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01:56, 28 November 2013: 108.69.116.192 (talk) triggered filter 11, performing the action "edit" on Peanut butter. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: Warn and tag vandalism (examine | diff)

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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


Peanut butter has nuts in it. You suck
==References==

{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last = Erlbach |first = Arlene |authorlink = |title = Peanut Butter |publisher = Lerner Publications |series = |year = 1993 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Patrick, Jr. |first = Coyle, L. |authorlink = |title = The World Encyclopedia of Food |publisher = |series = Facts on File |year = 1982 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Lapedes |first = Daniel |authorlink = |title = McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, 4th ed |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] |series = Agriculture and Nutrition |year = 1977 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Woodroof |first = Jasper Guy |authorlink = |title = Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products |publisher = Avi Publishing Company |series = |year = 1983 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Zisman |first = Honey |authorlink = |title = The Great American Peanut Butter Book: A Book of Recipes, Facts, Figures, and Fun |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] |series = |year = 1985 |doi = |isbn = }}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

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'{{Infobox prepared food | name = Peanut butter | image = [[File:PeanutButter.jpg|250px]] | caption = "Smooth" peanut butter in a jar | alternate_name = | country = | region = | creator = | course = | type = [[Spread (food)|Spread]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[Peanut]]s | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Peanut butter''' is a food paste made primarily from ground [[dry roasting|dry roasted]] [[peanut]], actually a [[legume]] and not a [[nut]], and is popular in [[North America]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and parts of Asia, particularly the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is mainly used as a [[sandwich]] [[Spread (food)|spread]], sometimes in combination with other spreads such as jam, chocolate (in various forms), vegetables or cheese. The United States<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/naics/naicsctry/exports/e311911.html U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries] US Census Bureau, April 2005</ref> is a leading exporter of peanut butter. Nuts are also prepared comparably as [[nut butter]]s. ==History== Cultivated peanuts are native to the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. They were mashed to become a pasty substance by the [[Incas]] almost 3000 years ago,{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} although they combined it with cocoa and it was not as smooth as modern peanut butter. A number of [[peanut paste]] products have been used over the centuries and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Modern processing machines allow for very smooth products to be made, which often include [[vegetable oil]]s to aid in its spreadability. [[John Harvey Kellogg]] patented a "Process of Preparing Nut Meal" in 1895 and used peanuts, although he boiled the peanuts rather than roasting them. Kellogg served peanut butter to the patients at his [[Battle Creek Sanitarium]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellis|first=Mary|title=The History of Peanut Butter|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpeanutbutter.htm|publisher=about.com|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> The other candidates for inventor of modern peanut butter are George Bayle, a snack-food maker in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], who claimed to be making peanut butter (with roasted peanuts) as early as 1894, and [[George Washington Carver]], who is often credited as the inventor. Early peanut-butter-making machines were developed by Joseph Lambert, who had worked at John Harvey Kellogg's Battle Creek Sanitarium, and Ambrose Straub.<ref>{{cite web|author=Innovate St. Louis |url=http://www.innovatestl.org/stlouishistory.html |title=Innovation in St. Louis History - Innovate St. Louis |publisher=Innovatestl.org |date=2011-08-25 |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/National_Symbols/American_Hollidays.html |title=American Holidays - United States National Holidays |publisher=Statesymbolsusa.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> ==Health== {{nutritionalvalue| name = Peanut butter, <br>smooth style, without salt | kJ=2462 | protein=25 g | fat=50 g | satfat= | transfat= | monofat = | polyfat = | omega3fat= | omega6fat= | carbs = 20 g | starch=4.8 g | sugars=9.2 g | lactose= | fiber = 6 g | sodium_mg= 0 | potassium_mg = | vitA_ug = | betacarotene_ug= | vitC_mg= | thiamin_mg= | riboflavin_mg= | niacin_mg= | pantothenic_mg= | folate_ug= | vitD_ug= | vitE_mg= | vitK_ug= | iron_mg= | magnesium_mg= | manganese_mg= |phosphorus_mg= | zinc_mg= | calcium_mg= | vitB6_mg= | vitB12_ug= | water=1.8 g | alcohol= 0 g | caffeine= 0 mg | source_usda=1 | right=1 }} ===Crunchy/Chunky vs. Smooth=== Both crunchy/chunky and smooth peanut butter are good sources of unsaturated fats. However, crunchy/chunky peanut butter has slightly more unsaturated and less saturated fat than smooth. Smooth peanut butter doesn't have as much fiber in it as crunchy/chunky.<ref>Maria Hoven, "Health Factors of Crunchy Peanut Butter". Aug. 19, 2011. http://www.livestrong.com/article/521398-health-factors-of-crunchy-peanut-butter/</ref> ===Health benefits=== Peanuts, being about half oil, are half fat. Peanut oil is about one-half [[monounsaturated fats]] and one-third [[polyunsaturated fats]], with the remaining 15 percent [[saturated fats]]. Peanut butter also contains saturated fat and some sodium.<ref>Harvard Health Publications. "Is Peanut Butter Healthy?". http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/Is-peanut-butter-healthy, July 2009</ref> Peanut butter provides [[protein]], vitamins [[niacin|B<sub>3</sub>]] and [[Vitamin E|E]], [[Magnesium in biology#Food sources|magnesium]], [[folate]], [[dietary fiber]], [[resveratrol]]<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/seta/2006/12/14/stories/2006121400171500.htm Sci Tech] [[The Hindu]], December 14, 2006</ref> [[arginine]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=101 |title=WH Foods |publisher=WH Foods |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> and high levels of the [[antioxidant]] [[polyphenol antioxidant|p-coumaric acid]]. ===Health concerns=== For people with a [[peanut allergy]], peanut butter can cause severe reactions, including [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]], which can lead to death if not treated immediately. This has led to its being banned in some schools.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CEEDB1539F934A1575AC0A96E958260|title = Dear Mr. Carver. This Is a Cease and Desist Order.|author = James Barron|date = September 27, 1998|publisher = New York Times}}</ref> The peanut plant is susceptible to the [[mold]] ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' which produces a [[carcinogenic]] substance called [[Aflatoxin#Pathology|aflatoxin]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/aflatoxin.php|title = Aflatoxins in Your Food - and their Effect on Your Health|publisher = Environment, Health and Safety Online}}</ref> Since it is impossible to completely remove all aflatoxin, contamination of peanuts and peanut butter is monitored in many countries to ensure safe levels of this [[carcinogen]]. In 1990, a study showed that average American peanut butter contained an average of 5.7 parts per billion of aflatoxins, well below the [[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] limit of 20 parts per billion.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ChemicalContaminantsandPesticides/ucm077969.htm#afla|title = FDA Chemical Contaminants and Pesiticides}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.consumerreports.org/health/2009/02/peanut-problems-in-a-nutshell.html|title = Consumer Reports: Peanut Problems in a Nutshell}}</ref> Hydrogenated peanut butter contains a small amount of [[hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] [[vegetable oil]]s, which are high in [[saturated fats]], thought to be a cause of [[atherosclerosis]], [[coronary heart disease]] and [[stroke]]; these oils are added to prevent the peanut oil from separating from the ground peanuts. Peanuts and natural peanut butter, i.e., ground, dry roasted peanuts without added oils, do not contain hydrogenated oils or trans fats. A U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) survey of commercial peanut butters in the U.S. showed that trans fats were undetectable, i.e., below the detection limit of 0.01% of the sample weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?id=40845-peanut-butter-is |title=Peanut butter is trans fat free |publisher=Foodnavigator.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> Some commercial peanut butters advertised as "natural" are actually stabilized with [[palm oil]], which provides the same benefit of [[emulsion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jif.com/Products/Details?categoryId=339&productId=954 |title=Jif® &#124; Products &#124; Details &#124; Creamy Peanut Butter Spread Contains 90% Peanuts |publisher=Jif.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.peanutbutter.com/product/detail/115202/skippy-peanut-butter-natural-creamy ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> But to call this "natural" is a stretch: as former Skippy plant manager Frank Delfino has observed, "That may be natural someplace, but it's not natural in nature."<ref name=Krampner>{{cite book|last=Krampner|first=Jon|title=Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16232-6|page=55}}</ref> A 2006 study supported by the [[National Institutes of Health]] and the USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for hydrogenated oils, because palm oil is highly saturated, causing adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL cholesterol and [[apolipoprotein B]] just as trans fat does.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/54 |title=Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects |publisher=Ajcn.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090502084827.htm |title=Palm Oil Not A Healthy Substitute For Trans Fats, Study Finds |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-05-11 |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> A 2011 analysis of 23 countries showed that for each kilogram of palm oil added to the diet annually, there was an increase in ischemic heart disease deaths. The increase was much smaller in high-income countries.<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177258 |title=Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption... [Global Health. 2011&#93; - PubMed - NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2013-03-25 |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> When it is stored in unsanitary conditions, peanut butter can harbor ''[[Salmonella]]'' and cause [[salmonellosis]], as in the [[List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States#2007|''Salmonella'' outbreak in the United States in 2007]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dennis G. Maki, M.D.|date=2009-02-11|title=Coming to Grips with Foodborne Infection — Peanut Butter, Peppers, and Nationwide Salmonella Outbreaks|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0806575|accessdate=2009-02-12|pmid=19213675|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0806575|volume=360|issue=10|pages=949–53|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine}}</ref> In 2009, due to mishandling and possible criminal negligence at [[Peanut Corporation of America]] factories in Blakely, Georgia and Plainview, Texas, ''Salmonella'' was found in 46 states<ref>{{cite news|author=Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar|title=People urged to avoid peanut butter products|date=2009-01-17|publisher=AP via Yahoo News|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jeLgwCG-FEEYH8KZ7Tt45zOdSIKgD95P6TRO3|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> in peanut-butter-based products such as crackers, peanut-butter cookies, and [[dog treat]]s. It had claimed at least nine human lives {{as of|2009|March|17|lc=on}} and made at least 691 people sick in the United States.<ref name="cdcupdate">[http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium/update.html Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US peanut boss refuses testimony|date=2009-02-11|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7884807.stm|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> ==Other uses== [[Image:Pbcookies2.jpg|left|thumb|Peanut butter cookies, a popular type of cookie made from peanut butter and other ingredients.]] Peanut butter is included as an ingredient in many recipes, especially cookies and candies. Its flavor combines well with other flavors, such as chocolate, oatmeal, cheese, cured meats, savory sauces, and various types of breads and crackers. Peanut Butter is known to work well combined with other things, such as [[Fruit preserves|jelly]] (As the American [[peanut butter and jelly sandwich]], which also extends to [[jam]]), [[banana]], [[sambal]], [[pickled cucumber|pickles]], [[mayonnaise]], [[olive]]s, [[onion]], [[horseradish]], [[chocolate chips]], [[bacon]], [[honey]], [[Marmite]], or [[Vegemite]] in a [[sandwich]]. [[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] is said to have liked sandwiches made with peanut butter, banana and bacon while [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]] is said to have liked thick onion slices in a peanut butter sandwich.<ref name=NYT102212>{{cite news|title=Peanut Butter Takes On an Unlikely Best Friend|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/dining/making-a-meal-out-of-peanut-butter-and-pickles.html|accessdate=October 24, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 22, 2012|author=Dwight Garner}}</ref> A flavorful, appealing snack for children is called "Ants on a Log"; a celery stick is the "log", and raisins arranged in a row along a base of peanut butter are the "ants".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fit.webmd.com/jr/food/article/ants-on-a-log-recipe |title=Kids' Recipe: Ants on a Log |publisher=Fit.webmd.com |date=2012-04-24 |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> [[Plumpy'nut]] is a peanut butter-based food used to fight malnutrition in famine stricken countries. A single pack contains 500 calories, can be stored unrefrigerated for 2 years, and requires no cooking or preparation.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/international/africa/08niger.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1123560000&en=a110a1fd93832714&ei=5094&partner=homepage&oref=slogin|title = Hope for Hungry Children, Arriving in a Foil Packet|author = Michael Wines|publisher = The New York Times|date = 2005-08-08}}</ref> By placing a medium amount of peanut butter inside the opening of a hollow sturdy chew toy, it is easy to create a toy that will keep a dog occupied for as long as an hour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/how-to-stuff-a-kong |title=KONG and Other Food Puzzle Toys for Dogs: Usage and Recipes |publisher=Pets.webmd.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> Most dogs enjoy the challenge of reaching the peanut butter with their tongue and extracting it. A common, simple outdoor [[bird feeder]] can be made by coating a [[pine cone]] once with peanut butter, then again with birdseed.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/cool/birdfeed.htm|title = Pine Cone Bird Feeder|publisher = Wisconsin State Environmental Education for Kids!}}</ref> The oils found in peanut butter are known to allow [[chewing gum]] to be removed from hair.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.livestrong.com/article/239935-home-remedies-for-gum-removal|title = Home Remedies For Gum Removal, via LiveStrong.com}}</ref> ==Other names== A [[slang]] term for peanut butter in [[World War II]] was "monkey butter".<ref name="isbn1-55972-285-1">{{cite book |author=Jacobs, Jay |title=The Eaten Word: The Language of Food, the Food in Our Language |publisher=Carol Publishing Corporation |location= |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=1-55972-285-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> In the [[Netherlands]] peanut butter is called ''pindakaas'' (peanut cheese) rather than ''pindaboter'' (peanut butter) because the word [[butter]] is only supposed to be used with products that contain actual butter. In Africa, it is called [[Dakatine]], from Dakar Tartine, the most famous brand of peanut butter in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dakatine.com/decouvrez-dakatine-2/historique/ |title=Historique |publisher=Dakatine |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Almond butter]] *[[Cashew butter]] *[[Hazelnut butter]] *[[Sesame butter]] *[[Sunflower butter]] *[[Peanut butter and jelly sandwich]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==References== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last = Erlbach |first = Arlene |authorlink = |title = Peanut Butter |publisher = Lerner Publications |series = |year = 1993 |doi = |isbn = }} *{{cite book |last = Patrick, Jr. |first = Coyle, L. |authorlink = |title = The World Encyclopedia of Food |publisher = |series = Facts on File |year = 1982 |doi = |isbn = }} *{{cite book |last = Lapedes |first = Daniel |authorlink = |title = McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, 4th ed |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] |series = Agriculture and Nutrition |year = 1977 |doi = |isbn = }} *{{cite book |last = Woodroof |first = Jasper Guy |authorlink = |title = Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products |publisher = Avi Publishing Company |series = |year = 1983 |doi = |isbn = }} *{{cite book |last = Zisman |first = Honey |authorlink = |title = The Great American Peanut Butter Book: A Book of Recipes, Facts, Figures, and Fun |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] |series = |year = 1985 |doi = |isbn = }} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Krampner|first=Jon|title=Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press}} ==External links== * [http://www.nationalpeanutboard.org The National Peanut Board] * [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4f3461376c656ab97bb23ead843ecf5a&node=21:2.0.1.1.37.2.1.3&rgn=div8 The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.] * [http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRD3481951 The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)] (Last accessed 3 September 2008) * [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Peanut-Butter.html How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter] (Last accessed 16 October 2009) {{DEFAULTSORT:Peanut Butter}} [[Category:American cuisine]] [[Category:Spreads (food)]] [[Category:Food ingredients]] [[Category:Canadian cuisine]] [[Category:Peanut butter|*Main]] [[Category:Canadian inventions]] [[Category:Chadian cuisine]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Infobox prepared food | name = Peanut butter | image = [[File:PeanutButter.jpg|250px]] | caption = "Smooth" peanut butter in a jar | alternate_name = | country = | region = | creator = | course = | type = [[Spread (food)|Spread]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[Peanut]]s | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Peanut butter''' is a food paste made primarily from ground [[dry roasting|dry roasted]] [[peanut]], actually a [[legume]] and not a [[nut]], and is popular in [[North America]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and parts of Asia, particularly the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is mainly used as a [[sandwich]] [[Spread (food)|spread]], sometimes in combination with other spreads such as jam, chocolate (in various forms), vegetables or cheese. The United States<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/naics/naicsctry/exports/e311911.html U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries] US Census Bureau, April 2005</ref> is a leading exporter of peanut butter. Nuts are also prepared comparably as [[nut butter]]s. ==History== Cultivated peanuts are native to the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. They were mashed to become a pasty substance by the [[Incas]] almost 3000 years ago,{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} although they combined it with cocoa and it was not as smooth as modern peanut butter. A number of [[peanut paste]] products have been used over the centuries and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Modern processing machines allow for very smooth products to be made, which often include [[vegetable oil]]s to aid in its spreadability. [[John Harvey Kellogg]] patented a "Process of Preparing Nut Meal" in 1895 and used peanuts, although he boiled the peanuts rather than roasting them. Kellogg served peanut butter to the patients at his [[Battle Creek Sanitarium]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellis|first=Mary|title=The History of Peanut Butter|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpeanutbutter.htm|publisher=about.com|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> The other candidates for inventor of modern peanut butter are George Bayle, a snack-food maker in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], who claimed to be making peanut butter (with roasted peanuts) as early as 1894, and [[George Washington Carver]], who is often credited as the inventor. Early peanut-butter-making machines were developed by Joseph Lambert, who had worked at John Harvey Kellogg's Battle Creek Sanitarium, and Ambrose Straub.<ref>{{cite web|author=Innovate St. Louis |url=http://www.innovatestl.org/stlouishistory.html |title=Innovation in St. Louis History - Innovate St. Louis |publisher=Innovatestl.org |date=2011-08-25 |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/National_Symbols/American_Hollidays.html |title=American Holidays - United States National Holidays |publisher=Statesymbolsusa.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> ==Health== {{nutritionalvalue| name = Peanut butter, <br>smooth style, without salt | kJ=2462 | protein=25 g | fat=50 g | satfat= | transfat= | monofat = | polyfat = | omega3fat= | omega6fat= | carbs = 20 g | starch=4.8 g | sugars=9.2 g | lactose= | fiber = 6 g | sodium_mg= 0 | potassium_mg = | vitA_ug = | betacarotene_ug= | vitC_mg= | thiamin_mg= | riboflavin_mg= | niacin_mg= | pantothenic_mg= | folate_ug= | vitD_ug= | vitE_mg= | vitK_ug= | iron_mg= | magnesium_mg= | manganese_mg= |phosphorus_mg= | zinc_mg= | calcium_mg= | vitB6_mg= | vitB12_ug= | water=1.8 g | alcohol= 0 g | caffeine= 0 mg | source_usda=1 | right=1 }} ===Crunchy/Chunky vs. Smooth=== Both crunchy/chunky and smooth peanut butter are good sources of unsaturated fats. However, crunchy/chunky peanut butter has slightly more unsaturated and less saturated fat than smooth. Smooth peanut butter doesn't have as much fiber in it as crunchy/chunky.<ref>Maria Hoven, "Health Factors of Crunchy Peanut Butter". Aug. 19, 2011. http://www.livestrong.com/article/521398-health-factors-of-crunchy-peanut-butter/</ref> ===Health benefits=== Peanuts, being about half oil, are half fat. Peanut oil is about one-half [[monounsaturated fats]] and one-third [[polyunsaturated fats]], with the remaining 15 percent [[saturated fats]]. Peanut butter also contains saturated fat and some sodium.<ref>Harvard Health Publications. "Is Peanut Butter Healthy?". http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/Is-peanut-butter-healthy, July 2009</ref> Peanut butter provides [[protein]], vitamins [[niacin|B<sub>3</sub>]] and [[Vitamin E|E]], [[Magnesium in biology#Food sources|magnesium]], [[folate]], [[dietary fiber]], [[resveratrol]]<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/seta/2006/12/14/stories/2006121400171500.htm Sci Tech] [[The Hindu]], December 14, 2006</ref> [[arginine]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=101 |title=WH Foods |publisher=WH Foods |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> and high levels of the [[antioxidant]] [[polyphenol antioxidant|p-coumaric acid]]. ===Health concerns=== For people with a [[peanut allergy]], peanut butter can cause severe reactions, including [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]], which can lead to death if not treated immediately. This has led to its being banned in some schools.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CEEDB1539F934A1575AC0A96E958260|title = Dear Mr. Carver. This Is a Cease and Desist Order.|author = James Barron|date = September 27, 1998|publisher = New York Times}}</ref> The peanut plant is susceptible to the [[mold]] ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' which produces a [[carcinogenic]] substance called [[Aflatoxin#Pathology|aflatoxin]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/aflatoxin.php|title = Aflatoxins in Your Food - and their Effect on Your Health|publisher = Environment, Health and Safety Online}}</ref> Since it is impossible to completely remove all aflatoxin, contamination of peanuts and peanut butter is monitored in many countries to ensure safe levels of this [[carcinogen]]. In 1990, a study showed that average American peanut butter contained an average of 5.7 parts per billion of aflatoxins, well below the [[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] limit of 20 parts per billion.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ChemicalContaminantsandPesticides/ucm077969.htm#afla|title = FDA Chemical Contaminants and Pesiticides}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.consumerreports.org/health/2009/02/peanut-problems-in-a-nutshell.html|title = Consumer Reports: Peanut Problems in a Nutshell}}</ref> Hydrogenated peanut butter contains a small amount of [[hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] [[vegetable oil]]s, which are high in [[saturated fats]], thought to be a cause of [[atherosclerosis]], [[coronary heart disease]] and [[stroke]]; these oils are added to prevent the peanut oil from separating from the ground peanuts. Peanuts and natural peanut butter, i.e., ground, dry roasted peanuts without added oils, do not contain hydrogenated oils or trans fats. A U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) survey of commercial peanut butters in the U.S. showed that trans fats were undetectable, i.e., below the detection limit of 0.01% of the sample weight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?id=40845-peanut-butter-is |title=Peanut butter is trans fat free |publisher=Foodnavigator.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> Some commercial peanut butters advertised as "natural" are actually stabilized with [[palm oil]], which provides the same benefit of [[emulsion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jif.com/Products/Details?categoryId=339&productId=954 |title=Jif® &#124; Products &#124; Details &#124; Creamy Peanut Butter Spread Contains 90% Peanuts |publisher=Jif.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.peanutbutter.com/product/detail/115202/skippy-peanut-butter-natural-creamy ]{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> But to call this "natural" is a stretch: as former Skippy plant manager Frank Delfino has observed, "That may be natural someplace, but it's not natural in nature."<ref name=Krampner>{{cite book|last=Krampner|first=Jon|title=Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16232-6|page=55}}</ref> A 2006 study supported by the [[National Institutes of Health]] and the USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for hydrogenated oils, because palm oil is highly saturated, causing adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL cholesterol and [[apolipoprotein B]] just as trans fat does.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/54 |title=Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects |publisher=Ajcn.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090502084827.htm |title=Palm Oil Not A Healthy Substitute For Trans Fats, Study Finds |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-05-11 |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> A 2011 analysis of 23 countries showed that for each kilogram of palm oil added to the diet annually, there was an increase in ischemic heart disease deaths. The increase was much smaller in high-income countries.<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177258 |title=Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption... [Global Health. 2011&#93; - PubMed - NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2013-03-25 |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> When it is stored in unsanitary conditions, peanut butter can harbor ''[[Salmonella]]'' and cause [[salmonellosis]], as in the [[List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States#2007|''Salmonella'' outbreak in the United States in 2007]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dennis G. Maki, M.D.|date=2009-02-11|title=Coming to Grips with Foodborne Infection — Peanut Butter, Peppers, and Nationwide Salmonella Outbreaks|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0806575|accessdate=2009-02-12|pmid=19213675|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0806575|volume=360|issue=10|pages=949–53|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine}}</ref> In 2009, due to mishandling and possible criminal negligence at [[Peanut Corporation of America]] factories in Blakely, Georgia and Plainview, Texas, ''Salmonella'' was found in 46 states<ref>{{cite news|author=Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar|title=People urged to avoid peanut butter products|date=2009-01-17|publisher=AP via Yahoo News|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jeLgwCG-FEEYH8KZ7Tt45zOdSIKgD95P6TRO3|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> in peanut-butter-based products such as crackers, peanut-butter cookies, and [[dog treat]]s. It had claimed at least nine human lives {{as of|2009|March|17|lc=on}} and made at least 691 people sick in the United States.<ref name="cdcupdate">[http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium/update.html Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US peanut boss refuses testimony|date=2009-02-11|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7884807.stm|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> ==Other uses== [[Image:Pbcookies2.jpg|left|thumb|Peanut butter cookies, a popular type of cookie made from peanut butter and other ingredients.]] Peanut butter is included as an ingredient in many recipes, especially cookies and candies. Its flavor combines well with other flavors, such as chocolate, oatmeal, cheese, cured meats, savory sauces, and various types of breads and crackers. Peanut Butter is known to work well combined with other things, such as [[Fruit preserves|jelly]] (As the American [[peanut butter and jelly sandwich]], which also extends to [[jam]]), [[banana]], [[sambal]], [[pickled cucumber|pickles]], [[mayonnaise]], [[olive]]s, [[onion]], [[horseradish]], [[chocolate chips]], [[bacon]], [[honey]], [[Marmite]], or [[Vegemite]] in a [[sandwich]]. [[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] is said to have liked sandwiches made with peanut butter, banana and bacon while [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]] is said to have liked thick onion slices in a peanut butter sandwich.<ref name=NYT102212>{{cite news|title=Peanut Butter Takes On an Unlikely Best Friend|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/dining/making-a-meal-out-of-peanut-butter-and-pickles.html|accessdate=October 24, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 22, 2012|author=Dwight Garner}}</ref> A flavorful, appealing snack for children is called "Ants on a Log"; a celery stick is the "log", and raisins arranged in a row along a base of peanut butter are the "ants".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fit.webmd.com/jr/food/article/ants-on-a-log-recipe |title=Kids' Recipe: Ants on a Log |publisher=Fit.webmd.com |date=2012-04-24 |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> [[Plumpy'nut]] is a peanut butter-based food used to fight malnutrition in famine stricken countries. A single pack contains 500 calories, can be stored unrefrigerated for 2 years, and requires no cooking or preparation.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/international/africa/08niger.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1123560000&en=a110a1fd93832714&ei=5094&partner=homepage&oref=slogin|title = Hope for Hungry Children, Arriving in a Foil Packet|author = Michael Wines|publisher = The New York Times|date = 2005-08-08}}</ref> By placing a medium amount of peanut butter inside the opening of a hollow sturdy chew toy, it is easy to create a toy that will keep a dog occupied for as long as an hour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/how-to-stuff-a-kong |title=KONG and Other Food Puzzle Toys for Dogs: Usage and Recipes |publisher=Pets.webmd.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> Most dogs enjoy the challenge of reaching the peanut butter with their tongue and extracting it. A common, simple outdoor [[bird feeder]] can be made by coating a [[pine cone]] once with peanut butter, then again with birdseed.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/cool/birdfeed.htm|title = Pine Cone Bird Feeder|publisher = Wisconsin State Environmental Education for Kids!}}</ref> The oils found in peanut butter are known to allow [[chewing gum]] to be removed from hair.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.livestrong.com/article/239935-home-remedies-for-gum-removal|title = Home Remedies For Gum Removal, via LiveStrong.com}}</ref> ==Other names== A [[slang]] term for peanut butter in [[World War II]] was "monkey butter".<ref name="isbn1-55972-285-1">{{cite book |author=Jacobs, Jay |title=The Eaten Word: The Language of Food, the Food in Our Language |publisher=Carol Publishing Corporation |location= |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=1-55972-285-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> In the [[Netherlands]] peanut butter is called ''pindakaas'' (peanut cheese) rather than ''pindaboter'' (peanut butter) because the word [[butter]] is only supposed to be used with products that contain actual butter. In Africa, it is called [[Dakatine]], from Dakar Tartine, the most famous brand of peanut butter in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dakatine.com/decouvrez-dakatine-2/historique/ |title=Historique |publisher=Dakatine |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Almond butter]] *[[Cashew butter]] *[[Hazelnut butter]] *[[Sesame butter]] *[[Sunflower butter]] *[[Peanut butter and jelly sandwich]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} Peanut butter has nuts in it. You suck ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Krampner|first=Jon|title=Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press}} ==External links== * [http://www.nationalpeanutboard.org The National Peanut Board] * [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4f3461376c656ab97bb23ead843ecf5a&node=21:2.0.1.1.37.2.1.3&rgn=div8 The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.] * [http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRD3481951 The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)] (Last accessed 3 September 2008) * [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Peanut-Butter.html How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter] (Last accessed 16 October 2009) {{DEFAULTSORT:Peanut Butter}} [[Category:American cuisine]] [[Category:Spreads (food)]] [[Category:Food ingredients]] [[Category:Canadian cuisine]] [[Category:Peanut butter|*Main]] [[Category:Canadian inventions]] [[Category:Chadian cuisine]]'
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'@@ -80,15 +80,7 @@ {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} -==References== - -{{refbegin}} -*{{cite book |last = Erlbach |first = Arlene |authorlink = |title = Peanut Butter |publisher = Lerner Publications |series = |year = 1993 |doi = |isbn = }} -*{{cite book |last = Patrick, Jr. |first = Coyle, L. |authorlink = |title = The World Encyclopedia of Food |publisher = |series = Facts on File |year = 1982 |doi = |isbn = }} -*{{cite book |last = Lapedes |first = Daniel |authorlink = |title = McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, 4th ed |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] |series = Agriculture and Nutrition |year = 1977 |doi = |isbn = }} -*{{cite book |last = Woodroof |first = Jasper Guy |authorlink = |title = Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products |publisher = Avi Publishing Company |series = |year = 1983 |doi = |isbn = }} -*{{cite book |last = Zisman |first = Honey |authorlink = |title = The Great American Peanut Butter Book: A Book of Recipes, Facts, Figures, and Fun |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] |series = |year = 1985 |doi = |isbn = }} -{{refend}} +Peanut butter has nuts in it. You suck ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Krampner|first=Jon|title=Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press}} '
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