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The '''1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress''' is a joint resolution by the legislature of the state of ], and approved by the Governor on March 8, 1957, urging the ] to declare the ] and ] null and void<ref>Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly, March 8, 1957, "Memorial to Congress - Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void", No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 39), at .</ref> because of purported violations of the Constitution during the post-] ratification process. The Memorial, part of Georgia's "continuing battle for ],"<ref>"Georgians 'void' U.S. amendments," ''New York Times'', February 9, 1957.</ref> followed the ]'s ruling in ] that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from discriminating against racial minorities in public schools. The '''1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress''' was a joint resolution by the legislature of the state of ], and approved by ] ] on March 8, 1957, urging the ] to declare the ] and ] null and void<ref name="cviog.uga.edu">Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly, March 8, 1957, "Memorial to Congress - Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void", No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 39), at {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206214314/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/1957resn-7.htm |date=2007-02-06 }}.</ref> because of purported violations of the Constitution during the post-] ratification process.


== Historical context ==
⚫ The Georgia resolution is a petition in the form of a memorial<ref>John Bouvier Law Dictionary: MEMORIAL. A petition or representation made by one or more individuals to a legislative or other body. ).</ref> The Resolution makes certain contentions, including the following:<ref>Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly, March 8, 1957, "Memorial to Congress - Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void", No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 39), at .</ref>
The Memorial, part of Georgia's "continuing battle for ],"<ref>"Georgians 'void' U.S. amendments," ''New York Times'', February 9, 1957.</ref> followed the ]'s ruling, in '']'', that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from discriminating against racial minorities in public schools.


=== Numeration of contentions ===
⚫ *That the State of Georgia and ten other Southern States meet the conditions laid down by the President for the resumption of practical relations, and elected Senators and Representatives to the 19th Congress ;
⚫ The Georgia resolution is a petition in the form of a ].<ref>John Bouvier Law Dictionary: MEMORIAL. A petition or representation made by one or more individuals to a legislative or other body.</ref> The Resolution makes certain contentions, including the following:<ref name="cviog.uga.edu"/>


⚫ * That the State of Georgia and ten other Southern States meet the conditions laid down by the President for the resumption of practical relations, and elected Senators and Representatives to the 19th Congress ]"].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vault.georgiaarchives.org/digital/collection/adhoc/id/9094/|title = Vol2-10773_sr39a}}</ref>
*That when the southern Senators and Representatives appeared in the Capitol to take their seats, "hostile majorities" in both houses of Congress refused to admit them; * That when the southern Senators and Representatives appeared in the Capitol to take their seats, "hostile majorities" in both houses of Congress refused to admit them;
⚫ * That the affected Congresses were, constitutionally, nothing more than "private assemblages unlawfully attempting to exercise legislative power";
⚫ * That the 19th Congress was without lawful power to propose any constitutional amendments;
⚫ * That two-thirds of the members of each house failed to vote for the submission of the 14th and 15th amendments;
⚫ * That all subsequent proceedings were null and void;
* That the proposals were rejected by the State of Georgia and twelve other southern states, as well as some northern states, but that subsequent Congresses illegally dissolved the governments in Georgia and nine other southern states by military force, and that puppet governments "compliantly ratified the invalid proposals";
⚫ * That the pretended ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments was necessary "to give color to the claim that these so-called amendments had been ratified by three-fourths of the states";
⚫ * That the mere lapse of time does not confirm an invalidly-enacted provision;
⚫ * That the continued recognition of the 14th and 15th amendments "is incompatible with the present day position of the United States as the World's champion of Constitutional governments resting upon the consent of the people given through their lawful representatives".


=== Reaction ===
⚫ *That the affected Congresses were, constitutionally, nothing more than "private assemblages unlawfully attempting to exercise legislative power";
⚫ The events described in the memorial were the subject of an editorial in a 1957 ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>September 27, 1957, page 140 et seq. http://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm</ref>


==See also==
⚫ *That the 19th Congress was without lawful power to propose any constitutional amendments;


* ]
⚫ *That two-thirds of the members of each house failed to vote for the submission of the 14th and 15th amendments;

⚫ *That all subsequent proceedings were null and void;

*That the proposals were rejected by the State of Georgia and twelve other southern states, as well as some northern states,<ref>See, e.g., President Johnson's veto recognizes Southern States Senators and Representatives as members of Congress.( House Journal, 80th Congress, 2nd Session. p. 563 etc.); Secretary of State recognizes Southern States Senators and Representatives as members of Congress. (18 Stat. p. 774.); Texas rejected the 14th Amendment on Oct. 27, 1866. (House Journal 1868, pp. 578-584 -- Senate Journal 1866, p. 471.); Georgia rejected the 14th Amendment on Nov. 9, 1866. (House Journal 1866, p. 68 -- Senate Journal 1886, p. 72); Florida rejected the 14th Amendment on Dec. 6, 1866. (House Journal 1866, p. 76 -- Senate Journal 1866, p. 8.); Alabama rejected the 14th Amendment on Dec. 7, 1866. (House Journal l866, pp. 210-213 -- Senate Journal 1866, p. 183.); North Carolina rejected the 14th Amendment on Dec. 14, 1866. (House Journal 1866-1867. p. 183 -- Senate Journal 1866-1867, p. 138.); Arkansas rejected the 14th Amendment on Dec. 17, 1866. (House Journal 1866, pp. 288-291 -- Senate Journal 1866, p. 262.); South Carolina rejected the 14th Amendment on Dec. 20, 1866. (House Journal 1866, p. 284 -- Senate Journal 1866, p. 230.); Kentucky rejected the 14th Amendment on Jan. 8, 1867. (House Journal 1867, p. 60 -- Senate Journal 1867, p. 62.); Virginia rejected the 14th Amendment on Jan. 9, 1867. (House Journal 1866-1867, p. 108 -- Senate Journal 1866-1867, p. 101.); Delaware rejected the 14th Amendment on Feb. 7, 1867. (House Journal 1867, p. 223 -- Senate Journal 1867, p. 176.); Maryland rejected the l4th amendment on Mar. 23, 1867. (House Journal 1867, p. 1141 -- Senate Journal 1867, p. 808.); Ohio rejected the 14th amendment on Jan. 16, 1868. (House Journal 1868, pp. 44-50 -- Senate Journal 1868, pp. 33-38.); New Jersey rejected the 14th Amendment on Mar. 24, 1868. (Minutes of the Assembly 1868, p. 743---Senate Journal 1868, p. 356.)</ref> but that subsequent Congresses illegally dissolved the governments in Georgia and nine other southern states by military force, and that puppet governments "compliantly ratified the invalid proposals";

⚫ *That the pretended ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments was necessary "to give color to the claim that these so-called amendments had been ratified by three-fourths of the states";

⚫ *That the mere lapse of time does not confirm an invalidly-enacted provision;

⚫ *That the continued recognition of the 14th and 15th amendments "is incompatible with the present day position of the United States as the World's champion of Constitutional governments resting upon the consent of the people given through their lawful representatives".
⚫ The events described in the memorial have been the subject of an editorial in a 1957 ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>September 27, 1957, page 140 et seq..</ref>


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{reflist}}
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==External links== ==External links==
*. *.
*


] ]
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The 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress was a joint resolution by the legislature of the state of Georgia, and approved by Georgia Governor Marvin Griffin on March 8, 1957, urging the Congress of the United States to declare the 14th and 15th Amendments null and void because of purported violations of the Constitution during the post-Civil War ratification process.

Historical context

The Memorial, part of Georgia's "continuing battle for segregation," followed the Supreme Court's ruling, in Brown v. Board of Education, that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from discriminating against racial minorities in public schools.

Numeration of contentions

The Georgia resolution is a petition in the form of a memorial. The Resolution makes certain contentions, including the following:

  • That the State of Georgia and ten other Southern States meet the conditions laid down by the President for the resumption of practical relations, and elected Senators and Representatives to the 19th Congress .
  • That when the southern Senators and Representatives appeared in the Capitol to take their seats, "hostile majorities" in both houses of Congress refused to admit them;
  • That the affected Congresses were, constitutionally, nothing more than "private assemblages unlawfully attempting to exercise legislative power";
  • That the 19th Congress was without lawful power to propose any constitutional amendments;
  • That two-thirds of the members of each house failed to vote for the submission of the 14th and 15th amendments;
  • That all subsequent proceedings were null and void;
  • That the proposals were rejected by the State of Georgia and twelve other southern states, as well as some northern states, but that subsequent Congresses illegally dissolved the governments in Georgia and nine other southern states by military force, and that puppet governments "compliantly ratified the invalid proposals";
  • That the pretended ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments was necessary "to give color to the claim that these so-called amendments had been ratified by three-fourths of the states";
  • That the mere lapse of time does not confirm an invalidly-enacted provision;
  • That the continued recognition of the 14th and 15th amendments "is incompatible with the present day position of the United States as the World's champion of Constitutional governments resting upon the consent of the people given through their lawful representatives".

Reaction

The events described in the memorial were the subject of an editorial in a 1957 U.S. News & World Report.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly, March 8, 1957, "Memorial to Congress - Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to U.S. Constitution Be Declared Void", No. 45 (Senate Resolution No. 39), at Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. "Georgians 'void' U.S. amendments," New York Times, February 9, 1957.
  3. John Bouvier Law Dictionary: MEMORIAL. A petition or representation made by one or more individuals to a legislative or other body.
  4. "Vol2-10773_sr39a".
  5. September 27, 1957, page 140 et seq. http://www.constitution.org/14ll/no14th.htm

External links

Categories: