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{{Short description|Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage}}
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"'''Political correctness'''" (adjectivally "'''politically correct'''"; commonly abbreviated to '''P.C.''') is a term used to describe language,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct|title='politically correct' definition|website=]|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406011704/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_correctness|title=Definition of ''political correctness'' in English|publisher=]|access-date=1 January 2017|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413091703/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_correctness}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title='Politically Correct' definition|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politically%20correct|dictionary=]|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020073401/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politically%20correct|url-status=live}}</ref> policies,<ref name=Kohl>{{cite journal|last1=Kohl|first1=Herbert|title= Uncommon Differences: On Political Correctness, Core Curriculum and Democracy in Education|journal=]|date=1992|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1353/uni.0.0216 |s2cid=145173687}}</ref> or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.<ref name="Gibson">{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Caitlin|title=How 'politically correct' went from compliment to insult|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html|access-date=7 October 2017|agency=]|date=13 January 2016|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626145017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Florence">{{cite journal|last1=Florence|first1=Joshua|title=A Phrase in Flux: The History of Political Correctness|journal=]|date=30 October 2015|url=http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822071043/https://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Chow>{{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Kat|title='Politically Correct': The Phrase Has Gone From Wisdom To Weapon|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon|access-date=7 October 2017|publisher=] (])|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011171717/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the late 1980s, the term has been used to describe a preference for ] and avoidance of language or behavior that can be seen as ], marginalizing, or insulting to groups of people disadvantaged or discriminated against, particularly groups defined by ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. In public discourse and the media,<ref name=Kohl/><ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Friedman>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Marilyn|author-link1=Marilyn Friedman|last2=Narveson|first2=Jan|author-link2=Jan Narveson|title=Political correctness: for and against|date=1995|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-0847679867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnU9pMbHk0sC|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192444/https://books.google.com/books?id=lnU9pMbHk0sC|url-status=live}}</ref> the term is generally used as a ] with an implication that these policies are excessive or unwarranted.<ref name="Charles-Wartella"/><ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geoffrey|title=Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDi-l-bsBZoC|at=|year=2011|publisher=]|isbn=978-1444360295|chapter=Origins of the Phrase|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192446/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDi-l-bsBZoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Political correctness''' is ] based on the ] ] of the times. Born from a comic strip in the late ], and developed at the ], ], ] (which later became known as "the ]"), in the early ], political correctness (or '''PC''') has been a central ] component of all forms of ], and most forms of ].


The phrase ''politically correct'' first appeared in the 1930s, when it was used to describe dogmatic adherence to ideology in ], such as ] and ].<ref name=Gibson /> Early usage of the term ''politically correct'' by ] in the 1970s and 1980s was as self-critical ];<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/> usage was ironic, rather than a name for a serious ].<ref name="Perry-1992a"/><ref name=SchultzPerry>Schultz citing Perry (1992) p. 16</ref><ref name="willis"/> It was considered an in-joke among leftists used to satirise those who were too rigid in their adherence to political ].<ref name=Hall/> The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from ] criticism of the ] in the late 20th century, with many describing it as a form of ].<ref name="Ford">{{cite thesis |last=Ford |first=Becky R. |date=2017 |title=An Empirical Test of the Effects of Political Correctness: Implications for Censorship, Self-Censorship, and Public Deliberation |publication-place=University of California, Santa Barbara |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12f562b0#author |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611071318/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12f562b0#author |url-status=live }}</ref>
"Politically Correct" terms and words are those which are meant not to cause offence and are intended to replace those that do cause offence. The concept is said to be particularly embraced by advocates of certain forms of ], especially ], ], ] and the ].


Commentators on the ] contend that conservatives use the concept of political correctness to downplay and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against disadvantaged groups.<ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="Messer–Davidow"/><ref name="mink">{{cite news|last1=Mink|first1=Eric|title=Trump's Political-Correctness Con Job|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html|work=]|access-date=8 November 2016|date=6 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083630/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They also argue that the ] enforces its own forms of political correctness to suppress criticism of its favored constituencies and ideologies.<ref name="WilsonConservativeCorrectness">"Conservative Correctness" chapter, in Wilson, John. 1995. ''.'' Durham, North Carolina: ]. p. 57.</ref><ref name=DonWilliams>{{cite web |url=http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901 |title=Don Williams comments – Dixie Chicks Were Right |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=mach2.com |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132346/http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901 }}</ref><ref name="Krugman">{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Krugman|title=The New Political Correctness|url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=]|date=26 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130327082408/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In the United States, the term has played a major role in the ] between ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/|title=The Personality of Political Correctness; The idea of political correctness is central to the culture wars of American politics|last=Kaufman|first=Scott Barry|date=20 November 2016|work=]|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927222216/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/|archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
Recent controversy erupted in the early ] as part of a conservative challenge to curriculum and teaching methods on college campuses in the United States (D'Souza 1991; Berman 1992; Schultz 1993; Messer Davidow 1993, 1994; Scatamburlo 1998). The term most often appears in the predicate adjective form "''politically correct''," often abbreviated "''PC''," and is often used mockingly or disparagingly. The most common usage for the term is to describe the alteration of language so as to not be objectionable, especially in terms of avoiding offense based on race, gender, disability, or other status.


==History==
One argument for using language dismissed by critics as ''politically correct'' is to prevent the exclusion or the offending of people based upon differences or ]s. Another involves the ] that a language's grammatical categories shape its speakers' ideas and actions. Critics of "PC" argue it intends to achieve a form of ] (see ]). Many on the political left dispute the use of the term "politically correct" to describe what they are seeking to accomplish, even while some of them use the term to dismiss their own more doctrinare and zealous allies.


===Early-to-mid 20th century===
Political correctness is often criticized as resulting in diluted speech which fails to articulate important societal problems. An enforced policy of political correctness in public discourse is sometimes perceived as inhibitive to the ] of individuals, particularly to the expression of opinions which should be heard even at the risk of offending some group. An example of a policy called "politically correct" would be censuring speech which calls attention to the misconduct of a particular group to avoid offending members of that group.
{{Main|Party line (politics)}}
In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase ''politically correct'' was used to describe strict adherence to a range of ideological orthodoxies within politics. In 1934, '']'' reported that Nazi Germany was granting reporting permits "only to pure 'Aryans' whose opinions are politically correct".<ref name=Gibson />


The term ''political correctness'' first appeared in Marxist–Leninist vocabulary following the Russian Revolution of 1917. At that time, it was used to describe strict adherence to the policies and principles of the ], that is, the ].<ref name="EBPC">{{cite web |title=political correctness |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-correctness |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080901/https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-correctness |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in the United States, the phrase came to be associated with accusations of ] in debates between communists and socialists. According to American educator ], writing about debates in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
==Linguistic background ==


{{blockquote|The term "politically correct" was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty to the CP line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against Communists, and was meant to separate out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral ideas from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and defend party positions regardless of their moral substance.|"Uncommon Differences"|'']''<ref name=Kohl/>}}
The reasoning postulated by proponents for using ''politically correct'' terminology is to bring peoples' unconscious biases into awareness, allowing them to make a more informed choice about their language and making them aware of things different people might find offensive.


===1970s===
Two common examples of this practice are to use the word ''disabled'' in preference to ''crippled'', and ''mentally ill'' in preference to ''crazy''.
{{Main|New Left}}
In the 1970s, the American ] began using the term ''politically correct''.<ref name="Perry-1992a">Ruth Perry, (1992), "A Short History of the Term 'Politically Correct'", in ''Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding'', by Patricia Aufderheide, 1992, {{ISBN|978-1555971649}}</ref> In the essay ''The Black Woman: An Anthology'' (1970), ] said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a chauvinist]], too". ] records this as the first use in the typical modern sense.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Safire |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/safirespolitical00safi |title=Safire's political dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0195343342 |edition=Rev. |location=New York |author-link=William Safire |url-access=registration}}</ref> The term ''political correctness'' was believed to have been revived by the New Left through familiarity in the West with ], in which ] stressed holding to the correct party line. The term rapidly began to be used by the New Left in an ironic or self-deprecating sense.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hughes |first= Geoffrey|date=2011 |title=Political Correctness A History of Semantics and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzw9WabmmVwC&dq=political+correctness+communist+party&pg=PT49 |publisher= Wiley |isbn=9781444360295}}</ref>


Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical ]. Debra L. Shultz said that "throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, ], and ]... used their term 'politically correct' ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts".<ref name="Schultz-1993a">{{Cite book |first=Debra L. |last=Schultz |year=1993 |title=To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the 'Political Correctness' Debates in Higher Education |location=New York |publisher=National Council for Research on Women |isbn=978-1880547137 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310085256/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Perry-1992a"/><ref name=SchultzPerry/> ''PC'' is used in the comic book ''Merton of the Movement'', by ], which was followed by the term ''ideologically sound'', in the comic strips of ].<ref name="Perry-1992a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3027/a_politically_correct_lexicon/ |title=A Politically Correct Lexicon |journal=] |first=Joel |last=Bleifuss |date=February 2007 |access-date=20 March 2010 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629085359/http://inthesetimes.com/article/3027/a_politically_correct_lexicon/ }}</ref> In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) ] said, "In the early eighties, when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer sarcastically to the ]'s efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'."<ref name="willis">]. "Toward a Feminist Revolution", in ''No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays'' (1992) ], {{ISBN|081955250X}}, p. 19.</ref>
However, critics of "PC" argue the new terms are often awkward, ] substitutes for the original stark language concerning differences such as ], ], ] and ], ] and ].


] suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one:
Some critics allege that the "PC programme" is an ] attempt to make "bad" or "incorrect" thought difficult. The allegation is that the theory goes far beyond the replacement of derogatory terms with value neutral terms and instead addresses the very labelling and grouping of people. Proponents would argue that the goal of changing language and terminology consists of these four points:
{{blockquote|According to one version, political correctness actually began as an in-joke on the left: radical students on American campuses acting out an ironic replay of the Bad Old Days BS (Before the Sixties) when every revolutionary groupuscule had a party line about everything. They would address some glaring examples of sexist or racist behaviour by their fellow students in imitation of the tone of voice of the Red Guards or Cultural Revolution Commissar: "Not very 'politically correct', Comrade!"<ref name=Hall>{{cite web |first=Stuart |last=Hall |author-link=Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) |year=1994 |url=http://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf |title=Some 'Politically Incorrect' Pathways Through PC |work=S. Dunant (ed.) The War of the Words: The Political Correctness Debate |pages=164–84 |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719135226/https://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
# Certain people have their rights/opportunities/freedoms restricted due to their categorisation as members of a group with a derogatory ].
# This categorisation is largely implicit and unconscious, and is facilitated by the easy availability of labeling terminology.
# By making the labeling terminology problematic people will be made to think consciously about how they describe someone.
#Once labelling is a conscious activity, the individual merits of a person, rather than their perceived membership of a group, will become more apparent.


===1980s and 1990s===
In ], the strong form of the ] holds that a language's grammatical categories control its speakers' possible thoughts. While few support the ] in its strong form, many ] accept a more moderate version, namely that the ways in which we see the world may be influenced by the kind of language we use. In its strong form, the hypothesis states that, for example, "]" promotes sexist thought.
]'s '']'', a book first published in 1987,<ref name=Bloom/> heralded a debate about "political correctness" in American higher education in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Robinson2000/><ref name=Kamiya>{{cite journal|last1=Kamiya|first1=Gary|title=Civilization & Its Discontents|journal=]|date=22 January 1995|url=http://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/Civilization-Its-Discontents-3152155.php|access-date=16 November 2015|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228042025/https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/Civilization-Its-Discontents-3152155.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor of English literary and cultural studies at ] Jeffrey J. Williams wrote that the "assault on ... political correctness that simmered through the Reagan years, gained bestsellerdom with Bloom's ''Closing of the American Mind''".<ref name=Williams>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Jeffrey|title=PC Wars: Politics and Theory in the Academy|date=2013|publisher=]|isbn=978-1136656231|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaVlAgAAQBAJ|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010142522/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaVlAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Z.F. Gamson, Bloom's book "attacked the faculty for 'political correctness'".<ref name=Gamson>{{cite journal |last1= Gamson|first1=Z.F.|title=The Stratification of the Academy|journal= Social Text|date= 1997|volume=51|issue=51|pages=67–73|doi=10.2307/466647|jstor=466647}}</ref> Prof. of Social Work at ] Tony Platt says the "campaign against 'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987.<ref name=Platt>{{cite journal|last1=Platt|first1=Tony|title=Desegregating Multiculturalism: Problems in the Theory and Pedagogy of Diversity Education|journal=Pedagogies for Social Change|via=]|volume=29|issue=4 (90)|url=http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/90_29_4/90_04Platt.pdf|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007175758/http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/90_29_4/90_04Platt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


An October 1990 '']'' article by ] is credited with popularizing the term.<ref name=Berman1992/><ref name=Smith1999/><ref name=Schwartz/><ref name=Crossroads>{{cite book|editor-last1=Valdes|editor-first1=Francisco|editor-last2=Culp|editor-first2=Jerome McCristal|editor-last3=Harris|editor-first3=Angela P.|title=Crossroads, directions, and a new critical race theory|date=2002|publisher=]|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1566399302|pages=59, 65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCedxQu542UC|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730022119/https://books.google.com/books?id=dCedxQu542UC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Browne">Browne, Anthony (2006). " {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503050240/http://www.civitas.org.uk/pubs/Browne_cs47.php|date=3 May 2014}}". Civitas. {{ISBN|1903386500}}.</ref> At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities."<ref name=Bernstein/> ] citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal only seventy total citations in articles to "political correctness" for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1,532 citations, with a steady increase to more than 7,000 citations by 1994.<ref name=Crossroads/><ref name=Cho>{{cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Sumi|title=Essential Politics|journal=]|date=1997 |volume= 433}}</ref> In May 1991, ''The New York Times'' had a follow-up article, according to which the term was increasingly being used in a wider public arena:
==History==


{{blockquote|What has come to be called "political correctness", a term that began to gain currency at the start of the academic year last fall, has spread in recent months and has become the focus of an angry national debate, mainly on campuses, but also in the larger arenas of American life.|Robert D. McFadden, "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?", 1991<ref name=McFadden1991 />}}
The term ''politically correct'' rose to broad usage in the early ], but the term itself is actually much older, leading critics to suggest that such linguistic sensitivity is nothing new. However, the often quoted "earliest cited usage of the term" comes from the ] decision '']'' (1793), where it clearly means that the statement it refers to is not literally correct, due to the political status of the United States as it was understood at that time:
:''The states, rather than the People, for whose sakes the States exist, are frequently the objects which attract and arrest our principal attention . Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail in our common, even in our convivial, language. Is a toast asked? 'The United States,' instead of the 'People of the United States,' is the toast given. This is not politically correct.''


The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and political challenges against ] and curriculum changes in the secondary schools and universities of the U.S.<ref name="Charles-Wartella">{{cite journal | title=Media Coverage of the "Political Correctness" Debate |last1=Whitney |first1=D. Charles |last2=Wartella |first2=Ellen |name-list-style=amp | journal=] | year=1992 | volume=42 | issue=2 |pages=83 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|D'Souza|1991}}, {{harvp|Berman|1992}}, {{harvp|Schultz|1993}}, {{harvp|Messer-Davidow|1995}}, {{harvp|Scatamburlo|1998}}</ref> Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct".<ref name="Wilson"/> In May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S. President ] used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics off-limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits."<ref>], at the ] (4 May 1991), {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040516105827/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1991/91050401.html |date=16 May 2004 }}, 4 May 1991. ].</ref><ref>
The first recorded use in the twentieth century was in ] in Chapter 1 of Senator ]'s autobiography. Speaking of his education at the ], he says "In those days we did not so much get ''correct political'' and economic views, for there was then little teaching of sociology or political economy worthy the name, but what we somehow did get, and largely from Bascom]], was a ''proper attitude toward public affairs.'' And when all is said, this ''attitude is more important than any definite views'' a man may hold."
{{cite book|last=Aufderheide|first=Patricia|title=Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding|date=1992|publisher=]|location=Saint Paul, Minn.|isbn=978-1555971649|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondpctowardpo00aufd/page/227}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meaghan|first1=Morris|title=New Keywords a Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society.|date=2013|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-1118725412|url=http://www.springerin.at/dyn/heft_text.php?textid=1599&lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118005632/http://www.springerin.at/dyn/heft_text.php?textid=1599&lang=en|archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>


After 1991, its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US.<ref name="Charles-Wartella"/> It became a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in cultural and political debates extending beyond academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in '']'' and '']'' both used the term "]" in their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's ''Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus'' (1991) which "captured the press's imagination".<ref name="Charles-Wartella"/> These trends were at least in part a response to multiculturalism and the rise of ], with movements such as feminism, gay rights movements and ethnic minority movements. That response received funding from conservative foundations and think tanks such as the ], which funded several books such as D'Souza's.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Wilson">Wilson, John. 1995. ''.'' Durham, North Carolina: ]. p. 26.</ref>
Again, this clearly refers to incorrect views, in his opinion, as opposed to the current usage of "politically incorrect."


], in 1992, commented that a number of ] who promoted the use of the term "politically correct" in the early 1990s were former ] members, and, as a result, familiar with the ] use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian democratic ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox, and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic".<ref name="Kohl"/>
Another example of the same literal use of the term is from a passage of H. V. Morton's ''In the Steps of St. Paul'' (1936): "To use such words would have been equivalent to calling his audience 'slaves and robbers'. But ], a term that was politically correct, embraced everyone under ] rule, from the aristocrat in ] to the little slave girl in ]."


During the 1990s, conservative and ] politicians, think tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies, especially in the context of the ] about ] and the content of public-school curricula. ], in ''Tenured Radicals'', endorsed ]'s view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined by Kimball as "any of a wide variety of anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism, deconstruction, and Lacanian analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of criticism".<ref name=Kimball/><ref name=Williams/>
In terms of modern popular usage, the term ''politically correct'' was used jokingly within the left by the early 1980s, possibly earlier, to describe either an over-commitment to various ] political causes, especially within ] or the feminist movement, or a tendency by some of those dedicated to these causes to be more concerned with rhetoric and vocabulary than with substance. Around 1990, the term was picked up by those on the political ], and applied to the vocabulary and positions of left-wing (and even left-of-center) politics generally. Use of the terms ''PC'' and ''politically correct'' declined in the late ], and it is now mostly seen in comedy or as a political slur with questionable meaning.


Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in an effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lauter |first=Paul |date=1993 |title='Political Correctness' and the Attack on American Colleges |journal=The Radical Teacher |issue=44 |pages=34–40 |jstor=20709784 |issn=0191-4847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Axtell |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ca6-q60ig5kC |title=The Pleasures of Academe: A Celebration & Defense of Higher Education |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1049-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Soldiers of Misfortune: The New Right's Culture War and the Politics of Political Correctness |url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersofmisfor0000scat |url-access=registration |first=Valerie L. |last=Scatamburlo |date=1998 |location=New York|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9780820430126 }}</ref> such as ], ], ], and legal inequality, against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the social mainstream.<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /><ref name="Messer–Davidow">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Messer-Davidow |first=E. |date=1995 |title=Manufacturing the Attack on Liberalized Higher Education: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s |editor-first1=C. |editor-last1=Newfield |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Strickland |encyclopedia=After Political Correctness: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s |pages=38–78 |publisher=Westview}}
The term has now been reclaimed by a subset of writers and speakers who are oblivious or reject its controversial connotations and origins.
</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes, Road Rage, & So Much More |first=Barry |last=Glassner |date=5 January 2010 }}</ref> ] wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it suggests that the operative considerations in the area so called are ''merely'' political, steamrolling the genuine reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting...".<ref name=Friedman/> Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist,<ref name="Tomlinson, Race And Education: Policy And Politics In Britain, p. 161.">{{cite book|last1=Tomlinson|first1=Sally|title=Race and education: policy and politics in Britain|date=2008|publisher=]|location=Maidenhead |isbn=978-0335223077|page=161|edition=.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0jqaa-73mgC&pg=PA161|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730112845/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0jqaa-73mgC&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paying Our High Public Officials: Evaluating the Political Justifications of Top Wages in the Public Sector, p. 119">{{cite book|last1=Dekker|first1=Teun J.|title=Paying Our High Public Officials: Evaluating the Political Justifications of Top Wages in the Public Sector|date=2013|publisher=]|series=Research in Public Administration and Public Policy|isbn=978-1135131265|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx9h0XuYSlUC&pg=PA119|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010134734/https://books.google.com/books?id=bx9h0XuYSlUC&pg=PA119|url-status=live}}</ref> ], said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user",<ref>]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811125942/http://society.guardian.co.uk/regeneration/comment/0,7941,617436,00.html |date=11 August 2007 }}, '']'', 12 December 2001 – Accessed 6 February 2007.</ref> and in 2010 she wrote "the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say '']'', '']'', or '']''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/toynbee-equality-bill-welfare|work=]|location=London|title=This Bold Equality Push is just what We Needed. In 1997|first=Polly|last=Toynbee|author-link=Polly Toynbee|date=28 April 2009|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105201608/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/toynbee-equality-bill-welfare|url-status=live}}</ref> Another British journalist, ],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Albrow|first1=Martin|title=The global age state and society beyond modernity|date=1997|publisher=]|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=978-0804728706|pages=215|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwmdxMMjOd4C&pg=PA215|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144344/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwmdxMMjOd4C&pg=PA215|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Economist: Will Hutton, p. 81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbtIAAAAYAAJ|newspaper=]|publisher=]|date=2002|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010141432/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbtIAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gyuris|first1=Ferenc|title=The Political Discourse of Spatial Disparities Geographical Inequalities Between Science and Propaganda|date=2014|publisher=]|location=Cham|isbn=978-3319015088|pages=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920144856/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Will|author-link=Will Hutton|title=How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great Country|date=2015|isbn=978-1408705322|publisher=]|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01fXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919151104/https://books.google.com/books?id=01fXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|url-status=live}}</ref> wrote in 2001:<ref>]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131211145/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/race/story/0,,619644,00.html |date=31 January 2008 }} '']'', Sunday 16 December 2001 – Accessed 6 February 2007.</ref>


{{blockquote|Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid–1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism.... What the sharpest thinkers on the American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism – by levelling the charge of "political correctness" against its exponents – they could discredit the whole political project.|], "Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett", 2001}}
==Controversy & objections==


] wrote in 1994 that to address the subject of "political correctness" when power and authority within the academic community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of one's arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies". Combatants from the left and the right will try to assess whether a writer is "for them" or "against them".<ref name=Loury>{{cite journal|url= http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Glenn_Loury/louryhomepage/papers/Loury_Political_Correctness.pdf|last1=Loury|first1=G. C.|author-link=Glenn Loury|title=Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related Phenomena|journal=]|date=1 October 1994|volume=6|issue=4|pages=428–61|doi= 10.1177/1043463194006004002|s2cid=143057168|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151123003439/http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Glenn_Loury/louryhomepage/papers/Loury_Political_Correctness.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Geoffrey Hughes suggested that debate over political correctness concerns whether changing language actually solves political and social problems, with critics viewing it less about solving problems than imposing censorship, intellectual intimidation and demonstrating the moral purity of those who practice it. Hughes also argues that political correctness tends to be pushed by a minority rather than an organic form of language change.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geoffrey|year=2015|title=An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World|publisher=Routledge|pages=348–349}}</ref>
The term ''political correctness'' is fraught with controversy. Critics of "PC" usually use the term "politically correct" in a manner that implies that there are a significant number of people who actually embrace the term. In politics, self-described political ]s never used the expression widely and have now stopped using it almost entirely as it has become a popular jeer against them. Most liberals and progressives argue that the term "political correctness" was promoted by conservative critics of social movements seeking equality. They argue that what they see as defending victims of oppression or discrimination does not itself constitute intolerance.


===Right-wing political correctness===
"Political correctness" is a label typically used to describe liberal or left-wing terms and actions but rarely used for analogous attempts to mold language and behavior on the right.<ref name="Adams">{{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Joshua|title=Time for equal media treatment of 'political correctness'|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/political-correctness-journalism.php?curator=MediaREDEF|work=]|date=12 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170831092315/https://www.cjr.org/criticism/political-correctness-journalism.php|archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> ] of the ] referred to the right's own version of political correctness as "patriotic correctness".<ref name="nowrasteh">{{cite news|last1=Nowrasteh|first1=Alex|title=The right has its own version of political correctness. It's just as stifling.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/07/the-right-has-its-own-version-of-political-correctness-its-just-as-stifling/|access-date=19 December 2016|newspaper=]|date=7 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161208211732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/07/the-right-has-its-own-version-of-political-correctness-its-just-as-stifling/|archive-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>


==Usage==
==Viewpoint of critics of "PC"==
The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from ] criticism of the ] in the late 20th century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in '']'' and other media throughout the 1990s,<ref name=Berman1992>{{cite book|editor-last1=Berman|editor-first1=Paul|title=Debating P.C.: the controversy over political correctness on college campuses|date=1992|isbn=978-0307801784|page=Introduction|publisher=Random House Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XflI-OaALAC&q=Berman%20Debating%20PC&pg=PP1|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103133600/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XflI-OaALAC&q=Berman+Debating+PC&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Smith1999>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Dorothy E.|title=Writing the social: critique, theory, and investigations|date=1999|publisher=]|location=Toronto (Ont.)|isbn=978-0802081353|page=175|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010134937/https://books.google.com/books?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Schwartz>{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Howard S.|title=Psychodynamics of Political Correctness|journal=]|date=1997|volume=33|issue=2|pages=133–49|doi=10.1177/0021886397332003|s2cid=144305581|url=http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/pcjabs.htm|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003123819/http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/PCJABS.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Bernstein>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Richard|title=Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|author-link=Richard Bernstein (journalist)|work=]|date=28 October 1990|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012023341/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=McFadden1991>{{cite news|last1=McFadden|first1=Robert D.|title=Political Correctness: New Bias Test?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|work=]|date=5 May 1991|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023033910/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Heteren1997>{{cite book|last1=Heteren|first1=Annette Gomis van|title=Political correctness in context: the PC controversy in America|date=1997|publisher=], Servicio de Publicaciones|location=]|isbn=978-8482400839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|page=148|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192446/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|url-status=live}}</ref> and was widely used in the debate surrounding ]'s 1987 book '']''.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Bloom>{{cite book|last1=Bellow|first1=Allan Bloom |title=The closing of the American mind|date=1988|publisher=]|location=New York|isbn=978-0671657154|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192444/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Robinson2000>{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Sally|title=Marked men white masculinity in crisis|date=2000|publisher=]|location=New York|isbn=978-0231500364|pages=17, 55–86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135850/https://books.google.com/books?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC|url-status=live}}</ref> The term gained further currency in response to ]'s ''Tenured Radicals'' (1990),<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=Kimball>{{cite book |last1= Kimball|first1=Roger|title=Tenured radicals: how politics has corrupted our higher education |date=1990 |publisher=] – Originally ]|location=New York|isbn=978-0060161903|edition=1st}}</ref> and conservative author ]'s 1991 book ''Illiberal Education''.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Charles-Wartella"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=DSouza1991>{{cite book|last1=D'Souza|first1=Dinesh|author-link=Dinesh D'Souza|title=Illiberal education: the politics of race and sex on campus|date=1991|publisher=]|location=New York|isbn=978-0684863849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUcWaePccnkC|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192443/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUcWaePccnkC|url-status=live}}</ref> Supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the "language police".<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Follies of the Politically Correct Language Police {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo-consumericus/201312/the-follies-the-politically-correct-language-police |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816100227/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo-consumericus/201312/the-follies-the-politically-correct-language-police |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Education===
Critics of what they call the '''PC''' movement claim that some of the groups it aims to protect have a much different perspective than the mainstream culture from which political correctness sprang.
Modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived ] and education,<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /> and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack.<ref name="Charles-Wartella" />


Preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large U.S. public university generally felt instructors were open-minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints; nonetheless, most students worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions, with "nxieties about expressing political views and self-censorship ... more prevalent among students who identify as conservative".<ref>Larson, Jennifer, Mark McNeilly, and Timothy J. Ryan. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223145026/https://fecdsurveyreport.web.unc.edu/files/2020/02/UNC-Free-Expression-Report.pdf |date=23 December 2020 }}." Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina (5 February 2020).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/evidence-conservative-students-really-do-self-censor/606559/|title=Evidence That Conservative Students Really Do Self-Censor|last=Friedersdorf|first=Conor|date=16 February 2020|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111230142/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/evidence-conservative-students-really-do-self-censor/606559/|url-status=live}}</ref>
For example, ] has always considered the label ''deaf'' as an affirming statement of group membership and not insulting or disparaging in any way. The term now often substituted for the term deaf, ''hearing-impaired'', was developed to include people with hearing loss due to aging, accidents, and other causes. While more accurate for those uses, and less offensive from the perspective of the mainstream culture, is can be considered highly derogatory by the deaf culture.


===As a conspiracy theory===
However, politically correct ideas are still seen frequently influencing aspects of policy-making that attempt to be inoffensive in terminology. They are also seen in attempts at "equalizing" peoples' differences, such as in controversial ] policies, which some argue exaggerate instead of smooth out differences.
{{Main|Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory}}
Some conservative commentators in the ] argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining ]. This theory, which holds that political correctness originates from the ] of the ] as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call "Cultural Marxism".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate|last=Jamin|first=Jérôme|publisher=]|year=2014|isbn=978-1137396198|editor1-last=Shekhovtsov|editor1-first=A.|location=]|pages=84–103|chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right|doi=10.1057/9781137396211_4 |editor2-last=Jackson|editor2-first=P.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/postwarangloamer0000unse/page/84 |chapter-url-access=registration |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism|last=Richardson|first=John E.|date=2015|isbn=9781317539360|editor1-last=Copsey|editor1-first=Nigel|chapter='Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse|publisher=Routledge |editor2-last=Richardson|editor2-first=John E.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a ] movement journal.<ref>] (2010), "". '']'' (Fall 2010–Winter 2011, 168–69): 30–40.</ref> In 2001, conservative commentator ] wrote in '']'' that "political correctness is cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".<ref>]. '']'', p. 89.</ref>


===Media===
One example of where political correctness has entered into policy-making is in the purchasing of school ]s. In the ], ]s are subject to ], which affect the purchasing of school textbooks. Also, in an example of how "equalization" is attempted by such policies, these guidelines are used in the construction of ] that attempt to be fair by being customized to specific ethnic, cultural, and other differences. Within the industry, this is a subject of considerable debate at present, with most parties agreeing that the quality of American public school textbooks is much lower than that of other ] nations. Critics believe that the method of determining content is severely hindered by the efforts of either the politically correct, politically conservative, or more often, both.
{{See also|Media bias}}
In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain the usage has been confined mainly to the popular press.<ref name="Lea">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ|title=Political Correctness and Higher Education: British and American Perspectives|last1=Lea|first1=John|date=2010|publisher=]|isbn=978-1135895884|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412201758/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media.<ref name=Friedman /><ref name="Wilson"/> William McGowan argues that journalists get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups.<ref name="McGowan">{{cite book|title=Coloring the news: how political correctness has corrupted American journalism|last1=McGowan|first1=William|date=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-1893554603|edition=.|location=San Francisco, Calif.}}</ref> Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-newsroom|title=Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom|last1=Novak|first1=Robert|date=March 1995|access-date=28 October 2015|work=]|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629061809/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-newsroom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ|title=Mass Media|last1=Gorham|first1=Joan|date=1996|publisher=Dushkin Publishing Group, ]|isbn=9780697316110|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213031/https://books.google.com/books?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Media Bias|last1=Sloan|first1=David |last2=Mackay|first2=Jenn |date=2007 |publisher=]|isbn=978-0786455058|page=112}}</ref>


Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ|title=Contemporary media issues|last1=Sloan|first1=David|last2=Hoff|first2=Emily|date=1998|publisher=Vision Press, ]|isbn=978-1885219107|location=Northport|page=63|ref=Sloan|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135551/https://books.google.com/books?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to author John Wilson, left-wing forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for unrelated censorship, with '']'' citing campaigns against violence on network television in the US as contributing to a "mainstream culture has become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful eye of the p.c. police", protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized by right-wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on television.<ref>Wilson, John. 1995. ''''. Durham, North Carolina: ]. p. {{ISBN|978-0822317135}}.</ref>
Another ironic example is the official governmental French Canadian translation by the Office Quebecois de la Langue Francaise (Quebec Office for ]) of the term "political correctness" as "nouvelle orthodoxie" (New Orthodoxy), which is criticised as being itself politically correct, by evacuating the notions of Rectitude (its normative and coercive aspect) and Politics (its power play aspect) from the term.


===Inclusive language===
In recent years, "political correctness" has come to be used, seriously by some and jokingly by others, in protest against policies that some see as seeking conformance with Left-wing beliefs regarding cultural change.
{{Main|Inclusive language}}

] is a ] that avoids expressions that its proponents perceive as expressing or implying ideas that are ], ], or otherwise ], ], or insulting to any particular group of people; and instead uses language intended to avoid offense and fulfill the ideals of ]. This language style is sometimes referred to as a type of "political correctness", either as a neutral description or with negative connotations by its opponents.<ref name="Think!">{{Cite podcast |title=The Limits Of Political Correctness (panel discussion) |date=17 February 2015 |url=https://think.kera.org/2015/02/17/the-battle-over-political-correctness/ |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Think |publisher=] |first=Krys |last=Boyd |language=en-US}}</ref> At least some supporters deny an association between the two ("Political correctness is focused on not offending whereas inclusive language is focused on honoring people's identities.").<ref name="UD-ILS">{{cite web |title=Inclusive Language Standards |url=https://www1.udel.edu/itwebdev/help/dei.html#:~:text=%22Inclusive%20language%20is%20not%20the,focused%20on%20honoring%20people's%20identities. |website=University of Delaware |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
In addition, the term is also frequently used by conservatives in a broader sense to characterize any of a numerous set of beliefs they disagree with, usually when these ideas refer to government controls of what could be interpreted as "thought control", freedom of expression or censorship.

Critics often point out the similarity between political correctness and Orwellian ideas such as ] and ], as well as ] and ] propaganda.

Critics also argue that advocacy of political correctness amounts to ] and is a danger to ], in that the only opinions tolerated by political correctness are opinions coherent with Leftist ideology.

A recent situation at the '']'' is very illustrative of the conflicts regarding politically correct speech. A news review of an opera included the term '']'' in the sense of ''life-affirming''. However it is ''Times'' policy to use the term ''anti-abortion'' in lieu of the term "pro-life", therefore the term was changed, even though the meaning was entirely different. "Anti-abortion" has connotations alluding to a challenge to women's rights, while "pro-life" symbolizes an active defense of the unborn children's right to life. Thus the two terms are not interchangeable, and politically charged .

Another significant example is the cancellation of the television talk show ''] with ]''. Maher resigned as host of ''PI'' in ] after making a controversial on-air remark, in which he objected to ] ] and others calling the ] terrorists cowardly: "We have been the cowards lobbing ]s from 2,000 miles away. That's cowardly. Staying in the airplane when it hits the building, say what you want about it, it's not cowardly." Maher later apologized for the comment, saying, "In no way was I intending to say, nor have I ever thought, that the men and women who defend our nation in uniform are anything but courageous and valiant, and I offer my apologies to anyone who took it wrong".

In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the remark was deemed too controversial for parts of the public and some advertisers, and offensive to the military. Although some pundits supported Maher, pointing out the distinction between physical and moral cowardice, companies including ] and ] pulled their ]s from the show, quickly causing the show to cost more than it returned. The show was cancelled nine months later at the expiration of Maher's contract.

The changing of terminology as a result of political correctness, for example "visually impaired" rather than "blind" or "vertically challenged" instead of "short" among many other examples, have led to accusations that those who follow political correctiveness are ushering in the era of ], a bowdlerized form of English predicted by ] in his novel '']'' which eliminates any words that might conceivably have meanings against the state. (However, Orwell's vision is of a language reduced to very few words, while most examples of politically correct jargon are much longer than the words being replaced). Comedian ], in one of his performance videos (''Live 1994''), called Politically Correct "the language of cowardice."


===Satirical use=== ===Satirical use===
Political correctness is often ], for example in ''The PC Manifesto'' (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html|title=TidBits: The PC Manifesto|publisher=Fiction.net|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007193505/http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and '']'' (1994) by ], which presents ]s re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film '']'' took a look at political correctness on a college campus. Other examples include the television program '']'', ]'s "]s" routine,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} and ''The Politically Correct Scrapbook''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.capc.co.uk/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm|title=Book – Buy Now |publisher=Capc.co.uk|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054012/http://www.capc.co.uk/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm|archive-date=30 May 2009|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> The popularity of the '']'' cartoon program led to the creation of the term "]" by ],{{cn|date=July 2023}} and later the book '']'' by ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rich|first1=Frank|title=Conservatives ♥ 'South Park'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/conservatives-south-park.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 1, 2005}}</ref> In its ] (2015), ''South Park'' introduced the character ], who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/|title='South Park' Perfectly Showed How To Do A Caitlyn Jenner Joke Right|last1=Bell|first1=Crystal|date=17 September 2015|newspaper=]|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010120846/http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/pc-principal-rides-line-between-hero-and-villain-s-229588|title=PC Principal rides the line between hero and villain on the season finale of ''South Park''|last1=Caffrey|first1=Dan|work=]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814044254/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/pc-principal-rides-line-between-hero-and-villain-s-229588|url-status=live}}</ref>
The idea of political correctness also has a very interesting history of use in satire and comedy. One of the earlier, and most well-known, satirical takes on this movement can be found in the book ''Politically Correct Bedtime Stories'', in which traditional ]s are rewritten from an exaggerated, politically correct viewpoint. The roles of good and evil in these ''PC'' stories are often the reverse of those in the original versions. For example, Hansel, Gretel and their father are evil, and the witch is good in the politically correct version of '']''.


'']'''s host ] often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Steinberg|first1=Dan|date=27 March 2014|title=Colbert Report on Redskins' new foundation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-redskins-new-foundation/|newspaper=]|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-redskins-new-foundation/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/04/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/|title=Stephen Colbert jokes about #CancelColbert: 'The system worked!'|last1=D'addario|first1=Daniel|website=]|date=1 April 2014|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225135818/https://www.salon.com/2014/04/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The practice of ] so-called politically correct speech indeed took on a life of its own in the ], though its popularity in today's media has largely declined. Part of what it is to understand the meaning of ''political correctness'' is to be familiar with satirical portrayals of political correctness, and to understand them as such. Such portrayals are sometimes exaggerations of what actual politically correct speech looks like. For example, in a satirical example of so-called political correctness speech, the sentence "The fireman put a ladder up against the tree, climbed it, and rescued the cat" might look like this:


===Science===
:''The firefighter (who happened to be male, but could just as easily have been female) abridged the rights of the cat to determine for itself where it wanted to walk, climb, or rest, and inflicted his own value judgments in determining that it needed to be 'rescued' from its chosen perch. In callous disregard for the well-being of the environment, and this one tree in particular, he thrust the mobility disadvantaged-unfriendly means of ascent known as a 'ladder' carelessly up against the tree, marring its bark, and unfeelingly climbed it, unconcerned how his display of physical prowess might injure the self-esteem of those differently-abled. He kidnapped and unjustly restrained the innocent animal with the intention of returning it to the person who claimed to 'own' the naturally free animal.''
{{See also|Politicization of science}}
Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about ], ], ], ], ] and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term ''political correctness'' to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics.<ref name=Bethell>{{Cite book |last=Bethell |first=Tom |title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science |publisher=] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0895260314 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicallyincor00beth_0 }}</ref>


==See also==
The above text admixes the most radical versions of several movements or theories. In fact, almost any ''politically correct'' speaker would most likely be perfectly satisfied with "The fire''fighter'' put a ladder against the tree, climbed it, and rescued the cat." However, the term firefighter is preferred to fireman for reasons other than political correctness. A firefighter puts out fires; a fireman can just as well mean a stoker, who tends the furnace in a ].
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wiktionary-inline|political correctness|patriotic correctness|politically incorrect|politically correct}}
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{{Portal|Language|Politics}}
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* {{Annotated link |Agenda-setting theory}}
* {{Annotated link |Anti-bias curriculum}}
* {{Annotated link |Binnen-I |{{lang|de | Binnen-I |nocat=yes}}}}
* {{Annotated link |Campaign Against Political Correctness}}
* {{Annotated link |Cancel culture}}
* {{Annotated link |Christmas controversies}}
* {{Annotated link |Common sense}}
* {{Annotated link |Conventional wisdom}}
* {{Annotated link |Cultural Bolshevism}}
* {{Annotated link |Cultural Marxism}}
* {{Annotated link |Distancing language}}
* {{Annotated link |Framing (social sciences)}}
* {{Annotated link |Groupthink}}
* {{Annotated link |Gutmensch |{{lang|de | Gutmensch |nocat=yes}}}}
* {{Annotated link | Kotobagari |{{lang|ja | Kotobagari |nocat=yes}}}}
* {{Annotated link |Linguistic relativity}}
* {{Annotated link |Logocracy}}
* {{Annotated link |Microaggression}}
* {{Annotated link |Newspeak}}
* {{Annotated link |Pensée unique |{{lang|fr | Pensée unique |nocat=yes}}}}
* {{Annotated link |People-first language}}
* '']''{{snd}} 1946 essay by ]
* {{Annotated link |Red-baiting}}
* {{Annotated link |Reverse discrimination}}
* {{Annotated link |Self-censorship}}
* {{Annotated link |Snowflake (slang)}}
* {{Annotated link |Social justice warrior}}
* {{Annotated link |Speech code}}
* {{Annotated link |Sprachregelung |{{lang|de | Sprachregelung |nocat=yes}}}}
* ] – Meaning either to conform to a rule or standard, or to stand in formation along a line
* {{Annotated link |Trigger warnings}}
* {{Annotated link |Truthiness}}
* {{Annotated link |Woke}}
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==Notes==
A more brief, lighthearted satire of our ''PC culture'' is provided in by . The article mocks some of the extremes which Political Correctness has reached.
{{Notelist}}


==References==
:"''So the Political Correctness Army are recommending the only logical step we can take, calling for us to have our native language officially changed to French. The proposal will be voted on in parliament next month.''"
{{Reflist}}

==Examples==
*''Invalid'' (a long obsolete term) became ''disabled'', then became ''handicapped'', then became ''disabled'' again, then became ''people with disabilities'' (the emphasis being on "people"), then became ''differently abled'', then became ''physically challenged'' (the current term).

*In the ] over the course of one hundred years, ''blacks'' became ''Negroes'', then became ''blacks'' again, then became ''Afro-Americans'', then became '']'' (the current term).

*'']'', a word that has long been viewed as pejorative by the people it refers to, has been increasingly been replaced by more specific terms (for example, '']'', '']'', and '']'').

*''Chairman'' was replaced by ''chair'', ''chairperson'' (or ''president'' or some other terms).

*''The elderly'' became ''senior citizens''. ''Old person'' became ''older person''.

*''Indians'' became '']'' or ''Indigenous People'' in the United States. ''American Indian'' and ''Amerindian'' are also gaining popularity. Similarly, they became known in Canada as '']'' or ''aboriginal peoples.''

*Any reference to the area that consists of ], ], ], and ] as "]", and Taiwan should be referred to as "places", thus avoid taking a position on the ].

*''Fat person'' becomes ''large'' or ''larger person'', or ''person of size''.

*''People do not live on bread alone'' (Matthew 4:4) (1996)

==Quotes==

*Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas? - ]

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (a similar concept in the ])
* ]
* ]
* ]; see ] for a Spanish-language example.
* '']''
* ]
* ]

==Sources==
*


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* ] (2003). ''You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws''. ], 180 pages. {{ISBN|1930865538}}.
* D'Souza, Dinesh, 1991. ''Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus.'' New York: Macmillan, Inc./The Free Press.
* ] (1992). ''Free Speech for Me – But Not for Thee''. ]. {{ISBN|006019006X}}.
* Berman, Paul. (ed.). 1992. Debating P.C.: The Controversy Over Political Correctness on College Campuses. New York, New York: Dell Publishing.
* ] (1998). '']''. ], revised edition. {{ISBN|0393318540}}.
* Henry Beard and Christopher Cerf, ''The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and Handbook'', Harper Collins, 1992, paperback 176 pages, ISBN 0586217266
* Debra L. Schultz (1993). ''To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness" Debates in Higher Education''. New York: National Council for Research on Women. {{ISBN|978-1880547137}}.
* ], ''The Politically Correct Phrasebook: what they say you can and cannot say in the 1990's'', Bloomsbury, 1993, 192 pages, ISBN 0747514267
* John Wilson (1995). ''The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education''. Durham, North Carolina: ]. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-1713-5}}.
* Diane Ravitch, ''The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn'', Knopf, 2003, hardcover, 255 pages, ISBN 03754148271
===Skeptical of conservative claims about "political correctness"===
* Ellen Messer-Davidow. 1993. "Manufacturing the Attack on Liberalized Higher Education." ''Social Text'', Fall, pp. 40–80.
* Ellen Messer-Davidow. 1994. "Who (Ac)Counts and How." ''MMLA'' (The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association), vol. 27, no. 1, Spring, pp. 26–41.
* Scatamburlo, Valerie L. 1998. ''Soldiers of Misfortune: The New Right's Culture War and the Politics of Political Correctness.'' Counterpoints series, Vol. 25. New York: Peter Lang.
* Debra L. Schultz. 1993. ''To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness" Debates in Higher Education.'' New York: National Council for Research on Women.
* P. Lauter. 1995. "'Political correctness' and the attack on American colleges." In M. Bérubé & C. Nelson, ''Higher education under fire: Politics, economics, and the crisis in the humanities''. New York, NY: Routledge.


{{Discrimination}}
==External links==
{{Authority control}}
* - critical satire.
* - documents alleged ongoing censorship of politically incorrect speech or expression in the United States.
*
*
*
* - Lecture by ]
* - ] with the collaboration of ]
* - ]


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Latest revision as of 17:20, 13 January 2025

Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage "Politically correct" and "Politically incorrect" redirect here. For other uses, see Politically Correct (disambiguation) and Politically Incorrect (disambiguation).

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"Political correctness" (adjectivally "politically correct"; commonly abbreviated to P.C.) is a term used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. Since the late 1980s, the term has been used to describe a preference for inclusive language and avoidance of language or behavior that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting to groups of people disadvantaged or discriminated against, particularly groups defined by ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. In public discourse and the media, the term is generally used as a pejorative with an implication that these policies are excessive or unwarranted.

The phrase politically correct first appeared in the 1930s, when it was used to describe dogmatic adherence to ideology in totalitarian regimes, such as Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. Early usage of the term politically correct by leftists in the 1970s and 1980s was as self-critical satire; usage was ironic, rather than a name for a serious political movement. It was considered an in-joke among leftists used to satirise those who were too rigid in their adherence to political orthodoxy. The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th century, with many describing it as a form of censorship.

Commentators on the political left in the United States contend that conservatives use the concept of political correctness to downplay and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against disadvantaged groups. They also argue that the political right enforces its own forms of political correctness to suppress criticism of its favored constituencies and ideologies. In the United States, the term has played a major role in the culture war between liberals and conservatives.

History

Early-to-mid 20th century

Main article: Party line (politics)

In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase politically correct was used to describe strict adherence to a range of ideological orthodoxies within politics. In 1934, The New York Times reported that Nazi Germany was granting reporting permits "only to pure 'Aryans' whose opinions are politically correct".

The term political correctness first appeared in Marxist–Leninist vocabulary following the Russian Revolution of 1917. At that time, it was used to describe strict adherence to the policies and principles of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, that is, the party line. Later in the United States, the phrase came to be associated with accusations of dogmatism in debates between communists and socialists. According to American educator Herbert Kohl, writing about debates in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

The term "politically correct" was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty to the CP line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against Communists, and was meant to separate out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral ideas from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and defend party positions regardless of their moral substance.

— "Uncommon Differences", The Lion and the Unicorn

1970s

Main article: New Left

In the 1970s, the American New Left began using the term politically correct. In the essay The Black Woman: An Anthology (1970), Toni Cade Bambara said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a chauvinist, too". William Safire records this as the first use in the typical modern sense. The term political correctness was believed to have been revived by the New Left through familiarity in the West with Mao's Little Red Book, in which Mao stressed holding to the correct party line. The term rapidly began to be used by the New Left in an ironic or self-deprecating sense.

Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical satire. Debra L. Shultz said that "throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives... used their term 'politically correct' ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts". PC is used in the comic book Merton of the Movement, by Bobby London, which was followed by the term ideologically sound, in the comic strips of Bart Dickon. In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) Ellen Willis said, "In the early eighties, when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer sarcastically to the anti-pornography movement's efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'."

Stuart Hall suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one:

According to one version, political correctness actually began as an in-joke on the left: radical students on American campuses acting out an ironic replay of the Bad Old Days BS (Before the Sixties) when every revolutionary groupuscule had a party line about everything. They would address some glaring examples of sexist or racist behaviour by their fellow students in imitation of the tone of voice of the Red Guards or Cultural Revolution Commissar: "Not very 'politically correct', Comrade!"

1980s and 1990s

Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind, a book first published in 1987, heralded a debate about "political correctness" in American higher education in the 1980s and 1990s. Professor of English literary and cultural studies at CMU Jeffrey J. Williams wrote that the "assault on ... political correctness that simmered through the Reagan years, gained bestsellerdom with Bloom's Closing of the American Mind". According to Z.F. Gamson, Bloom's book "attacked the faculty for 'political correctness'". Prof. of Social Work at CSU Tony Platt says the "campaign against 'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987.

An October 1990 New York Times article by Richard Bernstein is credited with popularizing the term. At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities." Nexis citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal only seventy total citations in articles to "political correctness" for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1,532 citations, with a steady increase to more than 7,000 citations by 1994. In May 1991, The New York Times had a follow-up article, according to which the term was increasingly being used in a wider public arena:

What has come to be called "political correctness", a term that began to gain currency at the start of the academic year last fall, has spread in recent months and has become the focus of an angry national debate, mainly on campuses, but also in the larger arenas of American life.

— Robert D. McFadden, "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?", 1991

The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and political challenges against progressive teaching methods and curriculum changes in the secondary schools and universities of the U.S. Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct". In May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S. President George H. W. Bush used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics off-limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits."

After 1991, its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US. It became a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in cultural and political debates extending beyond academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in Forbes and Newsweek both used the term "thought police" in their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (1991) which "captured the press's imagination". These trends were at least in part a response to multiculturalism and the rise of identity politics, with movements such as feminism, gay rights movements and ethnic minority movements. That response received funding from conservative foundations and think tanks such as the John M. Olin Foundation, which funded several books such as D'Souza's.

Herbert Kohl, in 1992, commented that a number of neoconservatives who promoted the use of the term "politically correct" in the early 1990s were former Communist Party members, and, as a result, familiar with the Marxist use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian democratic ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox, and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic".

During the 1990s, conservative and right-wing politicians, think tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies, especially in the context of the culture wars about language and the content of public-school curricula. Roger Kimball, in Tenured Radicals, endorsed Frederick Crews's view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined by Kimball as "any of a wide variety of anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism, deconstruction, and Lacanian analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of criticism".

Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in an effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination, such as racial, social class, gender, and legal inequality, against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the social mainstream. Jan Narveson wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it suggests that the operative considerations in the area so called are merely political, steamrolling the genuine reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting...". Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist, Polly Toynbee, said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user", and in 2010 she wrote "the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say Paki, spastic, or queer". Another British journalist, Will Hutton, wrote in 2001:

Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid–1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism.... What the sharpest thinkers on the American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism – by levelling the charge of "political correctness" against its exponents – they could discredit the whole political project.

— Will Hutton, "Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett", 2001

Glenn Loury wrote in 1994 that to address the subject of "political correctness" when power and authority within the academic community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of one's arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies". Combatants from the left and the right will try to assess whether a writer is "for them" or "against them". Geoffrey Hughes suggested that debate over political correctness concerns whether changing language actually solves political and social problems, with critics viewing it less about solving problems than imposing censorship, intellectual intimidation and demonstrating the moral purity of those who practice it. Hughes also argues that political correctness tends to be pushed by a minority rather than an organic form of language change.

Right-wing political correctness

"Political correctness" is a label typically used to describe liberal or left-wing terms and actions but rarely used for analogous attempts to mold language and behavior on the right. Alex Nowrasteh of the Cato Institute referred to the right's own version of political correctness as "patriotic correctness".

Usage

The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in The New York Times and other media throughout the 1990s, and was widely used in the debate surrounding Allan Bloom's 1987 book The Closing of the American Mind. The term gained further currency in response to Roger Kimball's Tenured Radicals (1990), and conservative author Dinesh D'Souza's 1991 book Illiberal Education. Supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the "language police".

Education

Modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived liberal bias in academia and education, and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack.

Preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large U.S. public university generally felt instructors were open-minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints; nonetheless, most students worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions, with "nxieties about expressing political views and self-censorship ... more prevalent among students who identify as conservative".

As a conspiracy theory

Main article: Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory

Some conservative commentators in the West argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining Judeo-Christian values. This theory, which holds that political correctness originates from the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call "Cultural Marxism". The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a Lyndon LaRouche movement journal. In 2001, conservative commentator Patrick Buchanan wrote in The Death of the West that "political correctness is cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".

Media

See also: Media bias

In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain the usage has been confined mainly to the popular press. Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media. William McGowan argues that journalists get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups. Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.

Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label. According to author John Wilson, left-wing forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for unrelated censorship, with Time citing campaigns against violence on network television in the US as contributing to a "mainstream culture has become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful eye of the p.c. police", protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized by right-wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on television.

Inclusive language

Main article: Inclusive language

Inclusive or Equity Language is a language style that avoids expressions that its proponents perceive as expressing or implying ideas that are sexist, racist, or otherwise biased, prejudiced, or insulting to any particular group of people; and instead uses language intended to avoid offense and fulfill the ideals of egalitarianism. This language style is sometimes referred to as a type of "political correctness", either as a neutral description or with negative connotations by its opponents. At least some supporters deny an association between the two ("Political correctness is focused on not offending whereas inclusive language is focused on honoring people's identities.").

Satirical use

Political correctness is often satirized, for example in The PC Manifesto (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X, and Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994) by James Finn Garner, which presents fairy tales re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film PCU took a look at political correctness on a college campus. Other examples include the television program Politically Incorrect, George Carlin's "Euphemisms" routine, and The Politically Correct Scrapbook. The popularity of the South Park cartoon program led to the creation of the term "South Park Republican" by Andrew Sullivan, and later the book South Park Conservatives by Brian C. Anderson. In its Season 19 (2015), South Park introduced the character PC Principal, who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness.

The Colbert Report's host Stephen Colbert often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".

Science

See also: Politicization of science

Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about evolution, second-hand tobacco smoke, AIDS, global warming, race and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term political correctness to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics.

See also

[REDACTED] Media related to Political correctness at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of patriotic correctness at Wiktionary [REDACTED] Quotations related to Political correctness at Wikiquote

Notes

References

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