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{{Merge to|Adolf Hitler's rise to power|discuss=Talk:Nazi seizure of power#Is this article redundant and/or misleading?|date=March 2017}} |
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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{More footnotes|date=May 2011}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} |
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{{About|the culmination of the rise of Nazism|the antecedent years|Rise of Nazism}} |
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{{Redirect category shell|1= |
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], Jan. 30, 1933]] |
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{{R to section}} |
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] at the ]. Each slate plate corresponds to one of 96 Reichstag members murdered by the Nazis]] |
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The '''Nazi seizure of power''', frequently referred to by the German name '''''{{lang|de|Machtergreifung}}''''', was the advent to power in Germany of ] and the ] (Nazi Party). The term refers especially to Hitler's appointment as ] by President ] and the period of consolidation of Nazi power through intimidation and violence, culminating in the banning of all political parties except the Nazi Party in July 1933. |
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Hitler seized power after the ]. To this day scholars dispute who started the fire that allowed Hitler to establish totalitarian rule over Germany. |
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== Definition and terminology== |
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The German term ''{{lang|de|Machtergreifung}}'' (seizure of power), which is also used by English historians, is a term originally used by some Nazis to suggest a revolutionary process,{{sfn|=Stachura Introduction|2015|p=6}} though Hitler, and others, used the word ''{{lang|de|Machtübernahme}}'' (take-over of power), reflecting that the transfer of power took place within the existing constitutional framework{{sfn|=Stachura Introduction|2015|p=6}} and suggesting that the process was legal.{{sfn|Evans|2005|page=569}}{{sfn|Frei|1983}} |
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== Legality == |
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After the failed ] of 9 November 1923, Hitler maintained that everything would be done by legal means, and much was done under legal cover: enabling laws and presidential decrees were used; the ] were made auxiliary police, and so on, but much, such as the ] and the abolition of free elections, violated the spirit of the constitution.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=452–453}} |
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==Prelude== |
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After the huge success of the Nazi Party in the ], the government of Chancellor ] (]) tried to keep the state and constitution alive through a ] supported by the ], ruling by ] emergency decrees. He pushed through a law proscribing the Nazi ''SA'' and '']'' paramilitary organizations, which had to be revoked in 1932 after pressure from right-wing forces around President Hindenburg and Defense Minister ]. |
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From an economic perspective, Brüning pursued a policy of rigid ] and public budget balancing, and his Chancellorship saw an increase in mass ]. On 1 June 1932 President Hindenburg, urged by Schleicher, appointed as chancellor his right-wing confidant ], who strove for collaboration with the Nazis in order to use their popularity with the masses for his own purposes. A proposed coalition between the Centre Party, the national conservative ] (DNVP), and the Nazis, only failed because of Hitler's demand for the chancellorship. Since Papen had courted the Nazis, he did not rule out the NSDAP as a seditious party, though the ''Boxheimer Dokumente'' written by ] and leaked to the ] in 1931 revealed plans for another putsch by the Nazis and could have given rise to stern measures. Instead, Papen and Hindenburg instigated a coup against the ], the '']'' deposing the democratic state government under Minister-President ], who was succeeded by Papen as a '']''. |
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In the ], the Nazi Party gained the largest number of seats in the '']'', yet were still without a majority. After all of Papen's attempts to reach a ] had failed, federal elections were again held in ], with the Nazis facing some losses but without any chance for Papen to form a government coalition. He finally resigned, and though twenty representatives of industry, finance, and agriculture had signed the '']'', a petition requesting that Hindenburg make Hitler chancellor, on 2 December the president appointed Minister Schleicher. The new chancellor tried to gain the support of an anti-democratic ] alliance of DNVP and Nazis led by ], along with national conservative pressure groups like '']'', referring to the joint efforts during the ] or the ] of 1931. However these plans failed, and behind his back on 4 January 1933, Hitler met Papen, who agreed to join a ] as ]. Along with State Secretary ] and Hindenburg's son ], Papen could finally persuade the reluctant president to appoint Hitler. Papen and DNVP chairman ] trusted Hindenburg, who was able to depose the chancellor if necessary, and they were reassured by the fact that only two ministers in Hitler's cabinet, ] and ], were Nazi Party members. |
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== See also == |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] (a term used for the follow-up to the "Machtergreifung") |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Sources== |
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*{{Cite book|ref={{sfnRef|=Stachura Introduction|2015}} |
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|editor-first=Peter D. |editor-last=Stachura |
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|title=The Nazi Machtergreifung |publisher=Routledge |orig-year=First published in 1983 by Allen & Unwin |date=2015|isbn=978-1-315-75554-0 |
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|chapter=Introduction: Weimar National Socialism and Historians |
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*{{Cite journal|language=German |ref=harv|first=Norbert |last=Frei|url=http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1983_1.pdf#page=138 | title=Machtergreifung – Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff'']|trans_title=Machtergreifung – Notes on a historical term|journal= Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte'' (VfZ)|date=1983|issue= 31|pages= 136–145}} |
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*{{Cite book |ref=harv|first=Richard J. |last=Evans |title=The Coming of the Third Reich |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2003 |isbn=0-7139-9648-X }} |
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*{{Cite book|language=German|ref=harv |first=Richard J. |last=Evans |trans_title=The Coming Of The Third Reich |title=Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg |publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag|date=2005| ISBN = 3-423-34191-2}} |
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== Further reading == |
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*{{Cite book |first=William L. |last=Shirer|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany |publisher=Rosetta Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7953-1700-2}}. |
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*{{Cite book|first=Peter D. |last=Stachura |
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|title=The Nazi Machtergreifung |publisher=Routledge |orig-year=First published in 1983 by Allen & Unwin |date=2015|isbn=978-1-315-75554-0}}. |
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*{{Cite book|language=German |first=Gotthard |last=Jasper |title=Die gescheiterte Zähmung. Wege zur Machtergreifung Hitlers 1930–1934 |trans_title=The failed taming. Ways to Hitler's seizure of power 1930–1934 |publisher=Suhrkamp |location=Frankfurt am Main |year=1986 |series=Neue Historische Bibliothek |isbn=3-518-11270-8 }} |
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