Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 20:17, 14 March 2021

Khanate of Kalatخانات ءِ قلات
1512–14 October 1955
Flag
Kalat State (in yellow) from the Imperial Gazetteer of India
Capital	Kalat
Common languages	Persian (administration)
Government	Monarchy
History
• Established	1512
• Disestablished	14 October 1955
Area
91,909 km (35,486 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Mughal Empire West Pakistan
Today part of	Balochistan, Pakistan

This article is part of the series
Former administrative units of Pakistan
Original provinces Baluchistan East Bengal Federal Capital Territory Federally Administered Tribal Areas North-West Frontier Province Sind West Punjab
Princely states Amb Bahawalpur Chitral Dir Hunza Kalat Khairpur Kharan Las Bela Makran Nagar Phulra Swat
One-unit provinces East Pakistan West Pakistan
Other subdivisions Gilgit Agency Trans-Karakoram Tract
v t e

The Khanate of Kalat (Template:Lang-bal) was a Baloch Khanate, that existed from 1666 to 1955 in the centre of the modern-day province of Balochistan, Pakistan. Prior to that they were subjects of Mughal emperor Akbar. Ahmedzai Khan ruled the state independently until 1839, when it became a self-governing state in a subsidiary alliance with British India. After the signature of the Treaty of Mastung by the Khan of Kalat and the Baloch Sardars in 1876, Kalat became part of the Baluchistan Agency. It was briefly independent from 12 August 1947 until 27 March 1948, when the Khan acceded his state to the new Dominion of Pakistan. It remained a princely state of Pakistan until 1955, when it was incorporated into the country. The khanate, a political centralization of the Baloch people, failed to survive through the colonial era and did not lead to standardization of the Baloch language.

The Khans of Kalat had no imperial interests and was an economically poor country, but it was quite formidable. Back in the XII century, Minhaj-i-Siraj speaks of the area in the eastern part of Seistan, which bore the name (Gumbaz - i Baluch) Dome of the Baluch, this dome was the border of the Kalat-emirs (Tabakat - and Nasiri). It is a scientific and historical fact that the Baluch kingdom has a very deep history, for example, the Indo-Parthian kingdom was founded here before the Christian era, and the Baluchis, according to researchers, are their descendants. According to Tarikh-i Harat and Tarikh-i Sistan, a major uprising of the Baloch tribes took place in the very south of Afghanistan, which was destroyed by the Caliph Al-Mahdi Abbasid himself. The Kalat Khanate has a very glorious history, for example, Samandar Khan was summoned to Multan Mughals and Kerman by the Safavids, the Mughal prince paid tribute to Samandar Khan, Safavid Beglar Begi presented Samandar Khan with a Robe of gold, and paid tribute.

Geography

The Khanate of Kalat occupied the central part of the territory of modern-day Balochistan province in Pakistan. To the north was Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province).

The principal mountains are the Central Baloch, Kirthar, Pab, Siahan, Central Makran and Makran Coast Ranges, which descend in elevation from about 10,000 to 1,200 feet (370 m). The drainage of the country is almost all carried off to the south by the Nari, Mula, Hab, Porali, Hingol and Dasht rivers. The only large river draining northwards is the Rakhshan. The coast line includes Gawadar, Pasni, Sonmiani and Geewani, modern-day Pakistani Balochistan.

Subdivisions

• Jhalawan, an ethnic Brahui subdivision, headed by the chief nawab of the Zarakzai tribe, called chief of Jhalawan
• Kacchi, an ethnic Sindhi subdivision, in which various tribes had their own tribal lands under the Khan of Kalat
• Sarawan, an ethnic Baloch subdivision, headed by chief nawab of Raisani tribe, called chief of Sarawan

Princely states under British Raj

• Makran, a Baloch state led by the Chief Nawab of Gichki Tribe, called Nawab of Makran
• Las Bela, ruled by a hereditary Jam Sahib. The Aliani took the title of Jam, the local equivalent of "King" or "Sultan".
• Kharan, a Baloch state led by the Chief Nawab of Nausherwani tribe, called Nawab of Kharan
• Enclave of Gwadar, a Makrani coastal state consisting of Baloch people headed by an appointed Baloch governor under the direct rule of Korai Chiefs (descendant of Murad Khan Korai).

History

In the wake of Arab conquest toward the beginning of 8th century A.D. Kurdghalnamak - a recent discovered book written by Akhund Muhammad Saleh in the17th century A.D in Kalat -mentions that Baloch tribes came and settled in this area in the 853 B.C. In the 12th and 13th centuries Tarikh-i-Masumi records the presence of Balochis during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq(1326–27). According to Ta'rikh-i Ihya' al-muluk, at the end of the 16th century the Kelat region (former Turan) was under the control of the Safavids, but at the beginning of the 17th century the Baluch tribe of Lashari stood up against the Sistan Khan and the Kermanian Beglar-Begi, and took control of Turan and Makran, until the Kelat Khanate appeared. The Khanate of Kalat was founded in 1666 by Mir Ahmad Khan. Soon after, a Mughal force fled Kandahar and occupied Quetta, Mastung, and Mangocher. In 1667, this force was decisively defeated in the Quetta valley and the khanate managed to regain the occupied districts along with Chagai. The Khanate reached at its peak during the period of Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan, in 1758, who unified Kalat region under his flag. The territories controlled by the state fluctuated over the centuries but eventually were established by treaties with the British Agent Robert Sandeman in the late 19th century. Parts of the state to the north and northeast were leased or ceded to form the province of British Baluchistan which later gained the status of a Chief Commissioners province.

From 12 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. The Baluchistan States Union was formed on 3 October 1952 with three neighbouring states. The Khanate of Kalat ceased to exist on 14 October 1955 when the province of West Pakistan was formed.

The Khanate of Kalat had a flag green over red. In the center occupying the red part and a little part of the green, a large white crescent pointed upwards and a white star (the star exactly in the center of the two stripes). Within the star and crescent an Islamic inscription. On the star is the Takbir ("God is the greatest") and on the crescent moon is the Shahada ("There is no god but God and Muhammad is His messenger"). All of this is placed on the horizontal bicolor of green over red. These are colors to which Muslim Baluch assign great significance.

Rulers of Kalat

The rulers of Kalat held the title of Wali originally but in 1739 also took the title (Begler Begi) Khan usually shortened to Khan. The last Khan of Kalat (Template:Lang-bal) had the privilege of being the President of the Council of Rulers for the Baluchistan States Union. They also had the title of beylerbey.

See also

• Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)
• Makran (princely state)
• Las Bela (princely state)
• Kharan (princely state)
• Kalat State National Party
• List of Indian Princely States

References

1. Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 978-9004201453. The medium of administration in this state, which became known as the Khanate of Kalat, was Persian, as was customary down to the 19th century throughout south and central Asia and beyond (see Spooner, this volume).
2. Treaty of Kalat between Balochistan and Afghanistan in 1758
3. ^ "Baluchistan" Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. 6, p. 277, from the Digital South Asia Library, accessed 15 January 2009
4. http://thebaluch.com/documents/Nasir%20Khan%20Noori.pdf
5. Axmann, Martin (2 August 2012). Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baluch Nationalism, 1915-1955. The study portrays the decline and disintegration of the Baluch khanate of Kalat during the last decades of British rule and investigates the genesis of Baluch nationalism during the first half of the XX century.: OUP Pakistan. ISBN 978-0-19-906592-9.
6. "Treaty of Kalat between Balochistan and Afghanistan in 1758" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
7. "Balochistan Archives - Records of the Agent to the Governor General in Balochistan". Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
8. Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 978-9004201453. Although a Baloch state was established at Kalat (located now in Pakistan) in 1638 (cf. Spooner 1984, 1989), under a dynastic Khan, this political centralization did not survive through the colonial period and did not lead to standardization of the language.
9. Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām. Gilbert & Rivington.
10. Crone, Patricia (28 June 2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-51076-9.
11. IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1987.
12. Middle East: Journal of Area Study Centre. Area Study Centre for Middle East & Arab Countries, University of Baluchistan. 1995.
13. "Восточная Литература - библиотека текстов Средневековья". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
14. ^ Naseer Dashti (8 October 2012). The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State. Trafford Publishing. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-4669-5897-5. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
15. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-kalat.html
16. Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements, Routledge, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-415-68614-3

Further reading

• Axmann, Martin (2019). "Kalāt, khānate of". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
• Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-68614-3

External links

• Swidler, N. (1972) "The Development of the Kalat Khanate" Journal of Asian and African Studies 7: pp. 115–21
• Swidler, N. (1992). Kalat: The Political Economy of a Tribal Chiefdom. American Ethnologist, 19(3), 553-570
• Kalat District - Planning and Development Department of Balochistan Government
• Genealogy of the Khans of Kalat

29°01′33″N 66°35′24″E / 29.02583°N 66.59000°E / 29.02583; 66.59000

• Khanate of Kalat
• States and territories disestablished in 1955
• 1666 establishments in Asia
• Former subdivisions of Pakistan