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Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Common nicknames	Stafford, Staffy
Origin	United Kingdom
Foundation stock	Old English Bulldog Black and Tan Terrier
Traits Height 36–41 cm (14–16 in) Weight Males 13–17 kg (29–37 lb) Females 11–15.4 kg (24–34 lb) Coat Smooth, short, and close Colour white; black, blue, fawn, or red, all with or without white; any variety of brindle, with or without white Litter size 5-7
Kennel club standards KC standard Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Staffordshire Bull Terrier, commonly called Stafford, is a shorthaired, purebred dog breed of medium size that originated in the Black Country of Staffordshire in the English Midlands. Their earliest beginnings date back centuries when the Mastiff and Bulldog were closely linked, and the sport of bull and bear baiting required large dogs in the 100–120 lb range. In the 1830s, bull-baiting became illegal, and dog fighting became a clandestine sport. Breeders migrated away from the heavier bulldogs once used for bull-baiting, and introduced terrier blood into the cross for its gameness and agility. The ancestral hybrid cross of bulldogs and terriers were sometimes referred to as half-and-halfs and half-breds but became more commonly known as the bull and terrier, which was not a standardised breed but the beginning of several breeds.

After the banning of blood sports and pit fighting in 1835, dog breeders made changes that, over the course of centuries, resulted in breed refinement over many generations. By the mid-1860s, a new breed was being developed by James Hinks which came to be known as the 'Bull Terrier'. James Hinks' son stated,"In short, they became the old fighting dog civilized, with all of his rough edges smoothed down without being softened; alert, active, plucky, muscular, and a real gentleman”. However, the Stafford's association as a fighting dog in the early 19th century made it difficult to gain acceptance as a standardized purebred. It wasn't until 1935 that The Kennel Club accepted Staffordshire Bull Terriers into their stud book with established breed standards. The American Kennel Club (AKC) admitted Staffordshire Bull Terriers as a purebred on 1 October 1974 as their 121st registered breed.

Little is known about the actual pedigrees of the Stafford's ancestral origins, beyond individual types and styles of dogs that varied by geographic region. The progeny from one area may have a higher percentage of terrier than bulldog, whereas other reports claim that bulldog to terrier was preferred over bull and terrier to bull terrier. DNA studies have brought some clarity to the hybridization mystery of bull and terrier hybrids, suggestive of a New World dog within some modern breeds. The study states that "all of the bull and terrier crosses map to the terriers of Ireland and date to 1860-1870." The historical descriptions confirm the popularity of such crosses in Ireland, but they do not positively identify all the breeds that were involved. As supported by the DNA study, as well as the AKC and KC, references to bull and terrier were not as a bona fide breed; rather, the term describes a heterogeneous group of dogs that may include purebreds of different breeds, or crosses of those breeds. Bull and terrier hybrids, or pit bull types are considered the forerunner of several modern standardised breeds.

History

The progeny of the hybrid crosses between bulldogs and terriers were sometimes referred to as half-and-halfs and half-breds but became more commonly known as the bull and terrier, which was not a bona fide breed but the beginning of several breeds,some of which are known today as pit bulls. Of the six distinct breeds that descended from the bull and terrier hybrids, five are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in the following order: Bull Terrier, Boston Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier (AmStaff), Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and Miniature Bull Terrier. The same five breeds are also recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC), and Fédération cynologique internationale (FCI). The American Pit Bull Terrier (APBT) is recognized by the United Kennel Club (UKC). The English Kennel Club recognizes only four of the breeds and does not accept the AmStaff or APBT.

Early history

In the mid–19th century, James Hinks wanted to develop a socially acceptable "gentleman's companion" with refinement, cleaner lines, and courage without the aggressive tendencies. Two different types of bull and terriers resulted, including Hink's cross of bull and terrier hybrids with the English White Terrier to achieve a more refined appearance with better legs and a more appealing head. A later outcrossing included Dalmatians and Collies, which led to the development of an athletic dog known as Hink's "white cavalier", the forerunner to the modern Bull Terrier.

By 1874, in Britain the first Kennel Club Stud Book was published, which included Bull Terriers and Bulldogs.

Devotees preferred the original bull and terrier type over Hink's Bull Terrier, and remained loyal to their preferred type, which became the modern Staffordshire Bull Terrier of the same ancestry as the Bull Terrier. According to The Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club of America, the Manchester Terrier as well as the now-extinct English White Terrier were used in the bull and terrier crosses, as were varieties of the old working terriers. The Stafford was considered the other bull and terrier but was not as readily accepted by either the KC or AKC because of its fighting ancestry. In 1935, a group of Stafford enthusiasts met in England in 1935 and formed the parent club for the Staffordshire Bull Terrier to create the breed standard. The first Staffordshire Bull Terrier show was held in August 1935 at Cradley Heath in West Midlands. There were 60 dogs and bitches entered in the show.

The Kennel Club describes the Bull Terrier as "the direct descendant of the original bull-and-terrier cross made in England, specifically to bait bulls and, later to fight in pits". Their description of the Staffordshire Bull Terrier states that the breed shares "the same ancestry as the Bull Terrier, i.e. Bulldog crossed with the Black and Tan terrier, and was developed as a fighting dog." Other descendants from the hybrid bull and terrier cross include the American Staffordshire Terrier and American Pit Bull Terrier.

Theories of origin

Staffordshire is considered one of the main origins of the Bull Terrier breed of dogs. The Staffordshire Bull Terrier developed in what was then called the Black Country of Staffordshire and parts of Warwickshire. Bulldog and terrier crosses produced courageous dogs with agility and endurance. In the beginning, such crosses were referred to as "Bull & Terrier", but a new breed developed over time that became known as bull terrier. These dogs were originally developed as fighting dogs, and share the same ancestry as the Bull Terrier. James Hinks' son, also named James, stated the following about the Bull Terrier developed by his father: "In short, they became the old fighting dog civilized, with all of his rough edges smoothed down without being softened; alert, active, plucky, muscular, and a real gentleman.”

The late A.W.A Cairns, former editor of the online Stafford Magazine published by Southern Counties Staffordshire Bull Terrier Society, wrote, "Kennel Club recognition of the breed is shrouded in mystery. Recognition was announced in the April 1935 Kennel Gazette in the name of Staffordshire Bull Terrier. There was no explanation as to how this came about. No Breed Club or Breed Standard existed."

There are unsupported theories or opinions that the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is the original bull and terrier rather than one of several descendants that have been standardized as modern purebreds without taking into consideration important evolutionary factors considered to be "very often misquoted and misunderstood." The standard for the modern Stafford aligns with the breed's transformation from its bull and terrier ancestry as a fighting dog to a modern conformation show dog. Some book authors have compared 19th century drawings or paintings to depict similarities in visual appearances of the modern Staffords. Author and Stafford enthusiast, James Beaufoy, wrote that there is "interesting evidence" in some of the early 19th-century paintings that depict conformation and coat color similarities of modern Staffords when compared to the Old English Bulldog. One such painting is by artist Abraham Cooper (1817), titled Crib and Rosa.

To some extent, Cairns aligns with Beaufoy "in the context of Kennel Club recognition the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a relatively 'new breed'". Cairns believed a "Stafford-like animal existed at the turn of the 19th Century" and admitted, with the "possibility for slight prejudice", that "the only modern dog of this type is the Staffordshire Bull Terrier". However, Cairns further clarified that the pedigree inscribed on the plaque of the Crib and Rosa painting, specifically the words "the famous Staffordshire bitch", is not suggesting that it was a Staffordshire Bull Terrier, but that "it could be concluded that animals of that type, existed in that county before 1816." Had that theory been proven true, then the modern Staffordshire Bull Terrier would be considered a descendant of purebred bulldogs with no crossbreeding to terriers.

The second theory is that two different types of bull terriers were developed between 1860–1870 by using different types of bull and terrier crosses. The foundation crosses in the Hinks' strain were primarily Bulldogs crossed with the (now extinct) English White Terrier, but it was later confirmed in an article by James Hinks II in the journal Dogdom, that his father also outcrossed with Dalmatians, as well as Greyhounds and Whippets. Borzoi may also have been used as an outcross to make the stop less pronounced and the head longer. The new Bull Terrier was also called the White Cavalier. It was not long afterward that some colour was bred into the white Bull Terrier. During that time, The Kennel Club was registering "Bull Terriers" with the sire, dam and whelping dates unknown.

The second type of bull terrier that evolved from the split suggests a breed that originated by crossing the thickly muscled Old English Bulldog, known for its stamina, strength and courage, with the smaller Black and Tan Terrier, known to be feisty, agile, and lithe. Like their bulldog ancestors, some were heavy dogs that weighed as much as 50 lbs, whereas others were smaller, more like terriers and weighed between 10 and 20 lbs. The Kennel Club recognized this strain of bull terriers as the Staffordshire Bull Terrier in 1935, the same year the Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club was formed and the original breed standard written. The first standard described the ideal Stafford as "15 to 18 inches tall. Dogs were to weigh 28-38 pounds with bitches 24-34 pounds."

DNA analysis

In 2017, a genome-wide study suggested that all of the bull and terrier–type dogs, including the Staffordshire Bull Terrier and five other distinct breeds, map back to the terriers of Ireland and to origins which date to the period 1860–1870. The timing coincides with historical descriptions of dog fighting contests in Ireland, a lack of accurate stud book documentation, and subsequently, the undocumented crosses of dogs during the time when these breeds were first created.

Early protection

The Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 made blood sports illegal, and effectively stopped bull- and bear-baiting in the UK. Baiting required large arenas which made it easier for authorities to police, whereas illegal dog fighting was much harder to terminate because fight sponsors kept their venues hidden and closely guarded in private basements and similar locations. As a result, dog fighting continued long after bull- and bear-baiting had ceased. It was not until the passage of the Protection of Animals Act 1911 that organised dog fighting in Britain largely came to an end.

