.asp |title=Average Mean Daily temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= 5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205222350/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/5.asp |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/2.asp |title=Average Minimum temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=20 March 2016}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Average Minimum temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>), (precipitation<ref name="precipitation2">{{cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/JEOPHYSI/25.asp |title=Monthly Total Precipitation in Tehran(Jeophysics by Month 1991–2005 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320085246/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/JEOPHYSI/25.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref>), (humidity<ref name="humidity">{{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/14.asp |title=Average relative humidity in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>), (days with precipitation<ref name="precipdays">{{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/30.asp |title=No. Of days with precipitation in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="snowdays" />), (sunshine<ref name="sunshine">{{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/42.asp |title=Monthly total sunshine hours in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>) | date = October 2022</ref> | source = }} In February 2005, heavy snow covered all parts of the city. Snow depth was recorded as {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in the southern part of the city and {{convert|100|cm|0|abbr=on}} in the northern part of city. One newspaper reported that it had been the worst weather in 34 years. Ten thousand bulldozers and 13,000 municipal workers were deployed to keep the main roads open.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4250831.stm/ |author=Harrison, Frances |title=Iran gripped by wintry weather |date=February 19, 2005 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=August 20, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011190509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4250831.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chn">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=74960&Serv=0&SGr=0/ |title=Heavy Snowfall in Tehran |language=fa |access-date=2018-03-30 |archive-date=2013-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426100918/http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=74960&Serv=0&SGr=0%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> On January 5 and 6, 2008, a [[Winter storm|wave of heavy snow and low temperatures]] covered the city in a thick layer of snow and ice, forcing the Council of Ministers to officially declare a [[state of emergency]] and close down the capital from January 6 through January 7.<ref name="IRNA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208071157/http://www1.irna.com/fa/news/view/line-2/8610166477213215.htm/ Heavy Snowfall in Tehran (in Persian)]. irna.com</ref> On February 3, 2014, Tehran received heavy snowfall, specifically in the northern parts of the city, with a depth of {{convert|2|m|ft}}. In one week of successive snowfalls, roads were made impassable in some areas, with the temperature ranging from {{convert|−8|°C|0}}&nbsp; to&nbsp; {{convert|−16|°C|0}}.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26061662/ |title=Rare snow blankets Iran's capital Tehran |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=2014-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522130824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26061662 |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 3, 2014, a severe thunderstorm with powerful [[microbursts]] created a [[haboob]], engulfing the city in sand and dust and causing five deaths, with more than 57 injured. This event also knocked down numerous trees and power lines. It struck between 5:00 and 6:00&nbsp;p.m., dropping temperatures from {{convert|33|C}}&nbsp; to {{convert|19|C}}&nbsp; within an hour. The dramatic temperature drop was accompanied by wind gusts reaching nearly {{convert|118|km/h |mph}}&nbsp;.<ref name="AccuWeather">{{Cite web |url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/deadly-dust-storm-blasts-tehra-1/28046154/ |title=Deadly Dust Storm Engulfs Iran's Capital |date=June 3, 2014 |website=AccuWeather.com |access-date=June 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603084845/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/deadly-dust-storm-blasts-tehra-1/28046154 |archive-date=June 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Environmental issues === {{See also|Environmental issues in Tehran|Environmental issues in Iran|List of earthquakes in Iran}} [[File:Air pollution of Tehran - 5 January 2013 06.jpg|thumb|Heavy [[air pollution]] in Tehran]] A plan to move the capital has been discussed many times in prior years, due mainly to the environmental issues of the region. Tehran is one of the world's most polluted cities and is also located near two major [[fault lines]]. The city suffers from severe air pollution, 80% of it due to cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jan/1007.html |title=Car exhaust fumes blamed for over 80% of air pollution in Tehran |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091518/http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jan/1007.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining 20% is due to [[industrial pollution]]. Other estimates suggest that motorcycles alone account for 30% of air and 50% of [[noise pollution]] in Tehran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1239.html |title=Motorcycles Account for 30% of Air Pollution in Tehran |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2010-11-12 |archive-date=2011-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107063229/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1239.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran is also considered one of the strongest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the Middle East. Enhanced concentration of carbon dioxide over the city (that are likely originated from the anthropogenic urban sources in the city) is easily detectable from satellite observations throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Labzovskii|first=Lev|date=2 August 2019|title=Working towards confident spaceborne monitoring of carbon emissions from cities using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425719303785|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|volume=233 (2019) 11359|doi=10.1016/j.rse.2019.111359 |access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127042353/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425719303785|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the government announced that "for security and administrative reasons, the plan to move the capital from Tehran has been finalized."<ref name="Relocation">{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1322.html |title=For Security and Administrative [sic] Reasons: Plan to Move Capital From Tehran Finalized |website=Payvand.com |access-date=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2010-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603033101/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1322.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are plans to relocate 163 state firms and several [[List of Iranian Universities|universities]] from Tehran to avoid damages from a potential [[earthquake]].<ref name="Relocation" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jul/1064.html |title=Iran Moots Shifting Capital from Tehran |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710192546/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jul/1064.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The officials are engaged in a battle to reduce air pollution. It has, for instance, encouraged taxis and buses to convert from petrol engines to engines that run on [[compressed natural gas]]. Furthermore, the government has set up a "Traffic Zone" covering the city centre during peak traffic hours. Entering and driving inside this zone is only allowed with a special permit. There have also been plans to raise people's awareness of the hazards of pollution. One method that is being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the level of [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] (PM2.5/PM10), [[nitrogen dioxide]] (NO<sub>2</sub>), ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO<sub>2</sub>), and [[carbon monoxide]] (CO). == Economy == {{See also|Economy of Tehran|Industry of Iran|Communications in Iran}} [[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tehran Stock Exchange]]]] Tehran is the economic centre of Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |title=Tehran (Iran) : People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |url-status=live }}</ref> About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located in the city, and almost half of these workers are employed by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|author=Cordesman, Anthony H.|title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs|date=September 23, 2008|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=2010-09-25|archive-date=2010-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers, and transport workers. Few foreign companies operate in Tehran, due to the government's complex international relations. But prior to the [[1979 Revolution]], many foreign companies were active in Iran.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaichian|first1=Mohammad|title=Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization|date=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7391-2677-6|pages=98–103}}</ref> Tehran's present-day modern industries include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading centre for the sale of carpets and furniture. The oil refining companies of [[Pars Oil]], [[Sepahan Oil Company|Speedy]], and [[Behran Oil Company|Behran]] are based in Tehran. Tehran relies heavily on private cars, buses, motorcycles, and taxis, and is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. The [[Tehran Stock Exchange]], which is a full member of the [[World Federation of Exchanges]] (WFE) and a founding member of the [[Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges]], has been one of the world's best-performing stock exchanges in recent years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3129995.stm |title=Iran blocks share price gains |work=BBC News |date=2003-08-06 |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-date=2009-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111172836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3129995.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fashion industry === Design, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, retail, advertising and other sectors of the [[Fashion in Iran|fashion industry in Tehran]] have been able to grow significantly according to the needs of the country. In particular, a large number of male and female models are working in Tehran's fashion advertising and promotion sections. Despite the lack of adequate laws to support models, payments to female models have been considered high. Also, modeling of children is usually prohibited in Tehran. Clothing manufacturers are closely related to other fashion sectors in Tehran. For example, the manufacturers of women's boots and bodysuits have strengthened their exports and branding in other countries by using this connection.<ref>{{Cite book |title=تاریخچه صنعت مد، پوشاک و شبکه توزیع وابسته در جهان و ایران (چاپ نخست) |year=2020 |pages=34, 35 |language=Persian}}</ref> === Shopping === {{See also|List of shopping malls in Iran}} Tehran has a wide range of shopping centers, and is home to over 60 modern shopping malls.<ref name="gulfn">{{Cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |title=Hopes for shopping revolution as malls sprout in Iran |author=Gulf News |date=June 9, 2017 |author-link=Gulf News |access-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018145219/http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|title=THE 10 BEST Tehran Shopping Malls (with Photos)|website=Tripadvisor.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223641/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has a number of [[commercial district]]s, including those located at [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr]], [[Davoodiyeh|Davudie]], and [[Zafaraniyeh|Zaferanie]]. The largest old [[bazaar]]s of Tehran are the [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Grand Bazaar]] and the [[Tajrish|Bazaar of Tajrish]]. [[Iran Mall]] is the largest mall in the world in area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infos10.com/biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world/|title=Top 10 Biggest Shopping Malls In The World 2022|date=27 September 2021|website=Infos10.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> Most of the international branded stores and upper-class shops are in the northern and western parts of the city. Tehran's retail business is growing with several newly built malls and shopping centres.<ref name="gulfn"/> Tehran is a center for the production of women's clothing in Iran. Shoe (Mostly women's boots) manufacturing companies in Tehran can be reached in the malls.<ref>{{Cite book |title=کتابشناسى و راهنماى صناىع دستى کشور - Page 177, 180}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Tehran}} [[File:کاخ گلستان 6.jpg|thumb|[[Golestan Palace]], One of the oldest historic monuments in the city. [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Tehran, as one of the main tourist destinations in Iran, has a wealth of cultural attractions. It is home to royal complexes of [[Golestan Palace|Golestan]], [[Sa'dabad Complex|Saadabad]] and [[Niavaran Complex|Niavaran]], which were built under the reign of the country's last two monarchies. There are several historic, artistic, and scientific museums in Tehran, including the *[[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]] *[[Malik National Museum of Iran|Malek Museum]] *Cinema Museum at [[Ferdows Garden]] *[[Abgineh Museum of Tehran|Abgineh Museum]] *[[Museum of the Qasr Prison]] *[[The Carpet Museum of Iran|Carpet Museum]] *Reverse Glass Painting Museum (vitray art) *[[Safir Office Machines Museum]] Also the [[Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art|Museum of Contemporary Art]], which hosts works of famous artists such as [[Van Gogh]], [[Pablo Picasso]], and [[Andy Warhol]]. The [[Iranian Crown Jewels|Iranian Imperial Crown Jewels]], one of the largest jewel collections in the world, are also on display at Tehran's National Jewelry Museum. A number of cultural and trade exhibitions take place in Tehran, which are mainly operated by the country's [[Iran International Exhibitions Company|International Exhibitions Company]]. Tehran's annual [[Tehran International Book Fair|International Book Fair]] is known to the international publishing world as one of the most important publishing events in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibf.ir/ |title=Tehran International Book Fair |website=Tibf.ir |access-date=2009-06-15 |archive-date=2012-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510232545/http://www.tibf.ir/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Infrastructure == === Highways and streets === {{See also|List of Expressways in Tehran}} [[File:Fajr Bridge Tehran2.jpg|thumb|Fajr Bridge, [[Hemmat Expressway]]]] Following the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, the political system changed from [[constitutional monarchy]] to [[Islamic republic]]. Then the construction of political power in the country needed to change so that new spectrums of political power decision-making centers emerged in Iran. Motives, desires and actions of these new political power decision-making centers in Iran, made them rename streets and public places throughout the country, especially Tehran. For example Shahyad square changed to [[Azadi Square|Azadi square]] and Pahlavi street changed to [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr street]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M|first=Badiei Azandehi|date=2009-01-01|title=The Discourse of Streets' Naming in Tehran After Islamic Revolution|url=https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=176278|language=En|journal=Geopolitics Quarterly|volume=5|issue=114|pages=72–101}}</ref> The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a large network of highways and interchanges. === Cars === {{See also|Automotive industry in Iran}} According to the head of Tehran Municipality's Environment and Sustainable Development Office, Tehran was designed to have a capacity of about 300,000 cars, but more than five million cars are on the roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gp.se/nyheter/varlden/1.2933333-smogglarm-i-manga-varldsstader |title=Smogglarm i många världsstäder |work=Göteborgs-Posten |date=2015-12-19 |access-date=2015-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065656/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/varlden/1.2933333-smogglarm-i-manga-varldsstader |archive-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The automotive industry has recently developed, but international sanctions influence the production processes periodically.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028145438/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1194.html |archive-date=2010-10-28 |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1194.html |title='Tehran's overpopulation will cause ecological ruin' |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> According to local media, Tehran has more than 200,000 taxis plying the roads daily,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/19/getting-cab-tehran-airport-taxis |title=Getting a cab in Tehran: Airport Taxis |date=19 December 2017 |work=Living in Tehran |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191558/https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/19/getting-cab-tehran-airport-taxis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with several types of taxi available in the city. Airport taxis have a higher cost per kilometer as opposed to regular green and yellow taxis in the city. === Buses === {{See also|Trolleybuses in Tehran|Tehran Bus Rapid Transit}} [[File:BRT in Tehran, Iran (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]]]] Buses have served the city since the 1920s. Tehran's transport system includes conventional buses, [[trolleybus]]es, and [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT). The city's four major bus stations include the South Terminal, the East Terminal, the West Terminal, and the northcentral Beyhaghi Terminal. The trolleybus system was opened in 1992, using a fleet of 65 [[articulated bus|articulated]] trolleybuses built by [[Czech Republic]]'s [[Škoda Works|Škoda]].<ref name="Murray">Murray, Alan (2000). ''World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia'', pp. 57 and 99. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. {{ISBN|0-904235-18-1}}.</ref> This was the first trolleybus system in Iran.<ref name="Murray" /> In 2005, trolleybuses were operating on five routes, all starting at [[Imam Hossein Square]].<ref name="tm265">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 265 (January–February 2006), pp. 16–17. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> Two routes running northeastwards operated almost entirely in a segregated [[Bus Rapid Transit|busway]] located in the middle of the wide [[carriageway]] along [[Damavand Street]], stopping only at purpose-built stops located about every 500 metres along the routes, effectively making these routes trolleybus-BRT (but they were not called such). The other three trolleybus routes ran south and operated in mixed traffic. Both route sections were served by [[limited-stop]] services and local (making all stops) services.<ref name="tm265" /> A 3.2-kilometer extension from Shoosh Square to Rah Ahan Square was opened in March 2010.<ref name="tm298">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 298 (July–August 2011), pp. 89–90. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref> Visitors in 2014 found that the trolleybus system had closed, apparently sometime in 2013.<ref name="haseldine">Haseldine, Peter (March–April 2015). "Tehran Closure". ''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 320, pp. 40–43. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> However, it reopened in March 2016, operating on a single 1.8-km route between Meydan-e-Khorasan (Khorasan Square) and Bozorgrah-e-Be'sat.<ref name="tm328">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 328 (July–August 2016), pp. 118–119. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july">{{cite web|url=https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524|title=Teheran: Trolleybuses return!|last=Budach|first=D.|date=11 July 2016|website=TrolleyMotion|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121933/https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524 |archivedate=2 July 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> Around 30 vehicles had been refurbished and returned to service.<ref name="tm328"/><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/> Extensions were planned.<ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/> [[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]] (BRT) was officially inaugurated in 2008. It has 10 lines with some 215 stations in different areas of the city. {{As of|2011}}, the BRT system had a network of {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}}, transporting 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis. === Railway and subway === {{See also|Islamic Republic of Iran Railways|label 1=Iranian Railways|Tehran Metro}} [[File:02 Tehran Metro Line 3 4.jpg|thumb|[[Tehran Metro]] is the largest metro system in the [[Middle East]].]] Tehran has a [[Tehran Railway Station|central railway station]] that connects services round the clock to various cities in the country, along with a Tehran–Europe train line also running. The feasibility study and conceptual planning of the construction of Tehran's subway system were started in the 1970s. The first two of the eight projected metro lines were opened in 2001. {| class="wikitable" |+List of Tehran Metro Lines !Line !Opening<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=150|title=About Metro - Metro History|publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424061100/http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=150|archive-date=2014-04-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Length !Stations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/7-Statistics.pdf|title=Development of stations operating|date=20 June 2011|publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044647/http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/7-Statistics.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Type |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#EE3C3C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 1|{{color|white|1}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2001 |{{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line1">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=357|title=خط ۱ مترو تهران و توسعه شمالي و جنوبي خط تا كهريزك|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208163310/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=357|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |32<ref name="Line1" /><ref name="stations">{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=215|title=Stations|website=tehran.ir|access-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825020847/http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=215|archive-date=2015-08-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#295EA4" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 2|{{color|white|2}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2000 |{{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line2">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=356|title=خط 2 متروي تهران و توسعه شرقي خط تا پايانه شرق|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153445/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=356|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |22<ref name="stations" /><ref name="Line2" /> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#36BEF4" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 3|{{color|white|3}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2012 |{{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line3">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=355|title=خط 3 مترو تهران|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025091940/http://www.tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=355|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |24<ref name="stations" /><ref name="Line3" /> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#FFD62C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 4|{{color|white|4}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2008 |{{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line4">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=354|title=خط 4 مترو تهران|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065649/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=354|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |22<ref name="Line4" /> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#1C906C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 5|{{color|white|5}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |1999 |{{convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line5">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=353|title=خط 5 مترو|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100137/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=353|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |11<ref name="Line5" /><ref name="L5-stations">{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/11-Statistics.pdf|title=Final profile Tehran Metro Station Line 5|publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company|access-date=2015-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100836/http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/11-Statistics.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Commuter rail]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#FF5599" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 6|{{color|white|6}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2019 |{{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97316/tehran-metro-line-6-opens.html|title=Tehran Metro Line 6 Opens|date=7 April 2019|work=Financial Tribune|language=en-gb|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224072055/http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97316/tehran-metro-line-6-opens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |3 |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:purple" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 7|{{color|white|7}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2017 |{{convert|13.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/tehran-metro-line-7-inaugurated.html|title=Tehran metro Line 7 inaugurated|last=Barrow|first=Keith|access-date=2017-06-15|language=en-gb|archive-date=2017-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615074407/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/tehran-metro-line-7-inaugurated.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |8 |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''Metro Subtotal:''' |'''{{convert|177.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}''' | style="text-align:center" |'''111''' | |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''Total:''' |'''{{convert|220.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}''' | style="text-align:center" |'''122''' | |} === Airport === {{See also|Airlines of Iran}} Tehran is served by the international airports of [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad]] and [[Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini]]. Mehrabad Airport, an old airport in western Tehran that doubles as a military base, is mainly used for domestic and charter flights. Imam Khomeini Airport, located {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=off}} south of the city, handles the main international flights. === Parks and green spaces === {{See also|List of Tehran metropolis parks}} There are over 2,100 parks within the metropolis of Tehran,<ref name="irnamokh">{{Cite web |publisher=[[IRNA]] |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |title=Mokhtari: There are over 2,100 parks in Tehran |date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065657/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with one of the oldest being [[Jamshidieh Park|Jamshidie Park]], which was first established as a private garden for Qajar prince Jamshid Davallu, and was then dedicated to the last empress of Iran, [[Farah Pahlavi]]. The total green space within Tehran stretches over 12,600 hectares, covering over 20 percent of the city's area. The Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran was established in 1960, and is responsible for the protection of the urban nature present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Municipality of Tehran |url=http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |title=About Tehran Parks & Green Space Organization |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135406/http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |archive-date=2015-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tehran's Birds Garden is the largest bird park in Iran. There is also [[Eram Zoo|a zoo]] located on the Tehran–Karaj Expressway, housing over 290 species within an area of about five hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=ITTO |url=http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |title=The Tehran Zoological Garden |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065655/http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |archive-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, the [[Ab-o-Atash Park]] ("Water and Fire park") was founded. Its main features are an open [[water fountain]] area for cooling in the hot climate, [[fire tower]]s, and an [[amphitheatre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tishineh.com/touritem/897/Ab-o-Atash-Park-(-Water-and-fire-Park---Ibrahim-Park-)|title=Ab-o Atash Park (Water and Fire Park - Ibrahim Park)|website=Tishineh.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> === Energy === {{See also|Energy in Iran}} ==== Water ==== {{Pie chart|caption=Fresh water resources of Tehran Province in 2017|label1=[[Groundwater]]|value1=37|color1=#3F0|label2=[[Sewage treatment]]|value2=63|color2=#F33}}{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Iran}} [[Greater Tehran]] with its population of more than 13 million is supplied by surface water from the [[Lar Dam|Lar dam]] on the [[Lar River]] in the Northeast of the city, the [[Latyan Dam|Latyan dam]] on the [[Jajrood River]] in the North, the [[Karaj River]] in the Northwest, as well as by groundwater in the vicinity of the city. ==== Solar Energy ==== Solar panels have been installed in Tehran's [[Pardisan Park]] for green electricity production, said [[Masoumeh Ebtekar]], head of the Department of Environment. According to the national energy roadmap, the government plans to promote green technology to increase the nominal capacity of power plants from 74 gigawatts to over 120 gigawatts by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51647/tehran-park-gets-solar-panels|title=Tehran Park Gets Solar Panels|date=2016-10-16|website=Financial Tribune|language=En|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223516/https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51647/tehran-park-gets-solar-panels|url-status=live}}</ref> == Education == {{See also|Education in Iran|List of colleges and universities in Tehran|Science in Iran}}[[File:University of Tehran at night 2021 (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[University of Tehran]] is the oldest modern university of Iran.]] Tehran is the largest and most important educational center in Iran. There are a total of nearly 50 major colleges and universities in Greater Tehran. Since the establishment of [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar ol Fonun]] by the order of [[Amir Kabir]] in the mid-19th century, Tehran has amassed a large number of institutions of higher education. Some of these institutions have played crucial roles in the unfolding of Iranian political events. [[Samuel M. Jordan]], whom Jordan Avenue in Tehran was named after, was one of the founding pioneers of the [[Alborz High School|American College of Tehran]], which was one of the first modern high schools in the Middle East. Among major educational institutions located in Tehran, [[Amirkabir University of Technology]] (Tehran Polytechnic), [[University of Tehran]], [[Sharif University of Technology]], and [[Tehran University of Medical Sciences]] are the most prestigious. Other major universities located in Tehran include [[Tehran University of Art]], [[Allameh Tabatabaei University]], [[K. N. Toosi University of Technology]], [[Shahid Beheshti University]] (Melli University), [[Kharazmi University]], [[Iran University of Science and Technology]], [[Iran University of Medical Sciences]], [[Islamic Azad University]], [[International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology]], Iran's Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, [[Shahed University]], and [[Tarbiat Modarres University]]. [[Sharif University of Technology]], [[Amirkabir University of Technology]], [[Iran University of Science and Technology]] and [[K. N. Toosi University of Technology]] also located in Tehran are nationally well known for taking in the top undergraduate Engineering and Science students; and internationally recognized for training competent under graduate students. It has probably the highest percentage of graduates who seek higher education abroad. Tehran is also home to Iran's largest military academy, and several religious schools and seminaries. == Culture == {{Main|Culture of Tehran}} The [[culture of Tehran]] concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals, many [[Persian Culture|Persian entertainments]] and sports activities in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. [[Iranian Festivals|Iranian festivals]] are held in Tehran along with regional and western festivals. [[Nowruz]], [[Chaharshanbe Suri]], [[Sizdah Be-dar]], [[Yaldā Night]], [[Valentine's Day]] and [[Halloween]] have been popular festivals in recent decades.<ref name="Tehran Culture">{{Cite book |title=فرهنگ عامه مردم تهران - ۹۸}}</ref> === Architecture === {{See also|Architecture of Tehran}} The oldest surviving architectural monuments of Tehran are from the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]] eras. In Greater Tehran, monuments dating back to the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] era remain as well; notably the [[Tughrul Tower|Toqrol Tower]] in Ray. [[Rashkan Castle]], dating back to the ancient [[Parthian Empire]], of which some artifacts are housed at the [[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancien Rey |first= Hossein|last= Karimian |chapter= Anjomane Asare Melli}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}}</ref> and the [[Bahram fire temple]], which remains since the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian Empire]]. Tehran only had a small population until the late 18th century but began to take a more considerable role in Iranian society after it was chosen as the capital city. Despite the regular occurrence of earthquakes during the Qajar period and after, some historic buildings remain from that era.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Iran/Tehran-Capital-City-of-Iran/128 |title= A guide to Iran – etiquette, customs, clothing and more… |website= Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date= 2007-12-16 |archive-date= 2007-10-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017070645/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Iran/Tehran-Capital-City-of-Iran/128 |url-status= live }}</ref> Tehran is Iran's [[primate city]], and is considered to have the most modernized infrastructure in the country. However, the [[gentrification]] of old neighbourhoods and the demolition of buildings of cultural significance have caused concerns.<ref>{{cite web |last=Urschel |first=Donna |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0408/iran.html |title=The Style of Tehran – Library of Congress |website=Loc.gov |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-date=2012-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819051336/http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0408/iran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:02 hasan abad Sq..jpg|[[Hasanabad, Tehran|Hasanabad Square]] File:Tehran City Theater 1.jpg|A view of the building of the [[City Theater of Tehran]] File:Iranian Foreign Affaire Ministry.jpg|Police House,<br />the [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]] </gallery>Previously a low-rise city due to seismic activity in the region, modern high-rise developments in Tehran have been built in recent decades in order to service its growing population. There have been no major quakes in Tehran since 1830.<ref>{{cite news | work=The Guardian | title=Women to blame for earthquakes, says Iran cleric | date=2010-04-19 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/19/women-blame-earthquakes-iran-cleric | access-date=2016-12-17 | archive-date=2017-02-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225093212/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/19/women-blame-earthquakes-iran-cleric | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tehran International Tower]] is the tallest skyscraper in Iran. It is 54-stories tall and located in the northern district of [[Yusef Abad]]. The [[Azadi Tower]], a memorial built under the reign of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], has long been the most famous symbol of Tehran. Originally constructed in commemoration of the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran]], it combines elements of the architecture of the [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid]] and [[Sassanid architecture|Sassanid]] eras with post-classical [[Iranian architecture]]. The [[Milad Tower]], which is the [[List of towers|sixth tallest tower]]<ref name="NBN Nasl Bartar Novin">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15 |publisher=NBN (Nasl Bartar Novin) |title=Milad Tower, a perfect product for a perfect project |access-date=2009-09-10 |date=n.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117010931/http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15 |archive-date=November 17, 2009 }}</ref> and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures#Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings|24th-tallest freestanding structure]] in the world,<ref>Andrew Burke, Mark Elliott. ''Iran (Lonely Planet Country Guide)''. p. 114. Lonely Planet Publications, 5th Edition, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-74104-293-1}}.</ref> is the city's other famous landmark tower. [[Leila Araghian]]'s [[Tabiat Bridge]], the largest pedestrian overpass in Tehran, was completed in 2014 and is also considered a landmark.<ref name="archdaily" /> === Fashion and clothing === {{See also|Fashion in Iran|Women's rights in Iran}} The city has produced many notable Iranian design houses and clothing companies. Fashion events are also held in some areas of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ششمین نمایشگاه ایران مد از فردا آغاز می‌شود |url=https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-6/697899-%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=خبرگزاری ایلنا |language=fa}}</ref> Many famous Iranian models were born in Tehran, including [[Nazanin Afshin-Jam]], [[Cameron Alborzian]], [[Sahar Biniaz]], Elnaaz Norouzi, [[Shermine Shahrivar]] and [[Sadaf Taherian]]. Women of Tehran widely used over-the-knee and leather boots after 2000s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fashion Fads History V2 -Persia-, p.171,172,176.}}</ref> === Theater === [[File:RudakiHall.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Vahdat Hall]], Tehran]] Under the reign of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]]s, Tehran was home to the royal theatre of [[Tekyeh Dowlat|Tekye Dowlat]], located to the southeast of the [[Golestan Palace]], in which traditional and religious performances were observed. It was eventually demolished and replaced with a bank building in 1947, following the reforms during the reign of [[Reza Shah]]. Before the 1979 Revolution, the Iranian national stage had become the most famous performing scene for known international artists and troupes in the Middle East,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kiann, Nima |date=2015 |title=The History of Ballet in Iran |publisher=Reichert Verlag |place=Wiesbaden, Germany}}</ref> with the Vahdat Hall, formerly known as Rudaki Hall, constructed to function as the national stage for opera and ballet. The hall was inaugurated in October 1967 and named after prominent Persian poet [[Rudaki]]. It is home to the [[Tehran Symphony Orchestra]], the Tehran Opera Orchestra, and the [[Iranian National Ballet Company]]. The [[City Theater of Tehran]], one of Iran's biggest theatre complexes, which contains several performance halls, was opened in 1972. It was built at the initiative and presidency of empress [[Farah Pahlavi]], and was designed by architect Ali Sardar Afkhami, constructed within five years. One of the gathering centers of [[Cabaret|cabarets]] in old Tehran was [[Laleh-Zar Street]]. Famous Persian cabarets were active in the city until 1979. They also introduced many domestic artists. In common language, cabaret was sometimes called "home of dance" or "dancing place".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entekhab.ir |first=پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب {{!}} |date=2023-05-29 |title=گزارشی از شب های تهران ۴۷ سال پیش / آمارهای قابل توجه درمورد تهرانی ها و خرج هایی که صرف خوشگذرانی می کردند |url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/657920 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> The annual events of [[Fajr International Theater Festival|Fajr Theater Festival]] and [[Tehran International Puppet Theatre Festival|Tehran Puppet Theater Festival]] take place in Tehran. === Cinema === The first movie theater in Tehran was established by [[Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi|Mirza Ebrahim Khan]] in 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.massoudmehrabi.com/articles.asp?id=1414606616 |title=The history of Iranian cinema |author=Mehrabi, Massoud. |access-date=2017-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113213/http://www.massoudmehrabi.com/articles.asp?id=1414606616 |archive-date=2018-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until the early 1930s, there were 15 theaters in Tehran Province and 11 in other provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/preiran.html |title=Iranian Cinema: Before the Revolution |website=offscreen.com |date=November 1999 |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-date=2014-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226080233/http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/preiran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In present-day Tehran, most of the movie theatres are located downtown. The complexes of [[Kourosh Complex|Kourosh Cinema]], [[Mellat Park|Mellat Gallery and Cineplex]], [[Azadi Cinema Complex|Azadi Cinema]], and [[Cinema Farhang]] are among the most popular cinema complexes in Tehran. Several film festivals are held in Tehran, including [[Fajr International Film Festival|Fajr Film Festival]], [[International Film Festival for Children and Youth|Children and Youth Film Festival]], House of Cinema Festival, Mobile Film and Photo Festival, Nahal Festival, [[Roshd International Film Festival|Roshd Film Festival]], Tehran Animation Festival, Tehran Short Film Festival, and Urban Film Festival. === Music and dance === There are a variety of concert halls in Tehran. An organization like the Roudaki Culture and Art Foundation has five different venues where more than 500 concerts take place this year. [[Vahdat Hall]], [[Roudaki Hall]], Ferdowsi Hall, Hafez Hall and Azadi Theater are the top five venues in Tehran, where classical, pop, traditional, rock or solo concerts take place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=580|title=Tehran Day Tour {{!}} Concert in Tehran - HiPersia|website=hipersia.com|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808060336/https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=580|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Erotic dance|Erotic dancers]] were active and trained in Tehran until the 1979 revolution. But after this date, due to the policies of the new government, these activities were completely banned.<ref name="Tehran Culture" /> === Sports === {{See also|Sport in Iran}} Football and volleyball are the city's most popular sports, while wrestling, basketball, and futsal are also major parts of the city's sporting culture. Ice hockey and rugby are also popular in Tehran. [[List of ski areas and resorts in Iran|12 ski resorts]] operate in Iran, the most famous being [[Tochal Complex|Tochal]], [[Dizin]], and [[Shemshak (ski resort)|Shemshak]], all within one to three hours from the city of Tehran. [[Tochal]]'s resort is the world's fifth-highest ski resort at over {{convert|3730|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} above sea level at its highest point. It is also the world's nearest ski resort to a capital city. The resort was opened in 1976, shortly before the 1979 Revolution. It is equipped with an {{convert|8|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} gondola lift that covers a huge vertical distance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tochal.org/en/telecabin_introduction.asp |title=Lines of Telecabin |website=tochal.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121200006/http://www.tochal.org/en/telecabin_introduction.asp |archive-date=2008-11-21 }}</ref> There are two parallel chair ski lifts in Tochal that reach {{convert|3900|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high near Tochal's peak (at {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=x|/}}), rising higher than the gondola's seventh station, which is higher than any of the European ski resorts. From the Tochal peak, there are views of the [[Alborz]] range, including the {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-high}} [[Mount Damavand]], a dormant volcano. Tehran is the site of the [[Azadi Stadium|national stadium of Azadi]], the [[List of stadiums by capacity|biggest stadium by capacity]] in West Asia, where many of the top matches of Iran's Premier League are held. The stadium is a part of the [[Azadi Sport Complex]], which was originally built to host the [[1974 Asian Games|7th Asian Games]] in September 1974. This was the first time the Asian Games were hosted in West Asia. Tehran played host to 3,010 athletes from 25 countries/NOCs, which was at the time the highest number of participants since the inception of the Games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocasia.org/7AG.asp |title=TEHRAN 1974 |website=[[Olympic Council of Asia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711210717/http://www.ocasia.org/7AG.asp |archive-date=2006-07-11 }}</ref> That followed hosting the [[1976 AFC Asian Cup|6th AFC Asian Cup]] in June 1976, and then the first [[West Asian Games]] in November 1997. The success of the games led to the creation of the [[West Asian Games|West Asian Games Federation]] (WAGF), and the intention of hosting the games every two years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/westasiagames.html |title=West Asian Games |website=RSSSF |author=Stokkermans, Karel |date=January 22, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2007 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140852/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/westasiagames.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city had also hosted the final of the [[1968 AFC Asian Cup]]. Several [[FIVB Volleyball World League]] courses have also been hosted in Tehran.<gallery mode="packed"> File:Esteghlal Edges Past Persepolis 3-2 to Claim Tehran Derby-33.jpg|[[Tehran derby]] in [[Azadi Stadium]]. The match is considered one of the world's most intense derbies. File:Iran men's ice hockey league in Tehran.jpg|[[Ice hockey in Iran|Iran men's ice hockey league]] in Tehran File:Fitness training women M2 (babaea maryam Tehran 2018) 5.jpg|[[Horse riding]] in the west of the city File:مژگان بختیاری تی ار اکس ترینر و بدنساز حرفه ای بین المللی ایرانی در تمرینات استاندارد در باشگاه (5).jpg|One of the health clubs in the city File:Dizin, Iran.jpeg|[[Dizin]], Iran's largest ski resort, is located near Tehran. </gallery> === Food === {{See also|Iranian cuisine}} There are many restaurants and cafes in Tehran, both modern and classic, serving both Iranian and cosmopolitan cuisine. Pizzerias, [[sandwich bar]]s, and [[kebab shop]]s make up the majority of food shops in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide |title=Tehran Food Guide |publisher=The City Lane |date=July 27, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2015 |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728235411/http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Graffiti === {{Main|Graffiti in Tehran}} Many styles of graffiti are seen in Tehran. Some are political and revolutionary slogans painted by governmental organizations,<ref name="graff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.equaltimes.org/the-fleeting-freedom-of-street-art |title=The fleeting freedom of street art in Tehran |author=Cheragh Abadi, Mehrnoush. |date=February 10, 2017 |publisher=Equal Times |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113011/https://www.equaltimes.org/the-fleeting-freedom-of-street-art |url-status=live }}</ref> and some are works of art by ordinary citizens, representing their views on both social and political issues. However, unsanctioned street art is forbidden in Iran,<ref name="graff"/> and such works are usually short-lived. During the [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests]], many graffiti works were created by people supporting the [[Iranian Green Movement|Green Movement]]. They were removed from the walls by the paramilitary [[Basij]] forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20100302-tehran-graffiti-war-green-movement-basij-militia-spray-paint-tags |title=Tehran's graffiti war |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=March 2, 2010 |access-date=November 19, 2014 |archive-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321154539/http://observers.france24.com/content/20100302-tehran-graffiti-war-green-movement-basij-militia-spray-paint-tags |url-status=dead }}</ref> In recent years, Tehran Municipality has been using graffiti in order to beautify the city. Several graffiti festivals have also taken place in Tehran, including the one organized by the [[Tehran University of Art]] in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mediacenter.dw.de/persian/pictures/item/687955/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C/ |title=دانشگاه هنر میزبان فستیوال گرافیتی |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=fa |date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130911080951/http://mediacenter.dw.de/persian/pictures/item/687955/دانشگاه_هنر_میزبان_فستیوال_گرافیتی/ |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2018 }}</ref> ==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran}}{{Needs more references|section|date=September 2023}} Tehran is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name="twins">{{cite web|title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|website=isna.ir|publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency|language=fa|date=2018-03-21|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey *{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Baghdad]], Iraq *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China *{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brasília]], Brazil *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary *{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela *{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan *{{flagicon|PSE}} [[East Jerusalem]], Palestine *{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Havana]], Cuba *{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Kabul]], Afghanistan *{{flagicon|SUD}} [[Khartoum]], Sudan *{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|title=The Twin Cities of Oxford, Cambridge and London|url=https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/twin-cities-oxford-cambridge-london/|website=oxford-royale.com|publisher=Oxford Royale Academy|date=2017-02-16|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619210923/https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/twin-cities-oxford-cambridge-london/|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States *{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States *{{flagicon|PHL}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin towns of Minsk|url=https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|website=minsk.gov.by|publisher=Minsk|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909212350/https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia *{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pretoria]], South Africa *{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Sanaa]], Yemen *{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref>{{cite web|title=Gradovi pobratimi: Spisak|url=https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5778/gradovi-pobratimi-spisak|website=sarajevo.ba|publisher=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2019-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219160015/https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5778/gradovi-pobratimi-spisak|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia *{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia <!--Seoul, Istanbul, Paris - friendship, not twinning--> {{div col end}} ===Cooperation agreements=== Tehran cooperates with: *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey<ref name="twins">{{cite web|title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|website=isna.ir|publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency|language=fa|date=2018-03-21|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France<ref name=twins/> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister and Friendship Cities|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy-information/international-exchange/sister-cities/|website=seoul.go.kr|publisher=Seoul|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2017-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705231232/http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy-information/international-exchange/sister-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> == See also == * [[Iran International Exhibitions Company]] * [[Islamic City Council of Tehran]] * [[List of people from Tehran]] * [[Tehran City Council (1968–1979)]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{See also|Timeline of Tehran#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Tehran}} * Emerson, Charles. ''1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War'' (2013) compares Tehran to 20 major world cities; pp. 309–24. == External links == {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage|Tehran}} {{EB1911 Poster|Teheran (province)}} {{EB1911 Poster|Teheran (city)}} * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Tehran%20Google%20maps&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl Google Map: Tehran] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170503163727/http://en.tehran.ir/ Tehran Municipality website] * [http://www.tehrangis.com/ Tehran Geographic Information Center] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114074909/http://tehranimages.org/ Tehranimages.] A photographic project focusing on neglected pieces of architecture in downtown Tehran, Iran. * [https://www.letsvisitpersia.com/must-see-in-tehran/ Must see in Tehran] {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Shiraz]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Capitals of Persia|Capital of Iran (Persia)]]|years=1795–current}} {{s-inc}} {{S-end}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Tehran |list = {{Tehran}} {{Navboxes |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|35|41|46|N|51|25|23|E|display=inline}}''' }} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} {{Tehran Province}} {{Tehran County}} {{Provincial capitals of Iran}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tehran| ]] [[Category:Capitals in Asia]] [[Category:Cities in Tehran province]] [[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]] [[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] [[Category:Populated places in Tehran County]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Capital and largest city in Iran}} {{About|the Iranian capital city}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tehran | native_name = {{lang|fa|تهران}} | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Capital city]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Azadi Tower (29358497718).jpg | photo2a = Tehran end-year traffic, 19 March 2018 (13961228001006636570840100161167 81764) (cropped).jpg | photo2b = پل طبیعت تهران (cropped).jpg | photo3a = نمایی از شمس العماره.jpg | photo3b = National Garden, Tehran 07.jpg | photo4a = City Theater of Tehran 2019 6 (cropped).jpg | photo4b = Národní muzeum Íránu.jpg | spacing = 2 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 275 | foot_montage = <div style="background:#fee8ab;"> '''Clockwise from top'''<br />[[Azadi Tower]]; [[Tabiat Bridge]] and [[Alborz]]; [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]]; [[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]]; [[City Theater of Tehran|City Theater]]; [[Golestan Palace]] and [[Milad Tower]]</div> }} | image_caption = | image_seal = لوگو شهرداری تهران.svg | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Iran#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Iran and Asia | image_map1 = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=9|frame-lat=35.7219|frame-long=51.3347 |type=shape-inverse|id=Q3616|title=City map interactive |type2=point|id2=Q3616|stroke-width=3|stroke-color=#7e7e7e|fill=#7e7e7e|title2=zones|marker=city }} | coordinates = {{coord|35|41|21|N|51|23|20|E|region:IR-23_type:city(9,000,000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Iran | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tehran Province|Tehran]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Tehran County|Tehran]]<br />[[Ray County, Iran|Rey]]<br />[[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Tehran|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Alireza Zakani]] | leader_title2 = [[Islamic City Council of Tehran|City Council Chairman]] | leader_name2 = [[Mehdi Chamran]] | area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web| url=https://tmicto.tehran.ir/Portals/0/Document/Amarname/NEW_PDF/AmarShahr/96-TehranStatisticalYearBook.pdf| title=City of Tehran Statisticalyearbook| access-date=2021-04-13| archive-date=2021-04-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://tmicto.tehran.ir/Portals/0/Document/Amarname/NEW_PDF/AmarShahr/96-TehranStatisticalYearBook.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 615 | area_metro_km2 = 30000 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref> | elevation_m = 900 to 1830 | elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003 | population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br />Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref> | population_urban = 9,039,000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_metro = 15,800,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> | population_est = 9,400,000 | pop_est_as_of = 2018 | population_blank1_title = Population rank in Iran | population_blank1 = [[List of Iran cities by population|1st]] | population_demonym = Tehrani&nbsp;([[English language|en]]) | population_density_km2 = 11,0000000 | area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+5313120620]] | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = [https://en.tehran.ir/ tehran.ir] | footnotes = | timezone = [[london Time]] | utc_offset = +09:30 | timezone_DST = (Not Observed) }} {{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}} '''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Skibidi}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]]. In the [[classical antiquity]], part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages (now [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]), a prominent [[Medes|Median]] city<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> destroyed in the medieval [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab]], [[Oghuz Turks|Turkic]], and [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol]] invasions. Modern Ray was absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran. Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1786, because of its proximity to Iran's territories in the [[Caucasus]], then separated from Iran in the [[Russo-Persian Wars|Russo-Iranian Wars]], to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties. The capital has been moved several times throughout history, however, and Tehran became the 32nd [[Capitals of Persia|capital of Persia]]. Large-scale construction works began in the 1920s, and Tehran became a destination for mass migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |title=Tehran (Iran) : Introduction – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330180118/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran is home to many historical sites, including the royal complexes of [[Golestan Palace|Golestan]], [[Sa'dabad Complex|Sa'dabad]], and [[Niavaran Complex|Niavaran]], where the last two dynasties of the former [[Imperial State of Iran]] were seated. Tehran's landmarks include the [[Azadi Tower]], a memorial built under the reign of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] in 1971 to mark the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire]], the [[Milad Tower]], the world's [[List of tallest towers|sixth-tallest self-supporting tower]], completed in 2007, and the [[Tabiat Bridge]], completed in 2014.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge / Diba Tensile Architecture |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211329/http://www.archdaily.com/566387/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge-diba-tensile-architecture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the population are [[Persian people|Persian]],<ref name="tabnak"/><ref name="Mohammad">{{Cite book |author1=Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal |author2=McDonald, Peter |author3=Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat |title=The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction |publisher=Springer |date=September 30, 2009 |pages=100–101 |chapter=Region of Residence}}</ref> with roughly 99% of them speaking the [[Persian language]], alongside [[Ethnicities in Iran|other ethnolinguistic groups]] in the city which became Persianized and assimilated.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Schuppe, Mareike. |title=Coping with Growth in Tehran: Strategies of Development Regulation |publisher=GRIN Verlag |date=2008 |page=13 |quote=Besides Persian, there are Azari, Armenian, and Jewish communities in Tehran. The vast majority of Tehran's residents are Persian-speaking (98.3%).}}</ref> Tehran is served by [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini International Airport]], alongside the domestic [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad Airport]], [[Tehran railway station|a central railway station]], [[Tehran Metro]], a [[bus rapid transit]] system, [[Trolleybuses in Tehran|trolleybuses]], and [[List of Expressways in Tehran|a large network of highways]]. Plans to relocate the capital from Tehran to another area due to [[air pollution]] and earthquakes have not been approved so far. A 2016 survey of 230 cities across the globe by [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] ranked Tehran 203rd for [[quality of life]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-diaspora-idUSKCN0WV16D |title=Iranian expats hard to woo as Western firms seek a foothold in Iran |author=Barbaglia, Pamela. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401143212/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-diaspora-idUSKCN0WV16D |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Tourism#MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index|Global Destinations Cities Index]] in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest [[Tourism in Iran|growing destinations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/bangkok-takes-title-in-2016-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index |title=Bangkok Takes Title in 2016 Mastercard Global Destinations Cities Index |author=Erenhouse, Ryan. |publisher=[[MasterCard]]'s newsroom |date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428214732/http://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/bangkok-takes-title-in-2016-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran City Council declared October 6 the Tehran Day in 2016, celebrating the date when in 1907 the city officially became the capital of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/|title = Citizens of Capital Mark Tehran Day on October 6|date = 2018-10-06|access-date = 2018-10-07|archive-date = 2019-07-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190706073748/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/citizens-of-capital-mark-tehran-day-on-october-6/|url-status = live}}</ref> == Etymology == Various theories on the origin of the name Tehran have been put forward. Iranian linguist [[Ahmad Kasravi]], in an article "Shemiran-Tehran", suggested that Tehran and Kehran mean "the warm place", and "Shemiran" means "the cool place". He listed cities with the same base and suffix and studied the components of the word in ancient [[Iranian languages]], and came to the conclusion that Tehran and Kehran meant the same thing in different Iranian language families, as the constant "t" and "k" are close to each other in such languages. He also provided evidence that cities named "Shemiran" were colder than those named "Tehran" or "Kehran". He considered other theories not considering the ancient history of Iranian languages such as "Tirgan" theory and "Tahran" theory [[folk etymology]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahya|first=Zoka|title=Karvand of Kasravi|publisher=Franklin|year=1978|location=Tehran|pages=273–283}}</ref> Another theory is that "Tehran" derives from Tiran/Tirgan, "the abode of [[Tir (god)|Tir]]", the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] equivalent of [[Hermes]]). The ancient [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] town of Tiran had a neighbour, [[Mehran (district)|Mehran]] ("abode of Mehr/Mithra", the Zoroastrian sun/justice angel). Both of these were mere villages in the suburbs of the great city of Ray/Rhages. Mehran still exists as a residential district in Greater Tehran, as well as Ray, which forms the southern suburbs of Tehran. {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} The official City of Tehran website says that "Tehran" comes from the Persian words "Tah" meaning "end", or "bottom", and "Ran" meaning "[mountain] slope"—literally, the bottom of the mountain (ته کوه), referring to Tehran's position at the foot of the [[Alborz]] mountains.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Behrooz, Samira |author2=Karampour, Katayoun |url=http://universityandheritage.net/SIFU/XII_Hanoi_2009/en/abstracts/html/14.html |title=A Research on Adaptation of Historic Urban Landscapes |date=November 15, 2008 |access-date=June 18, 2009 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115732/http://universityandheritage.net/SIFU/XII_Hanoi_2009/en/abstracts/html/14.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Spelling=== In English, it is also spelt "'''Teheran'''",<ref>{{cite web |title= Tehran: national capital, Iran |website= Britannica.com |date= 25 November 2023 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran |access-date= 25 November 2023}}</ref> with both variants being used in books since at least 1800, and "Teheran" being the dominant form from after WWII until shortly before the Islamic Revolution.<ref>John Allen Gay for [[The National Interest]], May 27, 2014. [https://nationalinterest.org/feature/when-did-peking-become-beijing-persia-become-iran-we-have-10525 "When Did Peking Become Beijing and Persia Become Iran? We Have the Data"], with the [[Google Books]] [[Ngram Viewer]] graph [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Tehran%2CTeheran&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=0&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CTehran%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CTeheran%3B%2Cc0 here]. Accessed 12 Dec 2023.</ref> == History == {{For timeline}} Archaeological remains from the ancient city of Ray suggest that settlement in Tehran dates back over 6,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran/History|title = Tehrān - History}}</ref> === Classical era === Tehran is in the historical [[Media (region)|Media]] region of ({{lang-peo|𐎶𐎠𐎭}} {{transliteration|peo|Māda}}) in northwestern Iran. By the time of the [[Medes|Median Empire]], part of present-day Tehran was a suburb of the prominent Median city of Rhages ({{lang-peo|𐎼𐎥𐎠}} {{transliteration|peo|Ragā}}). In the [[Avesta]]'s ''[[Vendidad|Videvdat]]'' (i, 15), Rhages is mentioned as the 12th sacred place created by [[Ahura Mazda|Ohrmazd]].<ref name="Minorsky">{{Cite encyclopedia |author1=Minorsky, Vladimir |author2=Bosworth, Clifford Edmund |title=Al-Rayy |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition |volume=8 |pages=471–473}}</ref> In [[Achaemenid Empire|Old Persian]] inscriptions, Rhages appears as a province ([[Behistun Inscription|Bistun]] 2, 10–18). From Rhages, [[Darius I]] sent reinforcements to his father [[Hystaspes (father of Darius I)|Hystaspes]], who was putting down a rebellion in [[Parthia]] (Bistun 3, 1–10).<ref name="Minorsky" /> Some [[Middle Persian]] texts give Rhages as the birthplace of [[Zoroaster]],<ref>{{Citation |author1=Sarkhosh Curtis, Vesta |author2=Stewart, Sarah |title=Birth of the Persian Empire |publisher=I.B. Tauris |date=2005 |page=37}}</ref> although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in [[Khorasan Province]]. [[Mount Damavand]], the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh|Šāhnāme]]'',<ref name="Tafazolli">A. Tafazolli, "In Iranian Mythology" in Encyclopædia Iranica</ref> an Iranian [[epic poem]] based on the [[Persian mythology|ancient legends of Iran]]. It appears in the epics as the homeland of the [[Protoplast (religion)|protoplast]] [[Keyumars]], the birthplace of King [[Manuchehr]], the place where King [[Fereydun]] bound the dragon fiend [[Zahhak|Aždahāk]] (Bivarasp), and the place where [[Arash]] shot his arrow.<ref name="Tafazolli" /> === Medieval period === In 641, during the reign of the [[Sasanian Empire]], [[Yazdegerd III|Yazdgerd III]] issued his last appeal to the nation from Rhages, before fleeing to Khorasan.<ref name="Minorsky" /> Rhages was dominated by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] [[House of Mihran]], and [[Siyavakhsh]]—the son of [[Mihran Bahram-i Chubin|Mehran]], the son of [[Bahram Chobin]]—who resisted the seventh-century [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim invasion of Iran]].<ref name="Minorsky" /> Because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rhages, they ordered the town destroyed and rebuilt anew by traitor aristocrat [[Farrukhzad]].<ref name="Minorsky" /> In the ninth century, Tehran was a well-known village, but less so than the city of Rhages, flourishing nearby. Rhages was described in detail by tenth-century Muslim geographers.<ref name="Minorsky" /> Despite the interest that Arabian [[Baghdad]] displayed in Rhages, the number of Arabs in the city remained insignificant and the population mainly consisted of Iranians of all classes.<ref name="Minorsky" /><ref>(Bulddan, Yackubl, 276)</ref> The [[Oghuz Turks]] invaded Rhages in 1035, and again in 1042, but the city was recovered under the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]] and the [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarezmians]].<ref name="Minorsky" /> Medieval writer [[Najm al-Din Razi|Najm od Din Razi]] declared the population of Rhages about 500,000 before the [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol invasion]]. In the 13th century, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] invaded Rhages, laid the city to ruins, and massacred many of its inhabitants.<ref name="Minorsky" /> Others escaped to Tehran. In July 1404, [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] ambassador [[Ruy González de Clavijo]] visited Tehran on a journey to [[Samarkand]], the capital of Turco-Mongol conqueror [[Timur]], the ruler of Iran at the time. He described it in his diary as an unwalled region. === Early modern era === Italian traveler [[Pietro della Valle]] passed through Tehran overnight in 1618, and in his memoirs called the city ''Taheran''. English traveler [[Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet|Thomas Herbert]] entered Tehran in 1627, and mentioned it as ''Tyroan''. Herbert stated that the city had about 3,000 houses.<ref name="britannica1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Teheran (city) |volume= 26 | pages = 506&ndash;507: final para |last1= Houtum-Schindler |first1= Albert |author-link= Albert Houtum-Schindler }}</ref> [[File:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, painting, ca. 1840.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A portrait of [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] ruler [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]], at London's [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A Museum]]]] In the early 18th century, [[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan]] of the [[Zand dynasty]] ordered a palace and a government office built in Tehran, possibly to declare the city his capital; but he later moved his government to [[Shiraz]]. Eventually, Qajar king [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] chose Tehran as the capital of Iran in 1786.<ref name="books.google.nl">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC&pg=PA12 |title=Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896 |access-date=December 26, 2014 |first=Abbas |last=Amanat |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520083219 |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191554/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Agha Mohammad Khan's choice of his capital was based on a similar concern for the control of both northern and southern Iran.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> He was aware of the loyalties of the inhabitants of former capitals [[Isfahan]] and Shiraz to the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] and Zand dynasties respectively, and was wary of the power of the local notables in these cities.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Thus, he probably viewed Tehran's lack of a substantial urban structure as a blessing, because it minimized the chances of resistance to his rule by the notables and by the general public.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Moreover, he had to remain within close reach of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and Iran's integral [[North Caucasus|northern]] and [[South Caucasus|southern]] [[Caucasus|Caucasian territories]]<ref name="books.google.nl" />—at that time not yet irrevocably lost per the treaties of [[Treaty of Gulistan|Golestan]] and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] to the neighboring [[Russian Empire]]—which would follow in the course of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Dowling, Timothy C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ |title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond |pages=728–730 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=December 2, 2014 |isbn=978-1-59884-948-6 |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012040129/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Golestan Palace Album No. 132-31.jpg|thumb|A modern street in Tehran at the end of the 19th-century. (Golestan Palace Collection)]] After 50 years of Qajar rule, the city still barely had more than 80,000 inhabitants.<ref name="books.google.nl" /> Up until the 1870s, Tehran consisted of a walled citadel, a roofed [[bazaar]], and the three main neighborhoods of [[Oudlajan|Udlajan]], Chale-Meydan, and Sangelaj, where the majority resided. During the long reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Naser al-Din Shah]] (1848-1896), Tehran witnessed Iran's first [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|institute of higher learning]], [[Imperial Bank of Persia|bank]], [[Tehran–Rey Railway|railway line]] and museum. <ref>{{Citation |title=Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions) |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who Was Who |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658 |access-date=2024-09-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230270510 |title=The Statesman's Year-Book |date=1922-08-25 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-27051-0 |editor-last=Scott-Keltie |editor-first=John |location=Basingstoke |editor-last2=Epstein |editor-first2=Mortimer}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=IV. KARL BAEDEKER UND SEINE ERBEN – REISE-INFORMATION |work=Baedeker &amp; Cook – Tourismus am Mittelrhein 1756 bis ca. 1914 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-00471-7/6 |access-date=2024-09-26 |publisher=Peter Lang}}</ref> The city expanded rapidly through multiple development plans<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chisholm |first=Hugh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.18648 |title=Britannica year-book, 1913 - a survey of the world's progress since the completion in 1910 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1913 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |location=London}}</ref> The first development plan of Tehran in 1855 emphasized traditional spatial structure. The second, under the supervision of [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar ol Fonun]] in 1878, included new city walls, in the form of a perfect octagon with an area of 19 square kilometers, mimicking the [[Renaissance]] cities of Europe.<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011">{{cite web|url=http://jph.sagepub.com/content/12/1/49|author=Vahdat Za, Vahid.|title=Spatial Discrimination in Tehran's Modern Urban Planning 1906–1979|year=2011|work=Journal of Planning History vol. 12 no. 1 49–62|access-date=2013-04-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016094735/http://jph.sagepub.com/content/12/1/49|archive-date=2015-10-16}}</ref> Tehran was 19.79 square kilometers, and had expanded more than fourfold.<ref>Shirazian, Reza, Atlas-i Tehran-i Qadim, Dastan Publishing House: Tehran, 2015, P. 11</ref> === Late modern era === [[File:Poster of Conquest of Tehran in July 1909 by Bakhtiaris.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Triumph of Tehran]]: [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari|Sardar Asad II]] and [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni|Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni]] conquering Tehran in July 1909]] Growing awareness of civil rights resulted in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]] and the [[Persian Constitution of 1906|first constitution of Iran]] in 1906. On June 2, 1907, the parliament passed a law on local governance known as the ''Baladie'' ([[municipal law]]), providing a detailed outline of issues such as the role of councils within the city, the members' qualifications, the election process, and the requirements to be entitled to vote. The then-Qajar monarch [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar|Mohammad Ali Shah]] abolished the constitution and [[1908 bombardment of the Majlis|bombarded]] the parliament with the help of the Russian-controlled [[Persian Cossack Brigade|Cossack Brigade]] on June 23, 1908. That was followed by the capture of the city by the revolutionary forces of [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari|Ali-Qoli Khan]] (Sardar Asad II) and [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni|Mohammad Vali Khan]] (Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni) on July 13, 1909. As a result, the monarch was exiled and replaced by his son [[Ahmad Shah Qajar|Ahmad]], and the parliament was re-established. ==== World War I ==== During the [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian campaign]], Russian forces that were occupying the northwest of Iran marched around [[Qazvin]] and approached Tehran, caused a crisis and the dissolution of [[National Consultative Assembly|parliament]]. [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] and his entourage decided to leave Tehran and move the capital to another place, sparking fears of rebellion in other cities.<ref name="Bahar-1992">[[Mohammad-Taqi Bahar|Bahar, Mohammad Taghi]] (1992). A brief history of political parties in Iran: the extinction of the Qajar dynasty. J. First. Amir Kabir Publications. {{ISBN|9789640005965}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Robat Karim]], Iranian forces led by Heydar Latifiyan prevented the Russians from taking Tehran, despite the latter winning the battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جنگ‌های جهانی |url=https://movarekhpod.com/world-wars/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=مورخ |language=fa-IR}}</ref> This also allowed government functions to be moved to Qom and then to Isfahan, while the monarchy remained in Tehran.<ref name="Bahar-1992" /> ==== Pahlavi rule ==== [[File:ETH-BIB-Teheran aus 400 m Höhe-Persienflug 1924-1925-LBS MH02-02-0085-AL-FL.tif|250px|thumb|Aerial view of Tehran in 1925]] After [[World War I]], the [[constituent assembly]] elected [[Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] as the new monarch, who immediately suspended the Baladie law of 1907, replacing the decentralized and autonomous city councils with centralist approaches to [[governance]] and planning.<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011" /> From the 1920s to the 1930s, under the rule of Reza Shah, the city was essentially rebuilt from scratch. Several old buildings, including parts of the [[Golestan Palace]], [[Tekyeh Dowlat|Tekye Dowlat]], and [[Toopkhaneh|Tupkhane Square]], were replaced with modern buildings influenced by classical Iranian architecture, particularly the buildings of the [[Bank Melli Iran|National Bank]], the police headquarters, the telegraph office, and the military academy. Changes to the urban fabric began with the street-widening act of 1933, which served as a framework for changes in all other cities. The [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Grand Bazaar]] was divided in half and many historic buildings were demolished and replaced by wide straight avenues,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaichian |first1=Mohammad |url=https://archive.org/details/towncountryinmid0000chai/page/95/mode/2up |title=Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization |date=2009 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-2677-6 |location=New York |pages=95–116 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the traditional texture of the city was replaced with intersecting cruciform streets that created large roundabouts in major public spaces such as the bazaar. As an attempt to create a network for easy transportation within the city, the old citadel and city walls were demolished in 1937, replaced by wide streets cutting through the urban fabric. The new city map of Tehran in 1937 was heavily influenced by modernist planning patterns of zoning and gridiron networks.<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011" /> During [[World War II]], Soviet and British troops entered the city. In 1943, Tehran was the site of the [[Tehran Conference]], attended by U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Soviet Premier [[Joseph Stalin]], and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]]. The establishment of the planning organization of Iran in 1948 resulted in the first socioeconomic development plan to cover from 1949 to 1955. These plans not only failed to slow the unbalanced growth of Tehran but with the 1962 land reforms that Reza Shah's son and successor [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] named the ''[[White Revolution]]'', Tehran's chaotic growth was further accentuated. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Tehran developed rapidly under Mohammad Reza Shah. Modern buildings altered the face of Tehran and ambitious projects were planned for the following decades. To resolve the problem of [[social exclusion]], the first comprehensive plan was approved in 1968. The consortium of Iranian architect [[Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian|Abd-ol-Aziz Farmanfarmaian]] and the American firm of [[Victor Gruen|Victor Gruen Associates]] identified the main problems blighting the city as high-density suburbs, air and water pollution, inefficient infrastructure, unemployment, and rural-urban migration. Eventually, the whole plan was marginalized by the [[1979 Revolution]] and the subsequent [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name="Vahdat Za-2011" /> [[File:Tehran_IMG_20191219_122637099_(49550671088).jpg|thumb|The [[Azadi Tower]] was built in 1971.]] Tehran's most famous landmark, the Azadi Tower, was built by the order of the Shah in 1971. It was designed by [[Hossein Amanat]], an architect whose design won a competition, combining elements of classical [[Sasanian architecture|Sassanian architecture]] with post-classical Iranian architecture. Formerly known as the ''Shahyad Tower'', it was built to commemorate the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the Imperial State of Iran]]. ===Islamic Republic=== During the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in 1980 to 1988, Tehran was repeatedly targeted by airstrikes and [[Scud]] missile attacks. The 435-meter-high Milad Tower, one of the proposed development projects of pre-revolutionary Iran,<ref name="SadCity">{{cite web|last=Vanstiphout|first=Wouter|title=The Saddest City in the World|url=http://www.thenewtown.nl/article.php?id_article=71|work=The New Town|access-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219102023/http://www.thenewtown.nl/article.php?id_article=71|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> was completed in 2007, and has become a famous landmark of Tehran. Tabiat Bridge, a 270-meter [[footbridge|pedestrian overpass]]<ref name="archdaily" /> that was designed by award-winning architect [[Leila Araghian]], was completed in 2014. {{-}} == Demographics == {{See also|Demographics of Tehran}} {{Further|Ethnicities in Iran}} [[File:Tehran Population (1956-2016).png|thumb|right|Population of Tehran]] [[File:Tehran population pyramid in 2016.svg|thumb|[[Tehran province]] population pyramid in 2016]] ===Population=== {{Historical populations | title = Tehran's Population History | percentages = pagr | 1554| 1,000 | 1626| 3,000 | 1797| 15,000 | 1807| 50,000 | 1812| 60,000 | 1834| 80,000 | 1867| 147,256 | 1930| 250,000 | 1940| 540,087 | 1956| 1,560,934 | 1966| 2,719,730 | 1976| 4,530,223 | 1986| 6,058,207 | 1991| 6,497,238 | 1996| 6,758,845 | 2006| 7,711,230 | 2011| 8,244,759 | 2016| 8,737,510 }} The city of Tehran had a population of 7,711,230 in 2,286,787 households at the time of the 2006 National Census.<ref name="2006 Tehran Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Tehran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084534/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 8,154,051 people in 2,624,511 households.<ref name="2011 Tehran Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Tehran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120190153/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls|archive-date=20 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 8,693,706 people in 2,911,065 households.<ref name="2016 Tehran Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Tehran Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171617/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> ===Language and ethnicity=== With its cosmopolitan atmosphere, Tehran is home to diverse ethnic and linguistic groups from all over the country. The present-day dominant language of Tehran is the [[Tehrani accent|Tehrani variety]] of the [[Persian language]], and the majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as [[Persian people|Persians]].<ref name="Mohammad" /><ref name="tabnak"/> However, before, the native language of the Tehran–Ray region was not Persian, which is linguistically Southwest Iranian and originates in [[Fars Province|Fars]], but a now extinct [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Central Dialects|author-last=Windfuhr|author-first=Gernot L.|author-link=Gernot Windfuhr|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|pages=242–252|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects|access-date=23 August 2013|volume=5|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905072810/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Iranian Azeris]] form the second-largest ethnic group of the city, comprising about 10-15% <ref name="Iran-Azeris">{{cite news |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0052) |title=Iran-Azeris |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |date=December 1987 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125044513/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+ir0052%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |title=Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis |year=2005 |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |isbn=9780739714768 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/https://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the total population, while ethnic [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]] are the third-largest, comprising about 5% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82021017/ |title=یک و نیم میلیون مازندرانی پایتخت نشین شدند |publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA]] |date=April 3, 2016 |language=fa |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=August 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820072730/http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82021017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran's other ethnic communities include [[Kurds]], [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]], [[Iranian Georgians|Georgians]], [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtyaris]], [[Talysh people|Talysh]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Assyrians in Iran|Assyrians]], [[Arabs]], [[Jews]], and [[Circassians in Iran|Circassians]]. According to a 2010 census conducted by the Sociology Department of the [[University of Tehran]], in many districts of Tehran across various socio-economic classes in proportion to population sizes of each district and socio-economic class, 63% of the people were born in Tehran, 98% knew Persian, 75% identified themselves as ethnic Persian, and 13% had some degree of proficiency in a European language.<ref name="tabnak">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/133668 |title=چنددرصد تهرانی‌ها در تهران به دنیا آمده‌اند؟ |website=tabnak.ir |language=fa |date=November 3, 2010 |access-date=December 18, 2010 |archive-date=February 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033705/http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/133668 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran saw a drastic change in its ethnic-social composition in the early 1980s. After the political, social, and economic consequences of the [[1979 Revolution]] and the years that followed, a number of Iranian citizens, mostly Tehranis, left Iran. The majority of [[Iranian diaspora|Iranian emigrations]] have left for the [[Iranian Americans|United States]], [[Iranians in Germany|Germany]], [[Swedish Iranians|Sweden]], and [[Iranian Canadians|Canada]]. With the start of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] (1980–1988), the second wave of inhabitants fled the city, especially during the Iraqi air offensives on the capital. With most major powers backing Iraq at the time, economic isolation gave yet more reason for many inhabitants to leave the city (and the country). Having left all they had and have struggled to adapt to a new country and build a life, most of them never came back when the war was over. During the war, Tehran also received a great number of migrants from the west and the southwest of the country bordering [[Iraq]]. The unstable situation and the war in neighbouring [[Afghanistan]] and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for much seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]], but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly [[Dari language|Dari]]-speaking [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Hazara people|Hazara]], speaking a variety of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly [[Mesopotamian Arabic]]-speakers who are often of Iranian and Persian ethnic heritage. === Religion === {{See also|Religion in Iran|List of religious centers in Tehran}} The majority of Tehranis are officially [[Twelver Shia]] [[Islam|Muslims]], which has also been the state religion since the 16th-century [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion]]. Other religious communities in the city include followers of the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Sufism|Mystic]] branches of Islam, various [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations, [[Judaism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. There are many religious centres scattered around the city, from old to newly built centres, including [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Mosques and madrasehs|mosques]], [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Churches|churches]], [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Synagogues|synagogues]], and [[List of religious centers in Tehran#Fire temples|Zoroastrian fire temples]]. The city also has a very small third-generation Indian [[Sikh]] community with a local [[gurdwara]] that was visited by the Indian Prime Minister in 2012.<ref name="Indian Prime Minister in Tehran">{{cite web|last=Lakshman|first=Nikhil|title=Indian Prime Minister in Tehran|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-to-organise-a-summit-the-iranian-way/20120830.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903043924/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-to-organise-a-summit-the-iranian-way/20120830.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Geography == === Location and subdivisions === [[File:Tehran district map (blank).svg|thumb|Districts of Tehran]] The metropolis of Tehran is divided into 22 municipal districts, each with its own administrative center. Of the 22 municipal districts, 20 are located in [[Tehran County]]'s [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]], while districts [[District 1 (Tehran)|1]] and [[District 20 (Tehran)|20]] are respectively located in the counties of [[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] and [[Ray County, Iran|Ray]]. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! Regions and municipal districts of Tehran |- | {| | valign="top" | '''North''':<br /> <u>District 1:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Farmaniyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Evin<br /> &nbsp;• Darakeh<br /> &nbsp;• Zaferaniyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Mahmoodiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Velenjak<br /> &nbsp;• Darband<br /> &nbsp;• Golabdarreh<br /> &nbsp;• Jamaran<br /> &nbsp;• Dezashib<br /> &nbsp;• Niavaran<br /> &nbsp;• Darabad<br /> &nbsp;• Tajrish<br /> &nbsp;• Gheytariyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Chizar<br /> &nbsp;• Ozgol<br /> &nbsp;• Aghdasiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Elahieh<br /> &nbsp;• Jamshidiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Saadabad<br /> &nbsp;• Kamraniyeh<br /> <u>District 2:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Farahzad<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrara<br /> &nbsp;• Gisha<br /> &nbsp;• Punak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bahtari<br /> &nbsp;• Saadat Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Sadeghieh<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e Gharb<br /> &nbsp;• Tarasht<br /> &nbsp;• Tohid<br /> <u>District 3:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Darus<br /> &nbsp;• Davoodiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Ekhtiariyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Golhak<br /> &nbsp;• Vanak<br /> &nbsp;• Jordan<br /> <u>District 5:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Bolvar-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ferdowsi<br /> &nbsp;• Jannat Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Ekbatan<br /> &nbsp;• Punak<br /> <u>District 6:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Amir Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Arjantin<br /> &nbsp;• Yousef Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Park-e Laleh<br /> | valign="top" | '''East''':<br /> <u>District 4:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Khak Sefid<br /> &nbsp;• Hakimiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Lavizan<br /> &nbsp;• Ozgol<br /> &nbsp;• Pasdaran<br /> &nbsp;• Resalat<br /> &nbsp;• Shams Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Shemiran-e-No<br /> &nbsp;• Tehranpars<br /> &nbsp;• Zargande<br /> &nbsp;• Narmak<br /> <u>District 7:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Abbas Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Behjat<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Emam<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hossein<br /> &nbsp;• Sabalan<br /> <u>District 8:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Mo'allem<br /> &nbsp;• Narmak<br /> &nbsp;• Samangan<br /> &nbsp;• Nezam Abad<br /> <u>District 13:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Dowshan Tappe<br /> &nbsp;• Niru Havaii<br /> &nbsp;• Tehran-e-No<br /> &nbsp;• Piroozi<br /> <u>District 14:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Chaharsad<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dastgah<br /> &nbsp;• Dulab<br /> &nbsp;• Esfahanak<br /> &nbsp;• Khorasan<br /> &nbsp;• Sad Dastgah<br /> | valign="top" | '''Center''':<br /> <u>District 10:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Beryanak<br /> &nbsp;• Haft Chenar<br /> &nbsp;• Salsabil<br /> <u>District 11:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Dokhaniyat<br /> &nbsp;• Lashkar<br /> &nbsp;• Moniriyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Sheikh Hadi<br /> <u>District 12:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Baharestan<br /> &nbsp;• Bazar-e Tehran<br /> &nbsp;• Ferdowsi<br /> &nbsp;• Gorgan<br /> &nbsp;• Park-e Shahrr<br /> &nbsp;• Pich-e Shemiran<br /> <u>District 17:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Emamzade<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hasan<br /> &nbsp;• Bagh Khazaneh<br /> &nbsp;• Qal'e Morghi<br /> | valign="top" | '''South''':<br /> <u>District 15:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Afsariyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Bisim<br /> &nbsp;• Khavaran<br /> &nbsp;• Kiyanshahr<br /> &nbsp;• Masoudiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Moshiriyeh<br /> <u>District 16:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Ali Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Bagh-e Azari<br /> &nbsp;• Khazane<br /> &nbsp;• Yakhchi Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Javadiyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Nazi Abad<br /> <u>District 19:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Abdol Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Khani Abad No<br /> &nbsp;• Nemat Abad<br /> <u>District 20:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Dolat Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Javanmard-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ghassab<br /> &nbsp;• Ebn<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Babviyeh<br /> &nbsp;• Hazrat-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abdol-Azim<br /> &nbsp;• Sizdah-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aban<br /> &nbsp;• Rey<br /> | valign="top" | '''West''':<br /> <u>District 9:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Jey<br /> &nbsp;• Sar-Asyab<br /> &nbsp;• Mehr Abad<br /> <u>District 18:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Khalije Fars<br /> &nbsp;• Yaft Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Shad Abad<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vali-Asr<br /> &nbsp;• Tolid Daru<br /> &nbsp;• Ferdows<br /> <u>District 21:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e-Darya<br /> &nbsp;• Bashgah-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Naft<br /> &nbsp;• Tehransar<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e-Pasdaran<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e-Azadi<br /> &nbsp;• Vardavard<br /> <u>District 22:</u><br /> &nbsp;• Bagh-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Haj-Seif<br /> &nbsp;• Kan<br /> &nbsp;• Kuy-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sazman-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Barname<br /> &nbsp;• Park Chitgar<br /> &nbsp;• Peykanshahr<br /> &nbsp;• Stadium-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Azadi<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cheshmeh<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rah-Ahan<br /> &nbsp;• Shahrak-e<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Omid &nbsp;• Shahid Baqeri<br /> &nbsp;• Dehkade-ye-Olympic<br /> &nbsp;• Daryache Chitgar<br /> &nbsp;• Golestan<br /> |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! Municipal districts of Tehran |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Name!!Persian Name!!County!!Number of<br />Municipal Regions!!Area!!Population!!Population Density!!Location within Tehran |- | [[District 1 (Tehran)|District 1]] || منطقه ۱ – Mantaqe ye Yek || [[Shemiranat County]] || 10 || {{nts|64.0}} km² || 487,508 || {{nts|10,533}}/km² || [[File:Tehran1.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 2 (Tehran)|District 2]] || منطقه ۲ – Mantaqe ye Do || [[Tehran County]] || 9 || {{nts|64.0}} km² || 701,303 || {{nts|14,964}}/km² || [[File:Tehran2.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 3 (Tehran)|District 3]]|| منطقه ۳ – Mantaqe ye Se || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|31.2}} km² || 330,649 || {{nts|10,156}}/km² || [[File:Tehran3.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 4 (Tehran)|District 4]]|| منطقه ۴ – Mantaqe ye Chahār || [[Tehran County]] || 9 || {{nts|61.4}} km² || 919,001 || {{nts|14,943}}/km² || [[File:Tehran4.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 5 (Tehran)|District 5]] || منطقه ۵ – Mantaqe ye Panj || [[Tehran County]] || 7 || {{nts|52.9}} km² || 858,346 || {{nts|18,320}}/km² || [[File:Tehran5.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 6 (Tehran)|District 6]]|| منطقه ۶ – Mantaqe ye Šeŝ || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|21.4}} km² || 251,384 || {{nts|13,763}}/km² || [[File:Tehran6.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 7 (Tehran)|District 7]]|| منطقه ۷ – Mantaqe ye Haft || [[Tehran County]] || 5 || {{nts|15.4}} km² || 312,194 || {{nts|20,140}}/km² || [[File:Tehran7.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 8 (Tehran)|District 8]]|| منطقه ۸ – Mantaqe ye Haŝt || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|13.4}} km² || 425,197 || {{nts|31,984}}/km² || [[File:Tehran8.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 9 (Tehran)|District 9]]|| منطقه ۹ – Mantaqe ye Noh || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|19.6}} km² || 174,239 || {{nts|6,387}}/km² || [[File:Tehran9.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 10 (Tehran)|District 10]] || منطقه ۱۰ – Mantaqe ye Dah || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|8.2}} km² || 327,115 || {{nts|40,029}}/km² || [[File:Tehran10.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 11 (Tehran)|District 11]]|| منطقه ۱۱ – Mantaqe ye Yāzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 4 || {{nts|12.6}} km² || 307,940 || {{nts|25,743}}/km² || [[File:Tehran11.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 12 (Tehran)|District 12]]|| منطقه ۱۲ – Mantaqe ye Davāzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|16.9}} km² || 241,831 || {{nts|15,150}}/km² || [[File:Tehran12.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 13 (Tehran)|District 13]]|| منطقه ۱۳ – Mantaqe ye Sizdah || [[Tehran County]] || 4 || {{nts|12.8}} km² || 248,952 || {{nts|14,726}}/km² || [[File:Tehran13.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 14 (Tehran)|District 14]] || منطقه ۱۴ – Mantaqe ye Ĉahārdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|24.3}} km² || 515,795 || {{nts|21,370}}/km² || [[File:Tehran14.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 15 (Tehran)|District 15]]|| منطقه ۱۵ – Mantaqe ye Pānzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|35.4}} km² || 641,279 || {{nts|23,186}}/km² || [[File:Tehran15.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 16 (Tehran)|District 16]]|| منطقه ۱۶ – Mantaqe ye Ŝānzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 6 || {{nts|18.1}} km² || 268,406 || {{nts|16,238}}/km² || [[File:Tehran16.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 17 (Tehran)|District 17]]|| منطقه ۱۷ – Mantaqe ye Hefdah || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|8.2}} km² || 273,231 || {{nts|33,276}}/km² || [[File:Tehran17.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 18 (Tehran)|District 18]]|| منطقه ۱۸ – Mantaqe ye Heĵdah || [[Tehran County]] || 5 || {{nts|37.5}} km² || 419,882 || {{nts|11,029}}/km² || [[File:Tehran18.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 19 (Tehran)|District 19]]|| منطقه ۱۹ – Mantaqe ye Nuzdah || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|20.3}} km² || 261,027 || {{nts|12,809}}/km² || [[File:Tehran19.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 20 (Tehran)|District 20]] || منطقه ۲۰ – Mantaqe ye Bist || [[Ray County, Iran|Ray County]] || 5 || {{nts|23.0}} km² || 365,259 || {{nts|16,365}}/km² || [[File:Tehran20.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 21 (Tehran)|District 21]]|| منطقه ۲۱ – Mantaqe ye Bist-o-Yek || [[Tehran County]] || 3 || {{nts|51.6}} km² || 186,821 || {{nts|3,646}}/km² || [[File:Tehran21.PNG|200px]] |- | [[District 22 (Tehran)|District 22]] || منطقه ۲۲ – Mantaqe ye Bist-o-Do || [[Tehran County]] || 4 || {{nts|54.0}} km² || 176,347 || {{nts|3,025}}/km² || [[File:Tehran22.PNG|200px]] |source: [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/tehrancity/]| |} |} Northern Tehran is the wealthiest part of the city,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/05/09/iran-lightens-up-on-western-ways/ |title=Iran Lightens Up On Western Ways |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=May 9, 1993 |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806210515/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-05-09/features/9305090413_1_islamic-revolution-islamic-codes-tehran |url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of various districts such as [[Zafaraniyeh]], [[Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Jordan Street) Tehran|Jordan]], [[Elahieh|Elahiyeh]], [[Pasdaran (district)|Pasdaran]], [[Kamranieh]], [[Ajudanieh|Ajodanieh]], [[Farmanieh]], [[Darrous]], [[Niavaran]], [[Jamaran]], [[Aghdasieh]], [[Mahmoodieh]], [[Velenjak]], [[Gheytarieh|Qeytarieh]], Ozgol and [[Ekhtiarieh]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com">Buzbee, Sally. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html "Tehran: Split Between Liberal, Hard-Line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141930/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/04/AR2007100401405_pf.html |date=2017-08-06 }}. [[Associated Press]] via ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Thursday 4 October 2007.</ref><ref name="accessmylibrary.com">Hundley, Tom. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8331982_ITM "Pro-reform Khatami appears victorious after 30 million Iranians cast votes"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. 8 June 2001.</ref> While the center of the city houses government ministries and headquarters, commercial centers are located further north. === Climate === [[File:Tehran Profile, Level 1, 2012.jpg|thumb|Urban sustainability analysis of the metropolitan area of Tehran, using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the [[United Nations Global Compact|UN Global Compact]] Cities Programme]] Most of Tehran has a [[semi-arid climate]], according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] (''BSh'' (hot semi-arid) in the region of the [[Mehrabad International Airport]], and ''BSk'' (cold semi-arid) in higher areas), with a borderline [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') in the northern area of the city, with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.<!---PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS TO 'COLD SEMI-ARID CLIMATE' BECAUSE THAT'S INCORRECT. TEHRAN'S AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF 15.6 WHEN MULTIPLIED BY 20 GIVES A TOTAL OF 312, WHICH IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THE TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OF 429 MM.---> Tehran's climate is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering [[Alborz]] mountains to its north and the country's central desert to the south. As the city has a large area, with significant differences in elevation among various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly north than in the flat southern part of Tehran. For instance, the {{convert|17.3|km|abbr=on}} [[Valiasr Street]] runs from Tehran's railway station at {{convert|1117|m|abbr=on}} elevation above sea level in the south of the city to [[Tajrish Square]] at 1712.6&nbsp;m (5612.3&nbsp;ft) elevation above sea level in the north.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|title=Elevation Finder|last=Tools|first=Free Map|website=Freemaptools.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-02|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516040306/https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the elevation can even rise up to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} at the end of [[Velenjak]] in northern Tehran. The sparse texture, the existence of old gardens, orchards, green spaces along the highways and the lack of industrial activities in the north of the city have helped the air in the northern areas to be 2 to 3 degrees Celsius cooler than the southern areas of the city.<ref name="Tehran Geography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/27105/تهران--جغرافیا--شیوا-جعفری|title=Tehran Geography|language=fa|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911143144/https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/27105/تهران--جغرافیا--شیوا-جعفری|url-status=live}}</ref> The main direction of the prevailing wind in Tehran is northwest to southeast.<ref name="hamshahrionline">[https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/173606/آشنایی-با-دریاچه-شهدای-خلیج-فارس-چیتگر-تهران/Chitgar lake (in Persian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209054656/https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/photo/173606/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |date=9 December 2022 }}. hamshahrionline.ir</ref> Other air currents that blow in the area of Tehran are: # Tochal breeze: With the rapid cooling of the Alborz mountain range at night, a local high-pressure center is formed on Mount Tochal, and this cold current flows down the mountain due to its weight and high pressure; Thus, a gentle breeze blows into the city from the north at night.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> # Southern and southeastern regional winds: these winds blow from the desert plains in the hot months of the year.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> # Western winds: These winds are among the planetary winds that affect the city of Tehran more or less throughout the year and can be called the prevailing wind.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> Air currents have a great effect on Tehran's weather. The prevailing wind blowing from the west causes the west of the city to always be exposed to fresh air; Although this wind brings smoke and pollution from the western industrial areas, its strong wind can take the polluted air out of the city of Tehran.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> In most years, winter provides half of Tehran's total annual rainfall. March is the rainiest month of the year and about one-fifth of the annual rainfall occurs in it. Summer is also the least rainy season and September is the driest month of the year in Tehran. The average annual rainfall of the city is sometimes very different in the north and south regions.<ref name="Tehran Geography"/> There are between 205 and 213 days of clear to partly cloudy weather in Tehran.<ref name="atlas.tehran.ir">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143424/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=171/ Climate and air pollution of Tehran (in Persian)]. atlas.tehran.ir</ref> One of the most intense rains in Tehran happened on April 21, 1962 and this rain lasted for 10 hours. Meteorology also announced that the amount of rainfall on that one day in Tehran was equivalent to six years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iichs.ir/p/history.aspx?id=2|title=Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies|language=fa|access-date=2018-06-11|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121001916/http://www.iichs.ir/p/history.aspx?id=2|url-status=live}}</ref> Summer is hot and dry with little rain, but [[relative humidity]] is generally low, making the heat tolerable. Average high temperatures are between {{convert|31|C}} and {{convert|38|°C}} during [[summer|summer months]], and it can sometimes rise up to {{convert|40|C}} during [[heat waves]]. Average low temperatures in summer are between {{convert|18|C}} and {{convert|25|°C}}, and it can occasionally drop to below {{convert|14|C}}&nbsp; in the mountainous north of the city at night. Winter is cold and occasionally snowy, with an average of 12.3 snow days annually in central Tehran and more than 23.7 snow days annually in northern Tehran. During the [[winter|winter months]], average high temperatures are between {{convert|3|C}} and {{convert|11|°C}} and average low temperatures are between {{convert|-5|C}} and {{convert|1|°C}}, and it can occasionally drop to below {{convert|-10|C}}&nbsp; during [[cold waves]]. Most of the annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] occurs from late autumn to mid-spring. March is the wettest month with an average precipitation of {{convert|39.6|mm}}. The hottest month is July, with a mean minimum temperature of {{convert|24|°C}} and a mean maximum temperature of {{convert|36.7|°C}}, and the coldest is January, with a mean minimum temperature of {{convert|-0.4|°C}} and a mean maximum temperature of {{convert|7.9|°C}}.<ref name="IranTour">{{cite web|url=http://www.irantour.org/Iran/Climate.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610002354/http://www.irantour.org/Iran/Climate.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2003-06-10|title=Climate of Tehran|website=Irantour.org|access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref> The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|43|°C|0}} on 3 July 1958 and the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-15|°C|0}} on 8 January 1969.<ref name="records"/> {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Tehran Mehrabad, altitude: 1191 m (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951-present){{efn-la|Rainy days from parameter codes 46 and 71 from the NOAA source}} |Jan record high C = 19.6 |Feb record high C = 24.4 |Mar record high C = 30.3 |Apr record high C = 33.4 |May record high C = 37.0 |Jun record high C = 42.2 |Jul record high C = 43.0 |Aug record high C = 42.4 |Sep record high C = 38.4 |Oct record high C = 33.4 |Nov record high C = 26.4 |Dec record high C = 21.0 |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 11.1 |Mar high C = 16.2 |Apr high C = 22.3 |May high C = 28.2 |Jun high C = 34.3 |Jul high C = 36.9 |Aug high C = 35.8 |Sep high C = 31.6 |Oct high C = 24.6 |Nov high C = 15.7 |Dec high C = 10.2 |Jan mean C = 4.7 |Feb mean C = 7.0 |Mar mean C = 11.8 |Apr mean C = 17.6 |May mean C = 23.2 |Jun mean C = 28.8 |Jul mean C = 31.4 |Aug mean C = 30.5 |Sep mean C = 26.3 |Oct mean C = 19.6 |Nov mean C = 11.6 |Dec mean C = 6.5 |Jan low C = 1.3 |Feb low C = 3.0 |Mar low C = 7.2 |Apr low C = 12.6 |May low C = 17.6 |Jun low C = 22.5 |Jul low C = 25.2 |Aug low C = 24.6 |Sep low C = 20.7 |Oct low C = 14.8 |Nov low C = 7.8 |Dec low C = 3.2 |Jan record low C = -15.0 |Feb record low C = -13.0 |Mar record low C = -8.0 |Apr record low C = -4.0 |May record low C = 2.4 |Jun record low C = 5.0 |Jul record low C = 14.0 |Aug record low C = 13.0 |Sep record low C = 9.0 |Oct record low C = 2.8 |Nov record low C = -7.2 |Dec record low C = -13.0 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days= 4.8 |Feb precipitation days= 5.4 |Mar precipitation days= 5.9 |Apr precipitation days= 5.2 |May precipitation days= 3.7 |Jun precipitation days= 0.8 |Jul precipitation days= 0.5 |Aug precipitation days= 0.3 |Sep precipitation days= 0.2 |Oct precipitation days= 2.5 |Nov precipitation days= 4.9 |Dec precipitation days= 5.3 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 31.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 32.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 42.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 34.8 |May precipitation mm = 14.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 2.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 2.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 1.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 13.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 30.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 31.8 |Jan sun = 176.0 |Feb sun = 178.0 |Mar sun = 208.0 |Apr sun = 232.0 |May sun = 284.0 |Jun sun = 339.0 |Jul sun = 344.0 |Aug sun = 344.0 |Sep sun = 305.0 |Oct sun = 254.0 |Nov sun = 181.0 |Dec sun = 164.0 |Jan humidity = 57 |Feb humidity = 51 |Mar humidity = 43 |Apr humidity = 39 |May humidity = 31 |Jun humidity = 25 |Jul humidity = 25 |Aug humidity = 26 |Sep humidity = 28 |Oct humidity = 36 |Nov humidity = 50 |Dec humidity = 58 | Jan snow cm = 24.0 | Feb snow cm = 11.6 | Mar snow cm = 1.7 | Apr snow cm = 0.1 | May snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jul snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Oct snow cm = 0.0 | Nov snow cm = 0.0 | Dec snow cm = 7.3 | year snow cm = | Jan rain days =6 | Feb rain days =7.1 | Mar rain days =10.3 | Apr rain days =9.8 | May rain days =6.9 | Jun rain days =2 | Jul rain days =1.6 | Aug rain days =0.9 | Sep rain days =0.7 | Oct rain days =5.3 | Nov rain days =8.6 | Dec rain days =7.8 | year rain days = |Jan snow days= 5.1 |Feb snow days= 2.9 |Mar snow days= 1.1 |Apr snow days= 0.1 |May snow days= 0.0 |Jun snow days= 0.0 |Jul snow days= 0.0 |Aug snow days= 0.0 |Sep snow days= 0.0 |Oct snow days= 0.0 |Nov snow days= 0.4 |Dec snow days= 2.7 | Jan uv = 2 | Feb uv = 3 | Mar uv = 3 | Apr uv = 5 | May uv = 6 | Jun uv = 7 | Jul uv = 7 | Aug uv = 7 | Sep uv = 5 | Oct uv = 4 | Nov uv = 3 | Dec uv = 2 |source 1 = [[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]]<ref name="ncei">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: TehranMehrabadAirport-40754 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/TehranMehrabadAirport_40754.csv |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=17 March 2024 |format=CSV}}</ref> (snowfall 1981-2010)<ref name="snow81">{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Tehran (Mehrabad airport) |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=28 March 2024 |format=XLS |quote=WMO number: 40754}}</ref> |source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records<ref name="records">* {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/7.asp |title=Highest record temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=11 March 2018}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Highest Record temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= 27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/6.asp |title=Lowest record temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205221146/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/6.asp |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Lowest record temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>), (snow/sleet days 1951-2005<ref name="snowdays">{{cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/32.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816025748/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/32.asp |archive-date=16 August 2012 |access-date=28 March 2024 |title=Form 32: No. Of days with snow or sleet Station: Tehran Mehrabad(40754) |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}}</ref>), Weather Atlas (UV)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/iran/tehran-climate|title=Tehran, Iran - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast}}</ref> |date=October 2022 }} {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Tehran-Shomal (north of Tehran), altitude: 1549.1 m (1988–2010, temperature normals, precipitation, and snow days 1988-2020, records 1988-present) |Jan record high C = 17.2 |Feb record high C = 23.5 |Mar record high C = 29.0 |Apr record high C = 32.4 |May record high C = 34.6 |Jun record high C = 40.4 |Jul record high C = 41.8 |Aug record high C = 42.0 |Sep record high C = 36.9 |Oct record high C = 31.2 |Nov record high C = 23.6 |Dec record high C = 19.6 |Jan high C = 6.9 |Feb high C = 9.1 |Mar high C = 14.3 |Apr high C = 20.2 |May high C = 26.1 |Jun high C = 32.2 |Jul high C = 34.9 |Aug high C = 33.9 |Sep high C = 29.8 |Oct high C = 22.9 |Nov high C = 14.3 |Dec high C = 9.0 |Jan mean C = 3.0 |Feb mean C = 4.8 |Mar mean C = 9.6 |Apr mean C = 15.0 |May mean C = 20.3 |Jun mean C = 26.1 |Jul mean C = 28.9 |Aug mean C = 27.8 |Sep mean C = 23.7 |Oct mean C = 17.3 |Nov mean C = 9.8 |Dec mean C = 5.0 |Jan low C = -1.0 |Feb low C = 0.5 |Mar low C = 4.8 |Apr low C = 9.8 |May low C = 14.5 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 22.9 |Aug low C = 21.6 |Sep low C = 17.5 |Oct low C = 11.6 |Nov low C = 5.2 |Dec low C = 1.0 |Jan record low C = -13.0 |Feb record low C = -11.0 |Mar record low C = -8.0 |Apr record low C = -2.4 |May record low C = 0.0 |Jun record low C = 12.0 |Jul record low C = 15.4 |Aug record low C = 10.6 |Sep record low C = 8.8 |Oct record low C = 2.6 |Nov record low C = -8.3 |Dec record low C = -9.6 |Jan precipitation days= 12.3 |Feb precipitation days= 10.9 |Mar precipitation days= 12.3 |Apr precipitation days= 10.0 |May precipitation days= 8.9 |Jun precipitation days= 3.3 |Jul precipitation days= 3.4 |Aug precipitation days= 1.6 |Sep precipitation days= 1.3 |Oct precipitation days= 5.8 |Nov precipitation days= 8.6 |Dec precipitation days= 10.7 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 56.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 64.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 70.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.9 |May precipitation mm = 25.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 5.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 3.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 3.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 24.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 53.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 61.1 |Jan sun = 135.8 |Feb sun = 146.4 |Mar sun = 185.1 |Apr sun = 215.0 |May sun = 274.6 |Jun sun = 322.8 |Jul sun = 331.8 |Aug sun = 327.5 |Sep sun = 292.6 |Oct sun = 245.5 |Nov sun = 171.5 |Dec sun = 135.8 |Jan humidity = 67 |Feb humidity = 59 |Mar humidity = 53 |Apr humidity = 44 |May humidity = 39 |Jun humidity = 30 |Jul humidity = 31 |Aug humidity = 31 |Sep humidity = 33 |Oct humidity = 44 |Nov humidity = 57 |Dec humidity = 66 |Jan snow days= 7.3 |Feb snow days= 5.6 |Mar snow days= 2.3 |Apr snow days= 0.1 |May snow days= 0.1 |Jun snow days= 0 |Jul snow days= 0 |Aug snow days= 0 |Sep snow days= 0 |Oct snow days= 0 |Nov snow days= 1.0 |Dec snow days= 4.0 |source 1 =<ref name="chaharmahalmet.ir">[http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp I.R. OF IRAN SHAHREKORD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829024954/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp |date=2017-08-29}}. 1988–2020</ref> |date=1988-2010 |source 2 =<ref name="data.irimo.ir">[http://www.data.irimo.ir/ I.R. OF IRAN METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |date=29 May 2020}}. 1988–2020</ref>}} {{Weather box | collapsed = yes | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | location = Tehran Geophysic, altitude: 1418.6 m (1991–2010, temperature normals and precipitation 1991-2020, records 1991-2022) | Jan record high C = 17.0 | Feb record high C = 22.7 | Mar record high C = 28.4 | Apr record high C = 32.0 | May record high C = 36.0 | Jun record high C = 40.6 | Jul record high C = 41.6 | Aug record high C = 40.9 | Sep record high C = 37.3 | Oct record high C = 32.0 | Nov record high C = 24.0 | Dec record high C = 19.6 | Jan high C = 7.4 | Feb high C = 9.7 | Mar high C = 14.8 | Apr high C = 20.7 | May high C = 26.5 | Jun high C = 32.6 | Jul high C = 35.3 | Aug high C = 34.2 | Sep high C = 30.1 | Oct high C = 23.3 | Nov high C = 14.6 | Dec high C = 9.1 | Jan mean C = 4.2 | Feb mean C = 6.2 | Mar mean C = 10.7 | Apr mean C = 16.3 | May mean C = 21.9 | Jun mean C = 27.8 | Jul mean C = 30.5 | Aug mean C = 29.5 | Sep mean C = 25.4 | Oct mean C = 18.8 | Nov mean C = 10.8 | Dec mean C = 6.0 | Jan low C = 0.8 | Feb low C = 2.5 | Mar low C = 6.6 | Apr low C = 11.7 | May low C = 16.5 | Jun low C = 22.1 | Jul low C = 25.1 | Aug low C = 24.1 | Sep low C = 20.2 | Oct low C = 14.3 | Nov low C = 7.3 | Dec low C = 2.7 | Jan record low C = -11.7 | Feb record low C = -8.2 | Mar record low C = -6.0 | Apr record low C = -1.8 | May record low C = 4.5 | Jun record low C = 11.8 | Jul record low C = 15.4 | Aug record low C = 13.6 | Sep record low C = 10.0 | Oct record low C = 6.4 | Nov record low C = -7.9 | Dec record low C = -7.2 | Jan precipitation days = 10.0 | Feb precipitation days = 9.1 | Mar precipitation days = 11.2 | Apr precipitation days = 9.3 | May precipitation days = 8.5 | Jun precipitation days = 2.7 | Jul precipitation days = 1.6 | Aug precipitation days = 0.9 | Sep precipitation days = 1.2 | Oct precipitation days = 4.1 | Nov precipitation days = 8.4 | Dec precipitation days = 10.1 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 47.4 | Feb precipitation mm = 38.7 | Mar precipitation mm = 51.9 | Apr precipitation mm = 40.5 | May precipitation mm = 17.3 | Jun precipitation mm = 3.6 | Jul precipitation mm = 3.2 | Aug precipitation mm = 2.5 | Sep precipitation mm = 2.0 | Oct precipitation mm = 17.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 36.1 | Dec precipitation mm = 39.5 | Jan sun = 157.3 | Feb sun = 172.3 | Mar sun = 198.1 | Apr sun = 213.8 | May sun = 279.1 | Jun sun = 342.4 | Jul sun = 345.2 | Aug sun = 346.7 | Sep sun = 308.4 | Oct sun = 257.1 | Nov sun = 180.1 | Dec sun = 146.8 | Jan snow days = 5.1 | Feb snow days = 3.3 | Mar snow days = 2.0 | Apr snow days = 0.0 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.1 | Nov snow days = 0.3 | Dec snow days = 2.9 | source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records<ref name="records" /> (temperatures<ref name="temperatures">* {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/3.asp |title=Average Maximum temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=6 September 2014}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Average Maximum temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date= 29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/5.asp |title=Average Mean Daily temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= 5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205222350/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/5.asp |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/2.asp |title=Average Minimum temperature in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=20 March 2016}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.data.irimo.ir/ |title=Average Minimum temperatures in Tehran by Month 2011–2020 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200529100320/https://data.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>), (precipitation<ref name="precipitation2">{{cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/JEOPHYSI/25.asp |title=Monthly Total Precipitation in Tehran(Jeophysics by Month 1991–2005 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320085246/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/JEOPHYSI/25.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref>), (humidity<ref name="humidity">{{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/14.asp |title=Average relative humidity in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>), (days with precipitation<ref name="precipdays">{{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/30.asp |title=No. Of days with precipitation in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="snowdays" />), (sunshine<ref name="sunshine">{{cite web |url=http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/teh/TEHRAN/42.asp |title=Monthly total sunshine hours in Tehran by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization}} {{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>) | date = October 2022</ref> | source = }} In February 2005, heavy snow covered all parts of the city. Snow depth was recorded as {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in the southern part of the city and {{convert|100|cm|0|abbr=on}} in the northern part of city. One newspaper reported that it had been the worst weather in 34 years. Ten thousand bulldozers and 13,000 municipal workers were deployed to keep the main roads open.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4250831.stm/ |author=Harrison, Frances |title=Iran gripped by wintry weather |date=February 19, 2005 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=August 20, 2012 |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011190509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4250831.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chn">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=74960&Serv=0&SGr=0/ |title=Heavy Snowfall in Tehran |language=fa |access-date=2018-03-30 |archive-date=2013-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426100918/http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=74960&Serv=0&SGr=0%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> On January 5 and 6, 2008, a [[Winter storm|wave of heavy snow and low temperatures]] covered the city in a thick layer of snow and ice, forcing the Council of Ministers to officially declare a [[state of emergency]] and close down the capital from January 6 through January 7.<ref name="IRNA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208071157/http://www1.irna.com/fa/news/view/line-2/8610166477213215.htm/ Heavy Snowfall in Tehran (in Persian)]. irna.com</ref> On February 3, 2014, Tehran received heavy snowfall, specifically in the northern parts of the city, with a depth of {{convert|2|m|ft}}. In one week of successive snowfalls, roads were made impassable in some areas, with the temperature ranging from {{convert|−8|°C|0}}&nbsp; to&nbsp; {{convert|−16|°C|0}}.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26061662/ |title=Rare snow blankets Iran's capital Tehran |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=2014-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522130824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26061662 |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 3, 2014, a severe thunderstorm with powerful [[microbursts]] created a [[haboob]], engulfing the city in sand and dust and causing five deaths, with more than 57 injured. This event also knocked down numerous trees and power lines. It struck between 5:00 and 6:00&nbsp;p.m., dropping temperatures from {{convert|33|C}}&nbsp; to {{convert|19|C}}&nbsp; within an hour. The dramatic temperature drop was accompanied by wind gusts reaching nearly {{convert|118|km/h |mph}}&nbsp;.<ref name="AccuWeather">{{Cite web |url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/deadly-dust-storm-blasts-tehra-1/28046154/ |title=Deadly Dust Storm Engulfs Iran's Capital |date=June 3, 2014 |website=AccuWeather.com |access-date=June 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603084845/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/deadly-dust-storm-blasts-tehra-1/28046154 |archive-date=June 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Environmental issues === {{See also|Environmental issues in Tehran|Environmental issues in Iran|List of earthquakes in Iran}} [[File:Air pollution of Tehran - 5 January 2013 06.jpg|thumb|Heavy [[air pollution]] in Tehran]] A plan to move the capital has been discussed many times in prior years, due mainly to the environmental issues of the region. Tehran is one of the world's most polluted cities and is also located near two major [[fault lines]]. The city suffers from severe air pollution, 80% of it due to cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jan/1007.html |title=Car exhaust fumes blamed for over 80% of air pollution in Tehran |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091518/http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jan/1007.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining 20% is due to [[industrial pollution]]. Other estimates suggest that motorcycles alone account for 30% of air and 50% of [[noise pollution]] in Tehran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1239.html |title=Motorcycles Account for 30% of Air Pollution in Tehran |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2010-11-12 |archive-date=2011-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107063229/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1239.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tehran is also considered one of the strongest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the Middle East. Enhanced concentration of carbon dioxide over the city (that are likely originated from the anthropogenic urban sources in the city) is easily detectable from satellite observations throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Labzovskii|first=Lev|date=2 August 2019|title=Working towards confident spaceborne monitoring of carbon emissions from cities using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425719303785|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|volume=233 (2019) 11359|doi=10.1016/j.rse.2019.111359 |access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127042353/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425719303785|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the government announced that "for security and administrative reasons, the plan to move the capital from Tehran has been finalized."<ref name="Relocation">{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1322.html |title=For Security and Administrative [sic] Reasons: Plan to Move Capital From Tehran Finalized |website=Payvand.com |access-date=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2010-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603033101/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1322.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are plans to relocate 163 state firms and several [[List of Iranian Universities|universities]] from Tehran to avoid damages from a potential [[earthquake]].<ref name="Relocation" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jul/1064.html |title=Iran Moots Shifting Capital from Tehran |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710192546/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/jul/1064.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The officials are engaged in a battle to reduce air pollution. It has, for instance, encouraged taxis and buses to convert from petrol engines to engines that run on [[compressed natural gas]]. Furthermore, the government has set up a "Traffic Zone" covering the city centre during peak traffic hours. Entering and driving inside this zone is only allowed with a special permit. There have also been plans to raise people's awareness of the hazards of pollution. One method that is being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the level of [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] (PM2.5/PM10), [[nitrogen dioxide]] (NO<sub>2</sub>), ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO<sub>2</sub>), and [[carbon monoxide]] (CO). == Economy == {{See also|Economy of Tehran|Industry of Iran|Communications in Iran}} [[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tehran Stock Exchange]]]] Tehran is the economic centre of Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |title=Tehran (Iran) : People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2012-05-21 |date= |archive-date=2012-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |url-status=live }}</ref> About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located in the city, and almost half of these workers are employed by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|author=Cordesman, Anthony H.|title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs|date=September 23, 2008|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=2010-09-25|archive-date=2010-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the remainder of workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers, and transport workers. Few foreign companies operate in Tehran, due to the government's complex international relations. But prior to the [[1979 Revolution]], many foreign companies were active in Iran.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaichian|first1=Mohammad|title=Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization|date=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7391-2677-6|pages=98–103}}</ref> Tehran's present-day modern industries include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading centre for the sale of carpets and furniture. The oil refining companies of [[Pars Oil]], [[Sepahan Oil Company|Speedy]], and [[Behran Oil Company|Behran]] are based in Tehran. Tehran relies heavily on private cars, buses, motorcycles, and taxis, and is one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. The [[Tehran Stock Exchange]], which is a full member of the [[World Federation of Exchanges]] (WFE) and a founding member of the [[Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges]], has been one of the world's best-performing stock exchanges in recent years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3129995.stm |title=Iran blocks share price gains |work=BBC News |date=2003-08-06 |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-date=2009-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111172836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3129995.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fashion industry === Design, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, retail, advertising and other sectors of the [[Fashion in Iran|fashion industry in Tehran]] have been able to grow significantly according to the needs of the country. In particular, a large number of male and female models are working in Tehran's fashion advertising and promotion sections. Despite the lack of adequate laws to support models, payments to female models have been considered high. Also, modeling of children is usually prohibited in Tehran. Clothing manufacturers are closely related to other fashion sectors in Tehran. For example, the manufacturers of women's boots and bodysuits have strengthened their exports and branding in other countries by using this connection.<ref>{{Cite book |title=تاریخچه صنعت مد، پوشاک و شبکه توزیع وابسته در جهان و ایران (چاپ نخست) |year=2020 |pages=34, 35 |language=Persian}}</ref> === Shopping === {{See also|List of shopping malls in Iran}} Tehran has a wide range of shopping centers, and is home to over 60 modern shopping malls.<ref name="gulfn">{{Cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |title=Hopes for shopping revolution as malls sprout in Iran |author=Gulf News |date=June 9, 2017 |author-link=Gulf News |access-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018145219/http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/hopes-for-shopping-revolution-as-malls-sprout-in-iran-1.1585877 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|title=THE 10 BEST Tehran Shopping Malls (with Photos)|website=Tripadvisor.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223641/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293999-Activities-c26-t143-Tehran_Tehran_Province.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has a number of [[commercial district]]s, including those located at [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr]], [[Davoodiyeh|Davudie]], and [[Zafaraniyeh|Zaferanie]]. The largest old [[bazaar]]s of Tehran are the [[Grand Bazaar, Tehran|Grand Bazaar]] and the [[Tajrish|Bazaar of Tajrish]]. [[Iran Mall]] is the largest mall in the world in area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infos10.com/biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world/|title=Top 10 Biggest Shopping Malls In The World 2022|date=27 September 2021|website=Infos10.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> Most of the international branded stores and upper-class shops are in the northern and western parts of the city. Tehran's retail business is growing with several newly built malls and shopping centres.<ref name="gulfn"/> Tehran is a center for the production of women's clothing in Iran. Shoe (Mostly women's boots) manufacturing companies in Tehran can be reached in the malls.<ref>{{Cite book |title=کتابشناسى و راهنماى صناىع دستى کشور - Page 177, 180}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Tehran}} [[File:کاخ گلستان 6.jpg|thumb|[[Golestan Palace]], One of the oldest historic monuments in the city. [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Tehran, as one of the main tourist destinations in Iran, has a wealth of cultural attractions. It is home to royal complexes of [[Golestan Palace|Golestan]], [[Sa'dabad Complex|Saadabad]] and [[Niavaran Complex|Niavaran]], which were built under the reign of the country's last two monarchies. There are several historic, artistic, and scientific museums in Tehran, including the *[[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]] *[[Malik National Museum of Iran|Malek Museum]] *Cinema Museum at [[Ferdows Garden]] *[[Abgineh Museum of Tehran|Abgineh Museum]] *[[Museum of the Qasr Prison]] *[[The Carpet Museum of Iran|Carpet Museum]] *Reverse Glass Painting Museum (vitray art) *[[Safir Office Machines Museum]] Also the [[Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art|Museum of Contemporary Art]], which hosts works of famous artists such as [[Van Gogh]], [[Pablo Picasso]], and [[Andy Warhol]]. The [[Iranian Crown Jewels|Iranian Imperial Crown Jewels]], one of the largest jewel collections in the world, are also on display at Tehran's National Jewelry Museum. A number of cultural and trade exhibitions take place in Tehran, which are mainly operated by the country's [[Iran International Exhibitions Company|International Exhibitions Company]]. Tehran's annual [[Tehran International Book Fair|International Book Fair]] is known to the international publishing world as one of the most important publishing events in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibf.ir/ |title=Tehran International Book Fair |website=Tibf.ir |access-date=2009-06-15 |archive-date=2012-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510232545/http://www.tibf.ir/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Infrastructure == === Highways and streets === {{See also|List of Expressways in Tehran}} [[File:Fajr Bridge Tehran2.jpg|thumb|Fajr Bridge, [[Hemmat Expressway]]]] Following the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, the political system changed from [[constitutional monarchy]] to [[Islamic republic]]. Then the construction of political power in the country needed to change so that new spectrums of political power decision-making centers emerged in Iran. Motives, desires and actions of these new political power decision-making centers in Iran, made them rename streets and public places throughout the country, especially Tehran. For example Shahyad square changed to [[Azadi Square|Azadi square]] and Pahlavi street changed to [[Valiasr Street|Valiasr street]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M|first=Badiei Azandehi|date=2009-01-01|title=The Discourse of Streets' Naming in Tehran After Islamic Revolution|url=https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=176278|language=En|journal=Geopolitics Quarterly|volume=5|issue=114|pages=72–101}}</ref> The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a large network of highways and interchanges. === Cars === {{See also|Automotive industry in Iran}} According to the head of Tehran Municipality's Environment and Sustainable Development Office, Tehran was designed to have a capacity of about 300,000 cars, but more than five million cars are on the roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gp.se/nyheter/varlden/1.2933333-smogglarm-i-manga-varldsstader |title=Smogglarm i många världsstäder |work=Göteborgs-Posten |date=2015-12-19 |access-date=2015-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065656/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/varlden/1.2933333-smogglarm-i-manga-varldsstader |archive-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The automotive industry has recently developed, but international sanctions influence the production processes periodically.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028145438/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1194.html |archive-date=2010-10-28 |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1194.html |title='Tehran's overpopulation will cause ecological ruin' |website=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> According to local media, Tehran has more than 200,000 taxis plying the roads daily,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/19/getting-cab-tehran-airport-taxis |title=Getting a cab in Tehran: Airport Taxis |date=19 December 2017 |work=Living in Tehran |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191558/https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/19/getting-cab-tehran-airport-taxis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with several types of taxi available in the city. Airport taxis have a higher cost per kilometer as opposed to regular green and yellow taxis in the city. === Buses === {{See also|Trolleybuses in Tehran|Tehran Bus Rapid Transit}} [[File:BRT in Tehran, Iran (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]]]] Buses have served the city since the 1920s. Tehran's transport system includes conventional buses, [[trolleybus]]es, and [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT). The city's four major bus stations include the South Terminal, the East Terminal, the West Terminal, and the northcentral Beyhaghi Terminal. The trolleybus system was opened in 1992, using a fleet of 65 [[articulated bus|articulated]] trolleybuses built by [[Czech Republic]]'s [[Škoda Works|Škoda]].<ref name="Murray">Murray, Alan (2000). ''World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia'', pp. 57 and 99. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. {{ISBN|0-904235-18-1}}.</ref> This was the first trolleybus system in Iran.<ref name="Murray" /> In 2005, trolleybuses were operating on five routes, all starting at [[Imam Hossein Square]].<ref name="tm265">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 265 (January–February 2006), pp. 16–17. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> Two routes running northeastwards operated almost entirely in a segregated [[Bus Rapid Transit|busway]] located in the middle of the wide [[carriageway]] along [[Damavand Street]], stopping only at purpose-built stops located about every 500 metres along the routes, effectively making these routes trolleybus-BRT (but they were not called such). The other three trolleybus routes ran south and operated in mixed traffic. Both route sections were served by [[limited-stop]] services and local (making all stops) services.<ref name="tm265" /> A 3.2-kilometer extension from Shoosh Square to Rah Ahan Square was opened in March 2010.<ref name="tm298">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 298 (July–August 2011), pp. 89–90. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref> Visitors in 2014 found that the trolleybus system had closed, apparently sometime in 2013.<ref name="haseldine">Haseldine, Peter (March–April 2015). "Tehran Closure". ''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 320, pp. 40–43. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}}.</ref> However, it reopened in March 2016, operating on a single 1.8-km route between Meydan-e-Khorasan (Khorasan Square) and Bozorgrah-e-Be'sat.<ref name="tm328">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 328 (July–August 2016), pp. 118–119. National Trolleybus Association (UK).</ref><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july">{{cite web|url=https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524|title=Teheran: Trolleybuses return!|last=Budach|first=D.|date=11 July 2016|website=TrolleyMotion|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121933/https://old.trolleymotion.eu/index.php?id=38&L=3&n_ID=2524 |archivedate=2 July 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> Around 30 vehicles had been refurbished and returned to service.<ref name="tm328"/><ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/> Extensions were planned.<ref name="trolleymotion-2016july"/> [[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit|Tehran's bus rapid transit]] (BRT) was officially inaugurated in 2008. It has 10 lines with some 215 stations in different areas of the city. {{As of|2011}}, the BRT system had a network of {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}}, transporting 1.8 million passengers on a daily basis. === Railway and subway === {{See also|Islamic Republic of Iran Railways|label 1=Iranian Railways|Tehran Metro}} [[File:02 Tehran Metro Line 3 4.jpg|thumb|[[Tehran Metro]] is the largest metro system in the [[Middle East]].]] Tehran has a [[Tehran Railway Station|central railway station]] that connects services round the clock to various cities in the country, along with a Tehran–Europe train line also running. The feasibility study and conceptual planning of the construction of Tehran's subway system were started in the 1970s. The first two of the eight projected metro lines were opened in 2001. {| class="wikitable" |+List of Tehran Metro Lines !Line !Opening<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=150|title=About Metro - Metro History|publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424061100/http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=150|archive-date=2014-04-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Length !Stations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/7-Statistics.pdf|title=Development of stations operating|date=20 June 2011|publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company|access-date=2014-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044647/http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/7-Statistics.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Type |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#EE3C3C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 1|{{color|white|1}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2001 |{{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line1">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=357|title=خط ۱ مترو تهران و توسعه شمالي و جنوبي خط تا كهريزك|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208163310/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=357|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |32<ref name="Line1" /><ref name="stations">{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=215|title=Stations|website=tehran.ir|access-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825020847/http://metro.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=215|archive-date=2015-08-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#295EA4" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 2|{{color|white|2}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2000 |{{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line2">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=356|title=خط 2 متروي تهران و توسعه شرقي خط تا پايانه شرق|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153445/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=356|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |22<ref name="stations" /><ref name="Line2" /> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#36BEF4" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 3|{{color|white|3}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2012 |{{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line3">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=355|title=خط 3 مترو تهران|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025091940/http://www.tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=355|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |24<ref name="stations" /><ref name="Line3" /> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#FFD62C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 4|{{color|white|4}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2008 |{{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line4">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=354|title=خط 4 مترو تهران|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065649/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=354|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |22<ref name="Line4" /> |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#1C906C" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 5|{{color|white|5}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |1999 |{{convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Line5">{{cite web|url=http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=353|title=خط 5 مترو|website=tehranmetrogroup.com|language=fa|access-date=2015-11-08|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100137/http://tehranmetrogroup.com/index.aspx?siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=353|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |11<ref name="Line5" /><ref name="L5-stations">{{cite web|url=http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/11-Statistics.pdf|title=Final profile Tehran Metro Station Line 5|publisher=Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Operating Company|access-date=2015-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100836/http://metro.tehran.ir/Portals/1/articlepdf/11-Statistics.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Commuter rail]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#FF5599" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 6|{{color|white|6}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2019 |{{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97316/tehran-metro-line-6-opens.html|title=Tehran Metro Line 6 Opens|date=7 April 2019|work=Financial Tribune|language=en-gb|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224072055/http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/97316/tehran-metro-line-6-opens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |3 |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | style="text-align:center; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:purple" |'''[[Tehran Metro Line 7|{{color|white|7}}]]''' | style="text-align:center" |2017 |{{convert|13.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/tehran-metro-line-7-inaugurated.html|title=Tehran metro Line 7 inaugurated|last=Barrow|first=Keith|access-date=2017-06-15|language=en-gb|archive-date=2017-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615074407/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/tehran-metro-line-7-inaugurated.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |8 |[[Rapid transit|Metro]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''Metro Subtotal:''' |'''{{convert|177.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}''' | style="text-align:center" |'''111''' | |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''Total:''' |'''{{convert|220.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}''' | style="text-align:center" |'''122''' | |} === Airport === {{See also|Airlines of Iran}} Tehran is served by the international airports of [[Mehrabad International Airport|Mehrabad]] and [[Imam Khomeini International Airport|Imam Khomeini]]. Mehrabad Airport, an old airport in western Tehran that doubles as a military base, is mainly used for domestic and charter flights. Imam Khomeini Airport, located {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=off}} south of the city, handles the main international flights. === Parks and green spaces === {{See also|List of Tehran metropolis parks}} There are over 2,100 parks within the metropolis of Tehran,<ref name="irnamokh">{{Cite web |publisher=[[IRNA]] |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |title=Mokhtari: There are over 2,100 parks in Tehran |date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065657/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81506819/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with one of the oldest being [[Jamshidieh Park|Jamshidie Park]], which was first established as a private garden for Qajar prince Jamshid Davallu, and was then dedicated to the last empress of Iran, [[Farah Pahlavi]]. The total green space within Tehran stretches over 12,600 hectares, covering over 20 percent of the city's area. The Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran was established in 1960, and is responsible for the protection of the urban nature present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Municipality of Tehran |url=http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |title=About Tehran Parks & Green Space Organization |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135406/http://parks.tehran.ir/default.aspx?tabid=356 |archive-date=2015-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tehran's Birds Garden is the largest bird park in Iran. There is also [[Eram Zoo|a zoo]] located on the Tehran–Karaj Expressway, housing over 290 species within an area of about five hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=ITTO |url=http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |title=The Tehran Zoological Garden |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065655/http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=64 |archive-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, the [[Ab-o-Atash Park]] ("Water and Fire park") was founded. Its main features are an open [[water fountain]] area for cooling in the hot climate, [[fire tower]]s, and an [[amphitheatre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tishineh.com/touritem/897/Ab-o-Atash-Park-(-Water-and-fire-Park---Ibrahim-Park-)|title=Ab-o Atash Park (Water and Fire Park - Ibrahim Park)|website=Tishineh.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> === Energy === {{See also|Energy in Iran}} ==== Water ==== {{Pie chart|caption=Fresh water resources of Tehran Province in 2017|label1=[[Groundwater]]|value1=37|color1=#3F0|label2=[[Sewage treatment]]|value2=63|color2=#F33}}{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Iran}} [[Greater Tehran]] with its population of more than 13 million is supplied by surface water from the [[Lar Dam|Lar dam]] on the [[Lar River]] in the Northeast of the city, the [[Latyan Dam|Latyan dam]] on the [[Jajrood River]] in the North, the [[Karaj River]] in the Northwest, as well as by groundwater in the vicinity of the city. ==== Solar Energy ==== Solar panels have been installed in Tehran's [[Pardisan Park]] for green electricity production, said [[Masoumeh Ebtekar]], head of the Department of Environment. According to the national energy roadmap, the government plans to promote green technology to increase the nominal capacity of power plants from 74 gigawatts to over 120 gigawatts by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51647/tehran-park-gets-solar-panels|title=Tehran Park Gets Solar Panels|date=2016-10-16|website=Financial Tribune|language=En|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223516/https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51647/tehran-park-gets-solar-panels|url-status=live}}</ref> == Education == {{See also|Education in Iran|List of colleges and universities in Tehran|Science in Iran}}[[File:University of Tehran at night 2021 (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[University of Tehran]] is the oldest modern university of Iran.]] Tehran is the largest and most important educational center in Iran. There are a total of nearly 50 major colleges and universities in Greater Tehran. Since the establishment of [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar ol Fonun]] by the order of [[Amir Kabir]] in the mid-19th century, Tehran has amassed a large number of institutions of higher education. Some of these institutions have played crucial roles in the unfolding of Iranian political events. [[Samuel M. Jordan]], whom Jordan Avenue in Tehran was named after, was one of the founding pioneers of the [[Alborz High School|American College of Tehran]], which was one of the first modern high schools in the Middle East. Among major educational institutions located in Tehran, [[Amirkabir University of Technology]] (Tehran Polytechnic), [[University of Tehran]], [[Sharif University of Technology]], and [[Tehran University of Medical Sciences]] are the most prestigious. Other major universities located in Tehran include [[Tehran University of Art]], [[Allameh Tabatabaei University]], [[K. N. Toosi University of Technology]], [[Shahid Beheshti University]] (Melli University), [[Kharazmi University]], [[Iran University of Science and Technology]], [[Iran University of Medical Sciences]], [[Islamic Azad University]], [[International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology]], Iran's Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, [[Shahed University]], and [[Tarbiat Modarres University]]. [[Sharif University of Technology]], [[Amirkabir University of Technology]], [[Iran University of Science and Technology]] and [[K. N. Toosi University of Technology]] also located in Tehran are nationally well known for taking in the top undergraduate Engineering and Science students; and internationally recognized for training competent under graduate students. It has probably the highest percentage of graduates who seek higher education abroad. Tehran is also home to Iran's largest military academy, and several religious schools and seminaries. == Culture == {{Main|Culture of Tehran}} The [[culture of Tehran]] concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals, many [[Persian Culture|Persian entertainments]] and sports activities in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. [[Iranian Festivals|Iranian festivals]] are held in Tehran along with regional and western festivals. [[Nowruz]], [[Chaharshanbe Suri]], [[Sizdah Be-dar]], [[Yaldā Night]], [[Valentine's Day]] and [[Halloween]] have been popular festivals in recent decades.<ref name="Tehran Culture">{{Cite book |title=فرهنگ عامه مردم تهران - ۹۸}}</ref> === Architecture === {{See also|Architecture of Tehran}} The oldest surviving architectural monuments of Tehran are from the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]] eras. In Greater Tehran, monuments dating back to the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] era remain as well; notably the [[Tughrul Tower|Toqrol Tower]] in Ray. [[Rashkan Castle]], dating back to the ancient [[Parthian Empire]], of which some artifacts are housed at the [[National Museum of Iran|National Museum]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancien Rey |first= Hossein|last= Karimian |chapter= Anjomane Asare Melli}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}}</ref> and the [[Bahram fire temple]], which remains since the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian Empire]]. Tehran only had a small population until the late 18th century but began to take a more considerable role in Iranian society after it was chosen as the capital city. Despite the regular occurrence of earthquakes during the Qajar period and after, some historic buildings remain from that era.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Iran/Tehran-Capital-City-of-Iran/128 |title= A guide to Iran – etiquette, customs, clothing and more… |website= Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date= 2007-12-16 |archive-date= 2007-10-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017070645/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Iran/Tehran-Capital-City-of-Iran/128 |url-status= live }}</ref> Tehran is Iran's [[primate city]], and is considered to have the most modernized infrastructure in the country. However, the [[gentrification]] of old neighbourhoods and the demolition of buildings of cultural significance have caused concerns.<ref>{{cite web |last=Urschel |first=Donna |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0408/iran.html |title=The Style of Tehran – Library of Congress |website=Loc.gov |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-date=2012-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819051336/http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0408/iran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:02 hasan abad Sq..jpg|[[Hasanabad, Tehran|Hasanabad Square]] File:Tehran City Theater 1.jpg|A view of the building of the [[City Theater of Tehran]] File:Iranian Foreign Affaire Ministry.jpg|Police House,<br />the [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]] </gallery>Previously a low-rise city due to seismic activity in the region, modern high-rise developments in Tehran have been built in recent decades in order to service its growing population. There have been no major quakes in Tehran since 1830.<ref>{{cite news | work=The Guardian | title=Women to blame for earthquakes, says Iran cleric | date=2010-04-19 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/19/women-blame-earthquakes-iran-cleric | access-date=2016-12-17 | archive-date=2017-02-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225093212/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/19/women-blame-earthquakes-iran-cleric | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tehran International Tower]] is the tallest skyscraper in Iran. It is 54-stories tall and located in the northern district of [[Yusef Abad]]. The [[Azadi Tower]], a memorial built under the reign of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], has long been the most famous symbol of Tehran. Originally constructed in commemoration of the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran]], it combines elements of the architecture of the [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid]] and [[Sassanid architecture|Sassanid]] eras with post-classical [[Iranian architecture]]. The [[Milad Tower]], which is the [[List of towers|sixth tallest tower]]<ref name="NBN Nasl Bartar Novin">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15 |publisher=NBN (Nasl Bartar Novin) |title=Milad Tower, a perfect product for a perfect project |access-date=2009-09-10 |date=n.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117010931/http://www.nbn.ir/viewer.php?id=15 |archive-date=November 17, 2009 }}</ref> and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures#Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings|24th-tallest freestanding structure]] in the world,<ref>Andrew Burke, Mark Elliott. ''Iran (Lonely Planet Country Guide)''. p. 114. Lonely Planet Publications, 5th Edition, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-74104-293-1}}.</ref> is the city's other famous landmark tower. [[Leila Araghian]]'s [[Tabiat Bridge]], the largest pedestrian overpass in Tehran, was completed in 2014 and is also considered a landmark.<ref name="archdaily" /> === Fashion and clothing === {{See also|Fashion in Iran|Women's rights in Iran}} The city has produced many notable Iranian design houses and clothing companies. Fashion events are also held in some areas of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ششمین نمایشگاه ایران مد از فردا آغاز می‌شود |url=https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-6/697899-%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=خبرگزاری ایلنا |language=fa}}</ref> Many famous Iranian models were born in Tehran, including [[Nazanin Afshin-Jam]], [[Cameron Alborzian]], [[Sahar Biniaz]], Elnaaz Norouzi, [[Shermine Shahrivar]] and [[Sadaf Taherian]]. Women of Tehran widely used over-the-knee and leather boots after 2000s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fashion Fads History V2 -Persia-, p.171,172,176.}}</ref> === Theater === [[File:RudakiHall.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Vahdat Hall]], Tehran]] Under the reign of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]]s, Tehran was home to the royal theatre of [[Tekyeh Dowlat|Tekye Dowlat]], located to the southeast of the [[Golestan Palace]], in which traditional and religious performances were observed. It was eventually demolished and replaced with a bank building in 1947, following the reforms during the reign of [[Reza Shah]]. Before the 1979 Revolution, the Iranian national stage had become the most famous performing scene for known international artists and troupes in the Middle East,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kiann, Nima |date=2015 |title=The History of Ballet in Iran |publisher=Reichert Verlag |place=Wiesbaden, Germany}}</ref> with the Vahdat Hall, formerly known as Rudaki Hall, constructed to function as the national stage for opera and ballet. The hall was inaugurated in October 1967 and named after prominent Persian poet [[Rudaki]]. It is home to the [[Tehran Symphony Orchestra]], the Tehran Opera Orchestra, and the [[Iranian National Ballet Company]]. The [[City Theater of Tehran]], one of Iran's biggest theatre complexes, which contains several performance halls, was opened in 1972. It was built at the initiative and presidency of empress [[Farah Pahlavi]], and was designed by architect Ali Sardar Afkhami, constructed within five years. One of the gathering centers of [[Cabaret|cabarets]] in old Tehran was [[Laleh-Zar Street]]. Famous Persian cabarets were active in the city until 1979. They also introduced many domestic artists. In common language, cabaret was sometimes called "home of dance" or "dancing place".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entekhab.ir |first=پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب {{!}} |date=2023-05-29 |title=گزارشی از شب های تهران ۴۷ سال پیش / آمارهای قابل توجه درمورد تهرانی ها و خرج هایی که صرف خوشگذرانی می کردند |url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/657920 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> The annual events of [[Fajr International Theater Festival|Fajr Theater Festival]] and [[Tehran International Puppet Theatre Festival|Tehran Puppet Theater Festival]] take place in Tehran. === Cinema === The first movie theater in Tehran was established by [[Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi|Mirza Ebrahim Khan]] in 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.massoudmehrabi.com/articles.asp?id=1414606616 |title=The history of Iranian cinema |author=Mehrabi, Massoud. |access-date=2017-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113213/http://www.massoudmehrabi.com/articles.asp?id=1414606616 |archive-date=2018-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until the early 1930s, there were 15 theaters in Tehran Province and 11 in other provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/preiran.html |title=Iranian Cinema: Before the Revolution |website=offscreen.com |date=November 1999 |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-date=2014-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226080233/http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/preiran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In present-day Tehran, most of the movie theatres are located downtown. The complexes of [[Kourosh Complex|Kourosh Cinema]], [[Mellat Park|Mellat Gallery and Cineplex]], [[Azadi Cinema Complex|Azadi Cinema]], and [[Cinema Farhang]] are among the most popular cinema complexes in Tehran. Several film festivals are held in Tehran, including [[Fajr International Film Festival|Fajr Film Festival]], [[International Film Festival for Children and Youth|Children and Youth Film Festival]], House of Cinema Festival, Mobile Film and Photo Festival, Nahal Festival, [[Roshd International Film Festival|Roshd Film Festival]], Tehran Animation Festival, Tehran Short Film Festival, and Urban Film Festival. === Music and dance === There are a variety of concert halls in Tehran. An organization like the Roudaki Culture and Art Foundation has five different venues where more than 500 concerts take place this year. [[Vahdat Hall]], [[Roudaki Hall]], Ferdowsi Hall, Hafez Hall and Azadi Theater are the top five venues in Tehran, where classical, pop, traditional, rock or solo concerts take place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=580|title=Tehran Day Tour {{!}} Concert in Tehran - HiPersia|website=hipersia.com|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808060336/https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=580|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Erotic dance|Erotic dancers]] were active and trained in Tehran until the 1979 revolution. But after this date, due to the policies of the new government, these activities were completely banned.<ref name="Tehran Culture" /> === Sports === {{See also|Sport in Iran}} Football and volleyball are the city's most popular sports, while wrestling, basketball, and futsal are also major parts of the city's sporting culture. Ice hockey and rugby are also popular in Tehran. [[List of ski areas and resorts in Iran|12 ski resorts]] operate in Iran, the most famous being [[Tochal Complex|Tochal]], [[Dizin]], and [[Shemshak (ski resort)|Shemshak]], all within one to three hours from the city of Tehran. [[Tochal]]'s resort is the world's fifth-highest ski resort at over {{convert|3730|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} above sea level at its highest point. It is also the world's nearest ski resort to a capital city. The resort was opened in 1976, shortly before the 1979 Revolution. It is equipped with an {{convert|8|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} gondola lift that covers a huge vertical distance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tochal.org/en/telecabin_introduction.asp |title=Lines of Telecabin |website=tochal.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121200006/http://www.tochal.org/en/telecabin_introduction.asp |archive-date=2008-11-21 }}</ref> There are two parallel chair ski lifts in Tochal that reach {{convert|3900|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high near Tochal's peak (at {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=x|/}}), rising higher than the gondola's seventh station, which is higher than any of the European ski resorts. From the Tochal peak, there are views of the [[Alborz]] range, including the {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-high}} [[Mount Damavand]], a dormant volcano. Tehran is the site of the [[Azadi Stadium|national stadium of Azadi]], the [[List of stadiums by capacity|biggest stadium by capacity]] in West Asia, where many of the top matches of Iran's Premier League are held. The stadium is a part of the [[Azadi Sport Complex]], which was originally built to host the [[1974 Asian Games|7th Asian Games]] in September 1974. This was the first time the Asian Games were hosted in West Asia. Tehran played host to 3,010 athletes from 25 countries/NOCs, which was at the time the highest number of participants since the inception of the Games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocasia.org/7AG.asp |title=TEHRAN 1974 |website=[[Olympic Council of Asia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711210717/http://www.ocasia.org/7AG.asp |archive-date=2006-07-11 }}</ref> That followed hosting the [[1976 AFC Asian Cup|6th AFC Asian Cup]] in June 1976, and then the first [[West Asian Games]] in November 1997. The success of the games led to the creation of the [[West Asian Games|West Asian Games Federation]] (WAGF), and the intention of hosting the games every two years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/westasiagames.html |title=West Asian Games |website=RSSSF |author=Stokkermans, Karel |date=January 22, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2007 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140852/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesw/westasiagames.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city had also hosted the final of the [[1968 AFC Asian Cup]]. Several [[FIVB Volleyball World League]] courses have also been hosted in Tehran.<gallery mode="packed"> File:Esteghlal Edges Past Persepolis 3-2 to Claim Tehran Derby-33.jpg|[[Tehran derby]] in [[Azadi Stadium]]. The match is considered one of the world's most intense derbies. File:Iran men's ice hockey league in Tehran.jpg|[[Ice hockey in Iran|Iran men's ice hockey league]] in Tehran File:Fitness training women M2 (babaea maryam Tehran 2018) 5.jpg|[[Horse riding]] in the west of the city File:مژگان بختیاری تی ار اکس ترینر و بدنساز حرفه ای بین المللی ایرانی در تمرینات استاندارد در باشگاه (5).jpg|One of the health clubs in the city File:Dizin, Iran.jpeg|[[Dizin]], Iran's largest ski resort, is located near Tehran. </gallery> === Food === {{See also|Iranian cuisine}} There are many restaurants and cafes in Tehran, both modern and classic, serving both Iranian and cosmopolitan cuisine. Pizzerias, [[sandwich bar]]s, and [[kebab shop]]s make up the majority of food shops in Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide |title=Tehran Food Guide |publisher=The City Lane |date=July 27, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2015 |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728235411/http://thecitylane.com/where-to-eat-in-tehran-food-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Graffiti === {{Main|Graffiti in Tehran}} Many styles of graffiti are seen in Tehran. Some are political and revolutionary slogans painted by governmental organizations,<ref name="graff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.equaltimes.org/the-fleeting-freedom-of-street-art |title=The fleeting freedom of street art in Tehran |author=Cheragh Abadi, Mehrnoush. |date=February 10, 2017 |publisher=Equal Times |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113011/https://www.equaltimes.org/the-fleeting-freedom-of-street-art |url-status=live }}</ref> and some are works of art by ordinary citizens, representing their views on both social and political issues. However, unsanctioned street art is forbidden in Iran,<ref name="graff"/> and such works are usually short-lived. During the [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests]], many graffiti works were created by people supporting the [[Iranian Green Movement|Green Movement]]. They were removed from the walls by the paramilitary [[Basij]] forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20100302-tehran-graffiti-war-green-movement-basij-militia-spray-paint-tags |title=Tehran's graffiti war |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=March 2, 2010 |access-date=November 19, 2014 |archive-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321154539/http://observers.france24.com/content/20100302-tehran-graffiti-war-green-movement-basij-militia-spray-paint-tags |url-status=dead }}</ref> In recent years, Tehran Municipality has been using graffiti in order to beautify the city. Several graffiti festivals have also taken place in Tehran, including the one organized by the [[Tehran University of Art]] in October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mediacenter.dw.de/persian/pictures/item/687955/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C/ |title=دانشگاه هنر میزبان فستیوال گرافیتی |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=fa |date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130911080951/http://mediacenter.dw.de/persian/pictures/item/687955/دانشگاه_هنر_میزبان_فستیوال_گرافیتی/ |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2018 }}</ref> ==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran}}{{Needs more references|section|date=September 2023}} Tehran is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name="twins">{{cite web|title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|website=isna.ir|publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency|language=fa|date=2018-03-21|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|url-status=live}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey *{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Baghdad]], Iraq *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China *{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brasília]], Brazil *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary *{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela *{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan *{{flagicon|PSE}} [[East Jerusalem]], Palestine *{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Havana]], Cuba *{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Kabul]], Afghanistan *{{flagicon|SUD}} [[Khartoum]], Sudan *{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|title=The Twin Cities of Oxford, Cambridge and London|url=https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/twin-cities-oxford-cambridge-london/|website=oxford-royale.com|publisher=Oxford Royale Academy|date=2017-02-16|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619210923/https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/twin-cities-oxford-cambridge-london/|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States *{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States *{{flagicon|PHL}} [[Manila]], Philippines *{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin towns of Minsk|url=https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|website=minsk.gov.by|publisher=Minsk|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909212350/https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia *{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pretoria]], South Africa *{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Sanaa]], Yemen *{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref>{{cite web|title=Gradovi pobratimi: Spisak|url=https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5778/gradovi-pobratimi-spisak|website=sarajevo.ba|publisher=Sarajevo|language=bs|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2019-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219160015/https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5778/gradovi-pobratimi-spisak|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia *{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia <!--Seoul, Istanbul, Paris - friendship, not twinning--> {{div col end}} ===Cooperation agreements=== Tehran cooperates with: *{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey<ref name="twins">{{cite web|title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|website=isna.ir|publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency|language=fa|date=2018-03-21|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France<ref name=twins/> *{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister and Friendship Cities|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy-information/international-exchange/sister-cities/|website=seoul.go.kr|publisher=Seoul|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2017-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705231232/http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy-information/international-exchange/sister-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> == See also == * [[Iran International Exhibitions Company]] * [[Islamic City Council of Tehran]] * [[List of people from Tehran]] * [[Tehran City Council (1968–1979)]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{See also|Timeline of Tehran#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Tehran}} * Emerson, Charles. ''1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War'' (2013) compares Tehran to 20 major world cities; pp. 309–24. == External links == {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage|Tehran}} {{EB1911 Poster|Teheran (province)}} {{EB1911 Poster|Teheran (city)}} * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Tehran%20Google%20maps&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl Google Map: Tehran] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170503163727/http://en.tehran.ir/ Tehran Municipality website] * [http://www.tehrangis.com/ Tehran Geographic Information Center] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114074909/http://tehranimages.org/ Tehranimages.] A photographic project focusing on neglected pieces of architecture in downtown Tehran, Iran. * [https://www.letsvisitpersia.com/must-see-in-tehran/ Must see in Tehran] {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Shiraz]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Capitals of Persia|Capital of Iran (Persia)]]|years=1795–current}} {{s-inc}} {{S-end}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles Related to Tehran |list = {{Tehran}} {{Navboxes |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|35|41|46|N|51|25|23|E|display=inline}}''' }} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} {{Tehran Province}} {{Tehran County}} {{Provincial capitals of Iran}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tehran| ]] [[Category:Capitals in Asia]] [[Category:Cities in Tehran province]] [[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]] [[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] [[Category:Populated places in Tehran County]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 615 -| area_metro_km2 = 2235 +| area_metro_km2 = 30000 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 ''Tehran, Environment & Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033007/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=97 |date=2015-11-17 }}. Tehran.ir.</ref> | elevation_m = 900 to 1830 | elevation_ft = 2952 to 6003 | population_footnotes = <ref>Urban population: Data for [[Tehran County]]. ~97.5% of county population live in Tehran city<br />Metro population: Estimate on base of census data, includes central part of Tehran province and [[Karaj County]] and [[Fardis]] from [[Alborz province]]</ref> -| population_urban = 9,039,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref> -| population_metro = 15,800,000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> +| population_urban = 9,039,000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref> +| population_metro = 15,800,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref> | population_est = 9,400,000 | pop_est_as_of = 2018 @@ -71,17 +71,17 @@ | population_blank1 = [[List of Iran cities by population|1st]] | population_demonym = Tehrani&nbsp;([[English language|en]]) -| population_density_km2 = 11,800 -| area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+98 21]] +| population_density_km2 = 11,0000000 +| area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+5313120620]] | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|BSk]] | website = [https://en.tehran.ir/ tehran.ir] | footnotes = -| timezone = [[Iran Time]] -| utc_offset = +03:30 +| timezone = [[london Time]] +| utc_offset = +09:30 | timezone_DST = (Not Observed) }} {{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}} -'''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]]. +'''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Skibidi}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]]. In the [[classical antiquity]], part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages (now [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]), a prominent [[Medes|Median]] city<ref>{{Cite book |author=Erdösy, George. |title=The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1995 |page=165 |quote=Possible western place names are the following: Raya-, which is also the ancient name of Median Raga in the Achaemenid inscriptions (Darius, Bisotun 2.13: ''a land in Media called Raga'') and modern Rey south of Tehran}}</ref> destroyed in the medieval [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab]], [[Oghuz Turks|Turkic]], and [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Mongol]] invasions. Modern Ray was absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran. '
New page size (new_size)
137909
Old page size (old_size)
137833
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
76
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => '| area_metro_km2 = 30000', 1 => '| population_urban = 9,039,000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref>', 2 => '| population_metro = 15,800,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref>', 3 => '| population_density_km2 = 11,0000000', 4 => '| area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+5313120620]]', 5 => '| timezone = [[london Time]]', 6 => '| utc_offset = +09:30', 7 => ''''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Skibidi}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]].' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '| area_metro_km2 = 2235', 1 => '| population_urban = 9,039,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد| title=Population of Tehran | access-date=2021-04-13 | archive-date=2021-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063520/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5496594/جمعیت-تهران-از-۹-میلیون-نفر-عبور-کرد | url-status=live }}</ref>', 2 => '| population_metro = 15,800,000<ref>{{Cite web | website=citypopulation.de|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|title = Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | date= 2018-09-13}}</ref>', 3 => '| population_density_km2 = 11,800', 4 => '| area_code = [[List of dialling codes in Iran|+98 21]]', 5 => '| timezone = [[Iran Time]]', 6 => '| utc_offset = +03:30', 7 => ''''Tehran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/z39pgu|title=Mourners in Tehran for Iran President Raisi's funeral procession|date=2024-05-22|language=en|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛəˈr|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|t|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-fa|تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|Tehrân}} {{IPA|fa|tehˈɾɒːn||Fa-ir-Tehran_(1).ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i|title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing|last=Marsi|first=Federica|date=2024-07-31|language=en|quote=Hamas says its political chief Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an Israeli missile attack in Iran’s capital, Tehran.|access-date=2024-08-17|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and largest city of [[Iran]]. In addition to serving as the capital of [[Tehran province]], the city is the administrative center for [[Tehran County]] and its [[Central District (Tehran County)|Central District]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Islamic Parliament Research Center|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 November 2014|id=Notification 8416/T133K|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=10 December 2014|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> With a population of around 9.4 million in the city, and 16.8 million in the metropolitan area, Tehran is the [[List of largest cities of Iran|most populous city]] in Iran and [[Western Asia]],<ref>''SI ee [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]].''</ref> the [[Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East|second-largest metropolitan area]] in the [[Middle East]] after [[Cairo]], and the 24th most populous metropolitan area in the world. [[Greater Tehran]] includes several municipalities, including [[Andisheh]], [[Eslamshahr]], [[Pakdasht]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]], and [[Shahriar, Tehran province|Shahriar]].' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1727609392'