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14:29, 4 June 2013: 168.169.226.68 (talk) triggered filter 260, performing the action "edit" on Lee Harvey Oswald. Actions taken: Disallow; Filter description: Common vandal phrases (examine)

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{{About|the life of Lee Harvey Oswald|discussion of Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|and|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}}
{{About|the life of Lee Harvey Oswald|discussion of Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|and|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Lee Harvey Oswald
|name = Lee harry Oswald
|image = http://www.google.com/imgres?q=crazy+guy&safe=active&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7GGLD_en&biw=898&bih=579&tbm=isch&tbnid=jy24G0i8xae7LM:&imgrefurl=http://waynestocks.com/2010/07/27/crazy-for-jesus/&docid=xSj_lycbQ19f-M&imgurl=http://waynestocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CrazyGuy.jpg&w=300&h=448&ei=ffmtUcnzKqre0gHmhYHoBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=16&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:86&tx=59&ty=75&surl=1|image_size = 180px
|image = OswaldinMinsk.jpg
|image_size = 180px
|caption = Photo taken in Minsk, Commission Exhibit 2892
|caption = Photo taken in Minsk, Commission Exhibit 2892
|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1939|10|18}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|2099|10|18}}
|birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S.
|birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1963|11|24|1939|10|18}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|3099|11|24|1939|10|18}}
|death_place = [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]<br />[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S.
|death_place = [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]<br />[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S.
|death_cause = dropped the soap and got butt raped by a fat black man|resting_place = a dumpster<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas
|death_cause = [[Murder]]ed by [[Jack Ruby]]
|resting_place = Rose Hill Cemetery<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas
|criminal_charge = Murder of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Dallas]] Police Officer [[J. D. Tippit]]
|criminal_charge = Murder of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Dallas]] Police Officer [[J. D. Tippit]]
|resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|32.732455|-97.203223|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald}}
|resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|32.732455|-97.203223|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald}}
'''Lee Harvey Oswald''' (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,<ref group="n">These were investigations by: the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (1963), the [[Warren Commission]] (1964), the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979), and the [[Dallas Police Department]].</ref> the [[sniper]] who [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]] [[John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th President of the United States]], in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], on November 22, 1963.
'''Lee Harvey Oswald''' (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,<ref group="n">These were investigations by: the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (1963), the [[Warren Commission]] (1964), the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979), and the [[Dallas Police Department]].</ref> the [[sniper]] who [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]] [[John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th President of the United States]], in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], on November 22, 1963.


Oswald was a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer [[J. D. Tippit]], who was killed on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after President Kennedy was shot. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live.
Oswald was a former pedophile who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for rape of a 109 year old man. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live.


In 1964, the [[Warren Commission]] concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Dallas Police Department]]. Despite forensic, ballistic, and circumstantial evidence, the [[lone gunman theory]] has been rejected by much of the U.S. public over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1813/most-americans-believe-oswald-conspired-others-kill-jfk.aspx |title=Gallop: Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired With Others to Kill JFK |publisher=Gallup.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> In 1979, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] concluded that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding that "scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy."<ref name="HCSA-S">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |type= |edition= |series= |year=1979 |origyear= |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=3 |chapter=Summary of Findings and Recommendations |chapterurl=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/summary.html}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0048a.htm House Select Committee on Assassinations Final Report], pp. 65-75.</ref>
In 1964, the [[Warren Commission]] concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Dallas Police Department]]. Despite forensic, ballistic, and circumstantial evidence, the [[lone gunman theory]] has been rejected by much of the U.S. public over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1813/most-americans-believe-oswald-conspired-others-kill-jfk.aspx |title=Gallop: Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired With Others to Kill JFK |publisher=Gallup.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> In 1979, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] concluded that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding that "scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy."<ref name="HCSA-S">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |type= |edition= |series= |year=1979 |origyear= |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=3 |chapter=Summary of Findings and Recommendations |chapterurl=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/summary.html}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0048a.htm House Select Committee on Assassinations Final Report], pp. 65-75.</ref>

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'{{pp-pc1}} {{About|the life of Lee Harvey Oswald|discussion of Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|and|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}} {{Infobox person |name = Lee Harvey Oswald |image = OswaldinMinsk.jpg |image_size = 180px |caption = Photo taken in Minsk, Commission Exhibit 2892 |birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1939|10|18}} |birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1963|11|24|1939|10|18}} |death_place = [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]<br />[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. |death_cause = [[Murder]]ed by [[Jack Ruby]] |resting_place = Rose Hill Cemetery<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas |criminal_charge = Murder of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Dallas]] Police Officer [[J. D. Tippit]] |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|32.732455|-97.203223|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald}} |nationality = American |spouse = [[Marina Oswald Porter|Marina Prusakova]]<br />(m. 1961–1963, his death) |signature = Lee Harvey Oswald Signature.svg }} '''Lee Harvey Oswald''' (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,<ref group="n">These were investigations by: the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (1963), the [[Warren Commission]] (1964), the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979), and the [[Dallas Police Department]].</ref> the [[sniper]] who [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]] [[John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th President of the United States]], in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], on November 22, 1963. Oswald was a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer [[J. D. Tippit]], who was killed on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after President Kennedy was shot. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. In 1964, the [[Warren Commission]] concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Dallas Police Department]]. Despite forensic, ballistic, and circumstantial evidence, the [[lone gunman theory]] has been rejected by much of the U.S. public over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1813/most-americans-believe-oswald-conspired-others-kill-jfk.aspx |title=Gallop: Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired With Others to Kill JFK |publisher=Gallup.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> In 1979, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] concluded that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding that "scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy."<ref name="HCSA-S">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |type= |edition= |series= |year=1979 |origyear= |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=3 |chapter=Summary of Findings and Recommendations |chapterurl=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/summary.html}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0048a.htm House Select Committee on Assassinations Final Report], pp. 65-75.</ref> ==Early life== ===Childhood=== Lee Harvey Oswald was born in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana on October 18, 1939<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 799, CE 1963, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0415b.htm Schedule showing known addresses of Lee Harvey Oswald from the time of his birth].</ref> to Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. and Marguerite Frances Claverie. Robert, Sr. died of a heart attack two months prior to Lee's birth. Oswald had two older siblings—brother Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Jr. and half-brother John Edward Pic.<ref name="Wbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-13.html |title=Warren Commission Report, Appendix 13: Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald, pages 670–682 |publisher=Archives.gov |year=1964}}</ref> In 1944, Oswald's mother moved the family from New Orleans to Dallas, Texas. Oswald entered the 1st grade in 1945 and over the next half-dozen years attended several different schools in the Dallas and [[Fort Worth]] areas through the 6th grade. Oswald took an [[IQ]] test in the 4th grade and scored 103; "on achievement tests in [grades 4 to 6], he twice did best in reading and twice did worst in spelling."<ref name=Wbio/> As a child, Oswald was described by several people who knew him as withdrawn and temperamental.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html |title=Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, page 378 |publisher=Archives.gov |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> In August 1952, when Oswald was 12, his mother took him to [[New York City]] where they lived for a short time with Oswald's half-brother, John Pic. Oswald and his mother were later asked to leave after an argument in which Oswald allegedly struck his mother and threatened Pic's wife with a pocket knife.<ref name=Wbio/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Warren Commission Hearings |url=http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wch/vol11/page38.php |title=Testimony of John Edward Pic}}</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 687, CE 1382, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh22/html/WH_Vol22_0359a.htm Interview with Mrs. John Edward Pic].</ref> Oswald attended the 7th grade in the [[The Bronx|Bronx]], New York but was often truant, which led to a psychiatric assessment at a juvenile reformatory.<ref name=Wbio/> The reformatory psychiatrist, Dr. Renatus Hartogs, described Oswald as immersed in a "vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which [Oswald] tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations." Dr. Hartogs detected a "personality pattern disturbance with [[Schizoid personality disorder|schizoid]] features and [[Passive-aggressive behavior|passive-aggressive]] tendencies" and recommended continued treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/03/JA/DR/.dr16.html |title=Report of Renatus Hartogs, May 1, 1953 |publisher=Acorn.net |date=1953-05-01 |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> However, in January 1954, Oswald's mother returned to New Orleans, taking Oswald with her.<ref name=Wbio/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 123, CE 2223, Big Brothers of New York, Inc., [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0077a.htm Case file of Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> At the time, there was a question pending before a New York judge as to whether Oswald should be removed from the care of his mother to finish his schooling,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/2_12_64_AM.htm Testimony of Mrs. Marguerite Oswald].</ref> although Oswald's behavior appeared to improve during his last months in New York.<ref>[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/jfkinfo3/exhibits/carro1.htm Carro Exhibit No. 1 Continued] at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''.</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/carro.htm Testimony of John Carro].</ref> In New Orleans, Oswald completed the 8th and 9th grades. He entered the 10th grade in the fall of 1955 but quit school after one month.<ref name="Saturday">{{cite journal |last=Bagdikian |first=Ben H. |authorlink=Ben Bagdikian |editor1-first=Clay |editor1-last=Blair Jr. |editor1-link=Clay Blair |date=December 14, 1963 |title=The Assassin |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |issue=44 |page=23 |publisher=The Curtis Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia, PA. 19105}}</ref> After leaving school, Oswald worked for several months as an office clerk and messenger in New Orleans. In July 1956, Oswald's mother moved the family to Fort Worth, Texas and Oswald re-enrolled in the 10th grade for the September session. However, a few weeks later in October, Oswald quit school at age 17 to join the Marines ''(see below)'';<ref name=Wbio/> he never received a high school diploma. By the age of 17, he had resided at 22 different locations and attended 12 different schools.<ref group="n"> The schools were: {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}<!--was unclear from earlier text whether this all came from Warren Rpt or from other sources as well --> * 1st grade: [[Benbrook Common School]] (Fort Worth, Texas), October 31, 1945 * 1st grade (again): [[Covington Elementary School]] ([[Covington, LA]]), Sep. 1946–Jan. 1947 * 1st grade (end): [[Clayton Public School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Jan.–May 1947 * 2nd grade: [[Clayton Public School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Sept. 1947 * 2nd grade (end): [[Clark Elementary School]] (Ft Worth, TX), March 1948 * 3rd grade: [[Arlington Heights Elementary School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Sept. 1948 * 4th grade: [[Ridglea West Elementary School]] (since renamed Luella Merrett, Ft Worth), Sep. 1949 * 5th grade: [[Ridglea West Elementary School]] (Ft Worth), Sep. 1950 * 6th grade: [[Ridglea West Elementary School]] (Ft Worth), Sep. 1951 * 7th grade: [[Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), Aug. 1952 * 7th grade: [[List of public elementary schools in New York City|Public School 117]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), Sep. 1952 (attended 17 of 64 days) * 7th grade (end): [[List of public elementary schools in New York City|Public School 44]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), March 23, 1953 :: [[Reformatory]]: Youth House (NYC, NY), April/May 1953. * 8th grade: [[Public School 44]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), Sep. 14, 1953 * 8th grade (end): [[Beauregard Junior High School]] (New Orleans), Jan. 13, 1954 * 9th grade: [[Beauregard Junior High School]] (New Orleans), Sep. 1954–June 1955 * 10th grade: [[Warren Easton High School]] (New Orleans), Sep.–Oct. 1955 (Warren appendix 13) :: (tried to enlist in U.S. Marines using affidavit claiming age 17) :: (worked as clerk/messenger in New Orleans, rather than school) * 10th grade (again): [[Arlington Heights High School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Sep.–Oct. 1956. Final withdrawal from high school, 10<sup>th</sup> grade. (Warren appendix 13) </ref> Though the young Oswald had trouble spelling<ref name=Wbio/> and writing coherently,<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#return Warren Commission Report, Chapt. 7, p. 383].</ref> he read voraciously. By age 15, he claimed to be a [[Marxist]], writing in his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered [[socialism|socialist]] literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries." At 16 he wrote to the [[Socialist Party of America]] for information on their [[Young People's Socialist League (1907)|Young People's Socialist League]], saying he had been studying socialist principles for "well over fifteen months."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, CE 2240, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0085b.htm FBI transcript of letter from Lee Oswald to the Socialist Party of America, October 3, 1956].</ref> However, Edward Voebel, "whom the Warren Commission had established was Oswald's closest friend during his teenage years in New Orleans...said that reports that Oswald was already 'studying [[Communism]]' were a 'lot of [[baloney (disambiguation)|baloney]].' " Voebel said that "Oswald commonly read 'paperback trash.'"<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.pdf Oswald, [[David Ferrie]] and the Civil Air Patrol], [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], vol. 9, 4, p. 107.</ref><ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh8/html/WC_Vol8_0009b.htm Testimony of Edward Voebel], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 8, pp. 10, 12.</ref> As a teenager, in 1955, Oswald attended [[Civil Air Patrol]] meetings in New Orleans. Oswald's fellow cadets recalled him attending C.A.P. meetings "three or four" times, or "10 or 12 times" over a one- or two-month period.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0058a.htm Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 4, pp. 107-115.</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 234. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS Frontline "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).</ref> ===Marine Corps=== [[File:CE2894.jpg|thumb|upright|Oswald when he served in the US Marine Corps]] Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, just after his seventeenth birthday. He idolized his older brother Robert and a photograph, after his arrest by Dallas police, shows Lee wearing his brother's Marines ring.<ref>Bob Goodman, Triangle of Fire (Laquerian Publishing Co., 1993).</ref> One witness testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald's enlistment may also have been an escape from his overbearing mother.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, p. 384, Lee Harvey Oswald: Background and Possible Motives, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#return Return to New Orleans and Joining the Marine Corps].</ref> Oswald's primary training was radar operation; a position requiring a security clearance. A May 1957 document states that he was "granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including CONFIDENTIAL after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, Folsom Exhibit No. 1, p. 665, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0342a.htm Administrative Remarks].</ref> In the Aircraft Control and Warning Operator Course he finished seventh in a class of thirty. The course "...included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar."<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0353b.htm Marines] Warren Commission Report, Appendix 13, page 682–683.</ref> He was assigned first to [[Marine Corps Air Station El Toro]] in July 1957,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0338b.htm Marine Corps service record of Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> then to [[Naval Air Facility Atsugi]] in Japan in September as part of [[Marine Air Control Squadron 1]]. Like all Marines, Oswald was trained and tested in shooting and he scored 212 in December 1956, slightly above the requirements for the designation of [[Weapons Qualification Badge|''sharpshooter'']].<ref name="Saturday"/> In May 1959 he scored 191 which reduced his rating to [[Weapons Qualification Badge|''marksman'']].<ref name="Saturday"/><ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#marine Oswald's Marine Training]</ref> Oswald was court-martialed after accidentally shooting himself in the elbow with an unauthorized .22 handgun, then court-martialed again for fighting with a sergeant who he thought was responsible for his punishment in the shooting matter. He was demoted from [[private first class]] to [[Private (rank)|private]] and briefly imprisoned in the brig. He was later punished for a third incident: while on night-time sentry duty in the Philippines, he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle.<ref>[[Gerald Posner]] "Case Closed" Random House, New York, 1993 pg. 28</ref> Slightly built, Oswald was nicknamed ''[[Ozzie Rabbit]]'' after the cartoon character; he was also called ''Oswaldskovich''<ref>http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh8/pdf/WH8_Botelho_aff.pdf</ref> because he espoused pro-[[Soviet]] sentiments. In December 1958, Oswald transferred back to El Toro<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/oswald.htm |author=John C. McAdams |authorlink=John C. McAdams |title=Lee Harvey Oswald—Lone Assassin or Patsy? |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Assassination Information Center |work=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-04-17 }}</ref> where his unit's function "...was to serveil {{sic}} for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas." An officer there said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh8/html/WC_Vol8_0149b.htm Testimony of John E. Donovan], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 8, pp. 290, 298.</ref> While in the Marines, Oswald made an effort to teach himself rudimentary Russian. Although this was an unusual endeavor, in February 1959 he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian. His level at the time was rated "poor".<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 94, 99. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> ==Adult life and early crimes== ===Defection to the Soviet Union=== In October 1959, just before turning 20, Oswald traveled to the [[Soviet Union]], the trip planned well in advance. On September 11, 1959, he received a hardship discharge from active service, claiming his mother needed care, and was put on reserve.<ref name="Saturday"/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, Folsom Exhibit No. 1, p. 85, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0373b.htm Request for Dependency Discharge]. </ref><ref> {{cite journal |url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0376b.htm |title=Warren Commission Hearings, Folsom Exhibit No. 1 (cont'd) |volume=XIX Folsom |page=734}} </ref> Along with his self-taught Russian, he had saved $1,500 of his Marine Corps salary,<ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 705, CE 1385, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh22/html/WH_Vol22_0366a.htm Notes of interview of Lee Harvey Oswald conducted by Aline Mosby in Moscow in November 1959]. Oswald: "When I was working in the middle of the night on guard duty, I would think how long it would be and how much money I would have to save. It would be like being out of prison. I saved about $1500." During Oswald's 2 years and 10 months of service in the Marine Corps he received $3,452.20, after all taxes, allotments and other deductions as well as his GED. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 26, p. 709, CE 3099, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/contents/wc/contents_wh26.htm Certified military pay records for Lee Harvey Oswald for the period October 24, 1956, to September 11, 1959]. </ref> obtained a passport, and submitted several fictional applications to foreign universities in order to obtain a student visa.{{Clarify|date=May 2010}} <!-- he did or did not actually obtain such a visa? --> Oswald spent two days with his mother in [[Fort Worth]], then embarked by ship from New Orleans on September 20 to [[Le Havre]], France, then immediately proceeded to the United Kingdom. Arriving in [[Southampton]] on October 9, he told officials he had $700 and planned to remain in the United Kingdom for one week before proceeding to a school in Switzerland. However, on the same day, he flew to [[Helsinki]], where he was issued a Soviet visa on October 14. Oswald left Helsinki by train on the following day, crossed the Soviet border at [[Vainikkala]], and arrived in Moscow on October 16.<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/journey.htm The Journey From USA to USSR] at ''Russian Books''</ref> His visa, valid only for a week, was due for expiry on October 21.<ref name=historicdiaryp94/> Almost immediately after arriving, Oswald told his [[Intourist]] guide of his desire to become a Soviet citizen. When asked why by the various Soviet officials he encountered—all of whom, by Oswald's account, found his wish incomprehensible—he said that he was a [[communist]], and gave what he described in his diary as "vauge [''[[sic]]''] answers about 'Great Soviet Union'".<ref name=historicdiaryp94>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 94, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0059b.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entries of October 16, 1959 to October 21, 1959.</ref> On October 21, the day his visa was due to expire, he was told that his citizenship application had been refused, and that he had to leave the Soviet Union that evening. Distraught, Oswald inflicted a minor but bloody wound to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub soon before his Intourist guide was due to arrive to escort him from the country, according to his diary because he wished to kill himself in a way that would shock her.<ref name=historicdiaryp94/> Delaying Osward's departure because of his self-inflicted injury, the Soviets kept him in a Moscow hospital under psychiatric observation until October 28, 1959.<ref name=historicdiaryp95>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 95, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0060a.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entries of October 21, 1959 to October 28, 1959.</ref> [[File:OSWALD'S APARTMENT BUILDING - MINSK - BELARUS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Apartment building where Oswald lived in Minsk, Belarus]] According to Oswald, he met with four more Soviet officials that same day, who asked if he wanted to return to the United States; he insisted to them that he wanted to live in the Soviet Union as a Soviet national. When pressed for identification papers, he provided his Marine Corps discharge papers.<ref name=historicdiaryp97>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 96, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0060b.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entries of October 28, 1959 to October 31, 1959.</ref> On October 31, Oswald appeared at the [[United States embassy in Moscow]], declaring a desire to renounce his U.S. citizenship.<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/moscow1.htm Moscow Part 1] at ''Russian Books'' </ref><ref> Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 108, CE 912, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh18/html/WH_Vol18_0061b.htm Declaration of Lee Harvey Oswald, dated November 3, 1959, requesting that his U.S. citizenship be revoked]. </ref> "I have made up my mind," he said; "I'm through."<ref name=miaminews1959/> He told the U.S. embassy interviewing officer, Richard Snyder, "...that he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he had voluntarily stated to unnamed Soviet officials that as a Soviet citizen he would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his specialty as he possessed. He intimated that he might know something of special interest."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh18/pdf/WH18_CE_908.pdf Foreign Service Dispatch from the American Embassy in Moscow to the Department of State], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 98, CE 908</ref> (Such statements led to Oswald's ''hardship/honorable'' military discharge being changed to ''[[Section 8 (military)|undesirable]]''.)<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, CE 780, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/pdf/WH17_CE_780.pdf Documents from Lee Harvey Oswald's Marine Corps file].</ref> The Associated Press story of the defection of a U.S. Marine to the Soviet Union was reported on the front pages of some newspapers in 1959.<ref name=miaminews1959>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IrwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4eoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3310,5481990&dq=lee+oswald+russia&hl=en "Texas Marine Gives Up U.S. For Russia"], ''The Miami News'', October 31, 1959, p1</ref> Though Oswald had wanted to attend [[Moscow University]], he was sent to Minsk to work as a lathe operator at the [[Gorizont (factory)|Gorizont Electronics Factory]], which produced radios, televisions, and military and space electronics. [[Stanislau Shushkevich]], who later became independent [[Belarus]]'s first head of state, was also engaged by Gorizont at the time, and was assigned to teach Oswald Russian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nv-online.info/by/251/printed/41936/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%A8%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%9A%D0%95%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A7-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.htm |title=Stanislau Shushkevich, biographical sketch (in Russian) |publisher=Nv-online.info |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> Oswald received a government subsidized, fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building and an additional supplement to his factory pay—all in all, an idyllic existence by working-class Soviet standards,<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/minsk3.htm Minsk Part 3] at ''Russian Books''</ref> though he was kept under constant surveillance.<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/minsk2.htm Minsk Part 2] at ''Russian Books''</ref> But Oswald grew bored in Minsk.<ref>Warren Commission Report, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#defection Chapter 7 ]</ref> He wrote in his diary in January 1961: "I am starting to reconsider my desire about staying. The work is drab, the money I get has nowhere to be spent. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places of recreation except the trade union dances. I have had enough."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 102, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0063b.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entry of January 4–31, 1961.</ref> Shortly afterwards, Oswald (who had never formally renounced his U.S. citizenship) wrote to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow requesting return of his American passport, and proposing to return to the U.S. if any charges against him would be dropped.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 131, CE 931, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh18/html/WH_Vol18_0073a.htm Undated letter from Lee Harvey Oswald to the American Embassy in Moscow]. </ref> In March 1961, Oswald met [[Marina Oswald Porter|Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova]], a 19-year-old pharmacology student; they married less than six weeks later in April.<ref group="n">Though later reports described her uncle, with whom she was living, as a colonel in the [[KGB]], he was actually a lumber industry expert in the [[Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs]] (MVD) with a bureaucratic rank of ''Polkovnik''. Priscilla Johnson McMillan, ''Marina and Lee'', Harper & Row, 1977, pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-06-012953-8.</ref><ref>[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], Hearings, vol. 2 p. 207, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol2/html/HSCA_Vol2_0106a.htm Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter], September 13, 1978.</ref> The Oswalds' first child, June, was born on February 15, 1962. On May 24, 1962, Oswald and Marina applied at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow for documents enabling her to immigrate to the U.S. and, on June 1, the U.S. Embassy gave Oswald a repatriation loan of $435.71.<ref>The Warren Report, Appendix 8, p. 712, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0368b.htm Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald]</ref> Oswald, Marina, and their infant daughter left for the United States, where they received no attention from the press, much to Oswald's disappointment.<ref>"Young Ex-Marine Asks To Be Russian Citizen", ''[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] Tribune'', October 31, 1959, p. 1. "Ex-Marine Requests Citizenship", ''New York Times'', November 1, 1959, p. 3. "Texan in Russia: He Wants to Stay", ''Dallas Morning News'', November 1, 1959, sec. 1, p. 9. "Brother Tries to Telephone, Halt Defector", ''Oakland Tribune'' November 2, 1959, p. 8. "U.S. Boy Prefers Russia", ''[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] Herald-Journal'', December 11, 1959, p. 46. "Third Yank Said Quitting Soviet Union, ''[[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]] Times'', June 8, 1962, p. 8. "Marine Returning", ''The [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] News'', June 9, 1962, p. 1.</ref> ===Dallas-Fort Worth=== The Oswalds soon settled in the [[Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]] area, where his mother and brother Robert lived, and Oswald began a [[memoir]] on Soviet life. Though he eventually gave up the project, his search for literary feedback put him in touch with anti-Communist Russian émigrés in the area.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} In testimony to the Warren Commission, Alexander Kleinlerer said that the Russian émigrés sympathized with Marina, while merely tolerating Oswald, whom they regarded as rude and arrogant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#relationship |title=Warren Commission Report Chapter 7—Relationship with Wife |publisher=Archives.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref><ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 123, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0067a.htm Affidavit of Alexander Kleinlerer]: "Anna Meller, Mrs. Hall, George Bouhe, and the deMohrenschildts, and all that group had pity for Marina and her child. None of us cared for Oswald because of his political philosophy, his criticism of the United States, his apparent lack of interest in anyone but himself, and because of his treatment of Marina."</ref> Although the [[Russians|Russian]] émigrés eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving Oswald,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 298, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0154b.htm Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 307, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0158a.htm Testimony of Mrs. Katherine Ford]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 252, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0130b.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 238, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0123b.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 266, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0137b.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt].</ref> Oswald found an unlikely friend in 51-year-old Russian émigré [[George de Mohrenschildt]], a well-educated petroleum geologist with intelligence connections.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol12/pdf/HSCA_Vol12_deMohren.pdf George de Mohrenschildt]. Staff Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, vol. 12, 4, p. 53–54, 1979. </ref> (A native of Russia, de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald had a "...remarkable fluency in Russian.")<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 226, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0117b.htm Testimony of George S. de Mohrenschildt].</ref> Marina, meanwhile, befriended [[Ruth Paine]],<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 435, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0222a.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine].</ref> a [[Quaker]] who was trying to learn Russian, and her husband Michael who worked for [[Bell Helicopter]].<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 385, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0197a.htm Testimony of Michael R. Paine].</ref> (Ruth Paine said that she first met the Oswalds at a party arranged by de Mohrenschildt.)<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 396, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0203b.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine].</ref> In July 1962, Oswald was hired by Dallas' Leslie Welding Company; he disliked the work and quit after three months. (Virginia Hale of the Texas Employment Commission testified that she sent Oswald out on the job to the Leslie Welding Company.)<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0363b.htm Commission Exhibit 1891], vol. 23, p. 694.</ref> In October, he was hired by the graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee.<ref group="n">The company has been cited as doing classified work for the US government, but this work was limited to typesetting for maps and carried out in a section to which Oswald had no access.</ref> (George de Mohrenschildt's wife and daughter said that it was George de Mohrenschildt who secured the job at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall for Oswald.)<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 158. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> A fellow employee at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall testified that Oswald's rudeness at his new job was such that fights threatened to break out, and that he once saw Oswald reading a Russian language publication.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, pp. 199-205, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0104a.htm Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein].</ref> <ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein: 'I would say he didn't get along with people and that several people had words with him at times about the way he barged around the plant, and one of the fellows back in the photosetter department almost got in a fight with him one day, and I believe it was Mr. Graef that stepped in and broke it up before it got started...'</ref> Oswald was fired during the first week of April 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/pdf/WH23_CE_1886.pdf |title=Warren Report C.E. 1886 shows his last weekly paycheck was for work ending April 6. |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> Some have suggested that Oswald might have used equipment at the firm to forge identification documents.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, p. 288, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0153b.htm Photograph of the face sides of a Selective Service System Notice of Classification]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, p. 201, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0105a.htm Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein].</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 52-53. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> ===Edwin Walker assassination attempt=== In March 1963, Oswald purchased a 6.5&nbsp;mm caliber [[Carcano]] rifle by mail-order, using the alias "A. Hidell",<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0071b.htm The Assassin], Warren Commission Report, pp. 118–119,</ref> as well as a .38 [[Smith & Wesson Model 10]] revolver by the same method.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0296a.htm Questioned Documents], Warren Commission Report, Appendix 10, p. 567–571.</ref> Marina Oswald testified to the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald confessed to her on the night of April 10, 1963, that he shot at General [[Edwin Walker]] with his rifle, and buried the rifle that night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#walker |title=Warren Commission Report p. 186 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|date= |accessdate=2011-12-03}}</ref> The Warren Commission concluded that on April 10, 1963, Oswald attempted to kill retired U.S. Major General Edwin Walker,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#walker |title=Warren Commission Report p. 184-195 |publisher=Archives.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist, and member of the [[John Birch Society]]. In 1961, Walker had been relieved of his command of the 24th Division of the U.S. Army in West Germany for distributing [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] literature to his troops.<ref>Scott, Peter Dale. ''Deep Politics and the Death of JFK'', (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 34, 50. ISBN 0-520-20519-7</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 161–162. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> Walker's later actions in opposition to racial integration at the [[University of Mississippi]] led to his arrest on insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and other charges. He was temporarily held in a mental institution on orders from President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy]], but a grand jury refused to indict him.<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 162. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> Oswald's wife, Marina told the Warren Commission that Oswald considered Walker the leader of a "[[fascism|fascist]] organization."<ref name="Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald">"Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 16, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/html/WC_Vol1_0014b.htm Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald fired at Walker through a window, from less than 100 feet (30 m) away, as Walker sat at a desk in his home; the bullet struck the window-frame and Walker's only injury was bullet fragments to the forearm. Marina testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald told her that he had shot at Walker.<ref name="Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald"/> (The [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]] stated that the "evidence strongly suggested" that Oswald carried out the shooting.)<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0046a.htm Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations], HSCA Final Report, p. 61.</ref> Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/pdf/HSCA_Report_1A_LHO.pdf |title=HSCA Final Report: I. Findings—A. Lee Harvey Oswald Fired Three Shots... |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> but Oswald's involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination.<ref>"Officials Recall Sniper Shooting at Walker Home", ''Dallas Morning News'', November 23, 1963, sec. 1, p. 15.</ref> (A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was not found until early December 1963.)<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 392–393, CE 1785, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0212b.htm Secret Service report dated December 5, 1963, on questioning of Marina Oswald about note Oswald wrote before he attempted to kill General Walker].</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0201a.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 393–394.</ref><ref>"Oswald Notes Reported Left Before Walker Was Shot At", ''Dallas Morning News'', December 31, 1963, sec. 1, p. 6.</ref> The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it,<ref>"FBI Unable to Link Walker Slug, Rifle", ''Dallas Morning News'', December 20, 1963, sec. 1, p. 7.</ref> but [[neutron activation analysis]] later showed that it was "extremely likely" that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.<ref group="n">[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/m_j_russ/hscaguin.htm Testimony of Dr. Vincent P. Guinn]: :Mr. WOLF. In your professional opinion, Dr. Guinn, is the fragment removed from General Walker's house a fragment from a WCC ([[Western Cartridge Company]]) Mannlicher-Carcano bullet? :Dr. GUINN. I would say that it is extremely likely that it is, because there are very few, very few other ammunitions that would be in this range. I don't know of any that are specifically this close as these numbers indicate, but somewhere near them there are a few others, but essentially this is in the range that is rather characteristic of WCC Mannlicher-Carcano bullet lead.</ref> [[George de Mohrenschildt]] told the Warren Commission that he "knew that Oswald disliked General Walker."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0129a.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 249.</ref> Regarding this, De Mohrenschildt and his wife Jeanne, recalled an incident that occurred the weekend following the Walker assassination attempt. The De Mohrenschildts testified that on April 14, 1963, just before Easter Sunday, they were visiting the Oswalds at their new apartment and had brought them a toy Easter bunny to give to their child. As Oswald's wife, Marina was showing Jeanne around the apartment, they discovered Oswald's rifle standing upright, leaning against the wall inside a closet. Jeanne told George that Oswald had a rifle, and George joked to Oswald, "Were you the one who took a pot-shot at General Walker?" When asked about Oswald's reaction to this question, George de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald "smiled at that."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0129a.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, pp. 249-250.</ref> When George's wife, Jeanne was asked about Oswald's reaction, she said, "I didn't notice anything"; she continued, "we started laughing our heads off, big joke, big George's joke."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0161b.htm Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, pp. 314-317.</ref> Jeanne de Mohrenschildt testified that this was the last time she or her husband ever saw the Oswalds.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0161b.htm Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 314.</ref> ===New Orleans=== [[File:Magazine Street Jessie James Garner Bldg Sept 2009.JPG|right|thumb|Oswald rented an apartment in this building in [[Uptown New Orleans]] c. May–September 1963]][[File:Pizzo Exh B-Oswald leaflets FPFC-WH Vol21 139.jpg|thumb|Oswald passing out "Fair Play for Cuba" leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963]] [[File:Oswaldneworleans.jpg|thumb|upright|Oswald's mugshot following his arrest in New Orleans, August 9, 1963]] Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24, 1963.<ref>The Warren Report, Chapter 7, p. 403, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0214a.htm Lee Harvey Oswald – Background and Possible Motives; Personal Relations]</ref> Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New Orleans the next month in May.<ref name="aarclibrary.org">The Warren Report, Chapter 6, p. 284, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0154b.htm Investigation of Possible Conspiracy; Background of Lee Harvey Oswald]</ref> On May 10, Oswald was hired by the [[Reily Foods Company|Reily Coffee Company]] whose owner, William Reily, was a backer of the [[Crusade to Free Cuba Committee]], an anti-Castro organization.<ref>[[Peter Dale Scott|Scott, Peter Dale]]. ''Deep Politics and the Death of JFK'', (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), p. 95. ISBN 0-520-20519-7</ref> Oswald worked as a machinery greaser at Reily, but he was fired in July "...because his work was not satisfactory and because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba's garage next door, where he read rifle and hunting magazines."<ref>The Warren Report, Chapter 7, pp. 403–404, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0214a.htm Lee Harvey Oswald – Background and Possible Motives; Personal Relations]</ref><ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 p. 219">[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 219. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> On May 26, Oswald wrote to the [[New York City]] headquarters of the pro-Castro [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]], proposing to rent "...a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0266b.htm Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 2], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 512.</ref> Three days later, the FPCC responded to Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least not ... at the very beginning."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0268a.htm Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 3], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 515.</ref> In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied, "Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very beginning."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0269b.htm Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 4], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 518.</ref> As the sole member of the New Orleans chapter of the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]], Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000 leaflets with the heading, "Hands Off Cuba."<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0402a.htm FBI Report of Investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald's Activities for Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, pp. 770, 773.</ref> According to Lee Oswald's wife Marina, Lee told her to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on his membership card.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0216a.htm Political Activies], Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, p. 407.</ref> On August 5 and 6, according to anti-Castro militant [[Carlos Bringuier]], Oswald visited him at a store he owned in New Orleans. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the [[Student Revolutionary Directorate]] (DRE), an anti-Castro organization. Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald's visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his group.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, pp. 34–37, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0021b.htm Testimony of Carlos Bringuier].</ref> On August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro-Castro leaflets. Bringuier confronted Oswald, claiming he was tipped off about Oswald's leafleting by a friend. A scuffle ensued and Oswald, Bringuier, and two of Bringuier's friends were arrested for disturbing the peace.<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 211. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> Before leaving the police station, Oswald asked to speak with an FBI agent. Agent John Quigley arrived and spent over an hour talking to Oswald.<ref>Marrs, Jim. ''Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy'', (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 146. ISBN 0-88184-648-1</ref> A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in front of the [[International Trade Mart]]. The incident was filmed by [[WDSU]]—the local TV station.<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 211–212. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> The next day, Oswald was interviewed by [[WDSU]] radio commentator William Stuckey, who probed Oswald's background.<ref name="Douglas, James 2008 p. 65">Douglas, James. ''JFK and the Unspeakable'', (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4391-9388-4</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy9k5C94ENw&feature=player_embedded |title=Lee Harvey Oswald interview with William K Stuckey part 1 |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref> A few days later, Oswald accepted Stuckey's invitation to take part in a radio debate with [[Carlos Bringuier]] and Bringuier's associate [[Edward Scannell Butler|Edward Butler]], head of the right-wing [[Information Council of the Americas]] (INCA).<ref name="Douglas, James 2008 p. 65"/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 21, p. 633, Stuckey Exhibit 3, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0329a.htm Literal transcript of an audio-tape recording of a debate among Lee Harvey Oswald, Carlos Bringuier, and Edward Butler on August 21, 1963], Radio station WDSU, New Orleans.</ref> One of Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba leaflets had the address "544 Camp Street" hand-stamped on it, apparently by Oswald himself.<ref name=autogenerated8>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0064a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, p. 123.</ref> The address was in the "Newman Building" which, from October 1961 to February 1962, housed the militant anti-Castro group, the [[Cuban Revolutionary Council]].<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0064a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, pp. 123–4.</ref><ref>Marrs, Jim. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 235. ISBN 0-88184-648-1</ref> Around the corner but located in the same building, with a different entrance, was the address 531 Lafayette Street—the address of "Guy Banister Associates", a private detective agency run by former [[FBI]] agent [[Guy Banister]]. Banister's office was involved in anti-Castro and private investigative activities in the [[New Orleans]] area. (A CIA file indicated that in September 1960, the CIA had considered "...using Guy Banister Associates for the collection of foreign intelligence, but ultimately decided against it.")<ref>[[Jim Marrs|Marrs, Jim]]. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), pp. 100, 236. ISBN 0-88184-648-1</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0065b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, pp. 126–7.</ref> In the late-1970s, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (HSCA) investigated the possible relationship of Oswald to Banister's office. While the committee was unable to interview [[Guy Banister]] (who died in 1964), the committee did interview his brother Ross Banister. Ross "...told the committee that his brother had mentioned seeing Oswald hand out Fair Play for Cuba literature on one occasion. Ross theorized that Oswald had used the 544 Camp Street address on his literature to embarrass Guy."<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0066b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, p. 128.</ref> Guy Banister's secretary, Delphine Roberts, told author [[Anthony Summers]] that she saw Oswald at Banister's office, and that he filled out one of Banister's "agent" application forms. She said, "Oswald came back a number of times. He seemed to be on familiar terms with Banister and with the office."<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 229. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> The House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims and said that "because of contradictions in Roberts' statements to the committee and lack of independent corroboration of many of her statements, the reliability of her statements could not be determined."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0067a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 8, p. 129.</ref> <!-- I wonder whether this material on Garrison inquiry should go below under investigations? IT'S RELEVANT IN THE CHRONOLOGY. --> Oswald's 1963 New Orleans activities were later investigated by New Orleans District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]], as part of his [[Trial of Clay Shaw|prosecution of Clay Shaw]] in 1967-1969. Garrison was particularly interested in an associate of Guy Banister—a man named [[David Ferrie]]<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0057b.htm David Ferrie], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 12, p. 110.</ref> and his possible connection to Oswald, which Ferrie himself denied.<ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=288 FBI Interview of David Ferrie], November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 286.</ref> Ferrie died before Garrison could complete his investigation.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0055a.htm David Ferrie], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 12, p. 105.</ref> Charged with conspiracy in the JFK assassination, Shaw was found not guilty. In 1993, the [[PBS]] television program ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' obtained a photograph taken in 1955 (eight years before the assassination) showing Oswald and Ferrie at a [[Civil Air Patrol]] cookout with other C.A.P. cadets.<ref name=autogenerated11>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS ''Frontline'' "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).</ref> (Whether Oswald's and Ferrie's association in the Civil Air Patrol in 1955 is relevant to their later possible association in 1963 is a subject of debate.)<ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 pp. 233-234">[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 233-234. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref><ref name=autogenerated11>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS ''Frontline'' "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).</ref> ===Mexico=== Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, transported Marina and her child by car from New Orleans to the Paine home in [[Irving, Texas]], near Dallas, on September 23, 1963.<ref name="aarclibrary.org"/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 7–9, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0008a.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine Resumed].</ref> Oswald stayed in New Orleans at least two more days to collect a $33 unemployment check. It is uncertain when he left New Orleans; he is next known to have boarded a bus in [[Houston]] on September 26—bound for the Mexican border, rather than Dallas—and to have told other bus passengers that he planned to travel to Cuba via Mexico.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0378b.htm Mexico City], Warren Commission Report, Appendix 8, p. 732.</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, pp. 214–215, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0112b.htm Affidavit of John Bryan McFarland and Meryl McFarland].</ref> He arrived in Mexico City on September 27, where he applied for a transit visa at the Cuban Embassy,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 418, CE 2564, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0422b.htm Cuban visa application of Lee Harvey Oswald, September 27, 1963].</ref> claiming he wanted to visit Cuba on his way to the Soviet Union. The Cuban embassy officials insisted Oswald would need Soviet approval, but he was unable to get prompt co-operation from the Soviet embassy. After five days of shuttling between consulates<!-- above says couldn't get co-op from *Embassy*, but now says *consulate* --- which is it? -->—that included a heated argument with an official at the Cuban consulate, impassioned pleas to KGB agents, and at least some CIA scrutiny,<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcmemos/Oswald_Foreign_Activities/html/180-10096-10364_0094a.htm (undated) Oswald's Foreign Activities (Coleman and Slawson to Rankin)] (page 94) at ''The Assassination Archives and Research Center''</ref>—Oswald was told by a Cuban consular officer that he was disinclined to approve the visa, saying "a person like [Oswald] in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution, was doing it harm."<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#cuba Warren Commission Report], p. 413</ref> Later, on October 18, the Cuban embassy approved the visa, but by this time Oswald was back in the United States and had given up on his plans to visit Cuba and the Soviet Union. Still later, eleven days before the assassination of President Kennedy, Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., saying, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in [[Havana]], as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business."<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/forum/ Oswald: Myth, Mystery, and Meaning], [[Frontline (TV series)|FRONTLINE]], November 20, 2003</ref><ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 8, p. 358, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol8/html/HSCA_Vol8_0181b.htm Letter from Lee Oswald to Embassy of the U.S.S.R., Washington, D.C., November 9, 1963]. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/cia/201/104-10004-10202/html/104-10004-10202_0019a.htm CIA Report on Oswald's Stay in Mexico], December 13, 1963. (page 19) at ''The Assassination Archives and Research Center''.</ref> While the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had visited Mexico City and the Cuban and Soviet consulates, questions regarding whether someone posing as Oswald had appeared at the embassies were serious enough to be investigated by the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Later, the Committee agreed with the Warren Commission that Oswald had visited Mexico City and concluded that "the majority of evidence tends to indicate" that Oswald in fact visited the consulates, but the Committee could not rule out the possibility that someone else had used his name in visiting the consulates.<ref>http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/lopezrpt/html/LopezRpt_0018a.htm</ref> ===Return to Dallas=== [[File:SchoolbookDepository.jpg|thumb|right|[[Texas School Book Depository]], where Oswald was an employee]] On October 2, 1963, Oswald left Mexico City by bus and arrived in Dallas the next day. According to the Warren Commission, on October 14, a neighbor told Ruth Paine that there was a job opening at the [[Texas School Book Depository]]. Mrs. Paine informed Oswald, who was interviewed at the Depository and was hired there on October 16.<ref>The Warren Report, Chapter 1, pp. 14–15, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0019b.htm Summary and Conclusions]</ref> Oswald's supervisor [[Roy Truly]], said that Oswald "did a good day's work" and was an above average employee.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 216, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0112b.htm Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly].</ref> During the week, Oswald stayed in a Dallas rooming house (under the name "O.H. Lee"),<ref name="Saturday2">{{cite journal |last=Bagdikian |first=Ben H. |authorlink=Ben Bagdikian |editor1-first=Clay |editor1-last=Blair Jr. |editor1-link=Clay Blair |date=December 14, 1963 |title=The Assassin |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |issue=44 |page=26 |publisher=The Curtis Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia, PA. 19105}}</ref> but he spent his weekends with Marina at the Paine home in [[Irving, Texas|Irving]]. Oswald did not drive, but commuted to and from Dallas on Mondays and Fridays with his friend and co-worker, Wesley Frazier. On October 20, the Oswalds' second daughter was born. FBI agents twice visited the Paine home in early November, when Oswald was not present, and spoke to Mrs. Paine.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-13.html Warren Commission Report, p. 739].</ref> Oswald visited the Dallas FBI office about 2 to 3 weeks before the assassination, asking to see Special Agent [[James Hosty]]; told Hosty was unavailable, Oswald left a note that, according to the receptionist, read: "Let this be a warning. I will blow up the FBI and the Dallas Police Department if you don’t stop bothering my wife" [signed] "Lee Harvey Oswald." The note allegedly contained some sort of threat, but accounts vary as to whether Oswald threatened to "blow up the FBI" or merely "report this to higher authorities". According to Hosty, the note said, "If you have anything you want to learn about me, come talk to me directly. If you don't cease bothering my wife, I will take the appropriate action and report this to the proper authorities." Agent Hosty said that he destroyed Oswald's note on orders from his superior, Gordon Shanklin, after Oswald was named the suspect in the Kennedy assassination.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0113a.htm HSCA Final Assassinations Report], House Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 195–196.</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 283-286. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> In the days before Kennedy's arrival, several newspapers described the route of the presidential motorcade as passing the Book Depository.<ref>[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/dmntue.gif Dallas Morning News], November 19, 1963. [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/dthtue.gif Dallas Times Herald], November 19, 1963, p. A-13.</ref> On November 21 (a Thursday) Oswald asked Frazier for an unusual mid-week lift back to Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods. The next morning (Friday) he returned to Dallas with Frazier; he left behind $170 and his wedding ring,<ref>[http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wch/vol1/page72.php Warren Commission Hearings, vol. I, p. 72–73, Testimony of Marina Oswald].</ref> but took with him a paper bag. Frazier reported that Oswald told him the bag contained curtain rods.<ref>Magen Knuth, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/bag.htm The Long Brown Bag].</ref> Oswald's co-worker, Charles Givens, testified to the Commission that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Depository with a clipboard in his hand, and that Oswald asked him to close the elevator gate and to send the elevator back up to him. He believed that his encounter with Oswald took place at 11:55 a.m.—35 minutes before the assassination.<ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/testimony/givens1.htm Testimony of Charles Givens].</ref> The Commission report stated that Oswald was not seen again "until after the shooting."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0090b.htm |publisher=History Matters Archive |title=Warren Report |deadurl=no |accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> However, in an FBI report taken the day after the assassination, Givens said that the encounter took place at 11:30 a.m. and that he later saw Oswald reading a newspaper on the first floor at 11:50 a.m.<ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10406&relPageId=334 FBI Interview of Charles Givens], November 23, 1963, Warren Commission Document 5, p. 329.</ref> Oswald's boss, William Shelley, also testified that he saw Oswald on the first floor between 11:45 and 11:50 a.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume VII|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0199b.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> Janitor Eddie Piper also saw Oswald on the first floor at 12:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume VI|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0197a.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> Another co-worker, Bonnie Ray Williams testified that he went to the sixth floor of the Depository to eat his lunch at about 12:05 p.m. and was there until at least 12:10 p.m.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 173, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0091a.htm Testimony of Bonnie Ray Williams].</ref> He said that during that time he did not see Oswald, or anyone else, on the sixth floor and felt like he was all alone.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 169, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0089a.htm Testimony of Bonnie Ray Williams].</ref> ==Kennedy and Tippit shootings== {{Main|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Lone gunman theory}} According to several government investigations, including the [[Warren Commission]], as Kennedy's motorcade passed through Dallas's Dealey Plaza about 12:30 p.m. on November 22, Oswald fired three rifle shots from the sixth-floor, southeast corner window of the Book Depository,<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0071a.htm The Shots from the Texas School Book Depository], Warren Commission Report, chapter 3, p. 117.</ref> killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor [[John Connally]]. Bystander [[James Tague]] received a minor facial injury from a small piece of curbstone that fragmented when struck by one of the bullets.<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:LHO14.jpg|thumb|upright|Dallas PD color mugshot November 23, 1963]] --> According to the investigations, after shooting the President, Oswald hid and covered the rifle with boxes and descended using the rear stairwell. About ninety seconds after the shooting, in the second-floor lunchroom, Oswald encountered police officer Marrion Baker accompanied by Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly; Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified him as an employee. According to Baker, Oswald did not appear to be nervous or out of breath.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 263, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0136a.htm Testimony of Marrion L. Baker].</ref> Truly said that Oswald appeared "startled" when Baker aimed his gun at him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> Mrs. Robert Reid—clerical supervisor at the Depository, returning to her office within two minutes of the assassination—said that she saw Oswald who "was very calm" on the second floor with a [[Coca-Cola|Coke]] in his hands. As they walked past each other, Mrs. Reid said to Oswald, "The President has been shot" to which he mumbled something in response, but Reid did not understand him.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 273–275, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0141a.htm Testimony of Mrs. Robert A. Reid]</ref> Oswald is believed to have left the Depository through the front entrance just before police sealed it off. Oswald's supervisor, Roy Truly, later pointed out to officers that Oswald was the only employee that he was certain was missing.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0119b.htm Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly].</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0107b.htm Testimony of J.W. Fritz]</ref> [[File:HowardBrennan.jpg|thumb|right|Witness [[Howard Brennan]] photographed in the same position where he was on November 22, 1963 across from the Texas School Book Depository. Circle "A" indicates where he saw a man fire a rifle at the presidential motorcade]] At about 12:40 p.m., Oswald boarded a city bus but (probably due to heavy traffic) he requested a transfer from the bus driver and got off two blocks later.<ref>[http://www.jfkassassination.net/transfer.gif Bus transfer (.gif)] at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''</ref> Oswald took a taxicab to his rooming house, at 1026 North Beckley Avenue, arriving at about 1:00 p.m. He entered through the front door and, according to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts, immediately went to his room, "walking pretty fast".<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 6, pp. 438–439, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0225a.htm Testimony of Earlene Roberts].</ref> Roberts said that Oswald left "a very few minutes" later, zipping up a jacket he was not wearing when he had entered earlier. As Oswald left, Roberts looked out of the window of her house and last saw him standing at the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop in front of her house.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 7, p. 439, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0224a.htm Affidavit of Earlene Roberts].</ref> At approximately 1:15 p.m., Dallas Patrolman [[J. D. Tippit]] spotted a man who resembled the police broadcast description of Oswald near the corner of East 10th Street and North Patton Avenue.<ref>Oswald was {{convert|5|ft|9|in|m}} tall and weighed {{convert|150|lb|kg}}. Warren Commission Hearings Vol. 26, p. 521.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0015b.htm Warren Commission Report], Chapter 1, pg. 6.</ref> (This location is about nine-tenths of a mile (1.4&nbsp;km) southeast of Oswald's rooming house—a distance that the Warren Commission said, "Oswald could have easily walked".)<ref>The Warren Report, Appendix 12, p. 648, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0336b.htm Oswald's Movements Between 12:33 and 1:15 PM]</ref> According to the Warren Commission, it was here that Patrolman Tippit pulled alongside Oswald and "apparently exchanged words with [him] through the right front or vent window."<ref name=WCR0095>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4, p. 165, The Assassin, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0095a.htm The Killing of Patrolman J.D. Tippit].</ref> "Shortly after 1:15 p.m.",<ref group="n">The [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/dpdtapes/tapes2.htm first report of Tippit's shooting] was transmitted over Police Channel 1 some time between 1:16 and 1:19 p.m., as indicated by verbal time stamps made periodically by the dispatcher. Specifically, the first report began 1 minute 41 seconds after the 1:16 time stamp. Before that, witness Domingo Benavides could be heard unsuccessfully trying to use Tippit's police radio microphone, beginning at 1:16. Dale K. Myers, ''With Malice: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J.D. Tippit'', 1998, p. 384. ISBN 0-9662709-7-5.</ref> Tippit exited his car and was immediately struck and killed by four shots.<ref name=WCR0095 /><ref>The third eyewitness was Jack Ray Tatum. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol12/html/HSCA_Vol12_0023a.htm Oswald–Tippit Associates], HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 12, p. 40–41.</ref> Numerous witnesses heard the shots and saw a man flee the scene holding a revolver.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chaper 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#description Description of Shooting].</ref><ref group="n">By the evening of November 22, five of them (Helen Markham, Barbara Jeanette Davis, Virginia Davis, Ted Callaway, Sam Guinyard) had identified Lee Harvey Oswald in police lineups as the man they saw. A sixth (William Scoggins) did so the next day. Three others (Harold Russell, Pat Patterson, Warren Reynolds) subsequently identified Oswald from a photograph. Two witnesses (Domingo Benavides, William Arthur Smith) testified that Oswald resembled the man they had seen. One witness (L.J. Lewis) felt he was too distant from the gunman to make a positive identification. Warren Commission Hearings, CE 1968, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0425a.htm Location of Eyewitnesses to the Movements of Lee Harvey Oswald in the Vicinity of the Tippit Killing].</ref> Four cartridge cases found at the scene were identified by expert witnesses<ref name=Cunn-Nicol/> before the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee as having been fired from the revolver later found in Oswald's possession, to the exclusion of all other weapons. However, the bullets taken from Tippit's body could not be positively identified as having been fired from Oswald's revolver.<ref name=Cunn-Nicol>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 466–473, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0237b.htm Testimony of Cortlandt Cunningham]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 511, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0260a.htm Testimony of Joseph D. Nicol].</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol7/html/HSCA_Vol7_0193b.htm Tippit Murder: Findings and Conclusions], 7 HSCA 376.</ref> ===Capture=== [[File:GeraldHill-B.jpg|thumb|Oswald being led from the [[Texas Theatre]] after his arrest inside {{Coord|32.743291|-96.825983|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Site of the Texas Theatre}}]] Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that he saw Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip into the nearby [[Texas Theatre]] without paying.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0006a.htm Testimony of Johnny Calvin Brewer], 7 H 3–5.</ref> He alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned police<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0010a.htm Testimony of Julia Postal], 7 H 11.</ref> at about 1:40 pm. As police arrived, the [[house lights#house lights and worklights|house lights]] were brought up and Brewer pointed out Oswald sitting near the rear of the theater. Police Officer Nick McDonald testified that he was the first to reach Oswald and that Oswald seemed ready to surrender saying, "Well, it is all over now." However, Officer McDonald said that Oswald pulled out a pistol tucked into the front of his pants, then pointed the pistol at him, and pulled the trigger. McDonald stated that the pistol did not fire because the pistol's hammer came down on the webbing between the thumb and index finger of his hand as he grabbed for the pistol. McDonald also said that Oswald struck him, but that he struck back and Oswald was disarmed.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.jfk-assassination.com/warren/wch/vol3/page295.php Testimony of M. N. McDonald].</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv5vemBcjok]. Brewer and McDonald testify on film to a reporter at the sites of the shoe store and inside the Texas Theater.</ref> As he was led from the theater, Oswald shouted he was a victim of police brutality.<ref name=arrest-by-mcdonald>[http://www.jfk-online.com/mcdonald.html "Oswald and Officer McDonald:The Arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald"]. Retrieved 2011-06-21.</ref> At about 2 p.m., Oswald arrived at the Police Department building, where he was questioned by Detective [[Jim Leavelle]] about the shooting of Officer Tippit. When Captain J. W. Fritz heard Oswald's name, he recognized it as that of the Book Depository employee who was reported missing and was already a suspect in the assassination.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0268b.htm Copy of an undated statement made by Richard M. Sims and E. L. Boyd concerning the events surrounding the assassination], 21 H 512–514.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0107b.htm Testimony of J.W. Fritz], 4 H 206.</ref> Oswald was formally arraigned for the murder of Officer Tippet at 7:10 p.m., and by the end of the night (shortly after 1:30 a.m.) he had been arraigned for the murder of President Kennedy as well.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 5: Detention and Death of Oswald, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-5.html#chronology Chronology]. p. 198.</ref><ref>Tippit murder affidavit: [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0170a.htm text], [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0170b.htm cover]. Kennedy murder affidavit: [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0171a.htm text], [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0171b.htm cover].</ref> <!--timeline is confusing. Above, Fritz recognizes Oswald's name, and "Oswald was booked for both murders, and by end of night arraigned". But now we we jump to hallway with reporters and LHO as been "advised of charge" re Tippit, but "not yet arraigned" for K. This is very hard to follow. Can someone straighten this out? --> Soon after his capture Oswald encountered reporters in a hallway. Oswald declared, "I didn't shoot anybody" and, "They've taken me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!" Later, at an arranged press meeting, a reporter asked, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald—who by that time had been advised of the charge of murdering Tippit, but had not yet been arraigned in Kennedy's death—<!--advised, booked, arraigned – can someone clear all this up? -->answered, "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact, nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question." As he was led from the room the question was called out, "What did you do in Russia?" and, "How did you hurt your eye?"; Oswald answered, "A policeman hit me."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 366, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0193b.htm Kantor Exhibit No. 3—Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events surrounding the assassination].</ref><ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg&feature=related Lee Oswald claiming innocence] (film), YouTube.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaS-UV-BsdY&feature=related Lee Oswald's Midnight Press Conference], YouTube.com.</ref> ==Police interrogation== [[File:CE795.jpg|thumb|Fake Selective Service System (draft) card in the name of "Alek James Hidell", found on Oswald when arrested. "A. Hidell" was the name used on both envelope and order slip to buy the alleged murder weapon (see CE 773),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/html/WH_Vol17_0331a.htm |title=Photo of the order slip and order envelope for the alleged murder weapon |publisher=History-matters.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> and "A. J. Hidell" was the alternate name on the New Orleans post office box rented June 11, 1963, by Oswald.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/html/WH_Vol17_0362a.htm CE 697] shows "A. J. Hidell" as alternate name on Oswald New Orleans P.O. Box</ref> Both the alleged murder weapon and the pistol in Oswald's possession at arrest had earlier been shipped (at separate times) to Oswald's Dallas P.O. Box 2915, as ordered by "A. J. Hidell".<ref>This box had been rented by Oswald in Dallas under his own name of Oswald, but postal inspector Harry Holmes of the Dallas Post office testified that a notice of receipt for any package would have been left in a Dallas P.O. box, no matter who the listed-recipient for the package was, and thereafter anyone presenting the notice for the package to the office window, demonstrating they had access to the box, would have been able to receive any package for the box, without identification. See http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0073a.htm Warren Report p. 121 of 912.</ref>]] [[File:Lee Harvey Oswald being shot by Jack Ruby as Oswald is being moved by police, 1963.jpg|thumb|Ruby about to shoot Oswald who is being moved by Dallas police]] [[File:Grave of Lee Harvey Oswald.jpg|thumb|The grave of Lee Harvey Oswald]] Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days at Dallas Police Headquarters. He denied killing Kennedy and Tippit; denied owning a rifle; said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol were fakes; denied telling his co-worker he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for his apartment (he said that the package contained his lunch); and denied carrying a long, heavy package to work the morning of the assassination. Oswald also denied knowing an "A. J. Hidell". Oswald was then shown a forged [[Selective Service System]] card bearing his photograph and the alias, "Alek James Hidell" that he had in his possession at the time of his arrest. Oswald refused to answer any questions concerning the card, saying "...you have the card yourself and you know as much about it as I do."<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements Warren Commission Report, pp. 180–182].</ref><ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/contents/wc/contents_wh17.htm vol. XVII of the Warren report] with facsimile of card (CE 795) with Commission notation: "A spurious Selective Service System notice of classification card in the name "Alek James Hidell." See [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/html/WH_Vol17_0354a.htm for the card] (illustrated at right)</ref> The first interrogation of Oswald was conducted by FBI Special Agent [[James Hosty]] and Dallas Police Captain [[Will Fritz]] on Friday, November 22. Asked to account for himself at the time of the assassination, Oswald replied that he was eating his lunch in the first floor lounge (known as the "domino room"). He said that he then went to the second-floor lunchroom to buy a Coca-Cola from the soda machine and was drinking it, when he encountered a police officer.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 4, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0238a.htm Testimony of James P. Hosty, Jr.], pp. 467–468</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0111a.htm Testimony of Capt. J.W. Fritz], pp. 213–214 Commission Exhibit 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh24/html/WH_Vol24_0142a.htm Dallas Police Department file on investigation of the assassination of the President], "Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald", vol. 4, p. 265.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0312b.htm FBI Report of Capt. J.W. Fritz], Warren Report, appendix 11, p. 600.</ref> Oswald said that while he was eating his lunch, he saw two "Negro employees" walking by, one he recognized as "Junior" and a shorter man whose name he could not recall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> Junior Jarman and Harold Norman confirmed to the Warren Commission that they had "walked through" the domino room around noon during their lunch break. When asked if anyone else was in the domino room, Norman testified that somebody else was there, but he could not remember who it was. Jarman testified that Oswald was not in the domino room when he was there.<ref name="History Matters Archive">{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume III|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0105a.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> During his last interrogation on November 24, according to postal inspector Harry Holmes, Oswald was again asked where he was at the time of the shooting. Holmes (who attended the interrogation at the invitation of Captain Will Fritz) said that Oswald replied that he was working on an upper floor when the shooting occurred, then went downstairs where he encountered a policeman.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0153a.htm Testimony of Harry D. Holmes], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 7, pp. 297-302.</ref> Oswald asked for legal representation several times while being interrogated, as well as in encounters with reporters. But when representatives of the [[Dallas Bar Association]] met with him in his cell on Saturday, he declined their services, saying he wanted to be represented by [[John Abt]], chief counsel to the [[Communist Party USA]], or by lawyers associated with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0168b.htm Testimony of H. Louis Nichols], 7 H 328–329.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0154a.htm Testimony of Harry D. Holmes], 7 H 299–300.</ref> Both Oswald and Ruth Paine tried to reach Abt by telephone several times Saturday and Sunday,<ref>Jesse E. Curry, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iopAAAAAIAAJ Retired Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry Reveals His Personal JFK Assassination File]'', Self-published, 1969, p. 74, affidavit of Dallas police officer Thurber T. Lord on August 20, 1964.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0048b.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine], 3 H 88–89.</ref> but Abt was away for the weekend.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0062b.htm Testimony of John J. Abt], 10 H 116.</ref> Oswald also declined his brother Robert's offer on Saturday to obtain a local attorney.<ref>Robert L. Oswald, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lBpCAAAAIAAJ Lee: A Portrait of Lee Harvey Oswald by His Brother]'', Coward–McCann, 1967, p. 145.</ref> During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked, "Are you a communist?", he replied, "No, I am not a communist. I am a Marxist."<ref>[[Vincent Bugliosi]] (2008) [http://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNUSOMNhYC&pg=PA416 ''Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy''] pp.416-7, quote: "No, I am not a Communist," Oswald says. "I am a Marxist, but not a Marxist-Leninist. [...] "Well, a Communist is a Leninist-Marxist," Oswald explains, "while I am a true Karl Marxist. I've read just about everything by or about Karl Marx."</ref><ref>Smith, Jeffrey K. (2008) ''Rendezvous in Dallas: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy'' pp.239-40, quote: No, I am not a Communist. I am a Marxist, but not a Marxist-Leninist. [...] Well, a Communist is a Leninist-Marxist, while I am a true Karl Marxist. I've read just about everything by or about Karl Marx.</ref><ref>Kelley Exhibit A, 20 H 443; CE 2064, 24 H 490; 7 H 298, WCT Harry D. Holmes</ref> ==Death== {{See also|Jack Ruby}} On Sunday, November 24, Oswald was being led through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters in advance of his transfer to the county jail. At 11:21 a.m., Dallas nightclub operator [[Jack Ruby]] stepped from the crowd and shot Oswald in his left lower chest. The round struck several organs, penetrated his stomach, and tore his vena cava and aorta.<ref name="autopsy">The Nook: An Investigation of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, [http://www.jmasland.com/cat_content.asp?contentid=108 Official Autopsy Report of Lee Harvey Oswald], November 24, 1963. Accessed January 9, 2013.</ref> Oswald was rushed unconscious to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]—the same hospital where doctors tried to save President Kennedy's life two days earlier. Oswald was pronounced dead at 1:07 p.m.<ref name="Saturday2"/> An autopsy was performed by the Dallas County Medical Examiner at 2:45 p.m. the same day. The stated cause of death in the autopsy report was "hemorrhage secondary to gunshot wound of the chest."<ref name="autopsy">The Nook: An Investigation of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, [http://www.jmasland.com/cat_content.asp?contentid=108 Official Autopsy Report of Lee Harvey Oswald], November 24, 1963. Accessed January 2, 2013.</ref> A network television camera, there to cover the transfer, was broadcasting live, and millions witnessed the shooting on television as it happened.<ref>{{cite book |authorlink=Laurence Bergreen |last=Bergreen |first=Laurence |year=1980 |title=Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday and Company |isbn=978-0-451-61966-2}}</ref> The event was also captured in a well-known photograph. Ruby later said he had been distraught over Kennedy's death and that his motive for killing Oswald was "...saving Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial."<ref name="history-matters.com">[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0104b.htm Testimony of Jack Ruby], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 5, pp. 198–200.</ref> Others have hypothesized that Ruby was part of a conspiracy.<ref>[[G. Robert Blakey]], chief council for the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] from 1977 to 1979, said, "The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever." {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0MeH1Z-Dd-QC&pg=PA71&dq=Goldfarb,+Ronald.+Perfect+Villains,+Imperfect+Heroes:+Robert+F.+Kennedy's+War+stalk#v=onepage&q=stalked&f=false |last=Goldfarb |first=Ronald |title=Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime |location=Virginia |publisher=Capital Books |year=1995 |page=281 |isbn=1-931868-06-9}} </ref> After autopsy, Oswald was buried in Fort Worth's Rose Hill Memorial Burial Park.<ref>[http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/grave.htm Directions to Lee Harvey Oswald's Grave] at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Oswald&GSfn=Lee&GSmn=H&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=781& |title=Photos of Gravesite |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> A marker inscribed simply ''Oswald'' replaces the stolen original tombstone, which gave Oswald's full name, and birth and death dates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/cron/ |title=Who was Lee Harvey Oswald?—A chronology of Lee Harvey Oswald's life |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> In 2010 Oswald's original coffin was auctioned off for over $87,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://natedsanders.com/viewuserdefinedpage.aspx?pn=LeeHarveyOswaldCasketConsignment |title=Lee Harvey Oswald Casket Consignment |publisher=Natedsanders.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> ==Official investigations== ===Warren Commission=== The [[Warren Commission]], created by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] to investigate the assassination, concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy (this view is known as the [[lone gunman theory]]). The Commission could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald's actions: {{quote|It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it. Oswald's search for what he conceived to be the perfect society was doomed from the start. He sought for himself a place in history—a role as the "great man" who would be recognized as having been in advance of his times. His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to have been another important factor in his motivation. He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment. Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy.<ref> [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#conclusions Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7: Unanswered Questions].</ref>}} The proceedings of the commission were closed, though not secret, and about 3% of its files have yet to be released to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers.<ref group="n">"Two misconceptions about the Warren Commission hearing need to be clarified...hearings were closed to the public unless the witness appearing before the Commission requested an open hearing. No witness except one...requested an open hearing...Second, although the hearings (except one) were conducted in private, they were not secret. In a secret hearing, the witness is instructed not to disclose his testimony to any third party, and the hearing testimony is not published for public consumption. The witnesses who appeared before the Commission were free to repeat what they said to anyone they pleased, and ''all'' of their testimony was subsequently published in the first fifteen volumes put out by the Warren Commission." (Bugliosi, p. 332)</ref> ===Ramsey Clark Panel=== In 1968, the [[Ramsey Clark]] Panel{{explain}} examined various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence, concluding that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone, and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.<ref>[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/clark.txt 1968 Panel Review of Photographs, X-Ray Films, Documents and Other Evidence Pertaining to the Fatal Wounding of President John E Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas] (.txt) at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''</ref> ===House Select Committee=== {{Main|United States House Select Committee on Assassinations}} {{Further|Dictabelt evidence relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy}} In 1979, after a review of the evidence and of prior investigations, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations was preparing to issue{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} a finding that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy. However, late in the Committee's proceedings a [[Dictabelt]] was introduced, purportedly recording sounds heard in Dealey Plaza before, during and after the shots were fired. After submitting the Dictabelt to acoustic analysis, the Committee revised its findings to assert a "high probability that two gunmen fired" at Kennedy and that Kennedy "was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy." Although the Committee was "unable to identify the other gunman or the extent of the conspiracy," it made a number of further findings regarding the likelihood or unlikelihood that particular groups, named in the findings, were involved.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0005a.htm Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations] HSCA Final Report, pp. 3.</ref> The Dictabelt evidence has been questioned, some believing it is not a recording of the assassination at all.<ref>Holland, Max. [http://hnn.us/articles/21289.html The JFK Lawyers' Conspiracy] Published in ''The Nation'' on unknown date, reposted by George Mason University's History News Network, February 6, 2006</ref> The staff director and chief counsel for the Committee, [[G. Robert Blakey]], told ABC News in 2003 that at least 20 persons heard a shot from the [[grassy knoll]], and that a conspiracy was established by both the witness testimony and acoustic evidence.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131462&page=1#.UBGZGKODl8E ''Organized Crime Expert Sees Mob Connections''], abcnews.com, 11/20/2003.</ref> Officer H.B. McLain, from whose motorcycle radio the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came,<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol5/html/HSCA_Vol5_0311a.htm Testimony of Mark Weiss and Ernest Aschkenasy], 5 HSCA 617.</ref><ref>G. Robert Blakey and Richard N. Billings, ''The Plot to Kill the President'', Times Books, 1981, p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8129-0929-6.</ref> has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination.<ref>Greg Jaynes, ''The Scene of the Crime'', [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jaynes/mclain.htm Afterward].</ref> McLain asked the Committee, "‘If it was my radio on my motorcycle, why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for Parkland Hospital?’”<ref>"[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0261b.htm Separate Views of Hons. Samuel L. Devine and Robert W. Edgar]", HSCA Report, pp. 492–493.</ref> <!-- I really don't want to get mired in this, but if Ofc. McLain was, as stated, not yet in D.P. at the time of the shots, why would he be part of the "we" who "immediately took off" for the hospital? Inquiring minds want to know!--> In 1982, a group of twelve scientists appointed by the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (NAS), led by [[Norman Ramsey]], concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was "seriously flawed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10264 |title=Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics |publisher=Nap.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> Donald B. Thomas said in a 2001 article in ''Science & Justice'', the journal of Britain's [[Forensic Science Society]], that the NAS investigation was itself flawed. He concluded with a 96.3 percent certainty that there were at least two gunmen firing at President Kennedy and that at least one shot came from the grassy knoll.<ref>Donald B. Thomas, [http://www.webcitation.org/5spmKztLK "Echo Correlation Analysis and the Acoustic Evidence in the Kennedy Assassination Revisited"], ''Science & Justice'', vol. 41(1), 2001, pp. 21-32, Retrieved 2010-04-10</ref> Commenting on Thomas's study, G. Robert Blakey said: "This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate statistical checks."<ref>George Lardner Jr., "Study Backs Theory of 'Grassy Knoll' ", ''Washington Post'', March 26, 2001</ref> In 2005, Ralph Linsker and several members of the original NAS team reanalyzed the timings of the recordings and reaffirmed in an article in ''Science & Justice'' the earlier conclusion of the NAS report that the alleged shot sounds were recorded approximately one minute after the assassination.<ref>Linsker R., Garwin R.L., Chernoff H., Horowitz P., Ramsey N.F., [http://jfk-records.com/ScienceAndJustice_45%284%29_207-226%282005%29.pdf "Synchronization of the acoustic evidence in the assassination of President Kennedy"]. ''Science & Justice'', vol. 45(4), 2005, pp. 207–226.</ref> <!--this and the previous paragraph are a jumble. First Blakely says there's a conspiracy, then he expresses less confidence, then he endorsed the British study concluding there was a conspiracy after all... --> ==Other investigations and dissenting theories== {{Main|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}} <!-- if this section remains "other investigations and dissenting theories", isn't there a slight overspecialization in this link – in other words, are all dissenting theories "conspiracy" theories? And didn't HSCA endorse "dissenting theories"? So shouldn't it be here instead of under "official"? But it was official, wasn't it, so therefore it belongs in the other section?--> [[File:Lho-133A.jpg|thumb|right|Image CE-133A, one of three known "backyard photos," the same image sent by Oswald (as a first-generation copy) to [[George de Mohrenschildt]] in April, 1963, dated and signed on the back. Oswald holds two Marxist newspapers, [[The Militant]] and [[The Daily Worker|The Worker]], and a Carcano rifle, with markings matching those on the rifle found in the Book Depository after the assassination.]] Critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission and have proposed a number of other theories, such as that Oswald conspired with others, or was not involved at all and was framed. <!--a good summary of dissenting theories is needed here, though note there is a separate article ("see also") to carry most of that load --> In October 1981, with Marina's support, Oswald's grave was opened to test a theory propounded by writer [[Michael Eddowes]]: that during Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union he was replaced with a Soviet double; that it was this double, not Oswald, who killed Kennedy and who is buried in Oswald's grave; and that the exhumed remains would therefore not exhibit a surgical scar Oswald was known to carry. However, dental records positively identified the exhumed corpse as Oswald's, and the scar was present.<ref group="n">W. Tracy Parnell, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/parnell/xindex.htm The Exhumation of Lee Harvey Oswald]. Contrary to reports, the skull of Oswald had been autopsied and this was also confirmed at the exhumation. W. Tracy Parnell, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/parnell/dimaio.htm My Interview With Dr. Vincent J.M. Di Maio].</ref> ===Fictional trials===<!-- I feel like this belongs elsewhere in the article --> Several films have fictionalized a trial of Oswald. [[The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1964 film)|''The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald'']] (1964); ''[[The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald]]'' (1977); and ''On Trial: Lee Harvey Oswald'' (1986) have fictionalized a trial of Oswald. In 1988, a 21-hour unscripted mock trial was "held" on television, argued by actual lawyers before an actual<!--I'd like to say "sitting" or "retired" judge, but I don't know which it is--> judge,<ref>[[Vincent Bugliosi]], ''[[Reclaiming History]]''</ref> with unscripted testimony from surviving witnesses to the events surrounding the assassination; the mock jury returned a verdict of guilty. ==Backyard photos==<!-- perhaps this should be elsewhere, or a sub-article? --> {{Main|John F. Kennedy assassination rifle}} [[File:Oswaldrifle.jpg|thumb|left|Lee Harvey Oswald's Carcano rifle, in the US National Archives]] The "backyard photos", taken by Marina Oswald probably around March 31, 1963 using a camera belonging to Oswald, show Oswald holding two Marxist newspapers—''[[The Militant]]'' and ''[[Daily Worker|The Worker]]''—and a rifle, and wearing a pistol in a holster.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#photograph Photograph of Oswald With Rifle]</ref> Shown the pictures after his arrest, Oswald insisted they were forgeries,<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#denial Denial of Rifle Ownership].</ref> but Marina testified in 1964 that she had taken the photographs at Oswald's request—<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 15, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/html/WC_Vol1_0014a.htm Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> testimony she reaffirmed repeatedly over the decades.<ref group="n"> *[http://www.jfk-online.com/marinashaw2.html Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter], [[Trial of Clay Shaw]], Criminal District Court, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, February 21, 1969. *[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo4/jfk12/marinade.htm#maraug Deposition of Marina Oswald Porter] (1977): :Q. I want to mark these two photographs. On the back of the first one, which I would ask be marked JFK committee exhibit No. 1, it says in the bottom right-hand corner copy from the National Archives, records group No. 272, under that it says CE-133B. I will ask that be marked JFK exhibit No. 1. (The above referred to photograph was marked JFK committee exhibit No. 1 for identification.) :Q. New, this second picture that I will ask to be marked says copy from the National Archives, record group No. 272, CE-133. I would ask that this be marked JFK committee exhibit No. 2. (The above referred to photograph was marked JFK committee exhibit No. 2 for identification.) :By Mr. KLEIN: :Q. I will show you those two photographs which are marked JFK exhibit No. 1 and exhibit No. 2, do you recognize those two photographs? :A. I sure do. I have seen them many times. :Q. What are they? :A. That is the pictures that I took. *[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], Hearings, vol. 2 p. 239, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol2/html/HSCA_Vol2_0122a.htm Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter] (1978): :Mr. McDONALD. Mrs. Porter, I have got two exhibits to show you, if the clerk would procure them from the representatives of the National Archives. We have two photographs to show you. They are [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0094a.htm Warren Commission Exhibits C-133-A and B], which have been given JFK Nos. F-378 and F-379. If the clerk would please hand them to you, and also if we could now have for display purposes JFK Exhibit F-179, which is a blowup of the two photographs placed in front of you. Mrs. Porter, do you recognize the photographs placed in front of you? :Mrs. PORTER. Yes, I do. :Mr. McDONALD. And how do you recognize them? :Mrs. PORTER. That is the photograph that I made of Lee on his persistent request of taking a picture of him dressed like that with rifle. *Marina Oswald Porter, interview with author Vincent Bugliosi and lawyer Jack Duffy, Dallas, Texas, November 30, 2000, reported in Bugliosi, ''Reclaiming History'', p. 794.</ref> These photos were labelled CE 133-A and CE 133-B. CE 133-A shows the rifle in Oswald's left hand and newspapers in front of his chest in the other, while the rifle is held with the right hand in CE 133-B. Oswald's mother testified that on the day after the assassination she and Marina destroyed another photograph with Oswald holding the rifle with both hands over his head, with "To my daughter June" written on it.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 146, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/html/WC_Vol1_0079b.htm Testimony of Mrs. Marguerite Oswald].</ref> The [[HSCA]] obtained another first generation print (from CE 133-A) on April 1, 1977 from the widow of George de Mohrenschildt. The words "Hunter of fascists—ha ha ha!" written in block Russian were on the back. Also in English were added in script: "To my friend George, Lee Oswald, 5/IV/63 [April 5, 1963]"<ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 6, p. 151, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0079a.htm Figure IV-21].</ref> Handwriting experts for the HSCA concluded the English inscription and signature were by Oswald. After two original photos, one negative and one first-generation copy had been found, the Senate Intelligence Committee located (in 1976) a third backyard photo (CE 133-C) showing Oswald with newspapers held away from his body in his right hand). These photos, widely recognized as some of the most significant evidence against Oswald, have been subjected to rigorous analysis.<ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 6, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0072b.htm "The Oswald Backyard Photographs"].</ref> Photographic experts consulted by the HSCA concluded they were genuine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/photos.txt |title=id. |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> answering twenty-one points raised by critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/photos.txt |title=United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Report Chapter VI |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> Marina Oswald has always maintained she took the photos herself, and the 1963 de Mohrenschildt print bearing Oswald's signature clearly indicate they existed before the assassination. Nonetheless, some continue to contest their authenticity.<ref>[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], Hearings, [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/jfkinfo/hscawhte.htm Testimony of Jack D. White].</ref> Major John Pickard of the Canadian Defense Department concluded that the photographs had inconsistencies and he believed that they were not genuine. This was supported by retired British forensic detective Malcolm Thompson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/infojfk/jfk6/hscbkyd.htm |title=The Oswald Backyard Photographs |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> However in 2009, after digitally analyzing the photograph of Oswald holding the rifle and paper, computer scientist [[Hany Farid]] concluded<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1068/p6580 | journal=Perception | author=Farid, H | year=2009 | title=The Lee Harvey Oswald backyard photos: real or fake? | pages=1731–1734 | volume=38 | issue=11 | url=http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p6580 | pmid=20120271}}</ref> that the photo "almost certainly was not altered."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2009/11/05.html |title=Dartmouth Professor finds that iconic Oswald photo was not faked. |date=November 5, 2009 |accessdate=2011-11-14}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="n"|30em}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} *Bugliosi, Vincent. [http://www.amazon.com/Reclaiming-History-Assassination-President-Kennedy/dp/0393045250/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338296506&sr=1-1 Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy] Norton, 2007, 1632 p. ISBN 0-393-04525-0. *Ford, Gerald. [http://www.amazon.com/Portrait-Assassin-Gerald-R-Ford/dp/B000H792DC/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338376328&sr=8-1 Portrait of the Assassin], New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965, ISBN 0-684-82663-1. *Groden, Robert. [http://www.amazon.com/The-Search-Harvey-Oswald-Comprehensive/dp/0670858676 The Search for Lee Harvey Oswald: A Comprehensive Photographic Record], New York: Penguin Books, 1995, ISBN 978-0-670-85867-5. *Joesten, Joachim. [http://www.amazon.com/Oswald-Assassin-Fall-Joachim-Joesten/dp/B0007EGG84/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338375816&sr=8-1 Oswald: Assassin or Fall Guy] Marsani/Munsell, 1964, paperback. *Krusch, Barry. [http://www.amazon.com/Impossible-Against-Harvey-Oswald-ebook/dp/B007TBWQ3W/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338376162&sr=8-1 Impossible: The Case Against Lee Harvey Oswald], ICI Press, 2012, ASIN: B007TBWQ3W *Mailer, Norman. [http://www.amazon.com/Oswalds-Tale-An-American-Mystery/dp/0345404378/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338376740&sr=1-1 Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery] New York: Ballantine Books, (1995) ISBN 0-345-40437-8. *McMillan, Priscilla Johnson. [http://www.amazon.com/Marina-Lee-Priscilla-Johnson-McMillan/dp/B000O613EW/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377137&sr=1-4 Marina and Lee] New York: Harper & Row, 1977. *Nechiporenko, Oleg M. [http://www.amazon.com/Passport-Assassination-Never-Before-Told-Harvey-Colonel/dp/155972210X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377244&sr=1-1 Passport to Assassination: The Never-Before Told Story of Lee Harvey Oswald by the KGB Colonel Who Knew Him] New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1993, ISBN 1-55972-210-X. *Posner, Gerald. [http://www.amazon.com/Case-Closed-Gerald-Posner/dp/1400034620/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377374&sr=1-1 Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK] Random House, 1993, hardcover, ISBN 0-679-41825-3. *Summers, Anthony. [http://www.amazon.com/Not-Your-Lifetime-Anthony-Summers/dp/1569247390/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377460&sr=1-1 Not in Your Lifetime] New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998, ISBN 1-56924-739-0. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Portal|Biography|United States Marine Corps}} {{commons|Lee Harvey Oswald}} {{Wikisource|Lee Harvey Oswald diary}} *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/ ''Frontline'': Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/ ''American Experience'': Oswald's Ghost] *[http://oswaldinholland.web-log.nl/ Lee Harvey Oswald's journey from Minsk to the US, travelling through Holland] by Perry Vermeulen *[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ Kennedy Assassination Home Page] by John McAdams *[http://www.jfkassassination.net/oswald.htm Lee Harvey Oswald: Lone Assassin or Patsy] *[http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/chrono.htm Lee Harvey Oswald Chronology] *[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/jfk/7.html?sect=24 Crime Library: Lee Harvey Oswald] *[http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald-in-russia.htm Lee Harvey Oswald In Russia] *[http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/02/JilM.html Various photos of Oswald taken post mortem] *{{IMDb name|652640}} *{{Find a Grave|781}} {{Assassination of John F. Kennedy}} {{Authority control|VIAF=77108416}} {{Persondata |NAME = Oswald, Lee Harvey |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Assassin of President [[John F. Kennedy]] |DATE OF BIRTH = {{birth date|mf=yes|1939|10|18|mf=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]], [[Louisiana]] |DATE OF DEATH = {{death date|mf=yes|1963|11|24|mf=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oswald, Lee Harvey}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:1963 deaths]] [[Category:1963 murders in the United States]] [[Category:20th-century criminals]] [[Category:American assassins]] [[Category:American communists]] [[Category:American defectors to the Soviet Union]] [[Category:American diarists]] [[Category:American expatriates in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:American Marxists]] [[Category:American murder victims]] [[Category:Assassins of United States presidents]] [[Category:Burials in Texas]] [[Category:American criminal snipers]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Texas]] [[Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States]] [[Category:Murdered criminals]] [[Category:People associated with the John F. Kennedy assassination]] [[Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana]] [[Category:People murdered in Texas]] [[Category:Exhumed people]] [[Category:People of the Civil Air Patrol]] [[Category:Filmed deaths]] [[Category:United States Marines]] [[Category:American spree killers]] {{Link GA|de}}'
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'{{pp-pc1}} {{About|the life of Lee Harvey Oswald|discussion of Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|and|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}} {{Infobox person |name = Lee harry Oswald |image = http://www.google.com/imgres?q=crazy+guy&safe=active&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7GGLD_en&biw=898&bih=579&tbm=isch&tbnid=jy24G0i8xae7LM:&imgrefurl=http://waynestocks.com/2010/07/27/crazy-for-jesus/&docid=xSj_lycbQ19f-M&imgurl=http://waynestocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CrazyGuy.jpg&w=300&h=448&ei=ffmtUcnzKqre0gHmhYHoBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=16&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:86&tx=59&ty=75&surl=1|image_size = 180px |caption = Photo taken in Minsk, Commission Exhibit 2892 |birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|2099|10|18}} |birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|3099|11|24|1939|10|18}} |death_place = [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]<br />[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. |death_cause = dropped the soap and got butt raped by a fat black man|resting_place = a dumpster<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas |criminal_charge = Murder of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Dallas]] Police Officer [[J. D. Tippit]] |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|32.732455|-97.203223|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald}} |nationality = American |spouse = [[Marina Oswald Porter|Marina Prusakova]]<br />(m. 1961–1963, his death) |signature = Lee Harvey Oswald Signature.svg }} '''Lee Harvey Oswald''' (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,<ref group="n">These were investigations by: the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (1963), the [[Warren Commission]] (1964), the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979), and the [[Dallas Police Department]].</ref> the [[sniper]] who [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]] [[John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th President of the United States]], in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], on November 22, 1963. Oswald was a former pedophile who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for rape of a 109 year old man. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. In 1964, the [[Warren Commission]] concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Dallas Police Department]]. Despite forensic, ballistic, and circumstantial evidence, the [[lone gunman theory]] has been rejected by much of the U.S. public over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1813/most-americans-believe-oswald-conspired-others-kill-jfk.aspx |title=Gallop: Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired With Others to Kill JFK |publisher=Gallup.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> In 1979, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] concluded that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding that "scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy."<ref name="HCSA-S">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |type= |edition= |series= |year=1979 |origyear= |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=3 |chapter=Summary of Findings and Recommendations |chapterurl=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/summary.html}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0048a.htm House Select Committee on Assassinations Final Report], pp. 65-75.</ref> ==Early life== ===Childhood=== Lee Harvey Oswald was born in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana on October 18, 1939<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 799, CE 1963, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0415b.htm Schedule showing known addresses of Lee Harvey Oswald from the time of his birth].</ref> to Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. and Marguerite Frances Claverie. Robert, Sr. died of a heart attack two months prior to Lee's birth. Oswald had two older siblings—brother Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Jr. and half-brother John Edward Pic.<ref name="Wbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-13.html |title=Warren Commission Report, Appendix 13: Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald, pages 670–682 |publisher=Archives.gov |year=1964}}</ref> In 1944, Oswald's mother moved the family from New Orleans to Dallas, Texas. Oswald entered the 1st grade in 1945 and over the next half-dozen years attended several different schools in the Dallas and [[Fort Worth]] areas through the 6th grade. Oswald took an [[IQ]] test in the 4th grade and scored 103; "on achievement tests in [grades 4 to 6], he twice did best in reading and twice did worst in spelling."<ref name=Wbio/> As a child, Oswald was described by several people who knew him as withdrawn and temperamental.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html |title=Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, page 378 |publisher=Archives.gov |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> In August 1952, when Oswald was 12, his mother took him to [[New York City]] where they lived for a short time with Oswald's half-brother, John Pic. Oswald and his mother were later asked to leave after an argument in which Oswald allegedly struck his mother and threatened Pic's wife with a pocket knife.<ref name=Wbio/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Warren Commission Hearings |url=http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wch/vol11/page38.php |title=Testimony of John Edward Pic}}</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 687, CE 1382, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh22/html/WH_Vol22_0359a.htm Interview with Mrs. John Edward Pic].</ref> Oswald attended the 7th grade in the [[The Bronx|Bronx]], New York but was often truant, which led to a psychiatric assessment at a juvenile reformatory.<ref name=Wbio/> The reformatory psychiatrist, Dr. Renatus Hartogs, described Oswald as immersed in a "vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which [Oswald] tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations." Dr. Hartogs detected a "personality pattern disturbance with [[Schizoid personality disorder|schizoid]] features and [[Passive-aggressive behavior|passive-aggressive]] tendencies" and recommended continued treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/03/JA/DR/.dr16.html |title=Report of Renatus Hartogs, May 1, 1953 |publisher=Acorn.net |date=1953-05-01 |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> However, in January 1954, Oswald's mother returned to New Orleans, taking Oswald with her.<ref name=Wbio/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 123, CE 2223, Big Brothers of New York, Inc., [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0077a.htm Case file of Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> At the time, there was a question pending before a New York judge as to whether Oswald should be removed from the care of his mother to finish his schooling,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/2_12_64_AM.htm Testimony of Mrs. Marguerite Oswald].</ref> although Oswald's behavior appeared to improve during his last months in New York.<ref>[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/jfkinfo3/exhibits/carro1.htm Carro Exhibit No. 1 Continued] at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''.</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/carro.htm Testimony of John Carro].</ref> In New Orleans, Oswald completed the 8th and 9th grades. He entered the 10th grade in the fall of 1955 but quit school after one month.<ref name="Saturday">{{cite journal |last=Bagdikian |first=Ben H. |authorlink=Ben Bagdikian |editor1-first=Clay |editor1-last=Blair Jr. |editor1-link=Clay Blair |date=December 14, 1963 |title=The Assassin |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |issue=44 |page=23 |publisher=The Curtis Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia, PA. 19105}}</ref> After leaving school, Oswald worked for several months as an office clerk and messenger in New Orleans. In July 1956, Oswald's mother moved the family to Fort Worth, Texas and Oswald re-enrolled in the 10th grade for the September session. However, a few weeks later in October, Oswald quit school at age 17 to join the Marines ''(see below)'';<ref name=Wbio/> he never received a high school diploma. By the age of 17, he had resided at 22 different locations and attended 12 different schools.<ref group="n"> The schools were: {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}<!--was unclear from earlier text whether this all came from Warren Rpt or from other sources as well --> * 1st grade: [[Benbrook Common School]] (Fort Worth, Texas), October 31, 1945 * 1st grade (again): [[Covington Elementary School]] ([[Covington, LA]]), Sep. 1946–Jan. 1947 * 1st grade (end): [[Clayton Public School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Jan.–May 1947 * 2nd grade: [[Clayton Public School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Sept. 1947 * 2nd grade (end): [[Clark Elementary School]] (Ft Worth, TX), March 1948 * 3rd grade: [[Arlington Heights Elementary School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Sept. 1948 * 4th grade: [[Ridglea West Elementary School]] (since renamed Luella Merrett, Ft Worth), Sep. 1949 * 5th grade: [[Ridglea West Elementary School]] (Ft Worth), Sep. 1950 * 6th grade: [[Ridglea West Elementary School]] (Ft Worth), Sep. 1951 * 7th grade: [[Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), Aug. 1952 * 7th grade: [[List of public elementary schools in New York City|Public School 117]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), Sep. 1952 (attended 17 of 64 days) * 7th grade (end): [[List of public elementary schools in New York City|Public School 44]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), March 23, 1953 :: [[Reformatory]]: Youth House (NYC, NY), April/May 1953. * 8th grade: [[Public School 44]] (Bronx, NYC, NY), Sep. 14, 1953 * 8th grade (end): [[Beauregard Junior High School]] (New Orleans), Jan. 13, 1954 * 9th grade: [[Beauregard Junior High School]] (New Orleans), Sep. 1954–June 1955 * 10th grade: [[Warren Easton High School]] (New Orleans), Sep.–Oct. 1955 (Warren appendix 13) :: (tried to enlist in U.S. Marines using affidavit claiming age 17) :: (worked as clerk/messenger in New Orleans, rather than school) * 10th grade (again): [[Arlington Heights High School]] (Ft Worth, TX), Sep.–Oct. 1956. Final withdrawal from high school, 10<sup>th</sup> grade. (Warren appendix 13) </ref> Though the young Oswald had trouble spelling<ref name=Wbio/> and writing coherently,<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#return Warren Commission Report, Chapt. 7, p. 383].</ref> he read voraciously. By age 15, he claimed to be a [[Marxist]], writing in his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered [[socialism|socialist]] literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries." At 16 he wrote to the [[Socialist Party of America]] for information on their [[Young People's Socialist League (1907)|Young People's Socialist League]], saying he had been studying socialist principles for "well over fifteen months."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, CE 2240, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0085b.htm FBI transcript of letter from Lee Oswald to the Socialist Party of America, October 3, 1956].</ref> However, Edward Voebel, "whom the Warren Commission had established was Oswald's closest friend during his teenage years in New Orleans...said that reports that Oswald was already 'studying [[Communism]]' were a 'lot of [[baloney (disambiguation)|baloney]].' " Voebel said that "Oswald commonly read 'paperback trash.'"<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.pdf Oswald, [[David Ferrie]] and the Civil Air Patrol], [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], vol. 9, 4, p. 107.</ref><ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh8/html/WC_Vol8_0009b.htm Testimony of Edward Voebel], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 8, pp. 10, 12.</ref> As a teenager, in 1955, Oswald attended [[Civil Air Patrol]] meetings in New Orleans. Oswald's fellow cadets recalled him attending C.A.P. meetings "three or four" times, or "10 or 12 times" over a one- or two-month period.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/html/HSCA_Vol9_0058a.htm Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol], House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 9, 4, pp. 107-115.</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 234. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS Frontline "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).</ref> ===Marine Corps=== [[File:CE2894.jpg|thumb|upright|Oswald when he served in the US Marine Corps]] Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, just after his seventeenth birthday. He idolized his older brother Robert and a photograph, after his arrest by Dallas police, shows Lee wearing his brother's Marines ring.<ref>Bob Goodman, Triangle of Fire (Laquerian Publishing Co., 1993).</ref> One witness testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald's enlistment may also have been an escape from his overbearing mother.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, p. 384, Lee Harvey Oswald: Background and Possible Motives, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#return Return to New Orleans and Joining the Marine Corps].</ref> Oswald's primary training was radar operation; a position requiring a security clearance. A May 1957 document states that he was "granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including CONFIDENTIAL after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, Folsom Exhibit No. 1, p. 665, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0342a.htm Administrative Remarks].</ref> In the Aircraft Control and Warning Operator Course he finished seventh in a class of thirty. The course "...included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar."<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0353b.htm Marines] Warren Commission Report, Appendix 13, page 682–683.</ref> He was assigned first to [[Marine Corps Air Station El Toro]] in July 1957,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0338b.htm Marine Corps service record of Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> then to [[Naval Air Facility Atsugi]] in Japan in September as part of [[Marine Air Control Squadron 1]]. Like all Marines, Oswald was trained and tested in shooting and he scored 212 in December 1956, slightly above the requirements for the designation of [[Weapons Qualification Badge|''sharpshooter'']].<ref name="Saturday"/> In May 1959 he scored 191 which reduced his rating to [[Weapons Qualification Badge|''marksman'']].<ref name="Saturday"/><ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#marine Oswald's Marine Training]</ref> Oswald was court-martialed after accidentally shooting himself in the elbow with an unauthorized .22 handgun, then court-martialed again for fighting with a sergeant who he thought was responsible for his punishment in the shooting matter. He was demoted from [[private first class]] to [[Private (rank)|private]] and briefly imprisoned in the brig. He was later punished for a third incident: while on night-time sentry duty in the Philippines, he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle.<ref>[[Gerald Posner]] "Case Closed" Random House, New York, 1993 pg. 28</ref> Slightly built, Oswald was nicknamed ''[[Ozzie Rabbit]]'' after the cartoon character; he was also called ''Oswaldskovich''<ref>http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh8/pdf/WH8_Botelho_aff.pdf</ref> because he espoused pro-[[Soviet]] sentiments. In December 1958, Oswald transferred back to El Toro<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/oswald.htm |author=John C. McAdams |authorlink=John C. McAdams |title=Lee Harvey Oswald—Lone Assassin or Patsy? |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Assassination Information Center |work=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-04-17 }}</ref> where his unit's function "...was to serveil {{sic}} for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas." An officer there said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh8/html/WC_Vol8_0149b.htm Testimony of John E. Donovan], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 8, pp. 290, 298.</ref> While in the Marines, Oswald made an effort to teach himself rudimentary Russian. Although this was an unusual endeavor, in February 1959 he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian. His level at the time was rated "poor".<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 94, 99. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> ==Adult life and early crimes== ===Defection to the Soviet Union=== In October 1959, just before turning 20, Oswald traveled to the [[Soviet Union]], the trip planned well in advance. On September 11, 1959, he received a hardship discharge from active service, claiming his mother needed care, and was put on reserve.<ref name="Saturday"/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, Folsom Exhibit No. 1, p. 85, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0373b.htm Request for Dependency Discharge]. </ref><ref> {{cite journal |url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0376b.htm |title=Warren Commission Hearings, Folsom Exhibit No. 1 (cont'd) |volume=XIX Folsom |page=734}} </ref> Along with his self-taught Russian, he had saved $1,500 of his Marine Corps salary,<ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 22, p. 705, CE 1385, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh22/html/WH_Vol22_0366a.htm Notes of interview of Lee Harvey Oswald conducted by Aline Mosby in Moscow in November 1959]. Oswald: "When I was working in the middle of the night on guard duty, I would think how long it would be and how much money I would have to save. It would be like being out of prison. I saved about $1500." During Oswald's 2 years and 10 months of service in the Marine Corps he received $3,452.20, after all taxes, allotments and other deductions as well as his GED. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 26, p. 709, CE 3099, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/contents/wc/contents_wh26.htm Certified military pay records for Lee Harvey Oswald for the period October 24, 1956, to September 11, 1959]. </ref> obtained a passport, and submitted several fictional applications to foreign universities in order to obtain a student visa.{{Clarify|date=May 2010}} <!-- he did or did not actually obtain such a visa? --> Oswald spent two days with his mother in [[Fort Worth]], then embarked by ship from New Orleans on September 20 to [[Le Havre]], France, then immediately proceeded to the United Kingdom. Arriving in [[Southampton]] on October 9, he told officials he had $700 and planned to remain in the United Kingdom for one week before proceeding to a school in Switzerland. However, on the same day, he flew to [[Helsinki]], where he was issued a Soviet visa on October 14. Oswald left Helsinki by train on the following day, crossed the Soviet border at [[Vainikkala]], and arrived in Moscow on October 16.<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/journey.htm The Journey From USA to USSR] at ''Russian Books''</ref> His visa, valid only for a week, was due for expiry on October 21.<ref name=historicdiaryp94/> Almost immediately after arriving, Oswald told his [[Intourist]] guide of his desire to become a Soviet citizen. When asked why by the various Soviet officials he encountered—all of whom, by Oswald's account, found his wish incomprehensible—he said that he was a [[communist]], and gave what he described in his diary as "vauge [''[[sic]]''] answers about 'Great Soviet Union'".<ref name=historicdiaryp94>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 94, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0059b.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entries of October 16, 1959 to October 21, 1959.</ref> On October 21, the day his visa was due to expire, he was told that his citizenship application had been refused, and that he had to leave the Soviet Union that evening. Distraught, Oswald inflicted a minor but bloody wound to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub soon before his Intourist guide was due to arrive to escort him from the country, according to his diary because he wished to kill himself in a way that would shock her.<ref name=historicdiaryp94/> Delaying Osward's departure because of his self-inflicted injury, the Soviets kept him in a Moscow hospital under psychiatric observation until October 28, 1959.<ref name=historicdiaryp95>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 95, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0060a.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entries of October 21, 1959 to October 28, 1959.</ref> [[File:OSWALD'S APARTMENT BUILDING - MINSK - BELARUS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Apartment building where Oswald lived in Minsk, Belarus]] According to Oswald, he met with four more Soviet officials that same day, who asked if he wanted to return to the United States; he insisted to them that he wanted to live in the Soviet Union as a Soviet national. When pressed for identification papers, he provided his Marine Corps discharge papers.<ref name=historicdiaryp97>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 96, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0060b.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entries of October 28, 1959 to October 31, 1959.</ref> On October 31, Oswald appeared at the [[United States embassy in Moscow]], declaring a desire to renounce his U.S. citizenship.<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/moscow1.htm Moscow Part 1] at ''Russian Books'' </ref><ref> Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 108, CE 912, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh18/html/WH_Vol18_0061b.htm Declaration of Lee Harvey Oswald, dated November 3, 1959, requesting that his U.S. citizenship be revoked]. </ref> "I have made up my mind," he said; "I'm through."<ref name=miaminews1959/> He told the U.S. embassy interviewing officer, Richard Snyder, "...that he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he had voluntarily stated to unnamed Soviet officials that as a Soviet citizen he would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his specialty as he possessed. He intimated that he might know something of special interest."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh18/pdf/WH18_CE_908.pdf Foreign Service Dispatch from the American Embassy in Moscow to the Department of State], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 98, CE 908</ref> (Such statements led to Oswald's ''hardship/honorable'' military discharge being changed to ''[[Section 8 (military)|undesirable]]''.)<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, CE 780, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/pdf/WH17_CE_780.pdf Documents from Lee Harvey Oswald's Marine Corps file].</ref> The Associated Press story of the defection of a U.S. Marine to the Soviet Union was reported on the front pages of some newspapers in 1959.<ref name=miaminews1959>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IrwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4eoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3310,5481990&dq=lee+oswald+russia&hl=en "Texas Marine Gives Up U.S. For Russia"], ''The Miami News'', October 31, 1959, p1</ref> Though Oswald had wanted to attend [[Moscow University]], he was sent to Minsk to work as a lathe operator at the [[Gorizont (factory)|Gorizont Electronics Factory]], which produced radios, televisions, and military and space electronics. [[Stanislau Shushkevich]], who later became independent [[Belarus]]'s first head of state, was also engaged by Gorizont at the time, and was assigned to teach Oswald Russian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nv-online.info/by/251/printed/41936/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%A8%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%9A%D0%95%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A7-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.htm |title=Stanislau Shushkevich, biographical sketch (in Russian) |publisher=Nv-online.info |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> Oswald received a government subsidized, fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building and an additional supplement to his factory pay—all in all, an idyllic existence by working-class Soviet standards,<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/minsk3.htm Minsk Part 3] at ''Russian Books''</ref> though he was kept under constant surveillance.<ref>Lee Harvey Oswald in Russia, [http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/minsk2.htm Minsk Part 2] at ''Russian Books''</ref> But Oswald grew bored in Minsk.<ref>Warren Commission Report, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#defection Chapter 7 ]</ref> He wrote in his diary in January 1961: "I am starting to reconsider my desire about staying. The work is drab, the money I get has nowhere to be spent. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places of recreation except the trade union dances. I have had enough."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 16, p. 102, CE 24, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/html/WH_Vol16_0063b.htm Lee Harvey Oswald's "Historic Diary"], entry of January 4–31, 1961.</ref> Shortly afterwards, Oswald (who had never formally renounced his U.S. citizenship) wrote to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow requesting return of his American passport, and proposing to return to the U.S. if any charges against him would be dropped.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 18, p. 131, CE 931, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh18/html/WH_Vol18_0073a.htm Undated letter from Lee Harvey Oswald to the American Embassy in Moscow]. </ref> In March 1961, Oswald met [[Marina Oswald Porter|Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova]], a 19-year-old pharmacology student; they married less than six weeks later in April.<ref group="n">Though later reports described her uncle, with whom she was living, as a colonel in the [[KGB]], he was actually a lumber industry expert in the [[Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs]] (MVD) with a bureaucratic rank of ''Polkovnik''. Priscilla Johnson McMillan, ''Marina and Lee'', Harper & Row, 1977, pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-06-012953-8.</ref><ref>[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], Hearings, vol. 2 p. 207, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol2/html/HSCA_Vol2_0106a.htm Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter], September 13, 1978.</ref> The Oswalds' first child, June, was born on February 15, 1962. On May 24, 1962, Oswald and Marina applied at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow for documents enabling her to immigrate to the U.S. and, on June 1, the U.S. Embassy gave Oswald a repatriation loan of $435.71.<ref>The Warren Report, Appendix 8, p. 712, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0368b.htm Biography of Lee Harvey Oswald]</ref> Oswald, Marina, and their infant daughter left for the United States, where they received no attention from the press, much to Oswald's disappointment.<ref>"Young Ex-Marine Asks To Be Russian Citizen", ''[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] Tribune'', October 31, 1959, p. 1. "Ex-Marine Requests Citizenship", ''New York Times'', November 1, 1959, p. 3. "Texan in Russia: He Wants to Stay", ''Dallas Morning News'', November 1, 1959, sec. 1, p. 9. "Brother Tries to Telephone, Halt Defector", ''Oakland Tribune'' November 2, 1959, p. 8. "U.S. Boy Prefers Russia", ''[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] Herald-Journal'', December 11, 1959, p. 46. "Third Yank Said Quitting Soviet Union, ''[[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]] Times'', June 8, 1962, p. 8. "Marine Returning", ''The [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] News'', June 9, 1962, p. 1.</ref> ===Dallas-Fort Worth=== The Oswalds soon settled in the [[Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]] area, where his mother and brother Robert lived, and Oswald began a [[memoir]] on Soviet life. Though he eventually gave up the project, his search for literary feedback put him in touch with anti-Communist Russian émigrés in the area.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} In testimony to the Warren Commission, Alexander Kleinlerer said that the Russian émigrés sympathized with Marina, while merely tolerating Oswald, whom they regarded as rude and arrogant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#relationship |title=Warren Commission Report Chapter 7—Relationship with Wife |publisher=Archives.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref><ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 123, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0067a.htm Affidavit of Alexander Kleinlerer]: "Anna Meller, Mrs. Hall, George Bouhe, and the deMohrenschildts, and all that group had pity for Marina and her child. None of us cared for Oswald because of his political philosophy, his criticism of the United States, his apparent lack of interest in anyone but himself, and because of his treatment of Marina."</ref> Although the [[Russians|Russian]] émigrés eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving Oswald,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 298, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0154b.htm Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 307, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0158a.htm Testimony of Mrs. Katherine Ford]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 252, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0130b.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 238, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0123b.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 266, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0137b.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt].</ref> Oswald found an unlikely friend in 51-year-old Russian émigré [[George de Mohrenschildt]], a well-educated petroleum geologist with intelligence connections.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol12/pdf/HSCA_Vol12_deMohren.pdf George de Mohrenschildt]. Staff Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, vol. 12, 4, p. 53–54, 1979. </ref> (A native of Russia, de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald had a "...remarkable fluency in Russian.")<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 226, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0117b.htm Testimony of George S. de Mohrenschildt].</ref> Marina, meanwhile, befriended [[Ruth Paine]],<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 435, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0222a.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine].</ref> a [[Quaker]] who was trying to learn Russian, and her husband Michael who worked for [[Bell Helicopter]].<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 2, p. 385, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0197a.htm Testimony of Michael R. Paine].</ref> (Ruth Paine said that she first met the Oswalds at a party arranged by de Mohrenschildt.)<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, p. 396, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0203b.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine].</ref> In July 1962, Oswald was hired by Dallas' Leslie Welding Company; he disliked the work and quit after three months. (Virginia Hale of the Texas Employment Commission testified that she sent Oswald out on the job to the Leslie Welding Company.)<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0363b.htm Commission Exhibit 1891], vol. 23, p. 694.</ref> In October, he was hired by the graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee.<ref group="n">The company has been cited as doing classified work for the US government, but this work was limited to typesetting for maps and carried out in a section to which Oswald had no access.</ref> (George de Mohrenschildt's wife and daughter said that it was George de Mohrenschildt who secured the job at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall for Oswald.)<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 158. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> A fellow employee at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall testified that Oswald's rudeness at his new job was such that fights threatened to break out, and that he once saw Oswald reading a Russian language publication.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, pp. 199-205, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0104a.htm Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein].</ref> <ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein: 'I would say he didn't get along with people and that several people had words with him at times about the way he barged around the plant, and one of the fellows back in the photosetter department almost got in a fight with him one day, and I believe it was Mr. Graef that stepped in and broke it up before it got started...'</ref> Oswald was fired during the first week of April 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/pdf/WH23_CE_1886.pdf |title=Warren Report C.E. 1886 shows his last weekly paycheck was for work ending April 6. |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> Some have suggested that Oswald might have used equipment at the firm to forge identification documents.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, p. 288, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0153b.htm Photograph of the face sides of a Selective Service System Notice of Classification]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, p. 201, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0105a.htm Testimony of Dennis Hyman Ofstein].</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 52-53. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> ===Edwin Walker assassination attempt=== In March 1963, Oswald purchased a 6.5&nbsp;mm caliber [[Carcano]] rifle by mail-order, using the alias "A. Hidell",<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0071b.htm The Assassin], Warren Commission Report, pp. 118–119,</ref> as well as a .38 [[Smith & Wesson Model 10]] revolver by the same method.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0296a.htm Questioned Documents], Warren Commission Report, Appendix 10, p. 567–571.</ref> Marina Oswald testified to the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald confessed to her on the night of April 10, 1963, that he shot at General [[Edwin Walker]] with his rifle, and buried the rifle that night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#walker |title=Warren Commission Report p. 186 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|date= |accessdate=2011-12-03}}</ref> The Warren Commission concluded that on April 10, 1963, Oswald attempted to kill retired U.S. Major General Edwin Walker,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#walker |title=Warren Commission Report p. 184-195 |publisher=Archives.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist, and member of the [[John Birch Society]]. In 1961, Walker had been relieved of his command of the 24th Division of the U.S. Army in West Germany for distributing [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] literature to his troops.<ref>Scott, Peter Dale. ''Deep Politics and the Death of JFK'', (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 34, 50. ISBN 0-520-20519-7</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 161–162. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> Walker's later actions in opposition to racial integration at the [[University of Mississippi]] led to his arrest on insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and other charges. He was temporarily held in a mental institution on orders from President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General [[Robert Kennedy]], but a grand jury refused to indict him.<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 162. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> Oswald's wife, Marina told the Warren Commission that Oswald considered Walker the leader of a "[[fascism|fascist]] organization."<ref name="Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald">"Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 16, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/html/WC_Vol1_0014b.htm Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald fired at Walker through a window, from less than 100 feet (30 m) away, as Walker sat at a desk in his home; the bullet struck the window-frame and Walker's only injury was bullet fragments to the forearm. Marina testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald told her that he had shot at Walker.<ref name="Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald"/> (The [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]] stated that the "evidence strongly suggested" that Oswald carried out the shooting.)<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0046a.htm Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations], HSCA Final Report, p. 61.</ref> Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/pdf/HSCA_Report_1A_LHO.pdf |title=HSCA Final Report: I. Findings—A. Lee Harvey Oswald Fired Three Shots... |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> but Oswald's involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination.<ref>"Officials Recall Sniper Shooting at Walker Home", ''Dallas Morning News'', November 23, 1963, sec. 1, p. 15.</ref> (A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was not found until early December 1963.)<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 392–393, CE 1785, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0212b.htm Secret Service report dated December 5, 1963, on questioning of Marina Oswald about note Oswald wrote before he attempted to kill General Walker].</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0201a.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 393–394.</ref><ref>"Oswald Notes Reported Left Before Walker Was Shot At", ''Dallas Morning News'', December 31, 1963, sec. 1, p. 6.</ref> The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it,<ref>"FBI Unable to Link Walker Slug, Rifle", ''Dallas Morning News'', December 20, 1963, sec. 1, p. 7.</ref> but [[neutron activation analysis]] later showed that it was "extremely likely" that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.<ref group="n">[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/m_j_russ/hscaguin.htm Testimony of Dr. Vincent P. Guinn]: :Mr. WOLF. In your professional opinion, Dr. Guinn, is the fragment removed from General Walker's house a fragment from a WCC ([[Western Cartridge Company]]) Mannlicher-Carcano bullet? :Dr. GUINN. I would say that it is extremely likely that it is, because there are very few, very few other ammunitions that would be in this range. I don't know of any that are specifically this close as these numbers indicate, but somewhere near them there are a few others, but essentially this is in the range that is rather characteristic of WCC Mannlicher-Carcano bullet lead.</ref> [[George de Mohrenschildt]] told the Warren Commission that he "knew that Oswald disliked General Walker."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0129a.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 249.</ref> Regarding this, De Mohrenschildt and his wife Jeanne, recalled an incident that occurred the weekend following the Walker assassination attempt. The De Mohrenschildts testified that on April 14, 1963, just before Easter Sunday, they were visiting the Oswalds at their new apartment and had brought them a toy Easter bunny to give to their child. As Oswald's wife, Marina was showing Jeanne around the apartment, they discovered Oswald's rifle standing upright, leaning against the wall inside a closet. Jeanne told George that Oswald had a rifle, and George joked to Oswald, "Were you the one who took a pot-shot at General Walker?" When asked about Oswald's reaction to this question, George de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald "smiled at that."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0129a.htm Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, pp. 249-250.</ref> When George's wife, Jeanne was asked about Oswald's reaction, she said, "I didn't notice anything"; she continued, "we started laughing our heads off, big joke, big George's joke."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0161b.htm Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, pp. 314-317.</ref> Jeanne de Mohrenschildt testified that this was the last time she or her husband ever saw the Oswalds.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh9/html/WC_Vol9_0161b.htm Testimony of Jeanne de Mohrenschildt], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 9, p. 314.</ref> ===New Orleans=== [[File:Magazine Street Jessie James Garner Bldg Sept 2009.JPG|right|thumb|Oswald rented an apartment in this building in [[Uptown New Orleans]] c. May–September 1963]][[File:Pizzo Exh B-Oswald leaflets FPFC-WH Vol21 139.jpg|thumb|Oswald passing out "Fair Play for Cuba" leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963]] [[File:Oswaldneworleans.jpg|thumb|upright|Oswald's mugshot following his arrest in New Orleans, August 9, 1963]] Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24, 1963.<ref>The Warren Report, Chapter 7, p. 403, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0214a.htm Lee Harvey Oswald – Background and Possible Motives; Personal Relations]</ref> Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New Orleans the next month in May.<ref name="aarclibrary.org">The Warren Report, Chapter 6, p. 284, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0154b.htm Investigation of Possible Conspiracy; Background of Lee Harvey Oswald]</ref> On May 10, Oswald was hired by the [[Reily Foods Company|Reily Coffee Company]] whose owner, William Reily, was a backer of the [[Crusade to Free Cuba Committee]], an anti-Castro organization.<ref>[[Peter Dale Scott|Scott, Peter Dale]]. ''Deep Politics and the Death of JFK'', (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), p. 95. ISBN 0-520-20519-7</ref> Oswald worked as a machinery greaser at Reily, but he was fired in July "...because his work was not satisfactory and because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba's garage next door, where he read rifle and hunting magazines."<ref>The Warren Report, Chapter 7, pp. 403–404, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0214a.htm Lee Harvey Oswald – Background and Possible Motives; Personal Relations]</ref><ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 p. 219">[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 219. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> On May 26, Oswald wrote to the [[New York City]] headquarters of the pro-Castro [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]], proposing to rent "...a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0266b.htm Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 2], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 512.</ref> Three days later, the FPCC responded to Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least not ... at the very beginning."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0268a.htm Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 3], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 515.</ref> In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied, "Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very beginning."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0269b.htm Lee (Vincent T.), Exhibit No. 4], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 518.</ref> As the sole member of the New Orleans chapter of the [[Fair Play for Cuba Committee]], Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000 leaflets with the heading, "Hands Off Cuba."<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0402a.htm FBI Report of Investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald's Activities for Fair Play for Cuba Committee in New Orleans], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, pp. 770, 773.</ref> According to Lee Oswald's wife Marina, Lee told her to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on his membership card.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0216a.htm Political Activies], Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7, p. 407.</ref> On August 5 and 6, according to anti-Castro militant [[Carlos Bringuier]], Oswald visited him at a store he owned in New Orleans. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the [[Student Revolutionary Directorate]] (DRE), an anti-Castro organization. Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald's visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his group.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 10, pp. 34–37, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0021b.htm Testimony of Carlos Bringuier].</ref> On August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro-Castro leaflets. Bringuier confronted Oswald, claiming he was tipped off about Oswald's leafleting by a friend. A scuffle ensued and Oswald, Bringuier, and two of Bringuier's friends were arrested for disturbing the peace.<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 211. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> Before leaving the police station, Oswald asked to speak with an FBI agent. Agent John Quigley arrived and spent over an hour talking to Oswald.<ref>Marrs, Jim. ''Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy'', (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 146. ISBN 0-88184-648-1</ref> A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in front of the [[International Trade Mart]]. The incident was filmed by [[WDSU]]—the local TV station.<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 211–212. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> The next day, Oswald was interviewed by [[WDSU]] radio commentator William Stuckey, who probed Oswald's background.<ref name="Douglas, James 2008 p. 65">Douglas, James. ''JFK and the Unspeakable'', (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4391-9388-4</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy9k5C94ENw&feature=player_embedded |title=Lee Harvey Oswald interview with William K Stuckey part 1 |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref> A few days later, Oswald accepted Stuckey's invitation to take part in a radio debate with [[Carlos Bringuier]] and Bringuier's associate [[Edward Scannell Butler|Edward Butler]], head of the right-wing [[Information Council of the Americas]] (INCA).<ref name="Douglas, James 2008 p. 65"/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 21, p. 633, Stuckey Exhibit 3, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0329a.htm Literal transcript of an audio-tape recording of a debate among Lee Harvey Oswald, Carlos Bringuier, and Edward Butler on August 21, 1963], Radio station WDSU, New Orleans.</ref> One of Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba leaflets had the address "544 Camp Street" hand-stamped on it, apparently by Oswald himself.<ref name=autogenerated8>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0064a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, p. 123.</ref> The address was in the "Newman Building" which, from October 1961 to February 1962, housed the militant anti-Castro group, the [[Cuban Revolutionary Council]].<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0064a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, pp. 123–4.</ref><ref>Marrs, Jim. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 235. ISBN 0-88184-648-1</ref> Around the corner but located in the same building, with a different entrance, was the address 531 Lafayette Street—the address of "Guy Banister Associates", a private detective agency run by former [[FBI]] agent [[Guy Banister]]. Banister's office was involved in anti-Castro and private investigative activities in the [[New Orleans]] area. (A CIA file indicated that in September 1960, the CIA had considered "...using Guy Banister Associates for the collection of foreign intelligence, but ultimately decided against it.")<ref>[[Jim Marrs|Marrs, Jim]]. Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), pp. 100, 236. ISBN 0-88184-648-1</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0065b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, pp. 126–7.</ref> In the late-1970s, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (HSCA) investigated the possible relationship of Oswald to Banister's office. While the committee was unable to interview [[Guy Banister]] (who died in 1964), the committee did interview his brother Ross Banister. Ross "...told the committee that his brother had mentioned seeing Oswald hand out Fair Play for Cuba literature on one occasion. Ross theorized that Oswald had used the 544 Camp Street address on his literature to embarrass Guy."<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0066b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 13, p. 128.</ref> Guy Banister's secretary, Delphine Roberts, told author [[Anthony Summers]] that she saw Oswald at Banister's office, and that he filled out one of Banister's "agent" application forms. She said, "Oswald came back a number of times. He seemed to be on familiar terms with Banister and with the office."<ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 229. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> The House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims and said that "because of contradictions in Roberts' statements to the committee and lack of independent corroboration of many of her statements, the reliability of her statements could not be determined."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0067a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 8, p. 129.</ref> <!-- I wonder whether this material on Garrison inquiry should go below under investigations? IT'S RELEVANT IN THE CHRONOLOGY. --> Oswald's 1963 New Orleans activities were later investigated by New Orleans District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]], as part of his [[Trial of Clay Shaw|prosecution of Clay Shaw]] in 1967-1969. Garrison was particularly interested in an associate of Guy Banister—a man named [[David Ferrie]]<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0057b.htm David Ferrie], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 12, p. 110.</ref> and his possible connection to Oswald, which Ferrie himself denied.<ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=288 FBI Interview of David Ferrie], November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 286.</ref> Ferrie died before Garrison could complete his investigation.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0055a.htm David Ferrie], House Select Committee on Assassinations—Appendix to Hearings, vol. 10, 12, p. 105.</ref> Charged with conspiracy in the JFK assassination, Shaw was found not guilty. In 1993, the [[PBS]] television program ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' obtained a photograph taken in 1955 (eight years before the assassination) showing Oswald and Ferrie at a [[Civil Air Patrol]] cookout with other C.A.P. cadets.<ref name=autogenerated11>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS ''Frontline'' "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).</ref> (Whether Oswald's and Ferrie's association in the Civil Air Patrol in 1955 is relevant to their later possible association in 1963 is a subject of debate.)<ref name="Summers, Anthony 1998 pp. 233-234">[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 233-234. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref><ref name=autogenerated11>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS ''Frontline'' "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"], broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).</ref> ===Mexico=== Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, transported Marina and her child by car from New Orleans to the Paine home in [[Irving, Texas]], near Dallas, on September 23, 1963.<ref name="aarclibrary.org"/><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 7–9, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0008a.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine Resumed].</ref> Oswald stayed in New Orleans at least two more days to collect a $33 unemployment check. It is uncertain when he left New Orleans; he is next known to have boarded a bus in [[Houston]] on September 26—bound for the Mexican border, rather than Dallas—and to have told other bus passengers that he planned to travel to Cuba via Mexico.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0378b.htm Mexico City], Warren Commission Report, Appendix 8, p. 732.</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 11, pp. 214–215, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0112b.htm Affidavit of John Bryan McFarland and Meryl McFarland].</ref> He arrived in Mexico City on September 27, where he applied for a transit visa at the Cuban Embassy,<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 418, CE 2564, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0422b.htm Cuban visa application of Lee Harvey Oswald, September 27, 1963].</ref> claiming he wanted to visit Cuba on his way to the Soviet Union. The Cuban embassy officials insisted Oswald would need Soviet approval, but he was unable to get prompt co-operation from the Soviet embassy. After five days of shuttling between consulates<!-- above says couldn't get co-op from *Embassy*, but now says *consulate* --- which is it? -->—that included a heated argument with an official at the Cuban consulate, impassioned pleas to KGB agents, and at least some CIA scrutiny,<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcmemos/Oswald_Foreign_Activities/html/180-10096-10364_0094a.htm (undated) Oswald's Foreign Activities (Coleman and Slawson to Rankin)] (page 94) at ''The Assassination Archives and Research Center''</ref>—Oswald was told by a Cuban consular officer that he was disinclined to approve the visa, saying "a person like [Oswald] in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution, was doing it harm."<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#cuba Warren Commission Report], p. 413</ref> Later, on October 18, the Cuban embassy approved the visa, but by this time Oswald was back in the United States and had given up on his plans to visit Cuba and the Soviet Union. Still later, eleven days before the assassination of President Kennedy, Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., saying, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in [[Havana]], as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business."<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/forum/ Oswald: Myth, Mystery, and Meaning], [[Frontline (TV series)|FRONTLINE]], November 20, 2003</ref><ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 8, p. 358, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol8/html/HSCA_Vol8_0181b.htm Letter from Lee Oswald to Embassy of the U.S.S.R., Washington, D.C., November 9, 1963]. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/cia/201/104-10004-10202/html/104-10004-10202_0019a.htm CIA Report on Oswald's Stay in Mexico], December 13, 1963. (page 19) at ''The Assassination Archives and Research Center''.</ref> While the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had visited Mexico City and the Cuban and Soviet consulates, questions regarding whether someone posing as Oswald had appeared at the embassies were serious enough to be investigated by the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Later, the Committee agreed with the Warren Commission that Oswald had visited Mexico City and concluded that "the majority of evidence tends to indicate" that Oswald in fact visited the consulates, but the Committee could not rule out the possibility that someone else had used his name in visiting the consulates.<ref>http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/lopezrpt/html/LopezRpt_0018a.htm</ref> ===Return to Dallas=== [[File:SchoolbookDepository.jpg|thumb|right|[[Texas School Book Depository]], where Oswald was an employee]] On October 2, 1963, Oswald left Mexico City by bus and arrived in Dallas the next day. According to the Warren Commission, on October 14, a neighbor told Ruth Paine that there was a job opening at the [[Texas School Book Depository]]. Mrs. Paine informed Oswald, who was interviewed at the Depository and was hired there on October 16.<ref>The Warren Report, Chapter 1, pp. 14–15, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0019b.htm Summary and Conclusions]</ref> Oswald's supervisor [[Roy Truly]], said that Oswald "did a good day's work" and was an above average employee.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 216, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0112b.htm Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly].</ref> During the week, Oswald stayed in a Dallas rooming house (under the name "O.H. Lee"),<ref name="Saturday2">{{cite journal |last=Bagdikian |first=Ben H. |authorlink=Ben Bagdikian |editor1-first=Clay |editor1-last=Blair Jr. |editor1-link=Clay Blair |date=December 14, 1963 |title=The Assassin |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |issue=44 |page=26 |publisher=The Curtis Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia, PA. 19105}}</ref> but he spent his weekends with Marina at the Paine home in [[Irving, Texas|Irving]]. Oswald did not drive, but commuted to and from Dallas on Mondays and Fridays with his friend and co-worker, Wesley Frazier. On October 20, the Oswalds' second daughter was born. FBI agents twice visited the Paine home in early November, when Oswald was not present, and spoke to Mrs. Paine.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix-13.html Warren Commission Report, p. 739].</ref> Oswald visited the Dallas FBI office about 2 to 3 weeks before the assassination, asking to see Special Agent [[James Hosty]]; told Hosty was unavailable, Oswald left a note that, according to the receptionist, read: "Let this be a warning. I will blow up the FBI and the Dallas Police Department if you don’t stop bothering my wife" [signed] "Lee Harvey Oswald." The note allegedly contained some sort of threat, but accounts vary as to whether Oswald threatened to "blow up the FBI" or merely "report this to higher authorities". According to Hosty, the note said, "If you have anything you want to learn about me, come talk to me directly. If you don't cease bothering my wife, I will take the appropriate action and report this to the proper authorities." Agent Hosty said that he destroyed Oswald's note on orders from his superior, Gordon Shanklin, after Oswald was named the suspect in the Kennedy assassination.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0113a.htm HSCA Final Assassinations Report], House Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 195–196.</ref><ref>[[Anthony Summers|Summers, Anthony]]. ''Not in Your Lifetime'', (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), pp. 283-286. ISBN 1-56924-739-0</ref> In the days before Kennedy's arrival, several newspapers described the route of the presidential motorcade as passing the Book Depository.<ref>[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/dmntue.gif Dallas Morning News], November 19, 1963. [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/dthtue.gif Dallas Times Herald], November 19, 1963, p. A-13.</ref> On November 21 (a Thursday) Oswald asked Frazier for an unusual mid-week lift back to Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods. The next morning (Friday) he returned to Dallas with Frazier; he left behind $170 and his wedding ring,<ref>[http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wch/vol1/page72.php Warren Commission Hearings, vol. I, p. 72–73, Testimony of Marina Oswald].</ref> but took with him a paper bag. Frazier reported that Oswald told him the bag contained curtain rods.<ref>Magen Knuth, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/bag.htm The Long Brown Bag].</ref> Oswald's co-worker, Charles Givens, testified to the Commission that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Depository with a clipboard in his hand, and that Oswald asked him to close the elevator gate and to send the elevator back up to him. He believed that his encounter with Oswald took place at 11:55 a.m.—35 minutes before the assassination.<ref group="n">Warren Commission Hearings, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/testimony/givens1.htm Testimony of Charles Givens].</ref> The Commission report stated that Oswald was not seen again "until after the shooting."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0090b.htm |publisher=History Matters Archive |title=Warren Report |deadurl=no |accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> However, in an FBI report taken the day after the assassination, Givens said that the encounter took place at 11:30 a.m. and that he later saw Oswald reading a newspaper on the first floor at 11:50 a.m.<ref>[http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10406&relPageId=334 FBI Interview of Charles Givens], November 23, 1963, Warren Commission Document 5, p. 329.</ref> Oswald's boss, William Shelley, also testified that he saw Oswald on the first floor between 11:45 and 11:50 a.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume VII|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0199b.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> Janitor Eddie Piper also saw Oswald on the first floor at 12:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume VI|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0197a.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> Another co-worker, Bonnie Ray Williams testified that he went to the sixth floor of the Depository to eat his lunch at about 12:05 p.m. and was there until at least 12:10 p.m.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 173, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0091a.htm Testimony of Bonnie Ray Williams].</ref> He said that during that time he did not see Oswald, or anyone else, on the sixth floor and felt like he was all alone.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 169, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0089a.htm Testimony of Bonnie Ray Williams].</ref> ==Kennedy and Tippit shootings== {{Main|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Lone gunman theory}} According to several government investigations, including the [[Warren Commission]], as Kennedy's motorcade passed through Dallas's Dealey Plaza about 12:30 p.m. on November 22, Oswald fired three rifle shots from the sixth-floor, southeast corner window of the Book Depository,<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0071a.htm The Shots from the Texas School Book Depository], Warren Commission Report, chapter 3, p. 117.</ref> killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor [[John Connally]]. Bystander [[James Tague]] received a minor facial injury from a small piece of curbstone that fragmented when struck by one of the bullets.<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:LHO14.jpg|thumb|upright|Dallas PD color mugshot November 23, 1963]] --> According to the investigations, after shooting the President, Oswald hid and covered the rifle with boxes and descended using the rear stairwell. About ninety seconds after the shooting, in the second-floor lunchroom, Oswald encountered police officer Marrion Baker accompanied by Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly; Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified him as an employee. According to Baker, Oswald did not appear to be nervous or out of breath.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 263, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0136a.htm Testimony of Marrion L. Baker].</ref> Truly said that Oswald appeared "startled" when Baker aimed his gun at him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> Mrs. Robert Reid—clerical supervisor at the Depository, returning to her office within two minutes of the assassination—said that she saw Oswald who "was very calm" on the second floor with a [[Coca-Cola|Coke]] in his hands. As they walked past each other, Mrs. Reid said to Oswald, "The President has been shot" to which he mumbled something in response, but Reid did not understand him.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 273–275, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0141a.htm Testimony of Mrs. Robert A. Reid]</ref> Oswald is believed to have left the Depository through the front entrance just before police sealed it off. Oswald's supervisor, Roy Truly, later pointed out to officers that Oswald was the only employee that he was certain was missing.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0119b.htm Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly].</ref><ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0107b.htm Testimony of J.W. Fritz]</ref> [[File:HowardBrennan.jpg|thumb|right|Witness [[Howard Brennan]] photographed in the same position where he was on November 22, 1963 across from the Texas School Book Depository. Circle "A" indicates where he saw a man fire a rifle at the presidential motorcade]] At about 12:40 p.m., Oswald boarded a city bus but (probably due to heavy traffic) he requested a transfer from the bus driver and got off two blocks later.<ref>[http://www.jfkassassination.net/transfer.gif Bus transfer (.gif)] at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''</ref> Oswald took a taxicab to his rooming house, at 1026 North Beckley Avenue, arriving at about 1:00 p.m. He entered through the front door and, according to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts, immediately went to his room, "walking pretty fast".<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 6, pp. 438–439, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0225a.htm Testimony of Earlene Roberts].</ref> Roberts said that Oswald left "a very few minutes" later, zipping up a jacket he was not wearing when he had entered earlier. As Oswald left, Roberts looked out of the window of her house and last saw him standing at the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop in front of her house.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 7, p. 439, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0224a.htm Affidavit of Earlene Roberts].</ref> At approximately 1:15 p.m., Dallas Patrolman [[J. D. Tippit]] spotted a man who resembled the police broadcast description of Oswald near the corner of East 10th Street and North Patton Avenue.<ref>Oswald was {{convert|5|ft|9|in|m}} tall and weighed {{convert|150|lb|kg}}. Warren Commission Hearings Vol. 26, p. 521.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0015b.htm Warren Commission Report], Chapter 1, pg. 6.</ref> (This location is about nine-tenths of a mile (1.4&nbsp;km) southeast of Oswald's rooming house—a distance that the Warren Commission said, "Oswald could have easily walked".)<ref>The Warren Report, Appendix 12, p. 648, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0336b.htm Oswald's Movements Between 12:33 and 1:15 PM]</ref> According to the Warren Commission, it was here that Patrolman Tippit pulled alongside Oswald and "apparently exchanged words with [him] through the right front or vent window."<ref name=WCR0095>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4, p. 165, The Assassin, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0095a.htm The Killing of Patrolman J.D. Tippit].</ref> "Shortly after 1:15 p.m.",<ref group="n">The [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/dpdtapes/tapes2.htm first report of Tippit's shooting] was transmitted over Police Channel 1 some time between 1:16 and 1:19 p.m., as indicated by verbal time stamps made periodically by the dispatcher. Specifically, the first report began 1 minute 41 seconds after the 1:16 time stamp. Before that, witness Domingo Benavides could be heard unsuccessfully trying to use Tippit's police radio microphone, beginning at 1:16. Dale K. Myers, ''With Malice: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Murder of Officer J.D. Tippit'', 1998, p. 384. ISBN 0-9662709-7-5.</ref> Tippit exited his car and was immediately struck and killed by four shots.<ref name=WCR0095 /><ref>The third eyewitness was Jack Ray Tatum. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol12/html/HSCA_Vol12_0023a.htm Oswald–Tippit Associates], HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 12, p. 40–41.</ref> Numerous witnesses heard the shots and saw a man flee the scene holding a revolver.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chaper 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#description Description of Shooting].</ref><ref group="n">By the evening of November 22, five of them (Helen Markham, Barbara Jeanette Davis, Virginia Davis, Ted Callaway, Sam Guinyard) had identified Lee Harvey Oswald in police lineups as the man they saw. A sixth (William Scoggins) did so the next day. Three others (Harold Russell, Pat Patterson, Warren Reynolds) subsequently identified Oswald from a photograph. Two witnesses (Domingo Benavides, William Arthur Smith) testified that Oswald resembled the man they had seen. One witness (L.J. Lewis) felt he was too distant from the gunman to make a positive identification. Warren Commission Hearings, CE 1968, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0425a.htm Location of Eyewitnesses to the Movements of Lee Harvey Oswald in the Vicinity of the Tippit Killing].</ref> Four cartridge cases found at the scene were identified by expert witnesses<ref name=Cunn-Nicol/> before the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee as having been fired from the revolver later found in Oswald's possession, to the exclusion of all other weapons. However, the bullets taken from Tippit's body could not be positively identified as having been fired from Oswald's revolver.<ref name=Cunn-Nicol>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, pp. 466–473, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0237b.htm Testimony of Cortlandt Cunningham]. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 3, p. 511, [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0260a.htm Testimony of Joseph D. Nicol].</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol7/html/HSCA_Vol7_0193b.htm Tippit Murder: Findings and Conclusions], 7 HSCA 376.</ref> ===Capture=== [[File:GeraldHill-B.jpg|thumb|Oswald being led from the [[Texas Theatre]] after his arrest inside {{Coord|32.743291|-96.825983|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Site of the Texas Theatre}}]] Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that he saw Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip into the nearby [[Texas Theatre]] without paying.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0006a.htm Testimony of Johnny Calvin Brewer], 7 H 3–5.</ref> He alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned police<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0010a.htm Testimony of Julia Postal], 7 H 11.</ref> at about 1:40 pm. As police arrived, the [[house lights#house lights and worklights|house lights]] were brought up and Brewer pointed out Oswald sitting near the rear of the theater. Police Officer Nick McDonald testified that he was the first to reach Oswald and that Oswald seemed ready to surrender saying, "Well, it is all over now." However, Officer McDonald said that Oswald pulled out a pistol tucked into the front of his pants, then pointed the pistol at him, and pulled the trigger. McDonald stated that the pistol did not fire because the pistol's hammer came down on the webbing between the thumb and index finger of his hand as he grabbed for the pistol. McDonald also said that Oswald struck him, but that he struck back and Oswald was disarmed.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, [http://www.jfk-assassination.com/warren/wch/vol3/page295.php Testimony of M. N. McDonald].</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv5vemBcjok]. Brewer and McDonald testify on film to a reporter at the sites of the shoe store and inside the Texas Theater.</ref> As he was led from the theater, Oswald shouted he was a victim of police brutality.<ref name=arrest-by-mcdonald>[http://www.jfk-online.com/mcdonald.html "Oswald and Officer McDonald:The Arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald"]. Retrieved 2011-06-21.</ref> At about 2 p.m., Oswald arrived at the Police Department building, where he was questioned by Detective [[Jim Leavelle]] about the shooting of Officer Tippit. When Captain J. W. Fritz heard Oswald's name, he recognized it as that of the Book Depository employee who was reported missing and was already a suspect in the assassination.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0268b.htm Copy of an undated statement made by Richard M. Sims and E. L. Boyd concerning the events surrounding the assassination], 21 H 512–514.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0107b.htm Testimony of J.W. Fritz], 4 H 206.</ref> Oswald was formally arraigned for the murder of Officer Tippet at 7:10 p.m., and by the end of the night (shortly after 1:30 a.m.) he had been arraigned for the murder of President Kennedy as well.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 5: Detention and Death of Oswald, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-5.html#chronology Chronology]. p. 198.</ref><ref>Tippit murder affidavit: [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0170a.htm text], [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0170b.htm cover]. Kennedy murder affidavit: [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0171a.htm text], [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0171b.htm cover].</ref> <!--timeline is confusing. Above, Fritz recognizes Oswald's name, and "Oswald was booked for both murders, and by end of night arraigned". But now we we jump to hallway with reporters and LHO as been "advised of charge" re Tippit, but "not yet arraigned" for K. This is very hard to follow. Can someone straighten this out? --> Soon after his capture Oswald encountered reporters in a hallway. Oswald declared, "I didn't shoot anybody" and, "They've taken me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!" Later, at an arranged press meeting, a reporter asked, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald—who by that time had been advised of the charge of murdering Tippit, but had not yet been arraigned in Kennedy's death—<!--advised, booked, arraigned – can someone clear all this up? -->answered, "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact, nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question." As he was led from the room the question was called out, "What did you do in Russia?" and, "How did you hurt your eye?"; Oswald answered, "A policeman hit me."<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 366, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0193b.htm Kantor Exhibit No. 3—Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events surrounding the assassination].</ref><ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg&feature=related Lee Oswald claiming innocence] (film), YouTube.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaS-UV-BsdY&feature=related Lee Oswald's Midnight Press Conference], YouTube.com.</ref> ==Police interrogation== [[File:CE795.jpg|thumb|Fake Selective Service System (draft) card in the name of "Alek James Hidell", found on Oswald when arrested. "A. Hidell" was the name used on both envelope and order slip to buy the alleged murder weapon (see CE 773),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/html/WH_Vol17_0331a.htm |title=Photo of the order slip and order envelope for the alleged murder weapon |publisher=History-matters.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> and "A. J. Hidell" was the alternate name on the New Orleans post office box rented June 11, 1963, by Oswald.<ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/html/WH_Vol17_0362a.htm CE 697] shows "A. J. Hidell" as alternate name on Oswald New Orleans P.O. Box</ref> Both the alleged murder weapon and the pistol in Oswald's possession at arrest had earlier been shipped (at separate times) to Oswald's Dallas P.O. Box 2915, as ordered by "A. J. Hidell".<ref>This box had been rented by Oswald in Dallas under his own name of Oswald, but postal inspector Harry Holmes of the Dallas Post office testified that a notice of receipt for any package would have been left in a Dallas P.O. box, no matter who the listed-recipient for the package was, and thereafter anyone presenting the notice for the package to the office window, demonstrating they had access to the box, would have been able to receive any package for the box, without identification. See http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0073a.htm Warren Report p. 121 of 912.</ref>]] [[File:Lee Harvey Oswald being shot by Jack Ruby as Oswald is being moved by police, 1963.jpg|thumb|Ruby about to shoot Oswald who is being moved by Dallas police]] [[File:Grave of Lee Harvey Oswald.jpg|thumb|The grave of Lee Harvey Oswald]] Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days at Dallas Police Headquarters. He denied killing Kennedy and Tippit; denied owning a rifle; said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol were fakes; denied telling his co-worker he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for his apartment (he said that the package contained his lunch); and denied carrying a long, heavy package to work the morning of the assassination. Oswald also denied knowing an "A. J. Hidell". Oswald was then shown a forged [[Selective Service System]] card bearing his photograph and the alias, "Alek James Hidell" that he had in his possession at the time of his arrest. Oswald refused to answer any questions concerning the card, saying "...you have the card yourself and you know as much about it as I do."<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements Warren Commission Report, pp. 180–182].</ref><ref>[http://www.history-matters.com/archive/contents/wc/contents_wh17.htm vol. XVII of the Warren report] with facsimile of card (CE 795) with Commission notation: "A spurious Selective Service System notice of classification card in the name "Alek James Hidell." See [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh17/html/WH_Vol17_0354a.htm for the card] (illustrated at right)</ref> The first interrogation of Oswald was conducted by FBI Special Agent [[James Hosty]] and Dallas Police Captain [[Will Fritz]] on Friday, November 22. Asked to account for himself at the time of the assassination, Oswald replied that he was eating his lunch in the first floor lounge (known as the "domino room"). He said that he then went to the second-floor lunchroom to buy a Coca-Cola from the soda machine and was drinking it, when he encountered a police officer.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 4, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0238a.htm Testimony of James P. Hosty, Jr.], pp. 467–468</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0111a.htm Testimony of Capt. J.W. Fritz], pp. 213–214 Commission Exhibit 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh24/html/WH_Vol24_0142a.htm Dallas Police Department file on investigation of the assassination of the President], "Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald", vol. 4, p. 265.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0312b.htm FBI Report of Capt. J.W. Fritz], Warren Report, appendix 11, p. 600.</ref> Oswald said that while he was eating his lunch, he saw two "Negro employees" walking by, one he recognized as "Junior" and a shorter man whose name he could not recall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy|url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> Junior Jarman and Harold Norman confirmed to the Warren Commission that they had "walked through" the domino room around noon during their lunch break. When asked if anyone else was in the domino room, Norman testified that somebody else was there, but he could not remember who it was. Jarman testified that Oswald was not in the domino room when he was there.<ref name="History Matters Archive">{{cite web|title=Warren Commission Hearings, Volume III|url=http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0105a.htm|publisher=History Matters Archive|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> During his last interrogation on November 24, according to postal inspector Harry Holmes, Oswald was again asked where he was at the time of the shooting. Holmes (who attended the interrogation at the invitation of Captain Will Fritz) said that Oswald replied that he was working on an upper floor when the shooting occurred, then went downstairs where he encountered a policeman.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0153a.htm Testimony of Harry D. Holmes], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 7, pp. 297-302.</ref> Oswald asked for legal representation several times while being interrogated, as well as in encounters with reporters. But when representatives of the [[Dallas Bar Association]] met with him in his cell on Saturday, he declined their services, saying he wanted to be represented by [[John Abt]], chief counsel to the [[Communist Party USA]], or by lawyers associated with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0168b.htm Testimony of H. Louis Nichols], 7 H 328–329.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0154a.htm Testimony of Harry D. Holmes], 7 H 299–300.</ref> Both Oswald and Ruth Paine tried to reach Abt by telephone several times Saturday and Sunday,<ref>Jesse E. Curry, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iopAAAAAIAAJ Retired Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry Reveals His Personal JFK Assassination File]'', Self-published, 1969, p. 74, affidavit of Dallas police officer Thurber T. Lord on August 20, 1964.</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0048b.htm Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine], 3 H 88–89.</ref> but Abt was away for the weekend.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0062b.htm Testimony of John J. Abt], 10 H 116.</ref> Oswald also declined his brother Robert's offer on Saturday to obtain a local attorney.<ref>Robert L. Oswald, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lBpCAAAAIAAJ Lee: A Portrait of Lee Harvey Oswald by His Brother]'', Coward–McCann, 1967, p. 145.</ref> During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked, "Are you a communist?", he replied, "No, I am not a communist. I am a Marxist."<ref>[[Vincent Bugliosi]] (2008) [http://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNUSOMNhYC&pg=PA416 ''Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy''] pp.416-7, quote: "No, I am not a Communist," Oswald says. "I am a Marxist, but not a Marxist-Leninist. [...] "Well, a Communist is a Leninist-Marxist," Oswald explains, "while I am a true Karl Marxist. I've read just about everything by or about Karl Marx."</ref><ref>Smith, Jeffrey K. (2008) ''Rendezvous in Dallas: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy'' pp.239-40, quote: No, I am not a Communist. I am a Marxist, but not a Marxist-Leninist. [...] Well, a Communist is a Leninist-Marxist, while I am a true Karl Marxist. I've read just about everything by or about Karl Marx.</ref><ref>Kelley Exhibit A, 20 H 443; CE 2064, 24 H 490; 7 H 298, WCT Harry D. Holmes</ref> ==Death== {{See also|Jack Ruby}} On Sunday, November 24, Oswald was being led through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters in advance of his transfer to the county jail. At 11:21 a.m., Dallas nightclub operator [[Jack Ruby]] stepped from the crowd and shot Oswald in his left lower chest. The round struck several organs, penetrated his stomach, and tore his vena cava and aorta.<ref name="autopsy">The Nook: An Investigation of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, [http://www.jmasland.com/cat_content.asp?contentid=108 Official Autopsy Report of Lee Harvey Oswald], November 24, 1963. Accessed January 9, 2013.</ref> Oswald was rushed unconscious to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]—the same hospital where doctors tried to save President Kennedy's life two days earlier. Oswald was pronounced dead at 1:07 p.m.<ref name="Saturday2"/> An autopsy was performed by the Dallas County Medical Examiner at 2:45 p.m. the same day. The stated cause of death in the autopsy report was "hemorrhage secondary to gunshot wound of the chest."<ref name="autopsy">The Nook: An Investigation of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, [http://www.jmasland.com/cat_content.asp?contentid=108 Official Autopsy Report of Lee Harvey Oswald], November 24, 1963. Accessed January 2, 2013.</ref> A network television camera, there to cover the transfer, was broadcasting live, and millions witnessed the shooting on television as it happened.<ref>{{cite book |authorlink=Laurence Bergreen |last=Bergreen |first=Laurence |year=1980 |title=Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday and Company |isbn=978-0-451-61966-2}}</ref> The event was also captured in a well-known photograph. Ruby later said he had been distraught over Kennedy's death and that his motive for killing Oswald was "...saving Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial."<ref name="history-matters.com">[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0104b.htm Testimony of Jack Ruby], Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 5, pp. 198–200.</ref> Others have hypothesized that Ruby was part of a conspiracy.<ref>[[G. Robert Blakey]], chief council for the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] from 1977 to 1979, said, "The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever." {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0MeH1Z-Dd-QC&pg=PA71&dq=Goldfarb,+Ronald.+Perfect+Villains,+Imperfect+Heroes:+Robert+F.+Kennedy's+War+stalk#v=onepage&q=stalked&f=false |last=Goldfarb |first=Ronald |title=Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime |location=Virginia |publisher=Capital Books |year=1995 |page=281 |isbn=1-931868-06-9}} </ref> After autopsy, Oswald was buried in Fort Worth's Rose Hill Memorial Burial Park.<ref>[http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/grave.htm Directions to Lee Harvey Oswald's Grave] at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Oswald&GSfn=Lee&GSmn=H&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=781& |title=Photos of Gravesite |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> A marker inscribed simply ''Oswald'' replaces the stolen original tombstone, which gave Oswald's full name, and birth and death dates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/cron/ |title=Who was Lee Harvey Oswald?—A chronology of Lee Harvey Oswald's life |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref> In 2010 Oswald's original coffin was auctioned off for over $87,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://natedsanders.com/viewuserdefinedpage.aspx?pn=LeeHarveyOswaldCasketConsignment |title=Lee Harvey Oswald Casket Consignment |publisher=Natedsanders.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> ==Official investigations== ===Warren Commission=== The [[Warren Commission]], created by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] to investigate the assassination, concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy (this view is known as the [[lone gunman theory]]). The Commission could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald's actions: {{quote|It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it. Oswald's search for what he conceived to be the perfect society was doomed from the start. He sought for himself a place in history—a role as the "great man" who would be recognized as having been in advance of his times. His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to have been another important factor in his motivation. He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment. Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy.<ref> [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-7.html#conclusions Warren Commission Report, Chapter 7: Unanswered Questions].</ref>}} The proceedings of the commission were closed, though not secret, and about 3% of its files have yet to be released to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers.<ref group="n">"Two misconceptions about the Warren Commission hearing need to be clarified...hearings were closed to the public unless the witness appearing before the Commission requested an open hearing. No witness except one...requested an open hearing...Second, although the hearings (except one) were conducted in private, they were not secret. In a secret hearing, the witness is instructed not to disclose his testimony to any third party, and the hearing testimony is not published for public consumption. The witnesses who appeared before the Commission were free to repeat what they said to anyone they pleased, and ''all'' of their testimony was subsequently published in the first fifteen volumes put out by the Warren Commission." (Bugliosi, p. 332)</ref> ===Ramsey Clark Panel=== In 1968, the [[Ramsey Clark]] Panel{{explain}} examined various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence, concluding that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone, and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.<ref>[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/clark.txt 1968 Panel Review of Photographs, X-Ray Films, Documents and Other Evidence Pertaining to the Fatal Wounding of President John E Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas] (.txt) at ''Kennedy Assassination Home Page''</ref> ===House Select Committee=== {{Main|United States House Select Committee on Assassinations}} {{Further|Dictabelt evidence relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy}} In 1979, after a review of the evidence and of prior investigations, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations was preparing to issue{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} a finding that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy. However, late in the Committee's proceedings a [[Dictabelt]] was introduced, purportedly recording sounds heard in Dealey Plaza before, during and after the shots were fired. After submitting the Dictabelt to acoustic analysis, the Committee revised its findings to assert a "high probability that two gunmen fired" at Kennedy and that Kennedy "was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy." Although the Committee was "unable to identify the other gunman or the extent of the conspiracy," it made a number of further findings regarding the likelihood or unlikelihood that particular groups, named in the findings, were involved.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0005a.htm Findings of the Select Committee on Assassinations] HSCA Final Report, pp. 3.</ref> The Dictabelt evidence has been questioned, some believing it is not a recording of the assassination at all.<ref>Holland, Max. [http://hnn.us/articles/21289.html The JFK Lawyers' Conspiracy] Published in ''The Nation'' on unknown date, reposted by George Mason University's History News Network, February 6, 2006</ref> The staff director and chief counsel for the Committee, [[G. Robert Blakey]], told ABC News in 2003 that at least 20 persons heard a shot from the [[grassy knoll]], and that a conspiracy was established by both the witness testimony and acoustic evidence.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131462&page=1#.UBGZGKODl8E ''Organized Crime Expert Sees Mob Connections''], abcnews.com, 11/20/2003.</ref> Officer H.B. McLain, from whose motorcycle radio the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came,<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol5/html/HSCA_Vol5_0311a.htm Testimony of Mark Weiss and Ernest Aschkenasy], 5 HSCA 617.</ref><ref>G. Robert Blakey and Richard N. Billings, ''The Plot to Kill the President'', Times Books, 1981, p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8129-0929-6.</ref> has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination.<ref>Greg Jaynes, ''The Scene of the Crime'', [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jaynes/mclain.htm Afterward].</ref> McLain asked the Committee, "‘If it was my radio on my motorcycle, why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for Parkland Hospital?’”<ref>"[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0261b.htm Separate Views of Hons. Samuel L. Devine and Robert W. Edgar]", HSCA Report, pp. 492–493.</ref> <!-- I really don't want to get mired in this, but if Ofc. McLain was, as stated, not yet in D.P. at the time of the shots, why would he be part of the "we" who "immediately took off" for the hospital? Inquiring minds want to know!--> In 1982, a group of twelve scientists appointed by the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (NAS), led by [[Norman Ramsey]], concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was "seriously flawed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10264 |title=Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics |publisher=Nap.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> Donald B. Thomas said in a 2001 article in ''Science & Justice'', the journal of Britain's [[Forensic Science Society]], that the NAS investigation was itself flawed. He concluded with a 96.3 percent certainty that there were at least two gunmen firing at President Kennedy and that at least one shot came from the grassy knoll.<ref>Donald B. Thomas, [http://www.webcitation.org/5spmKztLK "Echo Correlation Analysis and the Acoustic Evidence in the Kennedy Assassination Revisited"], ''Science & Justice'', vol. 41(1), 2001, pp. 21-32, Retrieved 2010-04-10</ref> Commenting on Thomas's study, G. Robert Blakey said: "This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate statistical checks."<ref>George Lardner Jr., "Study Backs Theory of 'Grassy Knoll' ", ''Washington Post'', March 26, 2001</ref> In 2005, Ralph Linsker and several members of the original NAS team reanalyzed the timings of the recordings and reaffirmed in an article in ''Science & Justice'' the earlier conclusion of the NAS report that the alleged shot sounds were recorded approximately one minute after the assassination.<ref>Linsker R., Garwin R.L., Chernoff H., Horowitz P., Ramsey N.F., [http://jfk-records.com/ScienceAndJustice_45%284%29_207-226%282005%29.pdf "Synchronization of the acoustic evidence in the assassination of President Kennedy"]. ''Science & Justice'', vol. 45(4), 2005, pp. 207–226.</ref> <!--this and the previous paragraph are a jumble. First Blakely says there's a conspiracy, then he expresses less confidence, then he endorsed the British study concluding there was a conspiracy after all... --> ==Other investigations and dissenting theories== {{Main|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}} <!-- if this section remains "other investigations and dissenting theories", isn't there a slight overspecialization in this link – in other words, are all dissenting theories "conspiracy" theories? And didn't HSCA endorse "dissenting theories"? So shouldn't it be here instead of under "official"? But it was official, wasn't it, so therefore it belongs in the other section?--> [[File:Lho-133A.jpg|thumb|right|Image CE-133A, one of three known "backyard photos," the same image sent by Oswald (as a first-generation copy) to [[George de Mohrenschildt]] in April, 1963, dated and signed on the back. Oswald holds two Marxist newspapers, [[The Militant]] and [[The Daily Worker|The Worker]], and a Carcano rifle, with markings matching those on the rifle found in the Book Depository after the assassination.]] Critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission and have proposed a number of other theories, such as that Oswald conspired with others, or was not involved at all and was framed. <!--a good summary of dissenting theories is needed here, though note there is a separate article ("see also") to carry most of that load --> In October 1981, with Marina's support, Oswald's grave was opened to test a theory propounded by writer [[Michael Eddowes]]: that during Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union he was replaced with a Soviet double; that it was this double, not Oswald, who killed Kennedy and who is buried in Oswald's grave; and that the exhumed remains would therefore not exhibit a surgical scar Oswald was known to carry. However, dental records positively identified the exhumed corpse as Oswald's, and the scar was present.<ref group="n">W. Tracy Parnell, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/parnell/xindex.htm The Exhumation of Lee Harvey Oswald]. Contrary to reports, the skull of Oswald had been autopsied and this was also confirmed at the exhumation. W. Tracy Parnell, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/parnell/dimaio.htm My Interview With Dr. Vincent J.M. Di Maio].</ref> ===Fictional trials===<!-- I feel like this belongs elsewhere in the article --> Several films have fictionalized a trial of Oswald. [[The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1964 film)|''The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald'']] (1964); ''[[The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald]]'' (1977); and ''On Trial: Lee Harvey Oswald'' (1986) have fictionalized a trial of Oswald. In 1988, a 21-hour unscripted mock trial was "held" on television, argued by actual lawyers before an actual<!--I'd like to say "sitting" or "retired" judge, but I don't know which it is--> judge,<ref>[[Vincent Bugliosi]], ''[[Reclaiming History]]''</ref> with unscripted testimony from surviving witnesses to the events surrounding the assassination; the mock jury returned a verdict of guilty. ==Backyard photos==<!-- perhaps this should be elsewhere, or a sub-article? --> {{Main|John F. Kennedy assassination rifle}} [[File:Oswaldrifle.jpg|thumb|left|Lee Harvey Oswald's Carcano rifle, in the US National Archives]] The "backyard photos", taken by Marina Oswald probably around March 31, 1963 using a camera belonging to Oswald, show Oswald holding two Marxist newspapers—''[[The Militant]]'' and ''[[Daily Worker|The Worker]]''—and a rifle, and wearing a pistol in a holster.<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#photograph Photograph of Oswald With Rifle]</ref> Shown the pictures after his arrest, Oswald insisted they were forgeries,<ref>Warren Commission Report, Chapter 4: The Assassin, [http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#denial Denial of Rifle Ownership].</ref> but Marina testified in 1964 that she had taken the photographs at Oswald's request—<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 15, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/html/WC_Vol1_0014a.htm Testimony of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald].</ref> testimony she reaffirmed repeatedly over the decades.<ref group="n"> *[http://www.jfk-online.com/marinashaw2.html Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter], [[Trial of Clay Shaw]], Criminal District Court, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, February 21, 1969. *[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo4/jfk12/marinade.htm#maraug Deposition of Marina Oswald Porter] (1977): :Q. I want to mark these two photographs. On the back of the first one, which I would ask be marked JFK committee exhibit No. 1, it says in the bottom right-hand corner copy from the National Archives, records group No. 272, under that it says CE-133B. I will ask that be marked JFK exhibit No. 1. (The above referred to photograph was marked JFK committee exhibit No. 1 for identification.) :Q. New, this second picture that I will ask to be marked says copy from the National Archives, record group No. 272, CE-133. I would ask that this be marked JFK committee exhibit No. 2. (The above referred to photograph was marked JFK committee exhibit No. 2 for identification.) :By Mr. KLEIN: :Q. I will show you those two photographs which are marked JFK exhibit No. 1 and exhibit No. 2, do you recognize those two photographs? :A. I sure do. I have seen them many times. :Q. What are they? :A. That is the pictures that I took. *[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], Hearings, vol. 2 p. 239, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol2/html/HSCA_Vol2_0122a.htm Testimony of Marina Oswald Porter] (1978): :Mr. McDONALD. Mrs. Porter, I have got two exhibits to show you, if the clerk would procure them from the representatives of the National Archives. We have two photographs to show you. They are [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0094a.htm Warren Commission Exhibits C-133-A and B], which have been given JFK Nos. F-378 and F-379. If the clerk would please hand them to you, and also if we could now have for display purposes JFK Exhibit F-179, which is a blowup of the two photographs placed in front of you. Mrs. Porter, do you recognize the photographs placed in front of you? :Mrs. PORTER. Yes, I do. :Mr. McDONALD. And how do you recognize them? :Mrs. PORTER. That is the photograph that I made of Lee on his persistent request of taking a picture of him dressed like that with rifle. *Marina Oswald Porter, interview with author Vincent Bugliosi and lawyer Jack Duffy, Dallas, Texas, November 30, 2000, reported in Bugliosi, ''Reclaiming History'', p. 794.</ref> These photos were labelled CE 133-A and CE 133-B. CE 133-A shows the rifle in Oswald's left hand and newspapers in front of his chest in the other, while the rifle is held with the right hand in CE 133-B. Oswald's mother testified that on the day after the assassination she and Marina destroyed another photograph with Oswald holding the rifle with both hands over his head, with "To my daughter June" written on it.<ref>Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 1, p. 146, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh1/html/WC_Vol1_0079b.htm Testimony of Mrs. Marguerite Oswald].</ref> The [[HSCA]] obtained another first generation print (from CE 133-A) on April 1, 1977 from the widow of George de Mohrenschildt. The words "Hunter of fascists—ha ha ha!" written in block Russian were on the back. Also in English were added in script: "To my friend George, Lee Oswald, 5/IV/63 [April 5, 1963]"<ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 6, p. 151, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0079a.htm Figure IV-21].</ref> Handwriting experts for the HSCA concluded the English inscription and signature were by Oswald. After two original photos, one negative and one first-generation copy had been found, the Senate Intelligence Committee located (in 1976) a third backyard photo (CE 133-C) showing Oswald with newspapers held away from his body in his right hand). These photos, widely recognized as some of the most significant evidence against Oswald, have been subjected to rigorous analysis.<ref>HSCA Appendix to Hearings, vol. 6, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0072b.htm "The Oswald Backyard Photographs"].</ref> Photographic experts consulted by the HSCA concluded they were genuine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/photos.txt |title=id. |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> answering twenty-one points raised by critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/photos.txt |title=United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Report Chapter VI |date= |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> Marina Oswald has always maintained she took the photos herself, and the 1963 de Mohrenschildt print bearing Oswald's signature clearly indicate they existed before the assassination. Nonetheless, some continue to contest their authenticity.<ref>[[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]], Hearings, [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/jfkinfo/hscawhte.htm Testimony of Jack D. White].</ref> Major John Pickard of the Canadian Defense Department concluded that the photographs had inconsistencies and he believed that they were not genuine. This was supported by retired British forensic detective Malcolm Thompson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/infojfk/jfk6/hscbkyd.htm |title=The Oswald Backyard Photographs |publisher=Mcadams.posc.mu.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> However in 2009, after digitally analyzing the photograph of Oswald holding the rifle and paper, computer scientist [[Hany Farid]] concluded<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1068/p6580 | journal=Perception | author=Farid, H | year=2009 | title=The Lee Harvey Oswald backyard photos: real or fake? | pages=1731–1734 | volume=38 | issue=11 | url=http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p6580 | pmid=20120271}}</ref> that the photo "almost certainly was not altered."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2009/11/05.html |title=Dartmouth Professor finds that iconic Oswald photo was not faked. |date=November 5, 2009 |accessdate=2011-11-14}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="n"|30em}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} *Bugliosi, Vincent. [http://www.amazon.com/Reclaiming-History-Assassination-President-Kennedy/dp/0393045250/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338296506&sr=1-1 Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy] Norton, 2007, 1632 p. ISBN 0-393-04525-0. *Ford, Gerald. [http://www.amazon.com/Portrait-Assassin-Gerald-R-Ford/dp/B000H792DC/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338376328&sr=8-1 Portrait of the Assassin], New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965, ISBN 0-684-82663-1. *Groden, Robert. [http://www.amazon.com/The-Search-Harvey-Oswald-Comprehensive/dp/0670858676 The Search for Lee Harvey Oswald: A Comprehensive Photographic Record], New York: Penguin Books, 1995, ISBN 978-0-670-85867-5. *Joesten, Joachim. [http://www.amazon.com/Oswald-Assassin-Fall-Joachim-Joesten/dp/B0007EGG84/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338375816&sr=8-1 Oswald: Assassin or Fall Guy] Marsani/Munsell, 1964, paperback. *Krusch, Barry. [http://www.amazon.com/Impossible-Against-Harvey-Oswald-ebook/dp/B007TBWQ3W/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1338376162&sr=8-1 Impossible: The Case Against Lee Harvey Oswald], ICI Press, 2012, ASIN: B007TBWQ3W *Mailer, Norman. [http://www.amazon.com/Oswalds-Tale-An-American-Mystery/dp/0345404378/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338376740&sr=1-1 Oswald's Tale: An American Mystery] New York: Ballantine Books, (1995) ISBN 0-345-40437-8. *McMillan, Priscilla Johnson. [http://www.amazon.com/Marina-Lee-Priscilla-Johnson-McMillan/dp/B000O613EW/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377137&sr=1-4 Marina and Lee] New York: Harper & Row, 1977. *Nechiporenko, Oleg M. [http://www.amazon.com/Passport-Assassination-Never-Before-Told-Harvey-Colonel/dp/155972210X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377244&sr=1-1 Passport to Assassination: The Never-Before Told Story of Lee Harvey Oswald by the KGB Colonel Who Knew Him] New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1993, ISBN 1-55972-210-X. *Posner, Gerald. [http://www.amazon.com/Case-Closed-Gerald-Posner/dp/1400034620/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377374&sr=1-1 Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK] Random House, 1993, hardcover, ISBN 0-679-41825-3. *Summers, Anthony. [http://www.amazon.com/Not-Your-Lifetime-Anthony-Summers/dp/1569247390/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1338377460&sr=1-1 Not in Your Lifetime] New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998, ISBN 1-56924-739-0. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Portal|Biography|United States Marine Corps}} {{commons|Lee Harvey Oswald}} {{Wikisource|Lee Harvey Oswald diary}} *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/ ''Frontline'': Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/ ''American Experience'': Oswald's Ghost] *[http://oswaldinholland.web-log.nl/ Lee Harvey Oswald's journey from Minsk to the US, travelling through Holland] by Perry Vermeulen *[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ Kennedy Assassination Home Page] by John McAdams *[http://www.jfkassassination.net/oswald.htm Lee Harvey Oswald: Lone Assassin or Patsy] *[http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/chrono.htm Lee Harvey Oswald Chronology] *[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/jfk/7.html?sect=24 Crime Library: Lee Harvey Oswald] *[http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald-in-russia.htm Lee Harvey Oswald In Russia] *[http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/02/JilM.html Various photos of Oswald taken post mortem] *{{IMDb name|652640}} *{{Find a Grave|781}} {{Assassination of John F. Kennedy}} {{Authority control|VIAF=77108416}} {{Persondata |NAME = Oswald, Lee Harvey |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Assassin of President [[John F. Kennedy]] |DATE OF BIRTH = {{birth date|mf=yes|1939|10|18|mf=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]], [[Louisiana]] |DATE OF DEATH = {{death date|mf=yes|1963|11|24|mf=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oswald, Lee Harvey}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:1963 deaths]] [[Category:1963 murders in the United States]] [[Category:20th-century criminals]] [[Category:American assassins]] [[Category:American communists]] [[Category:American defectors to the Soviet Union]] [[Category:American diarists]] [[Category:American expatriates in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:American Marxists]] [[Category:American murder victims]] [[Category:Assassins of United States presidents]] [[Category:Burials in Texas]] [[Category:American criminal snipers]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Texas]] [[Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States]] [[Category:Murdered criminals]] [[Category:People associated with the John F. Kennedy assassination]] [[Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana]] [[Category:People murdered in Texas]] [[Category:Exhumed people]] [[Category:People of the Civil Air Patrol]] [[Category:Filmed deaths]] [[Category:United States Marines]] [[Category:American spree killers]] {{Link GA|de}}'
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'@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@ {{pp-pc1}} {{About|the life of Lee Harvey Oswald|discussion of Oswald and the assassination of John F. Kennedy|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|and|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}} {{Infobox person -|name = Lee Harvey Oswald -|image = OswaldinMinsk.jpg -|image_size = 180px +|name = Lee harry Oswald +|image = http://www.google.com/imgres?q=crazy+guy&safe=active&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7GGLD_en&biw=898&bih=579&tbm=isch&tbnid=jy24G0i8xae7LM:&imgrefurl=http://waynestocks.com/2010/07/27/crazy-for-jesus/&docid=xSj_lycbQ19f-M&imgurl=http://waynestocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CrazyGuy.jpg&w=300&h=448&ei=ffmtUcnzKqre0gHmhYHoBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=16&page=1&tbnh=153&tbnw=107&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:86&tx=59&ty=75&surl=1|image_size = 180px |caption = Photo taken in Minsk, Commission Exhibit 2892 -|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1939|10|18}} +|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|2099|10|18}} |birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S. -|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1963|11|24|1939|10|18}} +|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|3099|11|24|1939|10|18}} |death_place = [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]]<br />[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. -|death_cause = [[Murder]]ed by [[Jack Ruby]] -|resting_place = Rose Hill Cemetery<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas +|death_cause = dropped the soap and got butt raped by a fat black man|resting_place = a dumpster<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas |criminal_charge = Murder of President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Dallas]] Police Officer [[J. D. Tippit]] |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|32.732455|-97.203223|display=inline|region:US-TX|name=Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald}} |nationality = American @@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ }} '''Lee Harvey Oswald''' (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,<ref group="n">These were investigations by: the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (1963), the [[Warren Commission]] (1964), the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (1979), and the [[Dallas Police Department]].</ref> the [[sniper]] who [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]] [[John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th President of the United States]], in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], on November 22, 1963. -Oswald was a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer [[J. D. Tippit]], who was killed on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after President Kennedy was shot. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. +Oswald was a former pedophile who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for rape of a 109 year old man. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. In 1964, the [[Warren Commission]] concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Dallas Police Department]]. Despite forensic, ballistic, and circumstantial evidence, the [[lone gunman theory]] has been rejected by much of the U.S. public over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1813/most-americans-believe-oswald-conspired-others-kill-jfk.aspx |title=Gallop: Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired With Others to Kill JFK |publisher=Gallup.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}}</ref> In 1979, the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] concluded that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding that "scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy."<ref name="HCSA-S">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |type= |edition= |series= |year=1979 |origyear= |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=3 |chapter=Summary of Findings and Recommendations |chapterurl=http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/summary.html}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0048a.htm House Select Committee on Assassinations Final Report], pp. 65-75.</ref> '
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[ 0 => '|name = Lee Harvey Oswald', 1 => '|image = OswaldinMinsk.jpg', 2 => '|image_size = 180px', 3 => '|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1939|10|18}}', 4 => '|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1963|11|24|1939|10|18}}', 5 => '|death_cause = [[Murder]]ed by [[Jack Ruby]]', 6 => '|resting_place = Rose Hill Cemetery<br />[[Fort Worth]], Texas', 7 => 'Oswald was a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] who defected to the [[Soviet Union]] in October 1959. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States. Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer [[J. D. Tippit]], who was killed on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after President Kennedy was shot. Oswald would later be charged with the assassination of President Kennedy as well, but denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]] in full view of television cameras broadcasting live.' ]
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