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| The '''1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress''' declares that the 14th Amendment is null, void and of no effect due to manifest violations of the Constitution of the United States of America, especially Section 4, Article IV of the Constitution. | |||
| The '''1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress''' was a joint resolution by the legislature of the state of ], and approved by ] ] on March 8, 1957, urging the ] to declare the ] and ] null and void<ref name="cviog.uga.edu">Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly, March 8, 1957, "Memorial to Congress - Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void", No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 39), at {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206214314/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/1957resn-7.htm |date=2007-02-06 }}.</ref> because of purported violations of the Constitution during the post-] ratification process. | |||
| == Historical context == | |||
| The document also reveals the unconstitutional overthrow of the federal government of the united States of America, and eleven Southern states in violation of the Constitution of the united States of America and the Constititions of the eleven Southern States. | |||
| The Memorial, part of Georgia's "continuing battle for ],"<ref>"Georgians 'void' U.S. amendments," ''New York Times'', February 9, 1957.</ref> followed the ]'s ruling, in '']'', that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from discriminating against racial minorities in public schools. | |||
| === Numeration of contentions === | |||
| Further, the document reveals that the de facto government existing since these unlawful and illegal acts appears to be a subversive organization in contradistinction to the claim that the U.S. government is an example of representative government in the world. | |||
| The Georgia resolution is a petition in the form of a ].<ref>John Bouvier Law Dictionary: MEMORIAL. A petition or representation made by one or more individuals to a legislative or other body.</ref> The Resolution makes certain contentions, including the following:<ref name="cviog.uga.edu"/> | |||
| * That the State of Georgia and ten other Southern States meet the conditions laid down by the President for the resumption of practical relations, and elected Senators and Representatives to the 19th Congress ]"].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vault.georgiaarchives.org/digital/collection/adhoc/id/9094/|title = Vol2-10773_sr39a}}</ref> | |||
| The 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress and its legal implications have never been refuted, and the document became an "aged document", i.e., 50 years old and undisputed, on March 8, 2007 A.D. As a joint resolution signed by the governor it has the force and effect of law. | |||
| * That when the southern Senators and Representatives appeared in the Capitol to take their seats, "hostile majorities" in both houses of Congress refused to admit them; | |||
| * That the affected Congresses were, constitutionally, nothing more than "private assemblages unlawfully attempting to exercise legislative power"; | |||
| * That the 19th Congress was without lawful power to propose any constitutional amendments; | |||
| * That two-thirds of the members of each house failed to vote for the submission of the 14th and 15th amendments; | |||
| * That all subsequent proceedings were null and void; | |||
| * That the proposals were rejected by the State of Georgia and twelve other southern states, as well as some northern states, but that subsequent Congresses illegally dissolved the governments in Georgia and nine other southern states by military force, and that puppet governments "compliantly ratified the invalid proposals"; | |||
| * That the pretended ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments was necessary "to give color to the claim that these so-called amendments had been ratified by three-fourths of the states"; | |||
| * That the mere lapse of time does not confirm an invalidly-enacted provision; | |||
| * That the continued recognition of the 14th and 15th amendments "is incompatible with the present day position of the United States as the World's champion of Constitutional governments resting upon the consent of the people given through their lawful representatives". | |||
| === Reaction === | |||
| Additionally, considering that the document is an aged document that has never been refuted by the federal government or any state government, all of which have stood silent for 50 years and unresponsive to the petition, the maxim of law wherein any petition that is not refuted is assumed to be agreed with firmly stands. | |||
| The events described in the memorial were the subject of an editorial in a 1957 ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>September 27, 1957, page 140 et seq. http://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| Source: Ga. Laws 1957, pp. 348-351. http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/1957.htm | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Additional Legal Evidence Supporting the 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress == | |||
| Judge A.H. Ellett, of the Utah Supreme Court, in Dyett v. Turner, 439 P2d 266 @ 269, 20 U2d 403 , concluded: | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ... the States have the "textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issues" to determine the validity of the ratification votes cast on an Amendment''', and ...'''The authority to determine the validity of the votes cast in ratification of an Amendment are with the States... | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| Reference: Judge A.H. Ellett (Dyett v. Turner, 439 P2d 266 @ 269, 20 U2d 403 ): http://www.rangeguide.net/illegal14thamendment.htm | |||
| *. | |||
| ] | |||
