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{{Infobox monarch
⚫ '''Azkajwar II''' (died 712) was the ruler of the ] of ] from an unknown date to 712. He was the son and successor of ]. Azkajwar II is agreed by most scholars to be the same person as king '''Jigan''' or '''Chigan'''.<ref name="MarshakO">Marshak (1994), pp. 235-236</ref> In most medieval sources, he is simply called the ''Khwarazmshah'' (king of Khwarazm).
⚫ | name = Azkajwar II
| title = Ruler of ]
| image = A122 Khwarezm Azkatswar 1ar85 (8949439569).jpg
| image_size =
⚫ | alt =
| caption = Coin of Azkajwar II
| succession =
⚫ | reign = Late 7th century — 712
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name =
| house =
| dynasty = ]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 712
| death_place = ]
| religion = ]
⚫ }}
⚫ '''Azkajwar II''' (died 712) was the ruler of the ] of ] from an unknown date to 712. He was the son and successor of ]. Azkajwar II is agreed by most scholars to be the same person as king '''Jigan''' or '''Chigan'''.<ref name=MarshakO>Marshak (1994), pp. 235-236</ref> In most medieval sources, he is simply called ''Khwarazmshah'' (king of Khwarazm).


== Biography == ==Biography==
], ] and ]]] ], ] and ]]]
Azkajwar is first mentioned in the mid-690s, when his kingdom was invaded by ], who was the ] governor of ]. Azkajwar's capital, ], was shortly captured Umayya, who forced Azkajwar to recognize Abbasid suzerainty. However, after Umayya left Khwarazm, Azkajwar declared independence from the Abbasid Caliphate. During the early 700s, ], the new Abbasid governor of Khurasan, invaded Khwarazm but was eventually repulsed by the forces of Azkajwar.<ref>Nerazik & Bulgakov (1996), pp. 228–229</ref> Azkajwar is first mentioned in the mid-690s, when his kingdom was invaded by ], who was the ] governor of ]. Azkajwar's capital, ], was shortly captured Umayya, who forced Azkajwar to recognize Abbasid suzerainty. However, after Umayya left Khwarazm, Azkajwar declared independence from the Abbasid Caliphate. During the early 700s, ], the new Abbasid governor of Khurasan, invaded Khwarazm but was eventually repulsed by the forces of Azkajwar.<ref>Nerazik & Bulgakov (1996), pp. 228–229</ref>


Azkajwar is later mentioned in 712, when he was faced by a rebellion of his younger brother ], and had tensions with his rival, the king of Khamjird. Unable to solve his problems, he secretly sent envoys to the new Abbasid governor of Khwarazm, ],<ref name="CentralAsia458">Litvinsky, Jalilov & Kolesnikov (1996), p. 458</ref><ref>Gibb (1923), p. 42</ref><ref name="Wellhausen436">Wellhausen (1927), p. 436</ref> who was at that time in ].<ref name="MarshakV">Marshak (1994), p. 234</ref> Azkajwar and Qutayba shortly made an agreement that Azkajwar would recognize Abbasid authority in return for military aid against his brother. Qutayba shortly sent an army under his brother Abd al-Rahman to ], where he defeated and killed the king of Khamjird, and captured 4,000 of his soldiers, who were shortly executed. Meanwhile, Qutayba defeated the supporters of Khurrazadh and captured the latter, who was given to Azkajwar who shortly had him executed.<ref>Nerazik & Bulgakov (1996), pp. 229–230</ref><ref>Gibb (1923), pp. 42–43</ref> However, a anti-Abbasid rebellion shortly broke out in Khwarazm, which resulted in the overthrow and death of Askajwar, and the coronation of a Afrighid prince named ] as the king of Khwarazm. However, Khusrau was shortly defeated and killed by the Abbasids, who made Azkajwar's son ] the new ruler of Khwarazm. Azkajwar is later mentioned in 712, when he was faced by a rebellion of his younger brother ], and had tensions with his rival, the king of Khamjird. Unable to solve his problems, he secretly sent envoys to the new Abbasid governor of Khwarazm, ],<ref name=CAsia458>Litvinsky, Jalilov & Kolesnikov (1996), p. 458</ref><ref>Gibb (1923), p. 42</ref><ref name=Wellhausen436>Wellhausen (1927), p. 436</ref> who was at that time in ].<ref name=MarshakV>Marshak (1994), p. 234</ref> Azkajwar and Qutayba shortly made an agreement that Azkajwar would recognize Abbasid authority in return for military aid against his brother. Qutayba shortly sent an army under his brother Abd al-Rahman to ], where he defeated and killed the king of Khamjird, and captured 4,000 of his soldiers, who were shortly executed. Meanwhile, Qutayba defeated the supporters of Khurrazadh and captured the latter, who was given to Azkajwar who shortly had him executed.<ref>Nerazik & Bulgakov (1996), pp. 229–230</ref><ref>Gibb (1923), pp. 42–43</ref>


However, an anti-Abbasid rebellion shortly broke out in Khwarazm, which resulted in the overthrow and death of Askajwar, and the coronation of an Afrighid prince named ] as the king of Khwarazm. However, Khusrau was shortly defeated and killed by the Abbasids, who made Azkajwar's son ] the new ruler of Khwarazm.
==Notes==
⚫ {{reflist|2}}


==References== ==References==
⚫ {{reflist|2}}
* {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 | year = 1996 | publisher = UNESCO | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = B. A. Litvinsky | first = Ahmad Hasan Dani | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–569 | isbn = 9789231032110 | url = http://books.google.dk/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&dq=Divashtich&hl=da&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | chapter = Khwarizm | first1 = E. E. | last1 = Nerazik | first2 = P. G. | last2 = Bulgakov | pages = 207–231 | editor-first = B. A. | editor-last = Litvinsky | title = History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 | location = Paris | publisher = UNESCO Publishing | year = 1996 | isbn = 92-3-103211-9 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
==Sources==
⚫ * {{cite book | title = The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall | first = Julius | last = Wellhausen | authorlink = Julius Wellhausen | publisher = University of Calcutta | location = Calcutta | year = 1927 | url = http://www.archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp | oclc = 752790641}}
* {{cite book | title = The Arab Conquests in Central Asia | first = H. A. R. | last = Gibb | authorlink = H.A.R. Gibb | publisher = The Royal Asiatic Society | location = London | year= 1923 | url=http://www.archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft | oclc = 685253133}} * {{cite book |last= Gibb |first= H. A. R. |author-link= H. A. R. Gibb |title= The Arab Conquests in Central Asia |year= 1923 |publisher=] |location= London |oclc= 685253133 |url= https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft}}
* {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 | year = 1996 | publisher = UNESCO | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = B. A. Litvinsky | first = Ahmad Hasan Dani | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–569 | isbn = 9789231032110 | url = http://books.google.dk/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&dq=Divashtich&hl=da&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1= Nerazik |first1= E. E. |last2= Bulgakov |first2= P. G. |title= Khwarizm |pages= 207-231 |editor-last= Litvinsky |editor-first= B. A. |work= History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume= Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |publisher= UNESCO Publishing |location= Paris |series= History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3 |year= 1996 |isbn= 978-92-3-103211-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA207 |access-date=9 May 2021}}
⚫ * {{cite book |last= Wellhausen |first= Julius |author-link= Julius Wellhausen |title= The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall |publisher= University of Calcutta |location= Calcutta |year= 1927 |oclc= 752790641 |url= https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ĀL-E AFRĪḠ | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-afrig-afrighid-dynasty-the-name-given-by-the-khwarazmian-scholar-abu-rayhan-biruni-to-the-dynasty-of-rulers-in | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7 | pages = 743–745 | location = | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1984 | isbn = |ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last= Bosworth |first= C. Edmund |author-link= Clifford Edmund Bosworth |article= ĀL-E AFRĪḠ |pages= 743–745 |encyclopedia=], Vol. I, Fasc. 7 |year= 1984 |chapter-url= https://iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-afrig |access-date= 9 May 2021}}


{{S-start}} {{S-start}}
{{S-bef | before=]}} {{S-bef | before=]}}
{{S-ttl | title=Ruler of ]| years=7th-century&ndash;712}} {{S-ttl | title=Ruler of ]| years=Late 7th-century&ndash;712}}
{{S-aft | after=]}} {{S-aft | after=]}}
{{s-end}} {{s-end}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
⚫ | NAME = Azkajwar II
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Azkajavar
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Afrighid ruler
⚫ | DATE OF BIRTH = 7th-century
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Khwarezm
⚫ | DATE OF DEATH = 712
| PLACE OF DEATH = Khwarezm
⚫ }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azkajwar II}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Azkajwar II}}
] ]

Revision as of 06:30, 9 May 2021

Ruler of Khwarazm
Azkajwar II
Ruler of Khwarazm
Coin of Azkajwar II
ReignLate 7th century — 712
PredecessorSabri
SuccessorKhusrau
Died712
Khwarazm
DynastyAfrighid dynasty
ReligionZoroastrianism

Azkajwar II (died 712) was the ruler of the Afrighid dynasty of Khwarezm from an unknown date to 712. He was the son and successor of Sabri. Azkajwar II is agreed by most scholars to be the same person as king Jigan or Chigan. In most medieval sources, he is simply called Khwarazmshah (king of Khwarazm).

Biography

Map of Khorasan, Transoxiana and Tokharistan

Azkajwar is first mentioned in the mid-690s, when his kingdom was invaded by Umayya ibn Abdallah, who was the Abbasid governor of Khurasan. Azkajwar's capital, Kath, was shortly captured Umayya, who forced Azkajwar to recognize Abbasid suzerainty. However, after Umayya left Khwarazm, Azkajwar declared independence from the Abbasid Caliphate. During the early 700s, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, the new Abbasid governor of Khurasan, invaded Khwarazm but was eventually repulsed by the forces of Azkajwar.

Azkajwar is later mentioned in 712, when he was faced by a rebellion of his younger brother Khurrazadh, and had tensions with his rival, the king of Khamjird. Unable to solve his problems, he secretly sent envoys to the new Abbasid governor of Khwarazm, Qutayba ibn Muslim, who was at that time in Merv. Azkajwar and Qutayba shortly made an agreement that Azkajwar would recognize Abbasid authority in return for military aid against his brother. Qutayba shortly sent an army under his brother Abd al-Rahman to Hazarasp, where he defeated and killed the king of Khamjird, and captured 4,000 of his soldiers, who were shortly executed. Meanwhile, Qutayba defeated the supporters of Khurrazadh and captured the latter, who was given to Azkajwar who shortly had him executed.

However, an anti-Abbasid rebellion shortly broke out in Khwarazm, which resulted in the overthrow and death of Askajwar, and the coronation of an Afrighid prince named Khusrau as the king of Khwarazm. However, Khusrau was shortly defeated and killed by the Abbasids, who made Azkajwar's son Askajamuk II the new ruler of Khwarazm.

References

  1. Marshak (1994), pp. 235-236
  2. Nerazik & Bulgakov (1996), pp. 228–229
  3. Litvinsky, Jalilov & Kolesnikov (1996), p. 458
  4. Gibb (1923), p. 42
  5. Wellhausen (1927), p. 436
  6. Marshak (1994), p. 234
  7. Nerazik & Bulgakov (1996), pp. 229–230
  8. Gibb (1923), pp. 42–43

Sources

Further reading

Preceded bySabri Ruler of Khwarazm
Late 7th-century–712 		Succeeded byKhusrau
Categories: