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In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov. The two fell deeply in love.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=55{{ndash}}56}} In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the [[Kyiv University]]. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=64}}
In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov. The two fell deeply in love.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=55{{ndash}}56}} In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the [[Kyiv University]]. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=64}}


Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He returned to Kiev and volunteered for the [[Red Cross]], after which he then took a position as an undergraduate physician at hospital in [[Chernovtsy]].<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> After passing medical exams with special commendation, he was sent to frontline field hospitals in western Ukraine. In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}}
Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. Her mother opened a field hospital for wounded soldiers, where Bulgakov worked as a doctor.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}}{{sfn|Chudakova|1983|p=27}} The Bulgakovs returned to Kiev in the autumn.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}} In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the university, after which he volunteered for the [[Red Cross]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=71}} His wife volunteered as a nurse.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=27}} He first worked in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], then he was transferred to [[Chernivtsi]] in the same year.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=71{{ndash}}72}}<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}}


In 1917 he was transferred to the village of Vyazma, but later left for Moscow in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge, and also possibly to seek clinical help for his addiction. After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]], they returned to Kiev in February 1918.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times |date=2019 |publisher=Glagoslav Publications |isbn=978-1-78437-981-0 |pages=74–79}}</ref> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13. Here he lived through the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the [[White Army]] against the Bolsheviks.
In 1917 he was transferred to the village of Vyazma, but later left for Moscow in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge, and also possibly to seek clinical help for his addiction. After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]], they returned to Kiev in February 1918.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times |date=2019 |publisher=Glagoslav Publications |isbn=978-1-78437-981-0 |pages=74–79}}</ref> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13. Here he lived through the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the [[White Army]] against the Bolsheviks.

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'{{short description|Russian author and medical doctor (1891–1940)}} {{family name hatnote|Afanasyevich|[[Bulgakov]]|lang=Eastern Slavic}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox writer | name = Mikhail Bulgakov | image = Михаил-Булгаков.jpg | image_size = | caption = Bulgakov in 1928 | birth_name = Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Kyiv|Kiev]], [[Russian Empire]]}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|03|10|1891|05|15|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union |resting_place = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], Moscow | occupation = Novelist, short-story writer, playwright, physician | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Tatiana Lappa|1913|1924|end=divorce}} * {{marriage|Lubov Belozerskaya|1925|1931|end=divorce}} * {{marriage|Elena Shilovskaya<br>|1932}} }} | signature =Mikhail Bulgakov signature.svg | genre = Satire, fantasy, science fiction, historical fiction | notableworks = ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''<br />'' [[Heart of a Dog]] ''<br />'' [[The White Guard]] ''<br />''[[The Days of the Turbins]]''<br />''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' }} '''Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ʊ|l|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|k|ɒ|f}} {{respell|buul|GAH|kof}}; {{lang-rus|links=no|Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков|p=mʲɪxɐˈil ɐfɐˈnasʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʊlˈɡakəf}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bulgakov "Bulgakov"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} – 10 March 1940) was a Russian writer, medical doctor, and playwright. He is best known for his novel ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'',<ref name="NYT-20240216" /> published posthumously, which has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Master and Margarita: A graphic novel by Mikhail Bulgakov|newspaper=The Times|author=Mukherjee, Neel|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article3901149.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718183730/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article3901149.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2008|access-date=19 January 2009 | location=London | date=9 May 2008}}</ref> He is also known for his novel ''[[The White Guard]]''; his plays ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'', ''[[Flight (play)|Flight]]'' (also called ''The Run''), and ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]''; and other works of the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote mostly about the horrors of the [[Russian Civil War]] and about the fate of Russian intellectuals and officers of the [[White Army|Tsarist Army]] caught up in revolution and Civil War.<ref name="Bulgakov_britannica_com">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov Bulgakov's biography on britannica] subject of Bulgakov's works (main part of the text starts from the "novel Belaya gvardiya (The White Guard)..."</ref> Some of his works (''Flight'', all his works between the years 1922 and 1926, and others) were banned by the [[Soviet government]], and personally by [[Joseph Stalin]], after it was decided by them that they "glorified [[Evacuation of the Crimea|emigration]] and [[White movement|White]] generals".<ref name="BlgakovGlorifiedemigration_ru">[https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography] Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography</ref> On the other hand, Stalin loved ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]'' (also called '' The Turbin Brothers'') very much and reportedly saw it at least 15 times.<ref name="StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org">Shaternikova, Marianna. [https://www.chayka.org/node/1234 Why Did Stalin Loved The Days of the Turbuns.] Почему Сталин любил спектакль «Дни Турбиных». Опубликовано: 15 октября 2006 г.</ref><ref name="stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk">[https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard-6705761.html Stalin’s secret love affair with The White Guard] Stalin’s secret love affair with The White Guard</ref> ==Life and work== ===Early life=== [[File:Bulgakov House Moscow (3).jpg|thumb|Bulgakov House in Moscow. Bulgakov's novel ''Master and Margarita'' was written here.]] Mikhail Bulgakov was born on {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} in [[Kiev]], [[Kiev Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]], at 28 Vozdvishenskaya Street, into a Russian family, and baptized on {{OldStyleDate|18 May|1891|6 May}}.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=4}} He was the oldest of the seven children of {{ill|Afanasiy Bulgakov|ru|Булгаков, Афанасий Иванович}}{{snd}} a [[Table of Ranks|state councilor]], a professor at the [[Kiev Theological Academy]], as well as a prominent Russian [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] essayist, thinker and translator of religious texts. His mother was Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (''nee'' Pokrovskaya), a former teacher at a women's gymnasium.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=6{{ndash}}7}} The academician [[Nikolai Petrov (academician)|Nikolai Petrov]] was his godfather,{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=9}} while his godmother was his paternal grandmother, Olympiada.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=32}} Afanasiy Bulgakov was born in 1859 in [[Oryol Governorate]], where his father, Ivan Bulgakov, was a priest.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=31{{ndash}}32}} He first studied in a seminary in Oryol, and then studied in Kiev Theological Academy from 1881 to 1885, and was named a docent of the Academy in 1886.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=5{{ndash}}6}} Varvara Bulgakova was born in [[Karachev]]; her father, Mikhail Pokrovsky, was a priest.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=31-32}} According to Edythe C. Haber, in his "autobiographical remarks" Bulgakov stated that she was a descendant of [[Tartary|Tartar]] hordes, which supposedly influenced some of his works.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haber |first1=Edythe C. |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: The Early Years |date=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=70 |isbn=978-0-674-57418-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAYOu62zcVUC&q=tartar |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> Afanasiy and Varvara married in 1890.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=6}} Their other children were Vera (b. 1892), Nadezhda (b. 1893), Varvara (b. 1895), Nikolai (b. 1898), Ivan (b. 1900), and Yelena (b. 1902).{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=7}} All the children received a good education; they read the classics of Russian and European literature, studied music, and went to concerts. Mikhail played piano, sang baritone, and enjoyed opera. In particular, he enjoyed ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' by [[Gounod]]; according to his sister Nadezhda, he attended showings of ''Faust'' at least 40 times.{{sfn|Curtis|2019|pp=1{{ndash}}2}} At home, Mikhail and his siblings acted out plays that they enjoyed; the family also had a [[dacha]] in [[Bucha, Ukraine|Bucha]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=32{{ndash}}33}}{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=17}} In 1901, Bulgakov joined the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in [[Russian literature|Russian]] and [[European literature]] (his favourite authors at the time being [[Nikolay Gogol|Gogol]], [[Aleksander Pushkin|Pushkin]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]], [[Saltykov-Shchedrin]], and [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]), theatre and opera. The teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. After the death of his father in 1907, Mikhail's mother, a well-educated and extraordinarily diligent person, assumed responsibility for his education. After graduation from the Gymnasium in 1909,<ref name="timeline">{{cite web| url =http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html| title =Bulgakov timeline /Краткая хроника жизни и творчества М.А.Булгакова| publisher =www.m-a-bulgakov.ru| access-date =10 October 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111009010439/http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html| archive-date =9 October 2011}}</ref> Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of [[Kiev University]]. In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov. The two fell deeply in love.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=55{{ndash}}56}} In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the [[Kyiv University]]. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=64}} Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He returned to Kiev and volunteered for the [[Red Cross]], after which he then took a position as an undergraduate physician at hospital in [[Chernovtsy]].<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> After passing medical exams with special commendation, he was sent to frontline field hospitals in western Ukraine. In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}} In 1917 he was transferred to the village of Vyazma, but later left for Moscow in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge, and also possibly to seek clinical help for his addiction. After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]], they returned to Kiev in February 1918.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times |date=2019 |publisher=Glagoslav Publications |isbn=978-1-78437-981-0 |pages=74–79}}</ref> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13. Here he lived through the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the [[White Army]] against the Bolsheviks. In February 1919, he was mobilised as an army physician by the [[White Army]] and assigned to the Northern Caucasus. There, he became seriously ill with [[typhus]] and barely survived.<ref name="congress"/><ref>Vilensky, Yu, G., Bulgakov's doctor (1991) T. I. Borisova (ed.) Kiev. Zdorovie. pp. 99–103. {{ISBN|5-311-00639-0}}</ref> In the Caucasus, he started working as a journalist, but when he and others were invited to return as doctors by the French and German governments, Bulgakov was refused permission to leave Russia because of the typhus. That was when he last saw his family; after the Civil War and the rise of the Soviets most of his relatives emigrated to Paris. ===Career=== After his illness, Bulgakov abandoned his medical practice to pursue writing. In his autobiography, he recalled how he began: "Once in 1919 when I was traveling at night by train I wrote a short story. In the town where the train stopped, I took the story to the publisher of the newspaper who published the story".<ref name="congress"/> His first book was an [[almanac]] of [[feuilleton]]s called ''Future Perspectives'', written and published the same year. In December 1919, Bulgakov moved to [[Vladikavkaz]]. He wrote and saw his first two plays, ''Self Defence'' and ''The Turbin Brothers'', being produced for the city theater stage with great success.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="congress"/> [[File:Bulgakov1910s.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Bulgakov in the 1910s]] After travelling through the Caucasus, Bulgakov headed for Moscow, intending "to remain here forever". It was difficult to find work in the capital, but he was appointed secretary to the literary section of Glavpolitprosvet (Central Committee of the Republic for Political Education).<ref name="congress"/> In September 1921, Bulgakov and his wife settled near [[Patriarshy Ponds|Patriarch's Ponds]], on [[Bulgakov House (Moscow)|Bolshaya Sadovaya street, 10]] (now close to [[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya metro station]]). To make a living, he started working as a correspondent and [[feuilletons]] writer for the newspapers ''Gudok'', ''Krasnaia Panorama'' and ''Nakanune'', based in Berlin.<ref name="congress"/> For the almanac ''Nedra'', he wrote ''Diaboliad'', ''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' (1924), and ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' (1925), works that combined bitter satire and elements of science fiction and were concerned with the fate of a scientist and the misuse of his discovery. The most significant features of Bulgakov's satire, such as a skillful blending of fantastic and realistic elements, grotesque situations, and a concern with important ethical issues, had already taken shape; these features were developed further in his most famous novel. Between 1922 and 1926, Bulgakov wrote several plays (including ''[[Zoyka's Apartment]]''), none of which were allowed production at the time.<ref name="timeline"/> ''[[Flight (play)|The Run]]'', treating the horrors of a fratricidal war, was personally banned by [[Joseph Stalin]] after the Glavrepertkom (Department of Repertoire) decided that it "glorified emigration and [[White movement|White]] generals".<ref name="congress"/> In 1924, Bulgakov divorced his first wife and the next year married Lyubov Belozerskaya. When one of Moscow's theatre directors severely criticised Bulgakov, Stalin personally protected him, saying that a writer of Bulgakov's quality was above "party words" like "left" and "right".<ref>[[Simon Sebag Montefiore]], p. 110. swedish edition of ''Stalin: The Red Tsar and His Court''.</ref> Stalin found work for the playwright at a small Moscow theatre, and next the [[Moscow Art Theatre]] (MAT). Bulgakov's first major work was the novel ''[[The White Guard]]'' (Belaya gvardiya [Белая гвардия]), serialized in 1925 but never published in book form.<ref name="Bulgakov's_first_work_britannika">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov Mikhail Bulgakov's biography on britannica] Bulgakov's first work was Belaya gvardiya (The White Guard)</ref> On 5 October 1926, ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]'', the play which continued the theme of ''The White Guard'' (the fate of Russian intellectuals and officers of the Tsarist Army caught up in revolution and Civil war) was premiered at the MAT.<ref name="timeline"/> Stalin liked it very much and reportedly saw it at least 15 times.<ref name="StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org"/><ref name="stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk"/> His plays ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'' (Иван Васильевич), ''Don Quixote'' (Дон Кихот) and ''Last Days'' (Последние дни [Poslednie Dni], also called ''Pushkin'') were banned. The premier of another, [[The Cabal of Hypocrites|''Moliėre'' (also known as ''The Cabal of Hypocrites'')]], about the [[Molière|French dramatist]] in which Bulgakov plunged "into fairy Paris of the XVII century", received bad reviews in ''[[Pravda]]'' and the play was withdrawn from the theater repertoire.<ref name="congress"/> In 1928, ''Zoyka's Apartment'' and ''The Purple Island'' were staged in Moscow; both comedies were accepted by the public with great enthusiasm, but critics again gave them bad reviews.<ref name="congress"/> By March 1929, Bulgakov's career was ruined when Government censorship stopped the publication of any of his work and his plays.<ref name="timeline"/> In despair, Bulgakov first wrote a personal letter to Joseph Stalin (July 1929), then on 28 March 1930, a letter to the Soviet government.<ref name="letter">{{cite web | url =http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/b_letter.txt| script-title=ru:Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков. Письмо правительству СССР| publisher = lib.ru/Новый мир, 1987, N8.| access-date = 10 October 2011|language=ru}}</ref> He requested permission to emigrate if the Soviet Union could not find use for him as a writer.<ref name="congress"/> In his autobiography, Bulgakov claimed to have written to Stalin out of desperation and mental anguish, never intending to post the letter. He received a phone call directly from the Soviet leader, who asked the writer whether he really desired to leave the Soviet Union. Bulgakov replied that a Russian writer cannot live outside of his homeland. Stalin gave him permission to continue working at the Art Theater; on 10 May 1930,<ref name="timeline"/> he re-joined the theater, as stage director's assistant. Later he adapted [[Gogol]]'s ''[[Dead Souls]]'' for stage. In 1932, Bulgakov married for the third time, to Yelena Shilovskaya, who would prove to be inspiration for the character Margarita in his most famous novel, on which he started working in 1928.<ref name="congress"/> During the last decade of his life, Bulgakov continued to work on ''The Master and Margarita'', wrote plays, critical works, and stories and made several translations and dramatisations of novels. Many of them were not published, others were "torn to pieces" by critics. Much of his work (ridiculing the Soviet system) stayed in his desk drawer for several decades. The refusal of the authorities to let him work in the theatre and his desire to see his family who were living abroad, whom he had not seen for many years, led him to seek drastic measures{{Clarify|date=February 2011}}. Despite his new work, the projects he worked on at the theatre were often prohibited, and he was stressed and unhappy. ===Last years=== In the late 1930s, he joined the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] as a [[librettist]] and consultant. He left after perceiving that none of his works would be produced there. Stalin's favor protected Bulgakov from arrests and execution, but he could not get his writing published. His novels and dramas were subsequently banned and, for the second time, Bulgakov's career as playwright was ruined. When his last play ''Batum'' (1939), a complimentary portrayal of Stalin's early revolutionary days,<ref name="az_lib_batum">{{cite web |url=http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/batum.txt | title = Батум. Комментарии | publisher= lib.ru| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> was banned before rehearsals, Bulgakov requested permission to leave the country but was refused. [[File:Bulgakov Grave April 2015.jpg|thumb|upright|Gravestone of Mikhail Bulgakov and [[Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova|Elena Bulgakova]]]] In poor health, Bulgakov devoted his last years to what he called his "sunset" novel. The years 1937 to 1939 were stressful for Bulgakov, veering from glimpses of optimism, believing the publication of his masterpiece could still be possible, to bouts of depression, when he felt as if there were no hope. On 15 June 1938, when the manuscript was nearly finished, Bulgakov wrote in a letter to his wife: <blockquote>"In front of me 327 pages of the manuscript (about 22 chapters). The most important remains – editing, and it's going to be hard, I will have to pay close attention to details. Maybe even re-write some things... 'What's its future?' you ask? I don't know. Possibly, you will store the manuscript in one of the drawers, next to my 'killed' plays, and occasionally it will be in your thoughts. Then again, you don't know the future. My own judgement of the book is already made and I think it truly deserves being hidden away in the darkness of some chest..."</blockquote> In 1939, Mikhail Bulgakov organized a private reading of ''The Master and Margarita'' to his close circle of friends. [[Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova|Elena Bulgakova]] remembered 30 years later, "When he finally finished reading that night, he said: 'Well, tomorrow I am taking the novel to the publisher!' and everyone was silent", "...Everyone sat paralyzed. Everything scared them. P. (P. A. Markov, in charge of the literature division of MAT) later at the door fearfully tried to explain to me that trying to publish the novel would cause terrible things", she wrote in her diary (14 May 1939). In the last month of his life, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at his bedside. On 10 March 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died from [[nephrotic syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zilberstein|first1=Gleb|last2=Maor|first2=Uriel|last3=Baskin|first3=Emmanuil|last4=D'Amato|first4=Alfonsina|last5=Righetti|first5=Pier Giorgio|title=Unearthing Bulgakov's trace proteome from the Master i Margarita manuscript|journal=Journal of Proteomics|volume=152|pages=102–108|doi=10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.019|pmid=27989937|year=2016}}</ref> (an inherited kidney disorder). His father had died of the same disease, and from his youth Bulgakov had guessed his future mortal diagnosis. On 11 March, a [[civil funeral]] was held in the building of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]]. Before the funeral, the Moscow sculptor [[Sergey Merkurov]] removed the [[death mask]] from his face. He was buried in the [[Novodevichy Cemetery]] in Moscow. ==Works== {{category see also|Works by Mikhail Bulgakov}} During his life, Bulgakov was best known for the plays he contributed to [[Konstantin Stanislavski]]'s and [[Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko|Nemirovich-Danchenko]]'s Moscow Art Theatre. Stalin was known to be fond of the play ''[[Days of the Turbins]]'' (Дни Турбиных, 1926), which was based on Bulgakov's novel ''[[The White Guard]]''. His dramatization of [[Molière]]'s life in ''[[The Cabal of Hypocrites]]'' (Кабала святош, 1936) is still performed by the Moscow Art Theatre. Even after his plays were banned from the theatres, Bulgakov wrote a comedy about [[Ivan the Terrible]]'s visit into 1930s [[Moscow]]. His play ''Batum'' (Батум, 1939) about the early years of Stalin was prohibited by the premier himself. Bulgakov later reflected his experience of being a Soviet playwright in ''[[Theatrical Novel]]'' (Театральный роман, 1936, unfinished). Bulgakov began writing novels with ''[[The White Guard]]'' (Белая гвардия) (1923, partly published in 1925, first full edition 1927–1929, Paris) – a novel about a life of a [[White Army]] officer's family in [[Ukrainian Civil War (1917–1921)|civil war]] [[Kiev]]. In the mid-1920s, he came to admire the works of [[Alexander Belyaev]] and [[H. G. Wells]] and wrote several stories and novellas with elements of [[science fiction]], notably ''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' (Роковые яйца) (1924) and ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' (Собачье сердце) (1925). He intended to compile his stories of the mid-twenties (published mostly in medical journals) that were based on his work as a country doctor in 1916–1918 into a collection titled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook|Notes of a Young Doctor]]'' (Записки юного врача), but the book came out only in 1963.<ref name="lit-arts-med-db">{{cite web|url=http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=207|title=Literature Annotations: Bulgakov, Mikhail – A Country Doctor's Notebook|last=Coulehan|first=Jack|date=9 November 1999|work=Literature Arts and Medicine Database|publisher=[[New York University]]|access-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' tells of the events of a Professor Persikov, who, in experimentation with eggs, discovers a red ray that accelerates growth in living organisms. At the time, an illness passes through the chickens of Moscow, killing most of them, and to remedy the situation, the Soviet government puts the ray into use at a farm. Due to a mix-up in egg shipments, the Professor ends up with chicken eggs, while the government-run farm receives the shipment of ostrich, snake and crocodile eggs ordered by the Professor. The mistake is not discovered until the eggs produce giant monstrosities that wreak havoc in the suburbs of Moscow and kill most of the workers on the farm. The propaganda machine turns on Persikov, distorting his nature in the same way his "innocent" tampering created the monsters. This tale of a bungling government earned Bulgakov his label of counter-revolutionary. ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' features a professor who implants human testicles and a [[pituitary gland]] into a dog named Sharik (means "Little Balloon" or "Little Ball" – a popular Russian nickname for a male dog). The dog becomes more and more human as time passes, resulting in all manner of chaos. The tale can be read as a critical satire of liberal nihilism and the communist mentality. It contains a few bold hints to the communist leadership; e.g. the name of the drunkard donor of the human organ implants is Chugunkin {{efn|The surname Chugunkin comes from "chugunka" is an informal term for railroad called so because the rails were made from [[cast iron]], ''chugun'' in Russian}} which can be seen as a parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel). It was adapted as a comic [[opera]] called ''The Murder of Comrade Sharik'' by [[William Bergsma]] in 1973. In 1988, an award-winning film version ''[[Heart of a Dog (1988 film)|Sobachye Serdtse]]'' was produced by [[Lenfilm]], starring [[Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev]], Roman Kartsev and [[Vladimir Tolokonnikov]]. == ''The Master and Margarita'' == {{main|The Master and Margarita}} [[File:1991 CPA PC 221.jpg|thumb|right|Soviet postal stamp: prepaid postcard of 1991]] The novel ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' is a critique of Soviet society and its literary establishment. The work is appreciated for its philosophical undertones and for its high artistic level, thanks to its picturesque descriptions (especially of old Jerusalem), lyrical fragments and style. It is a [[frame narrative]] involving two characteristically related time periods, or plot lines: a retelling in Bulgakov's interpretation of the [[New Testament]] and a description of contemporary Moscow. The novel begins with [[Satan]] visiting Moscow in the 1930s, joining a conversation between a critic and a poet debating the most effective method of denying the existence of [[Jesus Christ]]. It develops into an all-embracing indictment of the corruption of communism and Soviet Russia. A story within the story portrays the interrogation of Jesus Christ by [[Pontius Pilate]] and the [[Crucifixion]]. It became the best known novel by Bulgakov. He began writing it in 1928, but the novel was finally published by his widow only in 1966, twenty-six years after his death. The book contributed a number of sayings to the Russian language, for example, "Manuscripts don't burn" and "second-grade freshness". A destroyed manuscript of the Master is an important element of the plot. Bulgakov had to rewrite the novel from memory after he burned the draft manuscript in 1930, as he could not see a future as a writer in the Soviet Union at a time of widespread political repression. ==Legacy== ===Exhibitions and museums=== *Several displays at the [[One Street Museum]] are dedicated to Bulgakov's family. Among the items presented in the museum are original photos of Mikhail Bulgakov, books and his personal belongings, and a window frame from the house where he lived. The museum also keeps scientific works of Prof. Afanasiy Bulgakov, Mikhail's father. ====Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv==== The [[Mikhail Bulgakov Museum]] (Bulgakov House) in [[Kyiv]] has been converted to a literary museum with some rooms devoted to the writer, as well as some to his works.<ref>Inna Konchakovskaia (1902–85) a daughter of the owner (who had become a hero of Bulgakov's novel) and niece of composer [[Witold Maliszewski]] preserved the house during hard soviet times. [http://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/culture/ukrainian-page-maestro-maliszewski]</ref> This was his family home, the model for the house of the Turbin family in his play ''The Days of the Turbins''. ====The Bulgakov Museums in Moscow==== In Moscow, two museums honour the memory of Mikhail Bulgakov and ''The Master and Margarita''. Both are situated in Bulgakov's old apartment building on Bolshaya Sadovaya street nr. 10, in which parts of ''The Master and Margarita'' are set. Since the 1980s, the building has become a gathering spot for Bulgakov's fans, as well as Moscow-based [[Satanist]] groups, and had various kinds of [[graffiti]] scrawled on the walls. The numerous paintings, quips, and drawings were completely whitewashed in 2003. Previously the best drawings were kept as the walls were repainted, so that several layers of different colored paints could be seen around the best drawings.<ref>Stephen, Chris (5 February 2005). "Devil-worshippers target famous writer's Moscow flat". The Irish Times. Page 9.</ref> There is a rivalry between the two museums, mainly maintained by the later established official Museum M.A. Bulgakov, which invariably presents itself as "the first and only Memorial Museum of Mikhail Bulgakov in Moscow".<ref>{{cite news |title=About the museum | url=http://www.bulgakovmuseum.ru/en/about |author=Galtseva, Elina |publisher=Museum M.A. Bulgakov }}</ref> =====The Bulgakov House===== {{main|Bulgakov House (Moscow)}} The [[Bulgakov House (Moscow)|Bulgakov House]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Музей – театр "Булгаковский Дом") is situated at the ground floor. This museum has been established as a private initiative on 15 May 2004. The ''Bulgakov House'' contains personal belongings, photos, and several exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. Various poetic and literary events are often held, and excursions to ''Bulgakov's Moscow'' are organised, some of which are animated with living characters of ''The Master and Margarita''. The ''Bulgakov House'' also runs the ''Theatre M.A. Bulgakov'' with 126 seats, and the ''Café 302-bis''. =====The Museum M.A. Bulgakov===== {{main|Bulgakov Museum in Moscow}} In the same building, in apartment number 50 on the fourth floor, is a second museum that keeps alive the memory of Bulgakov, the [[Bulgakov Museum in Moscow|Museum M.A. Bulgakov]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Музей М. А. Булгаков). This second museum is a government initiative, and was founded on 26 March 2007. The Museum M.A. Bulgakov contains personal belongings, photos, and several exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. Various poetic and literary events are often held. [[image:Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG|thumb|right|Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv]] ===Other places named after him=== *A [[minor planet]], [[3469 Bulgakov]], discovered by the Soviet astronomer [[Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina]] in 1982, is named after him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|author=Schmadel, Lutz|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783540002383|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&q=3461+Mandelshtam+1977}}</ref> ===Works inspired by him === ====Literature==== *[[Salman Rushdie]] said that ''The Master and Margarita'' was an inspiration for his novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP1WooscOEC&q=Salman+Rushdie+%27%27The+Master+and+Margarita%27%27+satanic&pg=PA232|title=Bulgakov: the novelist-playwright|editor=Lesley Milne|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|page=232|isbn=978-3-7186-5619-6}}</ref> *[[John Hodge (screenwriter)|John Hodge]]'s play ''[[Collaborators (play)|Collaborators]]'' (2011) is a fictionalized account of the relationship between Bulgakov and [[Joseph Stalin]], inspired by ''The Days of the Turbins'' and ''The White Guard.'' ====Music==== *According to [[Mick Jagger]], ''Master and Margarita'' was part of the inspiration for [[The Rolling Stones]]' "[[Sympathy for the Devil]]" (1968). <ref>{{cite news |last1=Gittins |first1=Ian |title=Sympathy for the Devil — when Mick Jagger dabbled in the occult |url=https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/sympathy-for-the-devil.html |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=9 August 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> *The lyrics of [[Pearl Jam]]'s song "Pilate", featured on their album ''[[Yield (album)|Yield]]'' (1998), were inspired by ''Master and Margarita''.<ref name="Pearl Jam FAQ">{{cite book|last1=Harkins|first1=Thomas|last2=Corbett|first2=Bernard|title=Pearl Jam FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Seattle's Most Enduring Band|date=2016|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation}}</ref> The lyrics were written by the band's bassist [[Jeff Ament]]. *[[Alex Kapranos]] from Franz Ferdinand-based "Love and Destroy" on the same book. ====Film==== *''[[The Flight (film)|The Flight]]'' (1970) — a two-part historical drama based on Bulgakov's ''[[Flight (play)|Flight]]'', ''[[The White Guard]]'' and ''Black Sea''. It was the first Soviet adaptation of Bulgakov's writings directed by [[Aleksandr Alov]] and [[Vladimir Naumov]], with Bulgakov's third wife Elena Bulgakova credited as a "literary consultant". The film was officially selected for the [[1971 Cannes Film Festival]]. *''[[The Master and Margaret (1972 film)|The Master and Margaret]]'' (1972) — a joint Yugoslav-Italian drama directed by [[Aleksandar Petrović (film director)|Aleksandar Petrović]], the first adaptation of the novel of the same name, along with ''Pilate and Others''. It was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[45th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee. *''[[Pilate and Others]]'' (1972) — a German TV drama directed by [[Andrzej Wajda]], it was also a loose adaptation of ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' novel. The film focused on the biblical part of the story, and the action was moved to the modern-day [[Frankfurt]]. *''[[Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future]]'' (1973) — an adaptation of Bulgakov's science fiction/comedy play ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'' about an unexpected visit of [[Ivan the Terrible]] to the modern-day Moscow. It was directed by one of the leading Soviet comedy directors [[Leonid Gaidai]]. With 60.7 million viewers on the year of release it became the 17th most popular film ever produced in the USSR.<ref>[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/top/lists/184/ Soviet box office leaders] at [[KinoPoisk]]</ref> *''[[Cuore di cane|Dog's Heart]]'' (1976) — a joint Italian-German science fiction/comedy film directed by [[Alberto Lattuada]]. It was the first adaptation of the ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' satirical novel about an old scientist who tries to grow a man out of a dog. *''[[The Days of the Turbins (1976 film)|The Days of the Turbins]]'' (1976) — a three-part Soviet TV drama directed by [[Vladimir Basov]]. It was an adaptation of the [[The Days of the Turbins|play of the same name]] which, at the same time, was Bulgakov's stage adaptation of ''The White Guard'' novel. *''[[Heart of a Dog (1988 film)|Heart of a Dog]]'' (1988) — a Soviet black-and-white TV film directed by [[Vladimir Bortko]], the second adaptation of the novel of the same name. Unlike the previous version, this film follows the original text closely, while also introducing characters, themes and dialogues featured in other Bulgakov's writings. *''[[The Master and Margarita (1988 TV series)|The Master and Margarita]]'' (1989) — a Polish TV drama in four parts directed by [[Maciej Wojtyszko]]. It was noted by critics as a very faithful adaptation of the original novel. *''After the Revolution'' (1990) – a feature-length film created by András Szirtes, a Hungarian filmmaker, using a simple video camera, from 1987 to 1989. It is a very loose adaptation, but for all that, it is explicitly based on Bulgakov's novel, in a thoroughly experimental way. What you see in this film is documentary-like scenes shot in Moscow and Budapest, and New York, and these scenes are linked to the novel by some explicit links, and by these, the film goes beyond the level of being but a visual documentary which would only have reminded the viewer of The Master and Margarita. *''[[Incident in Judaea]]'', a 1991 film by Paul Bryers for Channel 4, focussing on the biblical parts of The Master and Margarita. *''[[The Master and Margarita (1994 film)|The Master and Margarita]]'' (1994) — Russian film directed by [[Yuri Kara]] in 1994 and released to public only in 2011. Known for a long, troubled post-production due to the director's resistance to cut about 80 minutes of the film on the producers' request, as well as copyright claims from the descendants of [[Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova|Elena Bulgakova]] (Shilovskaya). *''[[The Master and Margarita (miniseries)|The Master and Margarita]]'' (2005) — Russian TV mini-series directed by Vladimir Bortko and his second adaptation of Bulgakov's writings. Screened for [[Russia-1]], it was seen by 40 million viewers on its initial release, becoming the most popular Russian TV series.<ref>[http://mignews.com/news/interview/cis/180206_192635_56773.html Vladimir Bortko about The Master and Margarita] interview to the MIGNnews.com website (in Russian)</ref> *''[[Morphine (film)|Morphine]]'' (2008) — Russian film directed by [[Aleksei Balabanov]] loosely based on Bulgakov's autobiographical short stories ''Morphine'' and ''[[A Country Doctor's Notebook]]''. The screenplay was written by Balabanov's friend and regular collaborator [[Sergei Bodrov, Jr.]] before his tragic death in 2002. *''[[The White Guard (TV series)|The White Guard]]'' (2012) — Russian TV mini-series produced by [[Russia-1]]. The film was shot in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Kyiv]] and released to mostly negative reviews. In 2014 the [[Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Ministry of Culture]] banned the distribution of the film, claiming that it shows "contempt for the Ukrainian language, people and state".<ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/news/ukraine-bans-russian-films-for-distorting-historical-facts-37767 Ukraine Bans Russian Films for Distorting Historical Facts] by [[Moscow Times]], 29 July 2014.</ref> *''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook (TV series)|A Young Doctor's Notebook]]'' (2012–2013) — British mini-series produced by [[BBC]], with [[Jon Hamm]] and [[Daniel Radcliffe]] playing main parts. Unlike the Morphine film by Aleksei Balabanov that mixed drama and thriller, this version of ''A Country Doctor's Notebook'' was made as a [[black comedy]]. * ''[[The Master and Margarita (2024 film)|The Master and Margarita]]''. (2024) − Film directed by [[Michael Lockshin (film director)|Michael Lockshin]].<ref name="NYT-20240216">{{cite news |last=Sonne |first=Paul |title=Life Imitates Art as a 'Master and Margarita' Movie Stirs Russia - An American director's adaptation of the beloved novel is resonating with moviegoers, who may recognize some similarities in its satire of authoritarian rule. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/movies/master-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html |date=February 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240216060706/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/movies/master-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html |archivedate=February 16, 2024 |accessdate=February 19, 2024 }}</ref> ==Medical eponym== After graduating from the Medical School in 1909, he spent the early days of his career as a venereologist, rather than pursuing his goal of being a pediatrician, as [[syphilis]] was highly prevalent during those times. It was during those early years that he described the symptoms and characteristics of syphilis affecting the bones. He described the abnormal and concomitant change of the outline of the crests of the shin-bones with a pathological worm-eaten like appearance and creation of abnormal osteophytes in the bones of those suffering from later stages of syphilis. This became known as "Bulgakov's Sign" and is commonly used in the former Soviet states, but is known as the "Bandy Legs Sign" in the west.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Surgical Diagnosis|author=Johnson, A.B.|date=1911|volume=1|publisher=D. Appleton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeFaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA570|page=570|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Mikhail Bulgakov: A Critical Biography|author=Milne, L.|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521227285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sC8FKXBgrkgC&pg=PA136|page=136}}</ref> ==Bibliography== {{Main|Mikhail Bulgakov bibliography}} {{category see also|Works by Mikhail Bulgakov}} === Novels === *''[[The White Guard]]'' (1925/1975) *''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' (1940/1967) *''[[Theatrical Novel]]'' (1936/1967, aka ''Black Snow'') === Novellas and short stories === * ''[[Notes on the Cuffs]]'' (1923) *''[[Diaboliad]]'' (1924) *''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' (1925) *''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]'' (1926/1963) *''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' (1925/1968) * "[[Morphine (short story)|Morphine]]" (1927) * "[[The Murderer (Bulgakov story)|The Murderer]]" (1928) ---- *''Great Soviet Short Stories'' (1962) *''The Terrible News: Russian Stories from the Years Following the Revolution'' (1990) *''Diaboliad and Other Stories'' (1990) *''Notes on the Cuff & Other Stories'' (1991) *''The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, 1918–1963'' (1993) ===Theatre=== * ''[[Zoyka's Apartment]]'' (1925) * ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]'' (1926) * ''[[Flight (play)|Flight]]'' (1927) * ''[[The Cabal of Hypocrites]]'' (1929) * ''[[Adam and Eve (play)|Adam and Eve]]'' (1931) * ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'' (1936) ===Biography=== *''Life of M. de Molière'', 1962 ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Sources referenced=== *{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Julie A. E. |title=A reader's companion to Mikhail Bulgakov's The master and Margarita |date=2019 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |location=Boston (Mass.) |isbn=9781644690796 |access-date=4 December 2024 |doi=10.1515/9781644690796 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781644690796/html}}</ref> *{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |author1-link=Marietta Chudakova |title=Жизнеописание Михаила Булгакова |trans-title=The Life and Times of Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2023 |publisher=Azbuka-Atticus Publishing Group LLC |location=Moscow |language=ru}} *{{cite book|last=Yanovskaya|first=Lidiya |date=1983|title=Творческий путь Михаила Булгакова |trans-title=The Creative Path of Mikhail Bulgakov |lang=ru|publisher=[[Sovetsky Pisatel]] |url=https://archive.org/embed/1983_20240528_202405 |via=Archive.org}} ==Sources== * Voronina, Olga G., ''[http://www.mhra.org.uk/publications/Depicting-Divine Depicting the Divine: Mikhail Bulgakov and Thomas Mann]'', Studies In Comparative Literature, 47 (Cambridge: Legenda, 2019). *[http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:10059/SOURCE02 Townsend, Dorian Aleksandra, ''From Upyr' to Vampire: The Slavic Vampire Myth in Russian Literature'', Ph.D. Dissertation, School of German and Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, May 2011.] === Biographies of Bulgakov === *[[Marietta Chudakova|Chudakova, Marietta]]. 2019, ''Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times''. Glagoslav Publications. *Curtis, J.A.E., 2017. ''Critical Lives''. Reaktion Books *Michalopoulos, Dimitris, 2014, ''Russia under Communism: Bulgakov, his Life and his Book'', Saarbruecken: Lambert Academic Publishing. {{ISBN|978-3-659-53121-7}} *Drawitz, Andrzey 2001. ''The Master and the Devil''. transl. Kevin Windle, New York: Edwin Mellen. *[[Edythe Haber|Haber, Edythe C]]. 1998. ''Mikhail Bulgakov, the early years''. Harvard University Press. *Milne, Leslie 1990. ''Mikhail Bulgakov: a critical biography''. Cambridge University *Press. *Proffer, Ellendea 1984. ''Bulgakov: life and work''. Ann Arbor: Ardis. *Proffer, Ellendea 1984. ''A pictorial biography of Mikhail Bulgakov''. Ann Arbor: Ardis. *Wright, Colin 1978. Mikhail Bulgakov: life and interpretation. University of Toronto Press. === Letters, memoirs === *Belozerskaya-Bulgakova, Lyubov 1983. ''My life with Mikhail Bulgakov''. transl. Margareta Thompson, Ann Arbor: Ardis. *Cockrell, Roger. 2013. ''Diaries and Selected Letters''. transl. Roger Cockrell. United Kingdom: Alma Classics. {{ISBN|978-1847496058}} *Curtis J.A.E. 1991. ''Manuscripts don't burn: Mikhail Bulgakov: a life in letters and diaries''. London: Bloomsbury. *Vozvdvizhensky, Vyacheslav (ed) 1990. ''Mikhail Bulgakov and his times: memoirs, letters''. transl. Liv Tudge, Moscow: Progress. *Vanhellemont, Jan, 2020, ''The Master and Margarita - Annotations per chapter'', Vanhellemont, Leuven, Belgium, 257 pp., {{ISBN|978-9-081853-32-3}}, https://www.masterandmargarita.eu/en/10estore/bookse.html . ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Mikhail Bulgakov}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mikhail Bulgakov}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093139/http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/master97_engl.txt Full English text of The Master and Margarita] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110428194011/http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/dogheart_engl.txt Full English text of The Heart of a Dog] *[http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/eggs_engl.txt Full English text of The Fatal Eggs] *[http://russiasgreatwar.org/media/culture/bulgakov.shtml Full English translation of "Future Prospects" and "In the Café"] *[http://www.masterandmargarita.eu/ ''Master and Margarita''] profile and resources *[[Chris Hedges]], [http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/welcome_to_satans_ball_20140309 Welcome to Satan's Ball], [[Truthdig]], 10 March 2014. A comparison of the Soviet society described in ''Master and Margarita'' and modern society in the United States and Russia *[https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography], [[Library of Congress]], European Reading Room *[http://www.sovlit.net/gudok/ "Remembering Gudok" by M.Bulgakov.] {from SovLit.net} *{{IMDb name|119888|Mikhail A. Bulgakov}} * {{LCAuth|n79056735|Mikhail Bulgakov|180|ue}} {{Mikhail Bulgakov|state=expanded}} {{The Master and Margarita}} {{Modernism}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulgakov, Mikhail}} [[Category:Mikhail Bulgakov| ]] [[Category:1891 births]] [[Category:1940 deaths]] [[Category:Writers from Kyiv]] [[Category:Physicians from Kyiv]] [[Category:Theatre people from Kyiv]] [[Category:People from Kiev Governorate]] [[Category:Russian male novelists]] [[Category:Russian satirists]] [[Category:Russian satirical novelists]] [[Category:Russian male dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:Magic realism writers]] [[Category:Russian surgeons]] [[Category:Russian medical writers]] [[Category:People of the Russian Civil War]] [[Category:Russian male short story writers]] [[Category:Russian military doctors]] [[Category:Russian science fiction writers]] [[Category:Soviet novelists]] [[Category:Soviet male writers]] [[Category:20th-century Russian male writers]] [[Category:Soviet short story writers]] [[Category:20th-century Russian short story writers]] [[Category:Soviet dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:Moscow Art Theatre]] [[Category:Modernist writers]] [[Category:Russian fantasy writers]] [[Category:Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni]] [[Category:Deaths from nephritis]] [[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]] [[Category:20th-century Russian dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:20th-century Russian novelists]]'