Recognition

One of the main origins of the Bull Terrier was Staffordshire where the Staffordshire Bull Terrier "in its various guises has emerged". "The early proto-staffords provided the ancestral foundation stock for the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, the American Pit Bull Terrier and the American Staffordshire Terrier. In 1930, the name "Staffordshire Bull Terrier" first appeared in advertisements for dogs of the type. Throughout 1932 and 1933, attempts to achieve Kennel Club recognition for the breed were made by dog-show judge and breeder, Joseph Dunn, but the Stafford's early origins as a fighting dog made it difficult to gain acceptance.

In 1935, a group of men drafted a breed standard for how their own particular strains of dogs should be judged at shows. Those strains were "bulldoggy" types in the Cradley Heath district. Phil Drabble reported that among the various types of bull and terrier, the type from Cradley Heath was recognised as a separate breed to be named the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. In May 1935, the KC approved the name "Staffordshire Bull Terrier"; the first name requested, "Original Bull Terrier", had been rejected. In June 1935, the Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club was formed during a meeting at the Old Cross Guns pub in Cradley Heath; a breed standard was approved the same day, and further shows were held that year. Other pivotal breeders involved in acquiring breed recognition were Joe Mallen and actor Tom Walls. The first champions recognised in England were the bitch Lady Eve and the stud Gentleman Jim in 1939.

The breed was fully accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1954.

American Kennel Club

Staffordshires, as the English bull and terrier crosses have been traditionally called, first arrived in North America in the middle to late 19th century. Neither the AKC nor UKC would endorse, recognise, or register fighting dogs or pit-bull types, as they did not want to be associated with dog fighting. It was not until 1936, long after blood sports were banned and legislation was enacted, that AKC recognised the Staffordshire Terrier, and in 1972 changed the name to American Staffordshire Terrier. The English–bred Staffordshire Bull Terrier (Stafford) was recognised two years later.

In an effort to achieve AKC recognition of the Stafford, Steve Stone organised the US Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club, 14 January 1967. There were few Staffords in the country at that time, most being imports from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and other parts of the world. The first attempts to encourage club membership and gain AKC recognition began with a rally held in the summer of 1967 which resulted in 14 memberships and 8 Staffords registered by the club. By year's end, the count had increased to 39 registered dogs. Dog imports continued, and the number of memberships and registered dogs increased exponentially but it would take nearly a decade of hosting sanctioned shows and demonstrating consistency in the breed standard by maintaining responsible breeding practices that the club would acquire official AKC recognition.

In 1974, the AKC officially recognised the Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club, giving it recognition as the official AKC Parent Club representing the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. On 5 March 1974, the Staffordshire Bull Terrier was the 120th breed recognised by the AKC.

Characteristics

The Stafford is a stocky, muscular and unusually strong dog of small to medium size. It usually stands 36–41 cm at the withers. Dogs weigh some 13–17 kg, bitches approximately 2 kg less. It has a broad chest, strong shoulders, well-boned wide-set legs, a medium length tail carried low, and a broad head with a short muzzle; the ears fold over at the tips and are not cropped. The coat is short, stiff and close. It may be white; black, blue, fawn or red, all with or without white; or any variety of brindle, with or without white.

It is a healthy and robust dog with a life expectancy of 12–14 years. Neurological disorders identified in the breed include cerebellar abiotrophy, Chiari-like malformation, myotonia congenita and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria; hereditary cataract has also been identified.

The Stafford has a reputation for pugnacity; when challenged by another dog it does not back away.

Use

Even in the days of blood sports, the Stafford was always a family pet and companion dog, and is even more so today. It is considered loyal, courageous and affectionate, and is among the breeds recommended by the Kennel Club for families.

In the decade 2011–2020, annual registrations with the Kennel Club fell from about 7000 to about 5000; in 2019 and 2020 it had the highest number of registrations in the Terrier group. It is among the most frequently registered breeds in Australia, France, and New Zealand. In the United States, it was in 81st place on an American Kennel Club list of registrations by number in 2020.

In 2013, the breed accounted for more than a third of the dogs passing through British shelters such as Battersea Dogs & Cats Home. The breed has been associated with chav culture, which tends to attract the negativity associated with it.

Breed-specific legislation

Staffords are often confused with pit bull-types because they share common ancesters that date back to the early 1800s when pit fighting was a popular sport. As a result, Staffords are considered among the breeds with a stigma attached relative to the 'chav culture'". In 2018, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) lobbied the British Parliament to have the Staffordshire Bull Terrier added to the list of restricted dog breeds in the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Kennel Club, Dogs Trust, Blue Cross, and the Battersea Dogs & Cats Home all objected to the proposal. The proposal was inevitably rejected by Parliament; therefore, Staffordshire Bull Terriers are not banned under the UK's Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. