Socrates (French: Socrate) is a 1759 French play in three acts written by Voltaire. It is set in Ancient Greece during the events just before the trial and death of Greek philosopher Socrates. It is heavy with satire specifically at government authority and organized religion. The main characters besides the title role is that of the priest Anitus, his entourage, Socrates' wife Xantippe, several judges, and some children Socrates has adopted as his own.
Like more historical accounts by Herodotus, Plato, and Xenophon, the playwright shows Socrates as a moral individual charged with baseless accusations by a conspiracy of corrupt Athenians or Athenian officials although Voltaire implies that the wrongdoers are a select few.
Unlike the historical account, Socrates deals with several judges, whereas his real life counterpart receives his punishment of death by hemlock by a jury of 500 Athenians. The presence or mention of Socrates' best-known students such as Plato, Antisthenes, Aristippus, and others are replaced by unnamed disciples, delivering only a few token lines at the end of the play. Socrates is also portrayed as a monotheist and a victim of religious persecution, an interpretation that is not generally shared by modern scholars and historians.
Generally, this is not the most well-known of his works in comparison with Letters on the English which Voltaire published in 1734 or the Dictionnaire philosophique published earlier in 1764. However, hints of his contempt for government and religion are apparent here which later influenced the leaders of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
Characters
The play calls for the following characters. English versions of their names sometimes vary slightly.
- Socrates (Socrate)
- Anitus — High Priest of Ceres
- Melitus (Mélitus) — an Athenian judge
- Xantippe — Socrates' wife
- Aglae (Aglaé) — young Athenian girl raised by Socrates
- Sophronimus (Sophronime) — young Athenian boy raised by Socrates
- Drixa — merchant, friend to Anitus
- Terpander (Terpandre) — friend to Anitus
- Acros — friend to Anitus
- Judges
- Disciples of Socrates
- Nonoti, Chomos, Bertios — three pedants protected by Anitus
The characters Nonoti, Chomos, and Bertios were added in 1761. During Voltaire's lifetime, their names were published as Grafios, Chomos, and Bertillos, translated as Graphius, Chomus, and Bertillus; their names were first changed in the 1784 Kehl edition. The names Nonoti, Chomos, and Bertios are meant to be reminiscent of Voltaire's enemies Claude-Adrien Nonnotte, Abraham Chaumeix [fr] and Guillaume-François Berthier.
References
- Voltaire (1901), p. 313.
- Voltaire (1770), p. 126.
- Voltaire (1877), p. 364.
- Compare "Sophronime" in Voltaire (1760), p. xii with "Sophronimus" in Voltaire (1763), p. 116; Voltaire (1901), p. 270.
- Voltaire (1877), pp. 364, 381.
- For instance: Voltaire (1770), p. 154.
- For instance: Voltaire (1763), p. 146; Voltaire (1901), p. 294.
- Voltaire (1784), p. 425; Voltaire (1877), p. 364.
- Voltaire (1792), p. 35; Pflueger (1923), p. 142; Voltaire (1877), p. 364.
Further reading
- Berland, K. J. H. (1990). "Dialogue into Drama: Socrates in Eighteenth-Century Verse Dramas" (PDF). In Redmond, James (ed.). Drama and Philosophy. Themes in Drama. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–141. ISBN 0-521-38381-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020.
- Davis, Rose Mary (1934). "Thomson and Voltaire's Socrate". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 49 (2): 560–565. doi:10.2307/458176. JSTOR 458176. S2CID 163739890.
- Gouldbourne, Russell (2006). "Voltaire, the drame and l'infâme: Socrate, L'Ecossaise, Le Droit du seigneur and Saül". Voltaire Comic Dramatist. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 2006:03. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. pp. 184–246. ISBN 978-0-7294-0875-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020.
- Goulbourne, Russell (2016) . "Voltaire's Socrates". In Trapp, Michael (ed.). Socrates from Antiquity to the Enlightenment. Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College. Vol. 9. London: Routledge. pp. 229–247. doi:10.4324/9781315242798. ISBN 978-0-7546-4124-7.
- Pflueger, Luther Matin (1923). "Spurious Plays and Plays modelled on the English Pattern". Voltaire's Relations to English Literature (PhD). University of Wisconsin. pp. 142–159. hdl:2027/wu.89016360471.
- Trousson, Raymond (1967). "Voltaire et le 'sage au nez épaté'". Socrate devant Voltaire, Diderot, et Rousseau: La conscience en face du mythe (in French). Paris: Lettres Modernes, Minard.
Editions
French
- Voltaire (1770). "Socrate, ouvrage dramatique. Traduit de l'Anglais de feu M. Thompson". Seconde suite des melanges de littérature, d'histoire, de philosophie &c. Collection complette des œuvres de M. de Voltaire. Derniere edition (in French). Vol. 5:2. : . pp. 122–179 – via Google Books.
- Voltaire (1784). "Socrate, ouvrage dramatique. Traduit de l'anglais de feu M. Thompson, par feu M. Fatema, comme on sait". In Beaumarchais, Pierre (ed.). Théâtre. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 8. Kehr: Société Littéraire-Typographique. pp. 395–447. hdl:2027/hvd.32044105556666 – via Google Books.
- Voltaire (1792). "Socrate, ouvrage dramatique, Traduit de l'anglais de feu M. Thompson, par feu M. Fatéma, en 1759.". In Palissot, Charles (ed.). Théâtre. Tome V. Œuvres de Voltaire. Nouvelle édition (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Stoupe. pp. 1–60. hdl:2027/hvd.hwb9qq – via Google Books.
- Voltaire (1877). "Socrate: Ouvrage dramatique en trois actes. Traduit de d'anglais de feu M. Thomson, par feu M. Fatema, comme on sait. (1759)". In Beauchot, Adrien Jean Quentin (ed.). Théâtre. IV. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Nouvelle édition (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Garnier Frères. pp. 359–396. hdl:2027/mdp.39015014650785 – via Google Books.
- Voltaire (2009). "Socrate: Edition critique par Raymond Trousson". In Cronk, Nicholas (ed.). Writings of 1758–1760. Les Œuvres complètes de Voltaire (in French). Vol. 49B. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. pp. 265–346. ISBN 978-0-7294-0968-1.
English
- Voltaire (1760). Socrates, A Tragedy of Three Acts. London: R. and J. Dodsley – via Google Books.
- Voltaire (1763). "Socrates. A dramatic performance by the late Mr. Thomson. A New edition. Enlarged and Corrected from the Author's own Manuscript.". In Smollett, T.; Francklin, T. (eds.). The Dramatic Works of Mr. de Voltaire. Vol. VI. The Works of M. de Voltaire. Vol. 25. Translated by Franklin, T. London: J. Newbery. pp. 109–173. hdl:2027/nyp.33433067315816 – via Google Books.
- Voltaire (1901). "Socrates". In Smollett, Tobias (ed.). The Dramatic Works of Voltaire. Vol. II. The Works of Voltaire: A Contemporary Version. Vol. 16. Translated by Fleming, William F. Paris: E. R. DuMont. pp. 269–315. hdl:2027/uc1.b4063565 – via Google Books.
External links
- Voltaire (2013). Socrates. Translated by Morlock, Frank J. Project Gutenberg. 4683.