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'{{short description|Russian author and medical doctor (1891–1940)}} {{family name hatnote|Afanasyevich|[[Bulgakov]]|lang=Eastern Slavic}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox writer | name = Mikhail Bulgakov | image = Михаил-Булгаков.jpg | image_size = | caption = Bulgakov in 1928 | birth_name = Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Kyiv|Kiev]], [[Russian Empire]]}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|03|10|1891|05|15|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union |resting_place = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], Moscow | occupation = Novelist, short-story writer, playwright, physician | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Tatiana Lappa|1913|1924|end=divorce}} * {{marriage|Lubov Belozerskaya|1925|1931|end=divorce}} * {{marriage|Elena Shilovskaya<br>|1932}} }} | signature =Mikhail Bulgakov signature.svg | genre = Satire, fantasy, science fiction, historical fiction | notableworks = ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''<br />'' [[Heart of a Dog]] ''<br />'' [[The White Guard]] ''<br />''[[The Days of the Turbins]]''<br />''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' }} '''Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ʊ|l|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|k|ɒ|f}} {{respell|buul|GAH|kof}}; {{lang-rus|links=no|Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков|p=mʲɪxɐˈil ɐfɐˈnasʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʊlˈɡakəf}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bulgakov "Bulgakov"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} – 10 March 1940) was a Russian writer, medical doctor, and playwright. He is best known for his novel ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'',<ref name="NYT-20240216" /> published posthumously, which has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Master and Margarita: A graphic novel by Mikhail Bulgakov|newspaper=The Times|author=Mukherjee, Neel|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article3901149.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718183730/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article3901149.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2008|access-date=19 January 2009 | location=London | date=9 May 2008}}</ref> He is also known for his novel ''[[The White Guard]]''; his plays ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'', ''[[Flight (play)|Flight]]'' (also called ''The Run''), and ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]''; and other works of the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote mostly about the horrors of the [[Russian Civil War]] and about the fate of Russian intellectuals and officers of the [[White Army|Tsarist Army]] caught up in revolution and Civil War.<ref name="Bulgakov_britannica_com">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov Bulgakov's biography on britannica] subject of Bulgakov's works (main part of the text starts from the "novel Belaya gvardiya (The White Guard)..."</ref> Some of his works (''Flight'', all his works between the years 1922 and 1926, and others) were banned by the [[Soviet government]], and personally by [[Joseph Stalin]], after it was decided by them that they "glorified [[Evacuation of the Crimea|emigration]] and [[White movement|White]] generals".<ref name="BlgakovGlorifiedemigration_ru">[https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography] Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography</ref> On the other hand, Stalin loved ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]'' (also called '' The Turbin Brothers'') very much and reportedly saw it at least 15 times.<ref name="StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org">Shaternikova, Marianna. [https://www.chayka.org/node/1234 Why Did Stalin Loved The Days of the Turbuns.] Почему Сталин любил спектакль «Дни Турбиных». Опубликовано: 15 октября 2006 г.</ref><ref name="stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk">[https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard-6705761.html Stalin’s secret love affair with The White Guard] Stalin’s secret love affair with The White Guard</ref> ==Life and work== ===Early life=== [[File:Bulgakov House Moscow (3).jpg|thumb|Bulgakov House in Moscow. Bulgakov's novel ''Master and Margarita'' was written here.]] Mikhail Bulgakov was born on {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} in [[Kiev]], [[Kiev Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]], at 28 Vozdvishenskaya Street, into a Russian family, and baptized on {{OldStyleDate|18 May|1891|6 May}}.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=4}} He was the oldest of the seven children of {{ill|Afanasiy Bulgakov|ru|Булгаков, Афанасий Иванович}}{{snd}} a [[Table of Ranks|state councilor]], a professor at the [[Kiev Theological Academy]], as well as a prominent Russian [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] essayist, thinker and translator of religious texts. His mother was Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (''nee'' Pokrovskaya), a former teacher at a women's gymnasium.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=6{{ndash}}7}} The academician [[Nikolai Petrov (academician)|Nikolai Petrov]] was his godfather,{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=9}} while his godmother was his paternal grandmother, Olympiada.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=32}} Afanasiy Bulgakov was born in 1859 in [[Oryol Governorate]], where his father, Ivan Bulgakov, was a priest.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=31{{ndash}}32}} He first studied in a seminary in Oryol, and then studied in Kiev Theological Academy from 1881 to 1885, and was named a docent of the Academy in 1886.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=5{{ndash}}6}} Varvara Bulgakova was born in [[Karachev]]; her father, Mikhail Pokrovsky, was a priest.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=31-32}} According to Edythe C. Haber, in his "autobiographical remarks" Bulgakov stated that she was a descendant of [[Tartary|Tartar]] hordes, which supposedly influenced some of his works.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haber |first1=Edythe C. |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: The Early Years |date=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=70 |isbn=978-0-674-57418-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAYOu62zcVUC&q=tartar |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> Afanasiy and Varvara married in 1890.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=6}} Their other children were Vera (b. 1892), Nadezhda (b. 1893), Varvara (b. 1895), Nikolai (b. 1898), Ivan (b. 1900), and Yelena (b. 1902).{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=7}} All the children received a good education; they read the classics of Russian and European literature, studied music, and went to concerts. Mikhail played piano, sang baritone, and enjoyed opera. In particular, he enjoyed ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' by [[Gounod]]; according to his sister Nadezhda, he attended showings of ''Faust'' at least 40 times.{{sfn|Curtis|2019|pp=1{{ndash}}2}} At home, Mikhail and his siblings acted out plays that they enjoyed; the family also had a [[dacha]] in [[Bucha, Ukraine|Bucha]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=32{{ndash}}33}}{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=17}} In 1901, Bulgakov joined the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in [[Russian literature|Russian]] and [[European literature]] (his favourite authors at the time being [[Nikolay Gogol|Gogol]], [[Aleksander Pushkin|Pushkin]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]], [[Saltykov-Shchedrin]], and [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]), theatre and opera. The teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. After the death of his father in 1907, Mikhail's mother, a well-educated and extraordinarily diligent person, assumed responsibility for his education. After graduation from the Gymnasium in 1909,<ref name="timeline">{{cite web| url =http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html| title =Bulgakov timeline /Краткая хроника жизни и творчества М.А.Булгакова| publisher =www.m-a-bulgakov.ru| access-date =10 October 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111009010439/http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html| archive-date =9 October 2011}}</ref> Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of [[Kiev University]]. In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov. The two fell deeply in love.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=55{{ndash}}56}} In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the [[Kyiv University]]. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=64}} Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. Her mother opened a field hospital for wounded soldiers, where Bulgakov worked as a doctor.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}}{{sfn|Chudakova|1983|p=27}} The Bulgakovs returned to Kiev in the autumn.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}} In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the university, after which he volunteered for the [[Red Cross]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=71}} His wife volunteered as a nurse.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=27}} He first worked in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], then he was transferred to [[Chernivtsi]] in the same year.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=71{{ndash}}72}}<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}} In 1917 he was transferred to the village of Vyazma, but later left for Moscow in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge, and also possibly to seek clinical help for his addiction. After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]], they returned to Kiev in February 1918.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times |date=2019 |publisher=Glagoslav Publications |isbn=978-1-78437-981-0 |pages=74–79}}</ref> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13. Here he lived through the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the [[White Army]] against the Bolsheviks. In February 1919, he was mobilised as an army physician by the [[White Army]] and assigned to the Northern Caucasus. There, he became seriously ill with [[typhus]] and barely survived.<ref name="congress"/><ref>Vilensky, Yu, G., Bulgakov's doctor (1991) T. I. Borisova (ed.) Kiev. Zdorovie. pp. 99–103. {{ISBN|5-311-00639-0}}</ref> In the Caucasus, he started working as a journalist, but when he and others were invited to return as doctors by the French and German governments, Bulgakov was refused permission to leave Russia because of the typhus. That was when he last saw his family; after the Civil War and the rise of the Soviets most of his relatives emigrated to Paris. ===Career=== After his illness, Bulgakov abandoned his medical practice to pursue writing. In his autobiography, he recalled how he began: "Once in 1919 when I was traveling at night by train I wrote a short story. In the town where the train stopped, I took the story to the publisher of the newspaper who published the story".<ref name="congress"/> His first book was an [[almanac]] of [[feuilleton]]s called ''Future Perspectives'', written and published the same year. In December 1919, Bulgakov moved to [[Vladikavkaz]]. He wrote and saw his first two plays, ''Self Defence'' and ''The Turbin Brothers'', being produced for the city theater stage with great success.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="congress"/> [[File:Bulgakov1910s.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Bulgakov in the 1910s]] After travelling through the Caucasus, Bulgakov headed for Moscow, intending "to remain here forever". It was difficult to find work in the capital, but he was appointed secretary to the literary section of Glavpolitprosvet (Central Committee of the Republic for Political Education).<ref name="congress"/> In September 1921, Bulgakov and his wife settled near [[Patriarshy Ponds|Patriarch's Ponds]], on [[Bulgakov House (Moscow)|Bolshaya Sadovaya street, 10]] (now close to [[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya metro station]]). To make a living, he started working as a correspondent and [[feuilletons]] writer for the newspapers ''Gudok'', ''Krasnaia Panorama'' and ''Nakanune'', based in Berlin.<ref name="congress"/> For the almanac ''Nedra'', he wrote ''Diaboliad'', ''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' (1924), and ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' (1925), works that combined bitter satire and elements of science fiction and were concerned with the fate of a scientist and the misuse of his discovery. The most significant features of Bulgakov's satire, such as a skillful blending of fantastic and realistic elements, grotesque situations, and a concern with important ethical issues, had already taken shape; these features were developed further in his most famous novel. Between 1922 and 1926, Bulgakov wrote several plays (including ''[[Zoyka's Apartment]]''), none of which were allowed production at the time.<ref name="timeline"/> ''[[Flight (play)|The Run]]'', treating the horrors of a fratricidal war, was personally banned by [[Joseph Stalin]] after the Glavrepertkom (Department of Repertoire) decided that it "glorified emigration and [[White movement|White]] generals".<ref name="congress"/> In 1924, Bulgakov divorced his first wife and the next year married Lyubov Belozerskaya. When one of Moscow's theatre directors severely criticised Bulgakov, Stalin personally protected him, saying that a writer of Bulgakov's quality was above "party words" like "left" and "right".<ref>[[Simon Sebag Montefiore]], p. 110. swedish edition of ''Stalin: The Red Tsar and His Court''.</ref> Stalin found work for the playwright at a small Moscow theatre, and next the [[Moscow Art Theatre]] (MAT). Bulgakov's first major work was the novel ''[[The White Guard]]'' (Belaya gvardiya [Белая гвардия]), serialized in 1925 but never published in book form.<ref name="Bulgakov's_first_work_britannika">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov Mikhail Bulgakov's biography on britannica] Bulgakov's first work was Belaya gvardiya (The White Guard)</ref> On 5 October 1926, ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]'', the play which continued the theme of ''The White Guard'' (the fate of Russian intellectuals and officers of the Tsarist Army caught up in revolution and Civil war) was premiered at the MAT.<ref name="timeline"/> Stalin liked it very much and reportedly saw it at least 15 times.<ref name="StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org"/><ref name="stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk"/> His plays ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'' (Иван Васильевич), ''Don Quixote'' (Дон Кихот) and ''Last Days'' (Последние дни [Poslednie Dni], also called ''Pushkin'') were banned. The premier of another, [[The Cabal of Hypocrites|''Moliėre'' (also known as ''The Cabal of Hypocrites'')]], about the [[Molière|French dramatist]] in which Bulgakov plunged "into fairy Paris of the XVII century", received bad reviews in ''[[Pravda]]'' and the play was withdrawn from the theater repertoire.<ref name="congress"/> In 1928, ''Zoyka's Apartment'' and ''The Purple Island'' were staged in Moscow; both comedies were accepted by the public with great enthusiasm, but critics again gave them bad reviews.<ref name="congress"/> By March 1929, Bulgakov's career was ruined when Government censorship stopped the publication of any of his work and his plays.<ref name="timeline"/> In despair, Bulgakov first wrote a personal letter to Joseph Stalin (July 1929), then on 28 March 1930, a letter to the Soviet government.<ref name="letter">{{cite web | url =http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/b_letter.txt| script-title=ru:Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков. Письмо правительству СССР| publisher = lib.ru/Новый мир, 1987, N8.| access-date = 10 October 2011|language=ru}}</ref> He requested permission to emigrate if the Soviet Union could not find use for him as a writer.<ref name="congress"/> In his autobiography, Bulgakov claimed to have written to Stalin out of desperation and mental anguish, never intending to post the letter. He received a phone call directly from the Soviet leader, who asked the writer whether he really desired to leave the Soviet Union. Bulgakov replied that a Russian writer cannot live outside of his homeland. Stalin gave him permission to continue working at the Art Theater; on 10 May 1930,<ref name="timeline"/> he re-joined the theater, as stage director's assistant. Later he adapted [[Gogol]]'s ''[[Dead Souls]]'' for stage. In 1932, Bulgakov married for the third time, to Yelena Shilovskaya, who would prove to be inspiration for the character Margarita in his most famous novel, on which he started working in 1928.<ref name="congress"/> During the last decade of his life, Bulgakov continued to work on ''The Master and Margarita'', wrote plays, critical works, and stories and made several translations and dramatisations of novels. Many of them were not published, others were "torn to pieces" by critics. Much of his work (ridiculing the Soviet system) stayed in his desk drawer for several decades. The refusal of the authorities to let him work in the theatre and his desire to see his family who were living abroad, whom he had not seen for many years, led him to seek drastic measures{{Clarify|date=February 2011}}. Despite his new work, the projects he worked on at the theatre were often prohibited, and he was stressed and unhappy. ===Last years=== In the late 1930s, he joined the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] as a [[librettist]] and consultant. He left after perceiving that none of his works would be produced there. Stalin's favor protected Bulgakov from arrests and execution, but he could not get his writing published. His novels and dramas were subsequently banned and, for the second time, Bulgakov's career as playwright was ruined. When his last play ''Batum'' (1939), a complimentary portrayal of Stalin's early revolutionary days,<ref name="az_lib_batum">{{cite web |url=http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/batum.txt | title = Батум. Комментарии | publisher= lib.ru| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> was banned before rehearsals, Bulgakov requested permission to leave the country but was refused. [[File:Bulgakov Grave April 2015.jpg|thumb|upright|Gravestone of Mikhail Bulgakov and [[Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova|Elena Bulgakova]]]] In poor health, Bulgakov devoted his last years to what he called his "sunset" novel. The years 1937 to 1939 were stressful for Bulgakov, veering from glimpses of optimism, believing the publication of his masterpiece could still be possible, to bouts of depression, when he felt as if there were no hope. On 15 June 1938, when the manuscript was nearly finished, Bulgakov wrote in a letter to his wife: <blockquote>"In front of me 327 pages of the manuscript (about 22 chapters). The most important remains – editing, and it's going to be hard, I will have to pay close attention to details. Maybe even re-write some things... 'What's its future?' you ask? I don't know. Possibly, you will store the manuscript in one of the drawers, next to my 'killed' plays, and occasionally it will be in your thoughts. Then again, you don't know the future. My own judgement of the book is already made and I think it truly deserves being hidden away in the darkness of some chest..."</blockquote> In 1939, Mikhail Bulgakov organized a private reading of ''The Master and Margarita'' to his close circle of friends. [[Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova|Elena Bulgakova]] remembered 30 years later, "When he finally finished reading that night, he said: 'Well, tomorrow I am taking the novel to the publisher!' and everyone was silent", "...Everyone sat paralyzed. Everything scared them. P. (P. A. Markov, in charge of the literature division of MAT) later at the door fearfully tried to explain to me that trying to publish the novel would cause terrible things", she wrote in her diary (14 May 1939). In the last month of his life, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at his bedside. On 10 March 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died from [[nephrotic syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zilberstein|first1=Gleb|last2=Maor|first2=Uriel|last3=Baskin|first3=Emmanuil|last4=D'Amato|first4=Alfonsina|last5=Righetti|first5=Pier Giorgio|title=Unearthing Bulgakov's trace proteome from the Master i Margarita manuscript|journal=Journal of Proteomics|volume=152|pages=102–108|doi=10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.019|pmid=27989937|year=2016}}</ref> (an inherited kidney disorder). His father had died of the same disease, and from his youth Bulgakov had guessed his future mortal diagnosis. On 11 March, a [[civil funeral]] was held in the building of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]]. Before the funeral, the Moscow sculptor [[Sergey Merkurov]] removed the [[death mask]] from his face. He was buried in the [[Novodevichy Cemetery]] in Moscow. ==Works== {{category see also|Works by Mikhail Bulgakov}} During his life, Bulgakov was best known for the plays he contributed to [[Konstantin Stanislavski]]'s and [[Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko|Nemirovich-Danchenko]]'s Moscow Art Theatre. Stalin was known to be fond of the play ''[[Days of the Turbins]]'' (Дни Турбиных, 1926), which was based on Bulgakov's novel ''[[The White Guard]]''. His dramatization of [[Molière]]'s life in ''[[The Cabal of Hypocrites]]'' (Кабала святош, 1936) is still performed by the Moscow Art Theatre. Even after his plays were banned from the theatres, Bulgakov wrote a comedy about [[Ivan the Terrible]]'s visit into 1930s [[Moscow]]. His play ''Batum'' (Батум, 1939) about the early years of Stalin was prohibited by the premier himself. Bulgakov later reflected his experience of being a Soviet playwright in ''[[Theatrical Novel]]'' (Театральный роман, 1936, unfinished). Bulgakov began writing novels with ''[[The White Guard]]'' (Белая гвардия) (1923, partly published in 1925, first full edition 1927–1929, Paris) – a novel about a life of a [[White Army]] officer's family in [[Ukrainian Civil War (1917–1921)|civil war]] [[Kiev]]. In the mid-1920s, he came to admire the works of [[Alexander Belyaev]] and [[H. G. Wells]] and wrote several stories and novellas with elements of [[science fiction]], notably ''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' (Роковые яйца) (1924) and ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' (Собачье сердце) (1925). He intended to compile his stories of the mid-twenties (published mostly in medical journals) that were based on his work as a country doctor in 1916–1918 into a collection titled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook|Notes of a Young Doctor]]'' (Записки юного врача), but the book came out only in 1963.<ref name="lit-arts-med-db">{{cite web|url=http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=207|title=Literature Annotations: Bulgakov, Mikhail – A Country Doctor's Notebook|last=Coulehan|first=Jack|date=9 November 1999|work=Literature Arts and Medicine Database|publisher=[[New York University]]|access-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' tells of the events of a Professor Persikov, who, in experimentation with eggs, discovers a red ray that accelerates growth in living organisms. At the time, an illness passes through the chickens of Moscow, killing most of them, and to remedy the situation, the Soviet government puts the ray into use at a farm. Due to a mix-up in egg shipments, the Professor ends up with chicken eggs, while the government-run farm receives the shipment of ostrich, snake and crocodile eggs ordered by the Professor. The mistake is not discovered until the eggs produce giant monstrosities that wreak havoc in the suburbs of Moscow and kill most of the workers on the farm. The propaganda machine turns on Persikov, distorting his nature in the same way his "innocent" tampering created the monsters. This tale of a bungling government earned Bulgakov his label of counter-revolutionary. ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' features a professor who implants human testicles and a [[pituitary gland]] into a dog named Sharik (means "Little Balloon" or "Little Ball" – a popular Russian nickname for a male dog). The dog becomes more and more human as time passes, resulting in all manner of chaos. The tale can be read as a critical satire of liberal nihilism and the communist mentality. It contains a few bold hints to the communist leadership; e.g. the name of the drunkard donor of the human organ implants is Chugunkin {{efn|The surname Chugunkin comes from "chugunka" is an informal term for railroad called so because the rails were made from [[cast iron]], ''chugun'' in Russian}} which can be seen as a parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel). It was adapted as a comic [[opera]] called ''The Murder of Comrade Sharik'' by [[William Bergsma]] in 1973. In 1988, an award-winning film version ''[[Heart of a Dog (1988 film)|Sobachye Serdtse]]'' was produced by [[Lenfilm]], starring [[Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev]], Roman Kartsev and [[Vladimir Tolokonnikov]]. == ''The Master and Margarita'' == {{main|The Master and Margarita}} [[File:1991 CPA PC 221.jpg|thumb|right|Soviet postal stamp: prepaid postcard of 1991]] The novel ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' is a critique of Soviet society and its literary establishment. The work is appreciated for its philosophical undertones and for its high artistic level, thanks to its picturesque descriptions (especially of old Jerusalem), lyrical fragments and style. It is a [[frame narrative]] involving two characteristically related time periods, or plot lines: a retelling in Bulgakov's interpretation of the [[New Testament]] and a description of contemporary Moscow. The novel begins with [[Satan]] visiting Moscow in the 1930s, joining a conversation between a critic and a poet debating the most effective method of denying the existence of [[Jesus Christ]]. It develops into an all-embracing indictment of the corruption of communism and Soviet Russia. A story within the story portrays the interrogation of Jesus Christ by [[Pontius Pilate]] and the [[Crucifixion]]. It became the best known novel by Bulgakov. He began writing it in 1928, but the novel was finally published by his widow only in 1966, twenty-six years after his death. The book contributed a number of sayings to the Russian language, for example, "Manuscripts don't burn" and "second-grade freshness". A destroyed manuscript of the Master is an important element of the plot. Bulgakov had to rewrite the novel from memory after he burned the draft manuscript in 1930, as he could not see a future as a writer in the Soviet Union at a time of widespread political repression. ==Legacy== ===Exhibitions and museums=== *Several displays at the [[One Street Museum]] are dedicated to Bulgakov's family. Among the items presented in the museum are original photos of Mikhail Bulgakov, books and his personal belongings, and a window frame from the house where he lived. The museum also keeps scientific works of Prof. Afanasiy Bulgakov, Mikhail's father. ====Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv==== The [[Mikhail Bulgakov Museum]] (Bulgakov House) in [[Kyiv]] has been converted to a literary museum with some rooms devoted to the writer, as well as some to his works.<ref>Inna Konchakovskaia (1902–85) a daughter of the owner (who had become a hero of Bulgakov's novel) and niece of composer [[Witold Maliszewski]] preserved the house during hard soviet times. [http://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/culture/ukrainian-page-maestro-maliszewski]</ref> This was his family home, the model for the house of the Turbin family in his play ''The Days of the Turbins''. ====The Bulgakov Museums in Moscow==== In Moscow, two museums honour the memory of Mikhail Bulgakov and ''The Master and Margarita''. Both are situated in Bulgakov's old apartment building on Bolshaya Sadovaya street nr. 10, in which parts of ''The Master and Margarita'' are set. Since the 1980s, the building has become a gathering spot for Bulgakov's fans, as well as Moscow-based [[Satanist]] groups, and had various kinds of [[graffiti]] scrawled on the walls. The numerous paintings, quips, and drawings were completely whitewashed in 2003. Previously the best drawings were kept as the walls were repainted, so that several layers of different colored paints could be seen around the best drawings.<ref>Stephen, Chris (5 February 2005). "Devil-worshippers target famous writer's Moscow flat". The Irish Times. Page 9.</ref> There is a rivalry between the two museums, mainly maintained by the later established official Museum M.A. Bulgakov, which invariably presents itself as "the first and only Memorial Museum of Mikhail Bulgakov in Moscow".<ref>{{cite news |title=About the museum | url=http://www.bulgakovmuseum.ru/en/about |author=Galtseva, Elina |publisher=Museum M.A. Bulgakov }}</ref> =====The Bulgakov House===== {{main|Bulgakov House (Moscow)}} The [[Bulgakov House (Moscow)|Bulgakov House]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Музей – театр "Булгаковский Дом") is situated at the ground floor. This museum has been established as a private initiative on 15 May 2004. The ''Bulgakov House'' contains personal belongings, photos, and several exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. Various poetic and literary events are often held, and excursions to ''Bulgakov's Moscow'' are organised, some of which are animated with living characters of ''The Master and Margarita''. The ''Bulgakov House'' also runs the ''Theatre M.A. Bulgakov'' with 126 seats, and the ''Café 302-bis''. =====The Museum M.A. Bulgakov===== {{main|Bulgakov Museum in Moscow}} In the same building, in apartment number 50 on the fourth floor, is a second museum that keeps alive the memory of Bulgakov, the [[Bulgakov Museum in Moscow|Museum M.A. Bulgakov]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Музей М. А. Булгаков). This second museum is a government initiative, and was founded on 26 March 2007. The Museum M.A. Bulgakov contains personal belongings, photos, and several exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. Various poetic and literary events are often held. [[image:Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG|thumb|right|Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv]] ===Other places named after him=== *A [[minor planet]], [[3469 Bulgakov]], discovered by the Soviet astronomer [[Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina]] in 1982, is named after him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|author=Schmadel, Lutz|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783540002383|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&q=3461+Mandelshtam+1977}}</ref> ===Works inspired by him === ====Literature==== *[[Salman Rushdie]] said that ''The Master and Margarita'' was an inspiration for his novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olP1WooscOEC&q=Salman+Rushdie+%27%27The+Master+and+Margarita%27%27+satanic&pg=PA232|title=Bulgakov: the novelist-playwright|editor=Lesley Milne|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|page=232|isbn=978-3-7186-5619-6}}</ref> *[[John Hodge (screenwriter)|John Hodge]]'s play ''[[Collaborators (play)|Collaborators]]'' (2011) is a fictionalized account of the relationship between Bulgakov and [[Joseph Stalin]], inspired by ''The Days of the Turbins'' and ''The White Guard.'' ====Music==== *According to [[Mick Jagger]], ''Master and Margarita'' was part of the inspiration for [[The Rolling Stones]]' "[[Sympathy for the Devil]]" (1968). <ref>{{cite news |last1=Gittins |first1=Ian |title=Sympathy for the Devil — when Mick Jagger dabbled in the occult |url=https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/sympathy-for-the-devil.html |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=9 August 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> *The lyrics of [[Pearl Jam]]'s song "Pilate", featured on their album ''[[Yield (album)|Yield]]'' (1998), were inspired by ''Master and Margarita''.<ref name="Pearl Jam FAQ">{{cite book|last1=Harkins|first1=Thomas|last2=Corbett|first2=Bernard|title=Pearl Jam FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Seattle's Most Enduring Band|date=2016|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation}}</ref> The lyrics were written by the band's bassist [[Jeff Ament]]. *[[Alex Kapranos]] from Franz Ferdinand-based "Love and Destroy" on the same book. ====Film==== *''[[The Flight (film)|The Flight]]'' (1970) — a two-part historical drama based on Bulgakov's ''[[Flight (play)|Flight]]'', ''[[The White Guard]]'' and ''Black Sea''. It was the first Soviet adaptation of Bulgakov's writings directed by [[Aleksandr Alov]] and [[Vladimir Naumov]], with Bulgakov's third wife Elena Bulgakova credited as a "literary consultant". The film was officially selected for the [[1971 Cannes Film Festival]]. *''[[The Master and Margaret (1972 film)|The Master and Margaret]]'' (1972) — a joint Yugoslav-Italian drama directed by [[Aleksandar Petrović (film director)|Aleksandar Petrović]], the first adaptation of the novel of the same name, along with ''Pilate and Others''. It was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[45th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee. *''[[Pilate and Others]]'' (1972) — a German TV drama directed by [[Andrzej Wajda]], it was also a loose adaptation of ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' novel. The film focused on the biblical part of the story, and the action was moved to the modern-day [[Frankfurt]]. *''[[Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future]]'' (1973) — an adaptation of Bulgakov's science fiction/comedy play ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'' about an unexpected visit of [[Ivan the Terrible]] to the modern-day Moscow. It was directed by one of the leading Soviet comedy directors [[Leonid Gaidai]]. With 60.7 million viewers on the year of release it became the 17th most popular film ever produced in the USSR.<ref>[https://www.kinopoisk.ru/top/lists/184/ Soviet box office leaders] at [[KinoPoisk]]</ref> *''[[Cuore di cane|Dog's Heart]]'' (1976) — a joint Italian-German science fiction/comedy film directed by [[Alberto Lattuada]]. It was the first adaptation of the ''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' satirical novel about an old scientist who tries to grow a man out of a dog. *''[[The Days of the Turbins (1976 film)|The Days of the Turbins]]'' (1976) — a three-part Soviet TV drama directed by [[Vladimir Basov]]. It was an adaptation of the [[The Days of the Turbins|play of the same name]] which, at the same time, was Bulgakov's stage adaptation of ''The White Guard'' novel. *''[[Heart of a Dog (1988 film)|Heart of a Dog]]'' (1988) — a Soviet black-and-white TV film directed by [[Vladimir Bortko]], the second adaptation of the novel of the same name. Unlike the previous version, this film follows the original text closely, while also introducing characters, themes and dialogues featured in other Bulgakov's writings. *''[[The Master and Margarita (1988 TV series)|The Master and Margarita]]'' (1989) — a Polish TV drama in four parts directed by [[Maciej Wojtyszko]]. It was noted by critics as a very faithful adaptation of the original novel. *''After the Revolution'' (1990) – a feature-length film created by András Szirtes, a Hungarian filmmaker, using a simple video camera, from 1987 to 1989. It is a very loose adaptation, but for all that, it is explicitly based on Bulgakov's novel, in a thoroughly experimental way. What you see in this film is documentary-like scenes shot in Moscow and Budapest, and New York, and these scenes are linked to the novel by some explicit links, and by these, the film goes beyond the level of being but a visual documentary which would only have reminded the viewer of The Master and Margarita. *''[[Incident in Judaea]]'', a 1991 film by Paul Bryers for Channel 4, focussing on the biblical parts of The Master and Margarita. *''[[The Master and Margarita (1994 film)|The Master and Margarita]]'' (1994) — Russian film directed by [[Yuri Kara]] in 1994 and released to public only in 2011. Known for a long, troubled post-production due to the director's resistance to cut about 80 minutes of the film on the producers' request, as well as copyright claims from the descendants of [[Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova|Elena Bulgakova]] (Shilovskaya). *''[[The Master and Margarita (miniseries)|The Master and Margarita]]'' (2005) — Russian TV mini-series directed by Vladimir Bortko and his second adaptation of Bulgakov's writings. Screened for [[Russia-1]], it was seen by 40 million viewers on its initial release, becoming the most popular Russian TV series.<ref>[http://mignews.com/news/interview/cis/180206_192635_56773.html Vladimir Bortko about The Master and Margarita] interview to the MIGNnews.com website (in Russian)</ref> *''[[Morphine (film)|Morphine]]'' (2008) — Russian film directed by [[Aleksei Balabanov]] loosely based on Bulgakov's autobiographical short stories ''Morphine'' and ''[[A Country Doctor's Notebook]]''. The screenplay was written by Balabanov's friend and regular collaborator [[Sergei Bodrov, Jr.]] before his tragic death in 2002. *''[[The White Guard (TV series)|The White Guard]]'' (2012) — Russian TV mini-series produced by [[Russia-1]]. The film was shot in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Kyiv]] and released to mostly negative reviews. In 2014 the [[Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Ministry of Culture]] banned the distribution of the film, claiming that it shows "contempt for the Ukrainian language, people and state".<ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/news/ukraine-bans-russian-films-for-distorting-historical-facts-37767 Ukraine Bans Russian Films for Distorting Historical Facts] by [[Moscow Times]], 29 July 2014.</ref> *''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook (TV series)|A Young Doctor's Notebook]]'' (2012–2013) — British mini-series produced by [[BBC]], with [[Jon Hamm]] and [[Daniel Radcliffe]] playing main parts. Unlike the Morphine film by Aleksei Balabanov that mixed drama and thriller, this version of ''A Country Doctor's Notebook'' was made as a [[black comedy]]. * ''[[The Master and Margarita (2024 film)|The Master and Margarita]]''. (2024) − Film directed by [[Michael Lockshin (film director)|Michael Lockshin]].<ref name="NYT-20240216">{{cite news |last=Sonne |first=Paul |title=Life Imitates Art as a 'Master and Margarita' Movie Stirs Russia - An American director's adaptation of the beloved novel is resonating with moviegoers, who may recognize some similarities in its satire of authoritarian rule. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/movies/master-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html |date=February 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240216060706/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/movies/master-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html |archivedate=February 16, 2024 |accessdate=February 19, 2024 }}</ref> ==Medical eponym== After graduating from the Medical School in 1909, he spent the early days of his career as a venereologist, rather than pursuing his goal of being a pediatrician, as [[syphilis]] was highly prevalent during those times. It was during those early years that he described the symptoms and characteristics of syphilis affecting the bones. He described the abnormal and concomitant change of the outline of the crests of the shin-bones with a pathological worm-eaten like appearance and creation of abnormal osteophytes in the bones of those suffering from later stages of syphilis. This became known as "Bulgakov's Sign" and is commonly used in the former Soviet states, but is known as the "Bandy Legs Sign" in the west.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Surgical Diagnosis|author=Johnson, A.B.|date=1911|volume=1|publisher=D. Appleton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeFaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA570|page=570|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Mikhail Bulgakov: A Critical Biography|author=Milne, L.|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521227285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sC8FKXBgrkgC&pg=PA136|page=136}}</ref> ==Bibliography== {{Main|Mikhail Bulgakov bibliography}} {{category see also|Works by Mikhail Bulgakov}} === Novels === *''[[The White Guard]]'' (1925/1975) *''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' (1940/1967) *''[[Theatrical Novel]]'' (1936/1967, aka ''Black Snow'') === Novellas and short stories === * ''[[Notes on the Cuffs]]'' (1923) *''[[Diaboliad]]'' (1924) *''[[The Fatal Eggs]]'' (1925) *''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]'' (1926/1963) *''[[Heart of a Dog]]'' (1925/1968) * "[[Morphine (short story)|Morphine]]" (1927) * "[[The Murderer (Bulgakov story)|The Murderer]]" (1928) ---- *''Great Soviet Short Stories'' (1962) *''The Terrible News: Russian Stories from the Years Following the Revolution'' (1990) *''Diaboliad and Other Stories'' (1990) *''Notes on the Cuff & Other Stories'' (1991) *''The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, 1918–1963'' (1993) ===Theatre=== * ''[[Zoyka's Apartment]]'' (1925) * ''[[The Days of the Turbins]]'' (1926) * ''[[Flight (play)|Flight]]'' (1927) * ''[[The Cabal of Hypocrites]]'' (1929) * ''[[Adam and Eve (play)|Adam and Eve]]'' (1931) * ''[[Ivan Vasilievich (play)|Ivan Vasilievich]]'' (1936) ===Biography=== *''Life of M. de Molière'', 1962 ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Sources referenced=== *{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Julie A. E. |title=A reader's companion to Mikhail Bulgakov's The master and Margarita |date=2019 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |location=Boston (Mass.) |isbn=9781644690796 |access-date=4 December 2024 |doi=10.1515/9781644690796 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781644690796/html}}</ref> *{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |author1-link=Marietta Chudakova |title=Жизнеописание Михаила Булгакова |trans-title=The Life and Times of Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2023 |publisher=Azbuka-Atticus Publishing Group LLC |location=Moscow |language=ru}} *{{cite book|last=Yanovskaya|first=Lidiya |date=1983|title=Творческий путь Михаила Булгакова |trans-title=The Creative Path of Mikhail Bulgakov |lang=ru|publisher=[[Sovetsky Pisatel]] |url=https://archive.org/embed/1983_20240528_202405 |via=Archive.org}} ==Sources== * Voronina, Olga G., ''[http://www.mhra.org.uk/publications/Depicting-Divine Depicting the Divine: Mikhail Bulgakov and Thomas Mann]'', Studies In Comparative Literature, 47 (Cambridge: Legenda, 2019). *[http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:10059/SOURCE02 Townsend, Dorian Aleksandra, ''From Upyr' to Vampire: The Slavic Vampire Myth in Russian Literature'', Ph.D. Dissertation, School of German and Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, May 2011.] === Biographies of Bulgakov === *[[Marietta Chudakova|Chudakova, Marietta]]. 2019, ''Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times''. Glagoslav Publications. *Curtis, J.A.E., 2017. ''Critical Lives''. Reaktion Books *Michalopoulos, Dimitris, 2014, ''Russia under Communism: Bulgakov, his Life and his Book'', Saarbruecken: Lambert Academic Publishing. {{ISBN|978-3-659-53121-7}} *Drawitz, Andrzey 2001. ''The Master and the Devil''. transl. Kevin Windle, New York: Edwin Mellen. *[[Edythe Haber|Haber, Edythe C]]. 1998. ''Mikhail Bulgakov, the early years''. Harvard University Press. *Milne, Leslie 1990. ''Mikhail Bulgakov: a critical biography''. Cambridge University *Press. *Proffer, Ellendea 1984. ''Bulgakov: life and work''. Ann Arbor: Ardis. *Proffer, Ellendea 1984. ''A pictorial biography of Mikhail Bulgakov''. Ann Arbor: Ardis. *Wright, Colin 1978. Mikhail Bulgakov: life and interpretation. University of Toronto Press. === Letters, memoirs === *Belozerskaya-Bulgakova, Lyubov 1983. ''My life with Mikhail Bulgakov''. transl. Margareta Thompson, Ann Arbor: Ardis. *Cockrell, Roger. 2013. ''Diaries and Selected Letters''. transl. Roger Cockrell. United Kingdom: Alma Classics. {{ISBN|978-1847496058}} *Curtis J.A.E. 1991. ''Manuscripts don't burn: Mikhail Bulgakov: a life in letters and diaries''. London: Bloomsbury. *Vozvdvizhensky, Vyacheslav (ed) 1990. ''Mikhail Bulgakov and his times: memoirs, letters''. transl. Liv Tudge, Moscow: Progress. *Vanhellemont, Jan, 2020, ''The Master and Margarita - Annotations per chapter'', Vanhellemont, Leuven, Belgium, 257 pp., {{ISBN|978-9-081853-32-3}}, https://www.masterandmargarita.eu/en/10estore/bookse.html . ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Mikhail Bulgakov}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mikhail Bulgakov}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093139/http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/master97_engl.txt Full English text of The Master and Margarita] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110428194011/http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/dogheart_engl.txt Full English text of The Heart of a Dog] *[http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/eggs_engl.txt Full English text of The Fatal Eggs] *[http://russiasgreatwar.org/media/culture/bulgakov.shtml Full English translation of "Future Prospects" and "In the Café"] *[http://www.masterandmargarita.eu/ ''Master and Margarita''] profile and resources *[[Chris Hedges]], [http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/welcome_to_satans_ball_20140309 Welcome to Satan's Ball], [[Truthdig]], 10 March 2014. A comparison of the Soviet society described in ''Master and Margarita'' and modern society in the United States and Russia *[https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography], [[Library of Congress]], European Reading Room *[http://www.sovlit.net/gudok/ "Remembering Gudok" by M.Bulgakov.] {from SovLit.net} *{{IMDb name|119888|Mikhail A. Bulgakov}} * {{LCAuth|n79056735|Mikhail Bulgakov|180|ue}} {{Mikhail Bulgakov|state=expanded}} {{The Master and Margarita}} {{Modernism}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulgakov, Mikhail}} [[Category:Mikhail Bulgakov| ]] [[Category:1891 births]] [[Category:1940 deaths]] [[Category:Writers from Kyiv]] [[Category:Physicians from Kyiv]] [[Category:Theatre people from Kyiv]] [[Category:People from Kiev Governorate]] [[Category:Russian male novelists]] [[Category:Russian satirists]] [[Category:Russian satirical novelists]] [[Category:Russian male dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:Magic realism writers]] [[Category:Russian surgeons]] [[Category:Russian medical writers]] [[Category:People of the Russian Civil War]] [[Category:Russian male short story writers]] [[Category:Russian military doctors]] [[Category:Russian science fiction writers]] [[Category:Soviet novelists]] [[Category:Soviet male writers]] [[Category:20th-century Russian male writers]] [[Category:Soviet short story writers]] [[Category:20th-century Russian short story writers]] [[Category:Soviet dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:Moscow Art Theatre]] [[Category:Modernist writers]] [[Category:Russian fantasy writers]] [[Category:Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni]] [[Category:Deaths from nephritis]] [[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]] [[Category:20th-century Russian dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:20th-century Russian novelists]]'
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'@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov. The two fell deeply in love.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=55{{ndash}}56}} In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the [[Kyiv University]]. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=64}} -Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He returned to Kiev and volunteered for the [[Red Cross]], after which he then took a position as an undergraduate physician at hospital in [[Chernovtsy]].<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> After passing medical exams with special commendation, he was sent to frontline field hospitals in western Ukraine. In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}} +Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. Her mother opened a field hospital for wounded soldiers, where Bulgakov worked as a doctor.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}}{{sfn|Chudakova|1983|p=27}} The Bulgakovs returned to Kiev in the autumn.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}} In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the university, after which he volunteered for the [[Red Cross]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=71}} His wife volunteered as a nurse.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=27}} He first worked in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], then he was transferred to [[Chernivtsi]] in the same year.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=71{{ndash}}72}}<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}} In 1917 he was transferred to the village of Vyazma, but later left for Moscow in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge, and also possibly to seek clinical help for his addiction. After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]], they returned to Kiev in February 1918.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times |date=2019 |publisher=Glagoslav Publications |isbn=978-1-78437-981-0 |pages=74–79}}</ref> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13. Here he lived through the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the [[White Army]] against the Bolsheviks. '
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[ 0 => 'Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. Her mother opened a field hospital for wounded soldiers, where Bulgakov worked as a doctor.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}}{{sfn|Chudakova|1983|p=27}} The Bulgakovs returned to Kiev in the autumn.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}} In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the university, after which he volunteered for the [[Red Cross]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=71}} His wife volunteered as a nurse.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=27}} He first worked in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], then he was transferred to [[Chernivtsi]] in the same year.{{sfn|Yankovskaya|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=71{{ndash}}72}}<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}}' ]
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[ 0 => 'Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He returned to Kiev and volunteered for the [[Red Cross]], after which he then took a position as an undergraduate physician at hospital in [[Chernovtsy]].<ref name="congress">{{cite web | author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011}}</ref> After passing medical exams with special commendation, he was sent to frontline field hospitals in western Ukraine. In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]]. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]''. The most known story, ''Morphine'', is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}}' ]
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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian author and medical doctor (1891–1940)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Afanasyevich</i>&#32;and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Bulgakov" title="Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mikhail Bulgakov</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulgakov in 1928"><img alt="Bulgakov in 1928" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Bulgakov in 1928</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov<br />15 May&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 May&#93;&#160;1891<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">10 March 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-03-10)</span> (aged&#160;48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist, short-story writer, playwright, physician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Satire, fantasy, science fiction, historical fiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook" title="A Young Doctor&#39;s Notebook">A Young Doctor's Notebook</a></i><br /><i> <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a> </i><br /><i> <a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a> </i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">The Days of the Turbins</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Tatiana Lappa</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">&#8203;</div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;1913&#59;&#32;<abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr>&#160;1924&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lubov Belozerskaya</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">&#8203;</div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;1925&#59;&#32;<abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr>&#160;1931&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Elena Shilovskaya<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">&#8203;</div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;1932&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg/150px-Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg/225px-Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg/300px-Mikhail_Bulgakov_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;b&#39; in &#39;buy&#39;">b</span><span title="/ʊ/: &#39;u&#39; in &#39;push&#39;">ʊ</span><span title="&#39;l&#39; in &#39;lie&#39;">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: &#39;g&#39; in &#39;guy&#39;">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;father&#39;">ɑː</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;body&#39;">ɒ</span><span title="&#39;f&#39; in &#39;find&#39;">f</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">buul-<span style="font-size:90%">GAH</span>-kof</i></a>; Russian&#58; <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">&#91;mʲɪxɐˈil<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐfɐˈnasʲjɪvʲɪdʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>bʊlˈɡakəf&#93;</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 15 May&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 May&#93;&#160;1891 – 10 March 1940) was a Russian writer, medical doctor, and playwright. He is best known for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240216_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240216-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> published posthumously, which has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also known for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i>; his plays <i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vasilievich_(play)" title="Ivan Vasilievich (play)">Ivan Vasilievich</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_(play)" title="Flight (play)">Flight</a></i> (also called <i>The Run</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">The Days of the Turbins</a></i>; and other works of the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote mostly about the horrors of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and about the fate of Russian intellectuals and officers of the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">Tsarist Army</a> caught up in revolution and Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulgakov_britannica_com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov_britannica_com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of his works (<i>Flight</i>, all his works between the years 1922 and 1926, and others) were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a>, and personally by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, after it was decided by them that they "glorified <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Crimea" title="Evacuation of the Crimea">emigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> generals".<sup id="cite_ref-BlgakovGlorifiedemigration_ru_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlgakovGlorifiedemigration_ru-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Stalin loved <i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">The Days of the Turbins</a></i> (also called <i> The Turbin Brothers</i>) very much and reportedly saw it at least 15 times.<sup id="cite_ref-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life_and_work"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and work</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Last_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Last years</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Master_and_Margarita"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Master and Margarita</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Exhibitions_and_museums"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Exhibitions and museums</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mikhail_Bulgakov_Museum,_Kyiv"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Bulgakov_Museums_in_Moscow"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Bulgakov Museums in Moscow</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_Bulgakov_House"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Bulgakov House</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#The_Museum_M.A._Bulgakov"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Museum M.A. Bulgakov</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Other_places_named_after_him"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other places named after him</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Works_inspired_by_him"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Works inspired by him</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Film"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Medical_eponym"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Medical eponym</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Novels"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Novels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Novellas_and_short_stories"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Novellas and short stories</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sources_referenced"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources referenced</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Biographies_of_Bulgakov"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biographies of Bulgakov</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Letters,_memoirs"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Letters, memoirs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Life and work"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Early life"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgakov_House_Moscow_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bulgakov_House_Moscow_%283%29.jpg/220px-Bulgakov_House_Moscow_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bulgakov_House_Moscow_%283%29.jpg/330px-Bulgakov_House_Moscow_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bulgakov_House_Moscow_%283%29.jpg/440px-Bulgakov_House_Moscow_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Bulgakov House in Moscow. Bulgakov's novel <i>Master and Margarita</i> was written here.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mikhail Bulgakov was born on 15 May&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 May&#93;&#160;1891 in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, at 28 Vozdvishenskaya Street, into a Russian family, and baptized on 18 May&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 May&#93;&#160;1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19834_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19834-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the oldest of the seven children of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasiy_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afanasiy Bulgakov (page does not exist)">Afanasiy Bulgakov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Булгаков, Афанасий Иванович">ru</a>&#93;</span>&#160;&#8211;&#32; a <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">state councilor</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Theological_Academy" title="Kiev Theological Academy">Kiev Theological Academy</a>, as well as a prominent Russian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Orthodox</a> essayist, thinker and translator of religious texts. His mother was Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (<i>nee</i> Pokrovskaya), a former teacher at a women's gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836–7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836–7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The academician <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Petrov_(academician)" title="Nikolai Petrov (academician)">Nikolai Petrov</a> was his godfather,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19839_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19839-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while his godmother was his paternal grandmother, Olympiada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afanasiy Bulgakov was born in 1859 in <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Governorate" title="Oryol Governorate">Oryol Governorate</a>, where his father, Ivan Bulgakov, was a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He first studied in a seminary in Oryol, and then studied in Kiev Theological Academy from 1881 to 1885, and was named a docent of the Academy in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19835–6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19835–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Varvara Bulgakova was born in <a href="/wiki/Karachev" title="Karachev">Karachev</a>; her father, Mikhail Pokrovsky, was a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Edythe C. Haber, in his "autobiographical remarks" Bulgakov stated that she was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartar</a> hordes, which supposedly influenced some of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Afanasiy and Varvara married in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their other children were Vera (b. 1892), Nadezhda (b. 1893), Varvara (b. 1895), Nikolai (b. 1898), Ivan (b. 1900), and Yelena (b. 1902).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19837_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19837-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the children received a good education; they read the classics of Russian and European literature, studied music, and went to concerts. Mikhail played piano, sang baritone, and enjoyed opera. In particular, he enjoyed <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gounod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gounod">Gounod</a>; according to his sister Nadezhda, he attended showings of <i>Faust</i> at least 40 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis20191–2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis20191–2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At home, Mikhail and his siblings acted out plays that they enjoyed; the family also had a <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucha,_Ukraine" title="Bucha, Ukraine">Bucha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332–33_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332–33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya198317_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya198317-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, Bulgakov joined the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a> (his favourite authors at the time being <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Gogol" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Gogol">Gogol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Pushkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Pushkin">Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltykov-Shchedrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov-Shchedrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a>), theatre and opera. The teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. After the death of his father in 1907, Mikhail's mother, a well-educated and extraordinarily diligent person, assumed responsibility for his education. After graduation from the Gymnasium in 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Kiev_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev University">Kiev University</a>. </p><p>In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov. The two fell deeply in love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202355–56_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202355–56-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv University">Kyiv University</a>. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202364_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202364-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Her mother opened a field hospital for wounded soldiers, where Bulgakov worked as a doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova198327_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova198327-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Bulgakovs returned to Kiev in the autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the university, after which he volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife volunteered as a nurse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198327_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198327-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He first worked in <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a>, then he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198328_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198328-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371–72_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371–72-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1916 he was transferred to the village of Nikolskoye in the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk Oblast</a>. Bulgakov wrote short stories based on his experience working there, which would be published separately in 1925–1926 when he was already an established writer, and later collected and republished into a short story cycle entitled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook" title="A Young Doctor&#39;s Notebook">A Young Doctor's Notebook</a></i>. The most known story, <i>Morphine</i>, is based on the author's actual addiction to <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-<a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-criticallives_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criticallives-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 22–25">&#58;&#8202;22–25&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>In 1917 he was transferred to the village of Vyazma, but later left for Moscow in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge, and also possibly to seek clinical help for his addiction. After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, they returned to Kiev in February 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13. Here he lived through the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> against the Bolsheviks. </p><p>In February 1919, he was mobilised as an army physician by the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> and assigned to the Northern Caucasus. There, he became seriously ill with <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and barely survived.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Caucasus, he started working as a journalist, but when he and others were invited to return as doctors by the French and German governments, Bulgakov was refused permission to leave Russia because of the typhus. That was when he last saw his family; after the Civil War and the rise of the Soviets most of his relatives emigrated to Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Career"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his illness, Bulgakov abandoned his medical practice to pursue writing. In his autobiography, he recalled how he began: "Once in 1919 when I was traveling at night by train I wrote a short story. In the town where the train stopped, I took the story to the publisher of the newspaper who published the story".<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His first book was an <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> of <a href="/wiki/Feuilleton" title="Feuilleton">feuilletons</a> called <i>Future Perspectives</i>, written and published the same year. In December 1919, Bulgakov moved to <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>. He wrote and saw his first two plays, <i>Self Defence</i> and <i>The Turbin Brothers</i>, being produced for the city theater stage with great success.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgakov1910s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bulgakov1910s.jpg/230px-Bulgakov1910s.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bulgakov1910s.jpg/345px-Bulgakov1910s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bulgakov1910s.jpg/460px-Bulgakov1910s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Bulgakov in the 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>After travelling through the Caucasus, Bulgakov headed for Moscow, intending "to remain here forever". It was difficult to find work in the capital, but he was appointed secretary to the literary section of Glavpolitprosvet (Central Committee of the Republic for Political Education).<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In September 1921, Bulgakov and his wife settled near <a href="/wiki/Patriarshy_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarshy Ponds">Patriarch's Ponds</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Bulgakov_House_(Moscow)" title="Bulgakov House (Moscow)">Bolshaya Sadovaya street, 10</a> (now close to <a href="/wiki/Mayakovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)">Mayakovskaya metro station</a>). To make a living, he started working as a correspondent and <a href="/wiki/Feuilletons" class="mw-redirect" title="Feuilletons">feuilletons</a> writer for the newspapers <i>Gudok</i>, <i>Krasnaia Panorama</i> and <i>Nakanune</i>, based in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For the almanac <i>Nedra</i>, he wrote <i>Diaboliad</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Eggs" title="The Fatal Eggs">The Fatal Eggs</a></i> (1924), and <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a></i> (1925), works that combined bitter satire and elements of science fiction and were concerned with the fate of a scientist and the misuse of his discovery. The most significant features of Bulgakov's satire, such as a skillful blending of fantastic and realistic elements, grotesque situations, and a concern with important ethical issues, had already taken shape; these features were developed further in his most famous novel. </p><p>Between 1922 and 1926, Bulgakov wrote several plays (including <i><a href="/wiki/Zoyka%27s_Apartment" title="Zoyka&#39;s Apartment">Zoyka's Apartment</a></i>), none of which were allowed production at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_(play)" title="Flight (play)">The Run</a></i>, treating the horrors of a fratricidal war, was personally banned by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> after the Glavrepertkom (Department of Repertoire) decided that it "glorified emigration and <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> generals".<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1924, Bulgakov divorced his first wife and the next year married Lyubov Belozerskaya. </p><p>When one of Moscow's theatre directors severely criticised Bulgakov, Stalin personally protected him, saying that a writer of Bulgakov's quality was above "party words" like "left" and "right".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stalin found work for the playwright at a small Moscow theatre, and next the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a> (MAT). Bulgakov's first major work was the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i> (Belaya gvardiya [Белая гвардия]), serialized in 1925 but never published in book form.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulgakov&#39;s_first_work_britannika_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov&#39;s_first_work_britannika-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 5 October 1926, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">The Days of the Turbins</a></i>, the play which continued the theme of <i>The White Guard</i> (the fate of Russian intellectuals and officers of the Tsarist Army caught up in revolution and Civil war) was premiered at the MAT.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stalin liked it very much and reportedly saw it at least 15 times.<sup id="cite_ref-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>His plays <i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vasilievich_(play)" title="Ivan Vasilievich (play)">Ivan Vasilievich</a></i> (Иван Васильевич), <i>Don Quixote</i> (Дон Кихот) and <i>Last Days</i> (Последние дни [Poslednie Dni], also called <i>Pushkin</i>) were banned. The premier of another, <a href="/wiki/The_Cabal_of_Hypocrites" title="The Cabal of Hypocrites"><i>Moliėre</i> (also known as <i>The Cabal of Hypocrites</i>)</a>, about the <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">French dramatist</a> in which Bulgakov plunged "into fairy Paris of the XVII century", received bad reviews in <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> and the play was withdrawn from the theater repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1928, <i>Zoyka's Apartment</i> and <i>The Purple Island</i> were staged in Moscow; both comedies were accepted by the public with great enthusiasm, but critics again gave them bad reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By March 1929, Bulgakov's career was ruined when Government censorship stopped the publication of any of his work and his plays.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In despair, Bulgakov first wrote a personal letter to Joseph Stalin (July 1929), then on 28 March 1930, a letter to the Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-letter_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He requested permission to emigrate if the Soviet Union could not find use for him as a writer.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In his autobiography, Bulgakov claimed to have written to Stalin out of desperation and mental anguish, never intending to post the letter. He received a phone call directly from the Soviet leader, who asked the writer whether he really desired to leave the Soviet Union. Bulgakov replied that a Russian writer cannot live outside of his homeland. Stalin gave him permission to continue working at the Art Theater; on 10 May 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> he re-joined the theater, as stage director's assistant. Later he adapted <a href="/wiki/Gogol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogol">Gogol</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">Dead Souls</a></i> for stage. </p><p>In 1932, Bulgakov married for the third time, to Yelena Shilovskaya, who would prove to be inspiration for the character Margarita in his most famous novel, on which he started working in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the last decade of his life, Bulgakov continued to work on <i>The Master and Margarita</i>, wrote plays, critical works, and stories and made several translations and dramatisations of novels. Many of them were not published, others were "torn to pieces" by critics. Much of his work (ridiculing the Soviet system) stayed in his desk drawer for several decades. The refusal of the authorities to let him work in the theatre and his desire to see his family who were living abroad, whom he had not seen for many years, led him to seek drastic measures<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>. Despite his new work, the projects he worked on at the theatre were often prohibited, and he was stressed and unhappy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Last years"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1930s, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Librettist" class="mw-redirect" title="Librettist">librettist</a> and consultant. He left after perceiving that none of his works would be produced there. Stalin's favor protected Bulgakov from arrests and execution, but he could not get his writing published. His novels and dramas were subsequently banned and, for the second time, Bulgakov's career as playwright was ruined. When his last play <i>Batum</i> (1939), a complimentary portrayal of Stalin's early revolutionary days,<sup id="cite_ref-az_lib_batum_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-az_lib_batum-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was banned before rehearsals, Bulgakov requested permission to leave the country but was refused. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg/170px-Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg/255px-Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg/340px-Bulgakov_Grave_April_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Gravestone of Mikhail Bulgakov and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Sergeevna_Bulgakova" title="Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova">Elena Bulgakova</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In poor health, Bulgakov devoted his last years to what he called his "sunset" novel. The years 1937 to 1939 were stressful for Bulgakov, veering from glimpses of optimism, believing the publication of his masterpiece could still be possible, to bouts of depression, when he felt as if there were no hope. On 15 June 1938, when the manuscript was nearly finished, Bulgakov wrote in a letter to his wife: </p> <blockquote><p>"In front of me 327 pages of the manuscript (about 22 chapters). The most important remains – editing, and it's going to be hard, I will have to pay close attention to details. Maybe even re-write some things... 'What's its future?' you ask? I don't know. Possibly, you will store the manuscript in one of the drawers, next to my 'killed' plays, and occasionally it will be in your thoughts. Then again, you don't know the future. My own judgement of the book is already made and I think it truly deserves being hidden away in the darkness of some chest..."</p></blockquote> <p>In 1939, Mikhail Bulgakov organized a private reading of <i>The Master and Margarita</i> to his close circle of friends. <a href="/wiki/Elena_Sergeevna_Bulgakova" title="Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova">Elena Bulgakova</a> remembered 30 years later, "When he finally finished reading that night, he said: 'Well, tomorrow I am taking the novel to the publisher!' and everyone was silent", "...Everyone sat paralyzed. Everything scared them. P. (P. A. Markov, in charge of the literature division of MAT) later at the door fearfully tried to explain to me that trying to publish the novel would cause terrible things", she wrote in her diary (14 May 1939). </p><p>In the last month of his life, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at his bedside. On 10 March 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died from <a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (an inherited kidney disorder). His father had died of the same disease, and from his youth Bulgakov had guessed his future mortal diagnosis. On 11 March, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_funeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil funeral">civil funeral</a> was held in the building of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Union of Soviet Writers</a>. Before the funeral, the Moscow sculptor <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Merkurov" title="Sergey Merkurov">Sergey Merkurov</a> removed the <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> from his face. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a> in Moscow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Works"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Category:Works by Mikhail Bulgakov">Category:Works by Mikhail Bulgakov</a></div> <p>During his life, Bulgakov was best known for the plays he contributed to <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nemirovich-Danchenko" title="Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko">Nemirovich-Danchenko</a>'s Moscow Art Theatre. Stalin was known to be fond of the play <i><a href="/wiki/Days_of_the_Turbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Days of the Turbins">Days of the Turbins</a></i> (Дни Турбиных, 1926), which was based on Bulgakov's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i>. His dramatization of <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s life in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabal_of_Hypocrites" title="The Cabal of Hypocrites">The Cabal of Hypocrites</a></i> (Кабала святош, 1936) is still performed by the Moscow Art Theatre. Even after his plays were banned from the theatres, Bulgakov wrote a comedy about <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>'s visit into 1930s <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. His play <i>Batum</i> (Батум, 1939) about the early years of Stalin was prohibited by the premier himself. Bulgakov later reflected his experience of being a Soviet playwright in <i><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Novel" title="Theatrical Novel">Theatrical Novel</a></i> (Театральный роман, 1936, unfinished). </p><p>Bulgakov began writing novels with <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i> (Белая гвардия) (1923, partly published in 1925, first full edition 1927–1929, Paris) – a novel about a life of a <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> officer's family in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Civil_War_(1917%E2%80%931921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Civil War (1917–1921)">civil war</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>. In the mid-1920s, he came to admire the works of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belyaev" title="Alexander Belyaev">Alexander Belyaev</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> and wrote several stories and novellas with elements of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Eggs" title="The Fatal Eggs">The Fatal Eggs</a></i> (Роковые яйца) (1924) and <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a></i> (Собачье сердце) (1925). He intended to compile his stories of the mid-twenties (published mostly in medical journals) that were based on his work as a country doctor in 1916–1918 into a collection titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook" title="A Young Doctor&#39;s Notebook">Notes of a Young Doctor</a></i> (Записки юного врача), but the book came out only in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-lit-arts-med-db_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit-arts-med-db-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Eggs" title="The Fatal Eggs">The Fatal Eggs</a></i> tells of the events of a Professor Persikov, who, in experimentation with eggs, discovers a red ray that accelerates growth in living organisms. At the time, an illness passes through the chickens of Moscow, killing most of them, and to remedy the situation, the Soviet government puts the ray into use at a farm. Due to a mix-up in egg shipments, the Professor ends up with chicken eggs, while the government-run farm receives the shipment of ostrich, snake and crocodile eggs ordered by the Professor. The mistake is not discovered until the eggs produce giant monstrosities that wreak havoc in the suburbs of Moscow and kill most of the workers on the farm. The propaganda machine turns on Persikov, distorting his nature in the same way his "innocent" tampering created the monsters. This tale of a bungling government earned Bulgakov his label of counter-revolutionary. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a></i> features a professor who implants human testicles and a <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> into a dog named Sharik (means "Little Balloon" or "Little Ball" – a popular Russian nickname for a male dog). The dog becomes more and more human as time passes, resulting in all manner of chaos. The tale can be read as a critical satire of liberal nihilism and the communist mentality. It contains a few bold hints to the communist leadership; e.g. the name of the drunkard donor of the human organ implants is Chugunkin <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which can be seen as a parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel). It was adapted as a comic <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> called <i>The Murder of Comrade Sharik</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Bergsma" title="William Bergsma">William Bergsma</a> in 1973. In 1988, an award-winning film version <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog_(1988_film)" title="Heart of a Dog (1988 film)">Sobachye Serdtse</a></i> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Lenfilm" title="Lenfilm">Lenfilm</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Yevgeniy_Yevstigneyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev">Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev</a>, Roman Kartsev and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tolokonnikov" title="Vladimir Tolokonnikov">Vladimir Tolokonnikov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Master_and_Margarita"><i>The Master and Margarita</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: The Master and Margarita"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg/220px-1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg/330px-1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg/440px-1991_CPA_PC_221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4227" /></a><figcaption>Soviet postal stamp: prepaid postcard of 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> is a critique of Soviet society and its literary establishment. The work is appreciated for its philosophical undertones and for its high artistic level, thanks to its picturesque descriptions (especially of old Jerusalem), lyrical fragments and style. It is a <a href="/wiki/Frame_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame narrative">frame narrative</a> involving two characteristically related time periods, or plot lines: a retelling in Bulgakov's interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and a description of contemporary Moscow. </p><p>The novel begins with <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> visiting Moscow in the 1930s, joining a conversation between a critic and a poet debating the most effective method of denying the existence of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. It develops into an all-embracing indictment of the corruption of communism and Soviet Russia. A story within the story portrays the interrogation of Jesus Christ by <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a>. </p><p>It became the best known novel by Bulgakov. He began writing it in 1928, but the novel was finally published by his widow only in 1966, twenty-six years after his death. The book contributed a number of sayings to the Russian language, for example, "Manuscripts don't burn" and "second-grade freshness". A destroyed manuscript of the Master is an important element of the plot. Bulgakov had to rewrite the novel from memory after he burned the draft manuscript in 1930, as he could not see a future as a writer in the Soviet Union at a time of widespread political repression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legacy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhibitions_and_museums">Exhibitions and museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Exhibitions and museums"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Several displays at the <a href="/wiki/One_Street_Museum" title="One Street Museum">One Street Museum</a> are dedicated to Bulgakov's family. Among the items presented in the museum are original photos of Mikhail Bulgakov, books and his personal belongings, and a window frame from the house where he lived. The museum also keeps scientific works of Prof. Afanasiy Bulgakov, Mikhail's father.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mikhail_Bulgakov_Museum,_Kyiv"><span id="Mikhail_Bulgakov_Museum.2C_Kyiv"></span>Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov_Museum" title="Mikhail Bulgakov Museum">Mikhail Bulgakov Museum</a> (Bulgakov House) in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> has been converted to a literary museum with some rooms devoted to the writer, as well as some to his works.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This was his family home, the model for the house of the Turbin family in his play <i>The Days of the Turbins</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Bulgakov_Museums_in_Moscow">The Bulgakov Museums in Moscow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: The Bulgakov Museums in Moscow"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Moscow, two museums honour the memory of Mikhail Bulgakov and <i>The Master and Margarita</i>. Both are situated in Bulgakov's old apartment building on Bolshaya Sadovaya street nr. 10, in which parts of <i>The Master and Margarita</i> are set. Since the 1980s, the building has become a gathering spot for Bulgakov's fans, as well as Moscow-based <a href="/wiki/Satanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanist">Satanist</a> groups, and had various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> scrawled on the walls. The numerous paintings, quips, and drawings were completely whitewashed in 2003. Previously the best drawings were kept as the walls were repainted, so that several layers of different colored paints could be seen around the best drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a rivalry between the two museums, mainly maintained by the later established official Museum M.A. Bulgakov, which invariably presents itself as "the first and only Memorial Museum of Mikhail Bulgakov in Moscow".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Bulgakov_House">The Bulgakov House</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: The Bulgakov House"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgakov_House_(Moscow)" title="Bulgakov House (Moscow)">Bulgakov House (Moscow)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgakov_House_(Moscow)" title="Bulgakov House (Moscow)">Bulgakov House</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Музей – театр "Булгаковский Дом") is situated at the ground floor. This museum has been established as a private initiative on 15 May 2004. </p><p>The <i>Bulgakov House</i> contains personal belongings, photos, and several exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. Various poetic and literary events are often held, and excursions to <i>Bulgakov's Moscow</i> are organised, some of which are animated with living characters of <i>The Master and Margarita</i>. The <i>Bulgakov House</i> also runs the <i>Theatre M.A. Bulgakov</i> with 126 seats, and the <i>Café 302-bis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Museum_M.A._Bulgakov">The Museum M.A. Bulgakov</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: The Museum M.A. Bulgakov"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgakov_Museum_in_Moscow" title="Bulgakov Museum in Moscow">Bulgakov Museum in Moscow</a></div> <p>In the same building, in apartment number 50 on the fourth floor, is a second museum that keeps alive the memory of Bulgakov, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgakov_Museum_in_Moscow" title="Bulgakov Museum in Moscow">Museum M.A. Bulgakov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Музей М. А. Булгаков). This second museum is a government initiative, and was founded on 26 March 2007. </p><p>The Museum M.A. Bulgakov contains personal belongings, photos, and several exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. Various poetic and literary events are often held. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG/220px-Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG/330px-Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG/440px-Andrijivskiy_uzviz_13a-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Mikhail Bulgakov Museum, Kyiv</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_places_named_after_him">Other places named after him</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Other places named after him"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/3469_Bulgakov" class="mw-redirect" title="3469 Bulgakov">3469 Bulgakov</a>, discovered by the Soviet astronomer <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Georgievna_Karachkina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina">Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina</a> in 1982, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_inspired_by_him">Works inspired by him</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Works inspired by him"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Literature"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> said that <i>The Master and Margarita</i> was an inspiration for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i> (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(screenwriter)" title="John Hodge (screenwriter)">John Hodge</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Collaborators_(play)" title="Collaborators (play)">Collaborators</a></i> (2011) is a fictionalized account of the relationship between Bulgakov and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, inspired by <i>The Days of the Turbins</i> and <i>The White Guard.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Music"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>According to <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <i>Master and Margarita</i> was part of the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Sympathy_for_the_Devil" title="Sympathy for the Devil">Sympathy for the Devil</a>" (1968). <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>'s song "Pilate", featured on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Yield_(album)" title="Yield (album)">Yield</a></i> (1998), were inspired by <i>Master and Margarita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearl_Jam_FAQ_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Jam_FAQ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The lyrics were written by the band's bassist <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Ament" title="Jeff Ament">Jeff Ament</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kapranos" title="Alex Kapranos">Alex Kapranos</a> from Franz Ferdinand-based "Love and Destroy" on the same book.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Film"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flight_(film)" title="The Flight (film)">The Flight</a></i> (1970) — a two-part historical drama based on Bulgakov's <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_(play)" title="Flight (play)">Flight</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i> and <i>Black Sea</i>. It was the first Soviet adaptation of Bulgakov's writings directed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Alov" title="Aleksandr Alov">Aleksandr Alov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Naumov" title="Vladimir Naumov">Vladimir Naumov</a>, with Bulgakov's third wife Elena Bulgakova credited as a "literary consultant". The film was officially selected for the <a href="/wiki/1971_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1971 Cannes Film Festival">1971 Cannes Film Festival</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margaret_(1972_film)" title="The Master and Margaret (1972 film)">The Master and Margaret</a></i> (1972) — a joint Yugoslav-Italian drama directed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Petrovi%C4%87_(film_director)" title="Aleksandar Petrović (film director)">Aleksandar Petrović</a>, the first adaptation of the novel of the same name, along with <i>Pilate and Others</i>. It was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/45th_Academy_Awards" title="45th Academy Awards">45th Academy Awards</a>, but was not accepted as a nominee.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilate_and_Others" title="Pilate and Others">Pilate and Others</a></i> (1972) — a German TV drama directed by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>, it was also a loose adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> novel. The film focused on the biblical part of the story, and the action was moved to the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vasilievich:_Back_to_the_Future" title="Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future">Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future</a></i> (1973) — an adaptation of Bulgakov's science fiction/comedy play <i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vasilievich_(play)" title="Ivan Vasilievich (play)">Ivan Vasilievich</a></i> about an unexpected visit of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> to the modern-day Moscow. It was directed by one of the leading Soviet comedy directors <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Gaidai" title="Leonid Gaidai">Leonid Gaidai</a>. With 60.7 million viewers on the year of release it became the 17th most popular film ever produced in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuore_di_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuore di cane">Dog's Heart</a></i> (1976) — a joint Italian-German science fiction/comedy film directed by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Lattuada" title="Alberto Lattuada">Alberto Lattuada</a>. It was the first adaptation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a></i> satirical novel about an old scientist who tries to grow a man out of a dog.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins_(1976_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Days of the Turbins (1976 film)">The Days of the Turbins</a></i> (1976) — a three-part Soviet TV drama directed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Basov" title="Vladimir Basov">Vladimir Basov</a>. It was an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">play of the same name</a> which, at the same time, was Bulgakov's stage adaptation of <i>The White Guard</i> novel.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog_(1988_film)" title="Heart of a Dog (1988 film)">Heart of a Dog</a></i> (1988) — a Soviet black-and-white TV film directed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bortko" title="Vladimir Bortko">Vladimir Bortko</a>, the second adaptation of the novel of the same name. Unlike the previous version, this film follows the original text closely, while also introducing characters, themes and dialogues featured in other Bulgakov's writings.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(1988_TV_series)" title="The Master and Margarita (1988 TV series)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (1989) — a Polish TV drama in four parts directed by <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Wojtyszko" title="Maciej Wojtyszko">Maciej Wojtyszko</a>. It was noted by critics as a very faithful adaptation of the original novel.</li> <li><i>After the Revolution</i> (1990) – a feature-length film created by András Szirtes, a Hungarian filmmaker, using a simple video camera, from 1987 to 1989. It is a very loose adaptation, but for all that, it is explicitly based on Bulgakov's novel, in a thoroughly experimental way. What you see in this film is documentary-like scenes shot in Moscow and Budapest, and New York, and these scenes are linked to the novel by some explicit links, and by these, the film goes beyond the level of being but a visual documentary which would only have reminded the viewer of The Master and Margarita.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incident_in_Judaea" title="Incident in Judaea">Incident in Judaea</a></i>, a 1991 film by Paul Bryers for Channel 4, focussing on the biblical parts of The Master and Margarita.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(1994_film)" title="The Master and Margarita (1994 film)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (1994) — Russian film directed by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Kara" title="Yuri Kara">Yuri Kara</a> in 1994 and released to public only in 2011. Known for a long, troubled post-production due to the director's resistance to cut about 80 minutes of the film on the producers' request, as well as copyright claims from the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Elena_Sergeevna_Bulgakova" title="Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova">Elena Bulgakova</a> (Shilovskaya).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(miniseries)" title="The Master and Margarita (miniseries)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (2005) — Russian TV mini-series directed by Vladimir Bortko and his second adaptation of Bulgakov's writings. Screened for <a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Russia-1</a>, it was seen by 40 million viewers on its initial release, becoming the most popular Russian TV series.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morphine_(film)" title="Morphine (film)">Morphine</a></i> (2008) — Russian film directed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Balabanov" title="Aleksei Balabanov">Aleksei Balabanov</a> loosely based on Bulgakov's autobiographical short stories <i>Morphine</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Country_Doctor%27s_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="A Country Doctor&#39;s Notebook">A Country Doctor's Notebook</a></i>. The screenplay was written by Balabanov's friend and regular collaborator <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bodrov,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Bodrov, Jr.">Sergei Bodrov, Jr.</a> before his tragic death in 2002.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard_(TV_series)" title="The White Guard (TV series)">The White Guard</a></i> (2012) — Russian TV mini-series produced by <a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Russia-1</a>. The film was shot in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and released to mostly negative reviews. In 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture (Ukraine)">Ukrainian Ministry of Culture</a> banned the distribution of the film, claiming that it shows "contempt for the Ukrainian language, people and state".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook_(TV_series)" title="A Young Doctor&#39;s Notebook (TV series)">A Young Doctor's Notebook</a></i> (2012–2013) — British mini-series produced by <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Hamm" title="Jon Hamm">Jon Hamm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a> playing main parts. Unlike the Morphine film by Aleksei Balabanov that mixed drama and thriller, this version of <i>A Country Doctor's Notebook</i> was made as a <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(2024_film)" title="The Master and Margarita (2024 film)">The Master and Margarita</a></i>. (2024) − Film directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lockshin_(film_director)" title="Michael Lockshin (film director)">Michael Lockshin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240216_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240216-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_eponym">Medical eponym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Medical eponym"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from the Medical School in 1909, he spent the early days of his career as a venereologist, rather than pursuing his goal of being a pediatrician, as <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> was highly prevalent during those times. It was during those early years that he described the symptoms and characteristics of syphilis affecting the bones. He described the abnormal and concomitant change of the outline of the crests of the shin-bones with a pathological worm-eaten like appearance and creation of abnormal osteophytes in the bones of those suffering from later stages of syphilis. This became known as "Bulgakov's Sign" and is commonly used in the former Soviet states, but is known as the "Bandy Legs Sign" in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-google_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliography"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov_bibliography" title="Mikhail Bulgakov bibliography">Mikhail Bulgakov bibliography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Category:Works by Mikhail Bulgakov">Category:Works by Mikhail Bulgakov</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Novels"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i> (1925/1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (1940/1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Novel" title="Theatrical Novel">Theatrical Novel</a></i> (1936/1967, aka <i>Black Snow</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novellas_and_short_stories">Novellas and short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Novellas and short stories"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_Cuffs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes on the Cuffs (page does not exist)">Notes on the Cuffs</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diaboliad" title="Diaboliad">Diaboliad</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Eggs" title="The Fatal Eggs">The Fatal Eggs</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook" title="A Young Doctor&#39;s Notebook">A Young Doctor's Notebook</a></i> (1926/1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a></i> (1925/1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphine_(short_story)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphine (short story) (page does not exist)">Morphine</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Murderer_(Bulgakov_story)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Murderer (Bulgakov story) (page does not exist)">The Murderer</a>" (1928)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Great Soviet Short Stories</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>The Terrible News: Russian Stories from the Years Following the Revolution</i> (1990)</li> <li><i>Diaboliad and Other Stories</i> (1990)</li> <li><i>Notes on the Cuff &amp; Other Stories</i> (1991)</li> <li><i>The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, 1918–1963</i> (1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Theatre"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoyka%27s_Apartment" title="Zoyka&#39;s Apartment">Zoyka's Apartment</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">The Days of the Turbins</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flight_(play)" title="Flight (play)">Flight</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabal_of_Hypocrites" title="The Cabal of Hypocrites">The Cabal of Hypocrites</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(play)" title="Adam and Eve (play)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vasilievich_(play)" title="Ivan Vasilievich (play)">Ivan Vasilievich</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography">Biography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biography"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Life of M. de Molière</i>, 1962</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The surname Chugunkin comes from "chugunka" is an informal term for railroad called so because the rails were made from <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, <i>chugun</i> in Russian</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bulgakov">"Bulgakov"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20240216-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20240216_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20240216_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSonne2024" class="citation news cs1">Sonne, Paul (16 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/movies/master-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html">"Life Imitates Art as a 'Master and Margarita' Movie Stirs Russia - An American director's adaptation of the beloved novel is resonating with moviegoers, who may recognize some similarities in its satire of authoritarian rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240216060706/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/movies/master-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Imitates+Art+as+a+%27Master+and+Margarita%27+Movie+Stirs+Russia+-+An+American+director%27s+adaptation+of+the+beloved+novel+is+resonating+with+moviegoers%2C+who+may+recognize+some+similarities+in+its+satire+of+authoritarian+rule.&amp;rft.date=2024-02-16&amp;rft.aulast=Sonne&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F02%2F16%2Fmovies%2Fmaster-and-margarita-movie-russia-reaction.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee,_Neel2008" class="citation news cs1">Mukherjee, Neel (9 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718183730/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article3901149.ece">"The Master and Margarita: A graphic novel by Mikhail Bulgakov"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/fiction/article3901149.ece">the original</a> on 18 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Master+and+Margarita%3A+A+graphic+novel+by+Mikhail+Bulgakov&amp;rft.date=2008-05-09&amp;rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Neel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffiction%2Farticle3901149.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgakov_britannica_com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov_britannica_com_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov">Bulgakov's biography on britannica</a> subject of Bulgakov's works (main part of the text starts from the "novel Belaya gvardiya (The White Guard)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlgakovGlorifiedemigration_ru-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlgakovGlorifiedemigration_ru_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html">Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography</a> Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalinTheDaysoftheTurbins_chayka_org_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaternikova, Marianna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chayka.org/node/1234">Why Did Stalin Loved The Days of the Turbuns.</a> Почему Сталин любил спектакль «Дни Турбиных». Опубликовано: 15 октября 2006 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard_standard_co_uk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/stalin-s-secret-love-affair-with-the-white-guard-6705761.html">Stalin’s secret love affair with The White Guard</a> Stalin’s secret love affair with The White Guard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19834-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19834_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836–7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836–7_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, pp.&#160;6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19839-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19839_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202331–32_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, pp.&#160;31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19835–6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19835–6_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, pp.&#160;5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaber1998" class="citation book cs1">Haber, Edythe C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAYOu62zcVUC&amp;q=tartar"><i>Mikhail Bulgakov: The Early Years</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p.&#160;70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57418-2"><bdi>978-0-674-57418-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mikhail+Bulgakov%3A+The+Early+Years&amp;rft.pages=70&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-674-57418-2&amp;rft.aulast=Haber&amp;rft.aufirst=Edythe+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAYOu62zcVUC%26q%3Dtartar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19836_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19837-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya19837_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis20191–2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis20191–2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2019">Curtis 2019</a>, pp.&#160;1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332–33-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202332–33_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, pp.&#160;32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya198317-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanovskaya198317_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYanovskaya1983">Yanovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009010439/http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html">"Bulgakov timeline /Краткая хроника жизни и творчества М.А.Булгакова"</a>. www.m-a-bulgakov.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bulgakov+timeline+%2F%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9C.%D0%90.%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;rft.pub=www.m-a-bulgakov.ru&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-a-bulgakov.ru%2Fhronika.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202355–56-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202355–56_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, pp.&#160;55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202364-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202364_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, p.&#160;64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202368_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, p.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova198327-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova198327_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova1983">Chudakova 1983</a>, p.&#160;27.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFChudakova1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, p.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198327-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198327_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYankovskaya1983">Yankovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;27.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFYankovskaya1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198328-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYankovskaya198328_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYankovskaya1983">Yankovskaya 1983</a>, p.&#160;28.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFYankovskaya1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371–72-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChudakova202371–72_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChudakova2023">Chudakova 2023</a>, pp.&#160;71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Konchakovska_and_Bohdan_Yasinsky1998" class="citation web cs1">Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html">"Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mikhail+Bulgakov+in+the+Western+World%3A+A+Bibliography&amp;rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.au=Katherine+Konchakovska+and+Bohdan+Yasinsky&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Feuropean%2Fbulgaklc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-criticallives-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criticallives_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2017" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, J.A.E. (2017). <i>Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov</i>. United Kingdom: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-741-1"><bdi>978-1-78023-741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Critical+Lives%3A+Mikhail+Bulgakov&amp;rft.place=United+Kingdom&amp;rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-78023-741-1&amp;rft.aulast=Curtis&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChudakova2019" class="citation book cs1">Chudakova, Marietta (2019). <i>Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times</i>. Glagoslav Publications. pp.&#160;74–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78437-981-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78437-981-0"><bdi>978-1-78437-981-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mikhail+Bulgakov%3A+the+Life+and+Times&amp;rft.pages=74-79&amp;rft.pub=Glagoslav+Publications&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-78437-981-0&amp;rft.aulast=Chudakova&amp;rft.aufirst=Marietta&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vilensky, Yu, G., Bulgakov's doctor (1991) T. I. Borisova (ed.) Kiev. Zdorovie. pp. 99–103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-311-00639-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-311-00639-0">5-311-00639-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, p. 110. swedish edition of <i>Stalin: The Red Tsar and His Court</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgakov&#39;s_first_work_britannika-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov&#39;s_first_work_britannika_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov's biography on britannica</a> Bulgakov's first work was Belaya gvardiya (The White Guard)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letter_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/b_letter.txt"><bdi lang="ru">Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков. Письмо правительству СССР</bdi></a> (in Russian). lib.ru/Новый мир, 1987, N8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&amp;rft.pub=lib.ru%2F%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%2C+1987%2C+N8.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ru%2FBULGAKOW%2Fb_letter.txt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-az_lib_batum-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-az_lib_batum_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/BULGAKOW/batum.txt">"Батум. Комментарии"</a>. lib.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&amp;rft.pub=lib.ru&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ru%2FBULGAKOW%2Fbatum.txt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilbersteinMaorBaskinD&#39;Amato2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zilberstein, Gleb; Maor, Uriel; Baskin, Emmanuil; D'Amato, Alfonsina; Righetti, Pier Giorgio (2016). "Unearthing Bulgakov's trace proteome from the Master i Margarita manuscript". <i>Journal of Proteomics</i>. <b>152</b>: 102–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jprot.2016.10.019">10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27989937">27989937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Proteomics&amp;rft.atitle=Unearthing+Bulgakov%27s+trace+proteome+from+the+Master+i+Margarita+manuscript&amp;rft.volume=152&amp;rft.pages=102-108&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jprot.2016.10.019&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27989937&amp;rft.aulast=Zilberstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Gleb&amp;rft.au=Maor%2C+Uriel&amp;rft.au=Baskin%2C+Emmanuil&amp;rft.au=D%27Amato%2C+Alfonsina&amp;rft.au=Righetti%2C+Pier+Giorgio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lit-arts-med-db-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lit-arts-med-db_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulehan1999" class="citation web cs1">Coulehan, Jack (9 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&amp;annid=207">"Literature Annotations: Bulgakov, Mikhail – A Country Doctor's Notebook"</a>. <i>Literature Arts and Medicine Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Literature+Arts+and+Medicine+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Literature+Annotations%3A+Bulgakov%2C+Mikhail+%E2%80%93+A+Country+Doctor%27s+Notebook&amp;rft.date=1999-11-09&amp;rft.aulast=Coulehan&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitmed.med.nyu.edu%2FAnnotation%3Faction%3Dview%26annid%3D207&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inna Konchakovskaia (1902–85) a daughter of the owner (who had become a hero of Bulgakov's novel) and niece of composer <a href="/wiki/Witold_Maliszewski" title="Witold Maliszewski">Witold Maliszewski</a> preserved the house during hard soviet times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/culture/ukrainian-page-maestro-maliszewski">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, Chris (5 February 2005). "Devil-worshippers target famous writer's Moscow flat". The Irish Times. Page 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltseva,_Elina" class="citation news cs1">Galtseva, Elina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulgakovmuseum.ru/en/about">"About the museum"</a>. Museum M.A. Bulgakov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=About+the+museum&amp;rft.au=Galtseva%2C+Elina&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulgakovmuseum.ru%2Fen%2Fabout&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel,_Lutz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;q=3461+Mandelshtam+1977"><i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540002383" title="Special:BookSources/9783540002383"><bdi>9783540002383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9783540002383&amp;rft.au=Schmadel%2C+Lutz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3D3461%2BMandelshtam%2B1977&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesley_Milne1995" class="citation book cs1">Lesley Milne, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olP1WooscOEC&amp;q=Salman+Rushdie+%27%27The+Master+and+Margarita%27%27+satanic&amp;pg=PA232"><i>Bulgakov: the novelist-playwright</i></a>. Routledge. p.&#160;232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5619-6"><bdi>978-3-7186-5619-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bulgakov%3A+the+novelist-playwright&amp;rft.pages=232&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-7186-5619-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolP1WooscOEC%26q%3DSalman%2BRushdie%2B%2527%2527The%2BMaster%2Band%2BMargarita%2527%2527%2Bsatanic%26pg%3DPA232&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittins2021" class="citation news cs1">Gittins, Ian (9 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/sympathy-for-the-devil.html">"Sympathy for the Devil — when Mick Jagger dabbled in the occult"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Sympathy+for+the+Devil+%E2%80%94+when+Mick+Jagger+dabbled+in+the+occult&amp;rft.date=2021-08-09&amp;rft.aulast=Gittins&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fig.ft.com%2Flife-of-a-song%2Fsympathy-for-the-devil.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearl_Jam_FAQ-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearl_Jam_FAQ_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkinsCorbett2016" class="citation book cs1">Harkins, Thomas; Corbett, Bernard (2016). <i>Pearl Jam FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Seattle's Most Enduring Band</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pearl+Jam+FAQ%3A+All+That%27s+Left+to+Know+About+Seattle%27s+Most+Enduring+Band&amp;rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Harkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.au=Corbett%2C+Bernard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kinopoisk.ru/top/lists/184/">Soviet box office leaders</a> at <a href="/wiki/KinoPoisk" class="mw-redirect" title="KinoPoisk">KinoPoisk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mignews.com/news/interview/cis/180206_192635_56773.html">Vladimir Bortko about The Master and Margarita</a> interview to the MIGNnews.com website (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/ukraine-bans-russian-films-for-distorting-historical-facts-37767">Ukraine Bans Russian Films for Distorting Historical Facts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a>, 29 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_A.B.1911" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, A.B. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeFaAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA570"><i>Surgical Diagnosis</i></a>. Vol.&#160;1. D. Appleton. p.&#160;570<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Surgical+Diagnosis&amp;rft.pages=570&amp;rft.pub=D.+Appleton&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+A.B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeFaAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA570&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne,_L.1990" class="citation book cs1">Milne, L. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sC8FKXBgrkgC&amp;pg=PA136"><i>Mikhail Bulgakov: A Critical Biography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521227285" title="Special:BookSources/9780521227285"><bdi>9780521227285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mikhail+Bulgakov%3A+A+Critical+Biography&amp;rft.pages=136&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=9780521227285&amp;rft.au=Milne%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsC8FKXBgrkgC%26pg%3DPA136&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_referenced">Sources referenced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sources referenced"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2019" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Julie A. E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781644690796/html"><i>A reader's companion to Mikhail Bulgakov's The master and Margarita</i></a>. Boston (Mass.): Academic Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781644690796">10.1515/9781644690796</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781644690796" title="Special:BookSources/9781644690796"><bdi>9781644690796</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+reader%27s+companion+to+Mikhail+Bulgakov%27s+The+master+and+Margarita&amp;rft.place=Boston+%28Mass.%29&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781644690796&amp;rft.isbn=9781644690796&amp;rft.aulast=Curtis&amp;rft.aufirst=Julie+A.+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781644690796%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span>&lt;/ref&gt;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChudakova2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marietta_Chudakova" title="Marietta Chudakova">Chudakova, Marietta</a> (2023). <i>Жизнеописание Михаила Булгакова</i> &#91;<i>The Life and Times of Mikhail Bulgakov</i>&#93; (in Russian). Moscow: Azbuka-Atticus Publishing Group LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.pub=Azbuka-Atticus+Publishing+Group+LLC&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.aulast=Chudakova&amp;rft.aufirst=Marietta&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanovskaya1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yanovskaya, Lidiya (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/embed/1983_20240528_202405"><i>Творческий путь Михаила Булгакова</i></a> &#91;<i>The Creative Path of Mikhail Bulgakov</i>&#93; (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Sovetsky_Pisatel" title="Sovetsky Pisatel">Sovetsky Pisatel</a> &#8211; via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&amp;rft.pub=Sovetsky+Pisatel&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.aulast=Yanovskaya&amp;rft.aufirst=Lidiya&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fembed%2F1983_20240528_202405&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Bulgakov" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sources"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Voronina, Olga G., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhra.org.uk/publications/Depicting-Divine">Depicting the Divine: Mikhail Bulgakov and Thomas Mann</a></i>, Studies In Comparative Literature, 47 (Cambridge: Legenda, 2019).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:10059/SOURCE02">Townsend, Dorian Aleksandra, <i>From Upyr' to Vampire: The Slavic Vampire Myth in Russian Literature</i>, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of German and Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts &amp; Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, May 2011.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_Bulgakov">Biographies of Bulgakov</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biographies of Bulgakov"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marietta_Chudakova" title="Marietta Chudakova">Chudakova, Marietta</a>. 2019, <i>Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times</i>. Glagoslav Publications.</li> <li>Curtis, J.A.E., 2017. <i>Critical Lives</i>. Reaktion Books</li> <li>Michalopoulos, Dimitris, 2014, <i>Russia under Communism: Bulgakov, his Life and his Book</i>, Saarbruecken: Lambert Academic Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-659-53121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-659-53121-7">978-3-659-53121-7</a></li> <li>Drawitz, Andrzey 2001. <i>The Master and the Devil</i>. transl. Kevin Windle, New York: Edwin Mellen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edythe_Haber" title="Edythe Haber">Haber, Edythe C</a>. 1998. <i>Mikhail Bulgakov, the early years</i>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Milne, Leslie 1990. <i>Mikhail Bulgakov: a critical biography</i>. Cambridge University *Press.</li> <li>Proffer, Ellendea 1984. <i>Bulgakov: life and work</i>. Ann Arbor: Ardis.</li> <li>Proffer, Ellendea 1984. <i>A pictorial biography of Mikhail Bulgakov</i>. Ann Arbor: Ardis.</li> <li>Wright, Colin 1978. Mikhail Bulgakov: life and interpretation. University of Toronto Press.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters,_memoirs"><span id="Letters.2C_memoirs"></span>Letters, memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Letters, memoirs"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Belozerskaya-Bulgakova, Lyubov 1983. <i>My life with Mikhail Bulgakov</i>. transl. Margareta Thompson, Ann Arbor: Ardis.</li> <li>Cockrell, Roger. 2013. <i>Diaries and Selected Letters</i>. transl. Roger Cockrell. United Kingdom: Alma Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847496058" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847496058">978-1847496058</a></li> <li>Curtis J.A.E. 1991. <i>Manuscripts don't burn: Mikhail Bulgakov: a life in letters and diaries</i>. London: Bloomsbury.</li> <li>Vozvdvizhensky, Vyacheslav (ed) 1990. <i>Mikhail Bulgakov and his times: memoirs, letters</i>. transl. Liv Tudge, Moscow: Progress.</li> <li>Vanhellemont, Jan, 2020, <i>The Master and Margarita - Annotations per chapter</i>, Vanhellemont, Leuven, Belgium, 257 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-081853-32-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-081853-32-3">978-9-081853-32-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.masterandmargarita.eu/en/10estore/bookse.html">https://www.masterandmargarita.eu/en/10estore/bookse.html</a> .</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bulgakov&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mikhail_Bulgakov" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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A comparison of the Soviet society described in <i>Master and Margarita</i> and modern society in the United States and Russia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html">Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, European Reading Room</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovlit.net/gudok/">"Remembering Gudok" by M.Bulgakov.</a> {from SovLit.net}</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0119888/">Mikhail A. Bulgakov</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79056735">Mikhail Bulgakov</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 180&#32;library catalogue records</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Mikhail_Bulgakov" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Bulgakov"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mikhail_Bulgakov" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikhail Bulgakov</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov_bibliography" title="Mikhail Bulgakov bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Guard" title="The White Guard">The White Guard</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (1928–1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Novel" title="Theatrical Novel">Theatrical Novel</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_a_Dog" title="Heart of a Dog">Heart of a Dog</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Eggs" title="The Fatal Eggs">The Fatal Eggs</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Doctor%27s_Notebook" title="A Young Doctor&#39;s Notebook">A Young Doctor's Notebook</a></i> (1925–1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoyka%27s_Apartment" title="Zoyka&#39;s Apartment">Zoyka's Apartment</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">The Days of the Turbins</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flight_(play)" title="Flight (play)">Flight</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabal_of_Hypocrites" title="The Cabal of Hypocrites">The Cabal of Hypocrites</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(play)" title="Adam and Eve (play)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vasilievich_(play)" title="Ivan Vasilievich (play)">Ivan Vasilievich</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgakov_Museum_in_Moscow" title="Bulgakov Museum in Moscow">Bulgakov Museum in Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov_Museum" title="Mikhail Bulgakov Museum">Mikhail Bulgakov Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Street_Museum" title="One Street Museum">One Street Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collaborators_(play)" title="Collaborators (play)">Collaborators</a></i> (2011 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Master_and_Margarita_by_Mikhail_Bulgakov" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Master_and_Margarita" title="Template:The Master and Margarita"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Master_and_Margarita" title="Template talk:The Master and Margarita"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Master_and_Margarita" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Master and Margarita"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Master_and_Margarita_by_Mikhail_Bulgakov" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikhail Bulgakov</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_(Master_and_Margarita)" title="Master (Master and Margarita)">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_(Master_and_Margarita)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margarita (Master and Margarita)">Margarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woland" title="Woland">Woland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(Master_and_Margarita)" title="Behemoth (Master and Margarita)">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazello" title="Azazello">Azazello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korovyev" title="Korovyev">Korovyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilate_and_Others" title="Pilate and Others">Pilate and Others</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margaret_(1972_film)" title="The Master and Margaret (1972 film)">The Master and Margaret</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(1988_TV_series)" title="The Master and Margarita (1988 TV series)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (1988 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Meister_und_Margarita" title="Der Meister und Margarita">Der Meister und Margarita</a></i> (1989 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incident_in_Judaea" title="Incident in Judaea">Incident in Judaea</a></i> (1991 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(1994_film)" title="The Master and Margarita (1994 film)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (1994 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(miniseries)" title="The Master and Margarita (miniseries)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (2005 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(2024_film)" title="The Master and Margarita (2024 film)">The Master and Margarita</a></i> (2024 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O&#39;Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d&#39;Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O&#39;Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O&#39;Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></b> →</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012144993X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/99836700">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1727665/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqrQDgxBJXPPC464gVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118517376">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056735">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9032808">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000002838&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000005625&amp;local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=red10&amp;doc_number=000161173">Chile</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=red10&amp;doc_number=000442367">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=110248">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199603880">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbd740j140bjt2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567447905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/22006">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259377905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041364">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608831806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13908027">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01006341?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/91cdafca-3005-409c-bcc5-ef977000cbbc">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/743053">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118517376.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118517376">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02806934X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s8rdf">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=37877">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30108310">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1733346450'