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| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| {{cosmology}} | |||
| {{disputeabout|whether ] is included in QSS because observers within either would not necessarily be able to distinguish the difference, and since (N equals 1) is more precise than (N is greater than 0), whether ] requires that QSS be preferred}} | |||
| '''Quasi-steady state cosmology (QSS)''' is a ] including a single ] as a special case, proposed in ] by ], ], and ] and advocated by some astronomers. The idea suggests there may have been expansions and pockets of creation other than the ] occurring over time within the universe, sometimes referred to as ''minibangs,'' ''mini-creation events,'' or ''little bangs.'' After the observation of an ], further modifications of the model were done. Mainstream cosmologists who have reviewed QSS have pointed out flaws and some discrepancies with observations left unexplained by proponents. | |||
| ==Description== | |||
| The issues of ] concerns over the ], structure, and ] from the Quasi-steady state were discussed in two papers, ''Astrophysical deductions from the quasi-steady state'' (1994) {{ref|QSS0}} and ''Astronomy Further astrophysical quantities expected in a quasi-steady state'' {{ref|QSS1}}. The basic theoretical framework was expounded upon in ''Quasi-Steady State Cosmology: Analytical Solutions of Field Equations and Their Relations to Observations'' {{ref|QSS2}}. R Sachs, J V Narlikar and F Hoyle researched and arrived at the exact solutions of the basic equations that gave simple ] and ] models (such as in ''The Quasi-Steady State Cosmology: Analytical Solutions of Field Equations and Their Relations to Observations'' {{Ref|QSS3}}). The ] have been researched by F Hoyle, G Burbidge and J V Narlikar {{ref|QSS4}} and by Burbidge and Hoyle {{ref|QSS5}}. The process of ] was achievable through a "'']''" (by Ali Nayeri, Sunu Engineer, J. V. Narlikar, and F. Hoyle) and may offer a viable choice to the "standard" hot big bang cosmology. {{ref|QSS7}} With recent evidence indicating that the universe is accelerating, the quasi-steady state had previously predicted the universe would be accelerating. {{ref|QSS9}} | |||
| A group of researchers commented on the details of an alternative mechanism of the generation and maintenance of ] ]ian radiation background. {{ref|QSS6}} The theory has been developed to incorporate the CMB (]) and other astronomical observations. The quasi-steady state concept claims that the radiation as diffuse starlight has been absorbed and emitted continually by objects in space, but critics have pointed out that such radiation would not be as ] as what has been interpreted via CMB observations. | |||
| The quasi-steady state theory has stated that there are nonsingular pockets of creation within the universe or various "mini-creation events". There is also not a state of infinite curvature nor are there terminating worldlines. | |||
| ==Goals and targets== | |||
| Quasi-steady state cosmology has as its goals to: | |||
| # explain the redshift magnitude relation for galaxies, | |||
| # explain the observations of counts of radio sources and galaxies, | |||
| # explain the data on angular size redshift relation, | |||
| # explain the evidence on the variation of surface brightness of galaxies with redshift, | |||
| # explain the origin of the microwave background (including the observed spectrum, isotropy, and small scale inhomogeneities), and | |||
| # account for light nuclear abundances (which is not accounted for in a standard framework of stellar evolution). | |||
| Other aspects of the Universe, especially where the big bang has proved inadequate, may be explained at a later time (such as to remove the singular beginning, obviate the problem of accommodating old stellar populations, derive a model for ], and develop more fully the true origin of ]).{{ref|QSS8}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==External articles and references== | |||
| ;Criticism | |||
| * by Edward L. Wright, 13 September 2004 | |||
| ;Citations | |||
| * {{note|QSS0}} F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J.V. Narlikar, "''''". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 267, 1007-1019, 1994 (.) | |||
| ** F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J.V. Narlikar, "''''". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 269, 1152, 08/1994. | |||
| * {{note|QSS1}} Hoyle, F., G. Burbidge, and J. V. Narlikar, "''''". Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 289, no. 3, p. 729-739. | |||
| * {{note|QSS2}} Hoyle F, Burbidge G and Narlikar J, "''The basic theory underlying the quasi-steady state cosmological model''". Proc. R. Soc. A 448 191 | |||
| * {{note|QSS3}} R Sachs, J V Narlikar and F Hoyle, "''The Quasi-Steady State Cosmology: Analytical Solutions of Field Equations and Their Relations to Observations''". Astron. Astrophys., v 313, 703-712. | |||
| * {{note|QSS4}} F Hoyle, G Burbidge and J V Narlikar, "''Light Nuclei in the Quasi-Steady State Cosmological Model''", Proc. of ESO-EIPC Workshop, The Light Element Abundances, eds. P. Crane, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p.21 | |||
| * {{note|QSS5}} F. Hoyle and G. Burbidge, "''The Origin of Helium and the Other Light Elements''". Ap.J.L., v 509, L1-L3, and Proc. Conf. Nuclei in the Cosmos V., University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece. | |||
| * {{note|QSS6}} J V Narlikar, N C Wickramasinghe, R Sachs and F Hoyle, "''Cosmic Iron Whiskers: Their origin, length distribution and astrophysical consequences''", International Journal of Modern Physics D, Vol.6,No.2 (1997) 125-142. | |||
| * {{note|QSS7}} Ali Nayeri, Sunu Engineer, J. V. Narlikar, and F. Hoyle, "''''". The Astrophysical Journal, volume 525, part 1 (1999), pages 10–16 (DOI 10.1086/307889) | |||
| * {{note|QSS8}} J. V. Narlikar, "''''". Pramana — journal of physics, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1093–1104. December 1999. | |||
| * {{note|QSS9}} Geoffrey Burbidge, "''''". University of California, San Diego. (''ed''. The paper does not focus on the QSS, but does mention it in passing (such as on page 5).) | |||
| ;General | |||
| * Sherry Seethaler, "''Questions answered; ''". August 31, 2005. | |||
| ;Papers and articles | |||
| * John A. Tomsick, "''''". astro-ph/0108051, Astrophysics, abstract. 2 Aug 2001. | |||
| * G. Burbidge, J.V. Narlikar, R.G. Vishwakarma, and F. Hoyle, "''''". | |||
| * J.V. Narlikar, R.G. Vishwakarma, Amir Hajian, Tarun Souradeep, G. Burbidge, F. Hoyle, "''''". astro-ph/0211036, Astrophysics, abstract. 4 Nov 2002 (.) | |||
| * Edward L. Wright "''''". astro-ph/9410070, Astrophysics, abstract. 20 Oct 1994. (''ed''. Author is a proponent of the Big Bang) | |||
| ** F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J.V. Narlikar, "''''". astro-ph/9412045, Astrophysics, abstract. 14 Dec 1994. | |||
| * G. Burbidge, "''''". astro-ph/9711033, Astrophysics, abstract. 4 Nov 1997. (''ed''. Invited paper presented at IAU Symposium No. 183, Cosmological Parameters and Evolution of the Universe, read August 21, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan (Kluwers Academic Publishers).) | |||
| * Martin L'opez-Corredoira "''''". astro-ph/0310214, Astrophysics, abstract. 10 Oct 2003. | |||
| * J.V. Narlikar, R.G. Vishwakarma, G. Burbidge, "''''". astro-ph/0205064, Astrophysics, abstract. 11 Jul 2002. | |||
| * Sachs, R., Narlikar, J. V., and Hoyle, F. "''The quasi-steady state cosmology: Analytical solution of field equations and their relationship to observations''". Astronomy and Astrophysics, 313: 703-712, 1996. | |||
| * Hoyle, F., Burbidge, G., and Narlikar, J. V. "''A quasi-steady state cosmological model with creation of matter''". The Astrophysical Journal, 410: 437-457, 1993. | |||
| * Narlikar, J. V., and Shyamal K. Banderjee, "''''". The Astrophysical Journal, 487:6972, 1997 September 20. | |||
| * F. Hoyle and J. V. Narlikar "''''". Rev. Mod. Phys. 67, 113-155 (1995) | |||
| * F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J. V. Narlikar, "''A Different Approach to Cosmology''". Cambridge University Press; Astrophysical Deductions from 13 the Quasi Steadystate Cosmology, 1994a, MNRAS, 267, 1007. | |||
| ] | |||
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