| == Waived Responses By Governments To Public Challenges Validates Georgia's 1957 Memorial == | |||
| ] | |||
| ''On March 8, 1995, Burk-Elder: Hale, Third (Elder Hale), National Director of the Fully Informed Grand Jurors Alliance (FIGJA), stood on the courthouse steps In Chattanooga, TN, read the 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress, and no one responded to his challenge to refute the documents legal implications that there is no Lawful government in America. That day, the Chattanooga Times Free Press, the official public record for Hamilton County had an editorial that completely supported the information that he had provided. Elder Hale, an Elder of Clan na Gael and Scots-Irish Chief of Clan Hale, has appeared on court house steps, in commission meetings, and even at Wilder Tower in the Chickamauga & Chattanooga National Military Park stating the same facts and asking for responses (no response refuting the facts were ever made) to his challenges about the facts presented. Park Rangers almost arrested Elder Hale there, in nations largest military park, but the appearance of local television station reporters on the scene prompted park rangers to reconsider and Elder Hale simply walked away after "taking the field". Elder Hale has attempted to substantiate who the Lawful authorities are in America since 1990, and has not found any Lawful civil or military government in America after 17 years of diligent efforts in public.'' | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ''Elder Hale has publicly claimed that "he so-called 'Fourteenth Amendment' is an un-ratified, frauduent document subversively forced upon the American people by an unconstitutional military overthrow of the Lawful governmemnt of the united States of America and several State governments '''after''' the so-called "Civil War", proven by the unrefuted 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress, and irrefutable evidence that the de facto government of the U.S. cannot be an example of representative government before the peoples of the Earth. On March 8, 2007 A.D the Georgia Memorial to Congress became an '''aged document''', e.g., judicially notable for being unchallenged for 50 years. It is also a '''joint resolution''' approved by the Senate and House of Representatives of Georgia and approved by the Governor of Georgia, thereby giving it the force and effect of Law. The legal facts and legal implications speak to the apparent proof that the de facto federal government existing, after the unconstitutional military overthrow of the Lawful government of the united States of America in 1868, was and remains a subversive organization."'' http://www.rangeguide.net/figja.htm | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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The 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress was a joint resolution by the legislature of the state of Georgia, and approved by Georgia Governor Marvin Griffin on March 8, 1957, urging the Congress of the United States to declare the 14th and 15th Amendments null and void because of purported violations of the Constitution during the post-Civil War ratification process.
Historical context
The Memorial, part of Georgia's "continuing battle for segregation," followed the Supreme Court's ruling, in Brown v. Board of Education, that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from discriminating against racial minorities in public schools.
Numeration of contentions
The Georgia resolution is a petition in the form of a memorial. The Resolution makes certain contentions, including the following:
- That the State of Georgia and ten other Southern States meet the conditions laid down by the President for the resumption of practical relations, and elected Senators and Representatives to the 19th Congress .
- That when the southern Senators and Representatives appeared in the Capitol to take their seats, "hostile majorities" in both houses of Congress refused to admit them;
- That the affected Congresses were, constitutionally, nothing more than "private assemblages unlawfully attempting to exercise legislative power";
- That the 19th Congress was without lawful power to propose any constitutional amendments;
- That two-thirds of the members of each house failed to vote for the submission of the 14th and 15th amendments;
- That all subsequent proceedings were null and void;
- That the proposals were rejected by the State of Georgia and twelve other southern states, as well as some northern states, but that subsequent Congresses illegally dissolved the governments in Georgia and nine other southern states by military force, and that puppet governments "compliantly ratified the invalid proposals";
- That the pretended ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments was necessary "to give color to the claim that these so-called amendments had been ratified by three-fourths of the states";
- That the mere lapse of time does not confirm an invalidly-enacted provision;
- That the continued recognition of the 14th and 15th amendments "is incompatible with the present day position of the United States as the World's champion of Constitutional governments resting upon the consent of the people given through their lawful representatives".
Reaction
The events described in the memorial were the subject of an editorial in a 1957 U.S. News & World Report.
See also
Notes
- ^ Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly, March 8, 1957, "Memorial to Congress - Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void", No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 39), at Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- "Georgians 'void' U.S. amendments," New York Times, February 9, 1957.
- John Bouvier Law Dictionary: MEMORIAL. A petition or representation made by one or more individuals to a legislative or other body.
- "Vol2-10773_sr39a".
- September 27, 1957, page 140 et seq. http://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm