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Dhulbahante
البهانتة

Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali and Arabic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Majeerteen, Dishiishe, Warsangeli and other Harti and Darod groups

The Dhulbahante (Template:Lang-so, Template:Lang-ar) is a Somali clan family, part of the Harti clan which itself belongs to the largest Somali clan-family — the Darod. In Somaliland, the Dhulbahante primarily settle in the regions of Sool, Sanaag, and Togdheer whilst they have a significant presences in Jubbaland, Somalia, particularly in the city of Kismayo. In Ethiopia, they settle in the Dollo Zone specifically in the woredas of Boh, Danot and Werder.

The clan is known for its armed resistance against the British Empire and the historic role it assumed in support of the Dervish Movement which waged a bloody war against colonial powers from 1899 to 1920. Due to this legacy, the name Darawiish (Dervishes) has almost become synonymous with this clan's name.

The clan is divided into two major sub-clans: Mohamoud Garad and Farah Garad. The other sub-clans amalgamate in a political and social clan confederation referred to as Baho Nugaaled.

Overview

The extended formal name of Dhulbahante, the clan's forefather was Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti. According to Somali tradition, his mother hailed from the Isaaq sub-clan of Arap. This maternal connection has enticed a mutual affinity between the two clans.

The primary homeland of the clan straddles the Haud region and the Nugaal Valley, hence segments of the clan who settle in either plateau are colloquially referred to as the Reer Hawd and Reer Nugaaled. Currently, the clan has 13 active Garads. The most senior Garaad of these traditional leaders is Garad Jama Garad Ali who succeeded his uncle Garad Abdiqani Garad Jama. The use of the traditional hereditary title of Garad (which is most widespread among the Dhulbahante), was first inaugurated by the great ancestor Garad Shirshore who previously served as a Ugaas.

The clan boasts a heroic history of anti-colonial resistance. In a bloody war against the British Empire the Dhulbahante propelled the Dervish movement to defeat the empire in a series of military expeditions. The rebellion caused the death of one-third (or 200,000) of the population of the Somaliland protectorate, most severely effecting the Dhulbahante clan with whom there was no treaty of protection. To honor the Dervish freedom fighters, the name Daraawiish is now given to almost all regional paramilitaries in Somalia.

During Mohamed Siad Barre's regime, the clan was part of an alliance of Darod clans that was presumed to dominate state authority in Somalia. The acronym MOD was used to refer to the alliance which was composed of the Marehan, Ogaden and Dhulbahante.

In early 1993, the Dhulbahante held a conference in Boocame while Somaliland's second national conference was underway in Borama. The result of the conference was the establishment of a 33 member council (Khusuusi) which would administer the Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn regions in the absence of a central government in Somalia.

Puntland and Somaliland

In 1998, the Dhulbahante established the State of Puntland with other Harti clans due to common kinship. Hence, based on this ethnic composition and clan ties to Puntland, voters in Sanaag and especially Sool were decidedly less supportive of Somaliland’s 2001 referendum on the constitution and independence. Although the Dhulbahante community was split over the 2007 conflict, with some aligning with Somaliland and its troops in the area of Las Anod, in the Bo'ame Declaration of 2007 all Dhulbahante clan chiefs rejected Somaliland's secessionist agenda and demanded the withdrawal of its militia from the clans traditional territory.

In aftermath of the occupation of Las Anod in 2007, the clan became disillusioned with Puntland, consequently a new unionist movement which aimed to remove Somaliland from Dhulbahante territories emerged. The movement was called the Unity and Salvation Authority of the SSC Regions of Somalia (Template:Lang-so)), and it was spearheaded by Saleban Essa Ahmed and founded in 2009. The most important traditional leaders who lent their support to the SSC Movement were Garad Jama Garad Ali, Garad Jama Garad Ismail, and Garad Ali Burale Hassan.

In the Kalshale Conflict, Somaliland forces and SSC militia clashed in the Ayn region in 2011, whilst more clashes were reported to have occurred in 2012. In 2012, the SSC movement was replaced by Khatumo State after the Khaatumo II conference held at Taleh. The Conference was a huge success, up to 5,000 people from all over the Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions participated including all 13 traditional clans chiefs, prominent politicians, and intellectuals.

Under the leadership of Ali Khalif Galaydh, Khatumo State commenced peace talks with Somaliland and subsequently the two entities reached an agreement at the town of Aynabo in October 2017. Nonetheless, the Dhulbahante still seek a united Somalia and overwhelming oppose Somaliland's independence aspirations.

Distribution

In Somaliland, the Dhulbahante almost exclusively inhabit the Sool region. Michael Walls on the Dhulbahante and Sool says:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante . Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".

The clan inhabits Taleh, most of Hudun and most of Las Anod districts. In a survey conducted in 2011 of Las Anod District 92.5% of the respondents identified as Dhulbahante whilst 2.5%, 1.5% and 1.3% identified as Hawiye, Bantu and Isaaq respectively. In the Sanaag region the clan is only present in the Erigavo district along with the Habr Yonis and Habr clan, whilst well represented in the regional capital of Erigavo. Similarly in Togdheer, the clan solely lives in the district of Buuhoodle. The district of Buuhoodle was made a region by the state of Puntland and its name was changed to Cayn in 2004. Hence, the popular abbreviation SSC which denotes the traditional Dhulbahante territories within Somalia.

In Somalia, they inhabit the Jubaland state, where there is a long settled Dhulbahante trading community in the port city of Kismayo and its surrounding district.

In Ethiopia, the Dhulbahante clan settle in the Somali Regional State. They are present in the Dollo Zone, specifically in the woredas of Boh, Danot and Werder. In Kenya, there is a small but notable Dhulbahante community in the North Eastern Province.

The Dhulbahante exclusively settle in the northern Somali cities of Las Anod and Buuhoodle. Moreover, they are well represented in the cities of Erigavo and Garowe.

History

19th century

19th-century explorer C.J Cruttenden on the Dhulbahante and their horse breed:

"The Dulbahanta are a nation who fight chiefly on horseback, their arms being two spears and a shield. Their horses are powerful and courageous; the breed descended, according to Somali tradition, from the stud of Suleiman, the son Of David, and consequently is highly valued. The Dulbahanta, as far as I have seen of them, are a fine martial race of men, second to none...either in conduct or appearance".

Dervish Period

Dervish forces mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante, the Ogaden, Habr Je'lo and eastern sections of the Habr Yunis clan loyal to Sultan Nur. The Dervish Movement resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by certain Somali clans, including segments of the Dhulbahante.

The Achilles heel of the British empire in the Somaliland Protectorate was the un-administered east, inhabited by the Dhubahante, Warsangali and a few sections of the Isaaq. In this light Douglas Jardine explains that British priority was to keep the former two clans neutral, as the British administration and its allied clans would not be able to resist them without outside aid.

The British found it exceptionally difficult to administer the hinterland in the east, as Jess reports "in 1901 a joint Anglo-Ethiopian expedition of almost 17,000 men failed to accomplish anything other than to drive the Mullah temporarily across the border into the Mijertein". In later years, the British increased their engagement with the hinterland to suppress the movement, yet the previously "insignificant corner of the Empire" proved to be exasperating and costly both financially and in human life.

Garad Ali's dissent

Despite this, the Chief of the Dhulbahante clan, Garad Ali Garad Mohamoud, did not want to be under British occupation nor under Dervish authority, instead he wanted to retain his autonomy as clan chief. The Garad and Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had a heated altercation which concluded with Garad Ali supposedly saying:

"I am the Ruler of Nugaal and its people, their management is mine and I expect everybody to respect it".

Subsequently, Hassan ordered the assassination of the Garad. As Douglas Jardine reports, Hassan took this action after the Garad reassured the British that their relations remained unchanged, although owing to the influence of Hassan his clan no longer obeyed his orders. Issa-Salwe says news of the assassination stunned the Somali clans, consequently Hassan was only left with his maternal clan, the Ali Geri of the Dhulbahante.

According to John William Carnegie Kirk, all Dhulbahante clans sided with Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan, expect the three sub-clans of Rer Hagar, Rer Wais Adan and Ba Idris who were considered friendly by the British.

British Friendlies

Sections of the Dhulbahante like the Reer Hagar and other sections inhabiting Buuhoodle fought alongside the British against the British after being raided by the Dervishes. The book A Fine Chest of Medals: The Life of Jack Archer reports:

Early in October the friendlies at Bohotle made a successful raid south to Gerlogubi, capturing a large number of camels and rifles and killing several more dervishes

— Colin Baker, A Fine Chest of Medals: The Life of Jack Archer, page 151

In 1904 the Dervishes attacked the Jama Siad clan. The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons in 1913 notes:

So far as I am aware there have been no recent developments of importance in the interior, with the exception of a dervish raid on the Dolbahanta Jama Siad in which the latter lost about 400 camels and had two men killed.

— House of Commons, The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons

In 1908 the Dhulbahante raided the Dervish and looted their camels. Hassan sent a letter to the British Commissioner Cordeaux, requesting his camels be returned and Blood money be paid.

Excerpt from Hassan's letter to Cordeaux :

Your people, the Dolbahanta tribe, have killed fifteen of our men and looted eighty-four camels. I do not know if Abdulla Shahari reported this to you: if he did the fault lies with you; if not, I do hereby acquaint you of it. You are requested to restore to us our camels and the blood shed by your people

In 1912 the Dervish army compelled friendly segments of the Dhulbahante clan to retire to the British controlled territory to gain protection, Horace Byatt reported that 800 Dhulbahante arrived in Berbera, stating that only 300 native infantry and 200 King's African Rifles were in Berbera and insufficient to hold off a Dervish attack.

The battle of Dul Madoba

In 1913 at the battle of Dul Madoba the Dervishes defeated the British. The Dervish forces under the leadership of Dhulbahante military commander Ismail Mire were attacked by British expeditionary forces made up of members of the Dhulbahante clan under the command of Richard Corfield. It is reported that the Dervishes previously looted herds from the Jama Siad, who subsequently agreed to assist the British in their attack. Thus, 300 Jama Siad warriors along with the Somaliland Camel Corps commanded by Corfield pursued and attacked the Dervishes at Dul Madoba. The British sustained heavy casualties and Corfield was killed in battle, whilst the 300 Jama Siad warriors fled unscathed.

Somaliland campaign

After the 1920 Bombing campaign of the Taleh fort and the Dervish retreat into Ethiopia. The Tribal Chief Haji Mohammad Bullaleh, who commanded a 3,000 strong army that was loyal to the British Empire and consisted of Isaaq and Dhulbahante horsemen pursued the Dervish army. They attacked Muhammad Abdallah Hassan and the Dervish army in the Ogaden region and defeated them, causing Hassan to retreat to the town of Imi. Haji and his army looted 60,000 livestock and 700 rifles from the dervishes. The Dervishes did not recover from the bombing campaign.

Boocame declaration

An historic summit was convened in Boocame from November 15 – November 23 of 2007, by the traditional leaders of the Dulbahante (Dhulbahante) sub-clan of the clan. The Dulbahante traditional chiefs issued an official communiqué on October 15, 2007 regarding the secessionist Somaliland region's militias’ aggression and occupation of Laascaanood (LasAnod), the regional capital of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions of Somaliland.

All 14 major traditional chiefs of the Dulbahante clan attended this summit. In addition to the traditional chiefs, there were many intellectuals (women & men), students and civic organizations from outside and inside of the country attending the summit. All chiefs unanimously signed declaration communiqué on November 22, 2007.

The communiqué states that the Dulbahante clan is not part of (and was never part of) and does not recognize the administration that calls itself "Somaliland" and that there are no agreements between Dulbahante clan and "Somaliland", in the past or the present. The communiqué also calls for an immediate end of hostility, return of customary peaceful co-existences among clans and an unconditional removal of the Somaliland militia from their territory. Finally, chiefs declared that the Dulbahante clan stands for the Somali unity.

In the anniversary of their historic summit in Boocame in November 2007, the Dulbahante Traditional Chiefs (SSC Traditional Leaders Council) reiterated their previous declaration (above) that they are not part of the Somaliland separatist movement. The council sent its pronouncement to the European Union, United Nations Agencies and all NGOs that operate within Somalia.

Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. Within the Dhulbahante clan, according to the anthropologist I.M. Lewis, the Dhulbahante are divided into 50 groups which pay diyya (or blood money for their members). These are gathered into four lineages of unequal size: the Muuse Si'iid, who made up the majority of the clan circa 1960, and in turn is highly segmented into numerous lineages; the Ahmed Si'id also known as Hayaag, which Lewis estimated to number 1,000 male members at the time, and the Mohamed Si'iid, and the Yuunis Si'iid, which he described as "small, insignificant, and incapable of independent political action." The following summarized clan tree presented below is taken from John Hunt's A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate (1944-1950):

• Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod)
  • Mohamed Abdirahman (Kabalalah)
    • Abdi Mohamed (Kombe)
      • Salah Abdi (Harti)
        • Said Abdi (Dhulbahante)
          • Ahmed Said (Turyar)
          • Yonis Said
          • Mohamed Said
          • Hussein Said (Hayaag)
            • Abokor Hussien
            • Amaansame Hussien
            • Aden Hussien
              • Ibrahim Aden
              • Gedi Aden
              • Hassan Aden (Daljire)
          • Muse Said
            • Barre Muse
            • Osman Muse (Ebirrar)
            • Mohamed Muse
            • Abokor Muse
            • Abdale Muse
              • Yahye Abdale
              • Adan Abdale (Hinjile)
              • Habarwa Abdale
                • Khalid Habarwa
                • Shirshore Habarwa
                  • Hamud 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                  • Hussein 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                  • Mahamoud 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                  • Hassan 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                    • Ali Hassan
                    • Farah Hassan
                    • Samakab Hassan
                    • Khair Hassan
                    • Saleh Hassan
                    • Samatar Hassan
                    • Gedi Hassan
                    • Harun Hassan
          • Abdi 'Garad' Shirshore (Qayaad)
            • Omar Abdi
            • Khayr Abdi
              • Ibrahim Khayr
              • Ali Khayr
              • Osman Khayr
              • Wa'eys Khayr
          • Mohamoud 'Garad' Shirshore
            • Wa'eys Mohamoud (Omar Wa'eys)
            • Siad Mohamoud
              • Jama Siad
                • Samakab Jama
                • Ahmed Jama
                • Mohamoud Jama
                • Warfa Jama
              • Mohamed Siad (Ugadhyahan)
                • Adan Mohamed
                • Mohamoud Mohamed
                • Samakab Mohamed
                  • Abdulle Samakab
                    • Wa’eys Abdulle
                    • Abokor Abdulle
                    • Ahmed Abdulle
                      • Shirwa Ahmed
                      • Osman Ahmed
                      • Nur Ahmed
                        • Seed Nur
                        • Samatar Nur
                        • Yusuf Nur
                        • Musa Nur
                        • Samakab Nur (Bihina Ali)
                        • Ismail Nur (Bihina Ali)
                        • Hersi Nur
                        • Mohamed Nur
                        • Ali Nur
                      • Naleya Ahmed
                        • Adan Naleya
                        • Abdulle Naleya
                        • Samaad Naleya
                        • Shirwa Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
                        • Liban Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
                        • Yusuf Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
                        • Elmi Naleya
                        • Jibril Naleya
                        • Ali Naleya
                          • Farah Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
                          • Mohamed Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
                          • Samatar Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
                          • Igal Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                          • Abdi Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                          • Fahiye Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                          • Ahmed Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                          • Hussein Ali (Bah Ina Samatar)
                          • Yaqub Ali (Bah Ina Samatar)
                          • Yusuf Ali (Bah Abdulle)
                          • Elmi Ali (Bah Abdulle)
                          • Omar Ali (Bah Idris)
                          • Mohamoud Ali (Bah Idris)
                          • Wa'eys Ali (Bah Idris)
          • Farah 'Garaad' Shirshore
            • Yasin 'Garad' Farah
            • Abdulleh Garad Farah
              • Ali 'Garad' Abdulle
              • Mohamed 'Garad' Abdulle (Bah'ararsame)
                • Mohamoud 'Garad' Mohamed (Jabane)
                  • Mohamed Mohamoud
                  • Warsame Mohamoud
                  • Liban Mohamoud
                  • Sharmarke Mohamoud
              • Guleed 'Garaad' Abdulleh (Barkad)
                • Ali Gulled
                • Amir Gulled
                • Mohamoud Gulled
              • Ahmed 'Garaad' Abdulleh
                • Samakab Ahmed (Odala)
                • Egal Ahmed
                • Warfa Ahmed
                • Hassan Ahmed
                • Naleye Ahmed (Egal Naleya)
                • Ali'Geri Ahmed
                  • Ismail Ali’Geri
                  • Hersi Ali’Geri
                  • Shawe Ali’Geri
                  • Burale Ali’Geri
                  • Gulled Ali’Geri
                  • Subaan Ali’Geri
                • Adan Ahmed
                  • Farah Adan
                  • Mahad Adan
                  • Wa'eys Adan
                  • Hagar Adan
                    • Gedi Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                    • Addaad Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                    • Warsame Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                    • Elmi Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                    • Amir Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                    • Gulled Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                    • Ayaar Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                    • Fatah Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                    • Adan Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                    • Adan Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                    • Farah Hagar (Bah Warsengali)

Notable Figures

• Ahmed Elmi Osman, Former President of Khaatumo and Incumbent Vice President of Puntland.
• Ali Khalif Galaydh, Ex-Prime minister of Somalia and Khaatumo President.
• Mohamed Yusuf Jama, former Khatumo president.
• Ismail Mire, Darwiish supreme commander, poet.
• Mohamed Abdi Hashi, President of Puntland.
• Garad Jama Garad Ali, Garad of the Dhulbahante Clan.
• Abdinasir Ali Hassan, Chairman of Hass petroleum.
• Hodan Nalayeh, Somali-Canadian journalist.
• Abdi Holland, Somali artist.
• Aw Jama, Somali scholar, historian and collector of oral literature of Somalia. He wrote the first authoritative study of Dervishes.
• Saado Ali Warsame, singer-songwriter and former MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
• Ali Dhuh, anti-darwiish poet.
• Mohamed Adam Ahmed, former Chief of Staff of the Somali Armed Forces.
• Abdi Hassan Mohamed, Incumbent Police Commissioner of the Somali Police Force.
• Amina Mohamed, former Chairman of the INM and the WTO's General Council, and the current Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Kenya.
• Bashe Mohamed Farah, Speaker of Somaliland House of Representative.
• Abdihakim Amey, former Puntland vice-president.
• Faisal Hassan, Canadian politician.
• Abdisamad Ali Shire, former Puntland vice-president.
• Ali Jangali Somalia's minister of foreign affairs.
• Saleban Essa Ahmed, SSC Leader.
• Ahmed Gacmayare, former Information Minister for Khaatumo State.
• Yasin Haji Mohamoud, Foreign Minister of Somaliland.
• Abdi Bile, Somalia's most decorated athlete with the most Somali national records.
• Mohamed Suleiman, first ethnic Somali to win an Olympic medal.
• Abdiqani Mohamoud Jidhe, Somaliland appointed Governor of Sool.
• Abdirahman Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Former Somali Minister of Fisheries.
• Mohamed Isse Lacle, Colonel in the Somali Navy and Former Deputy Minister of Ministry of Ports in Somaliland.
• Mohamoud Diriye Abdi Joof, former Khaatumo Minister.

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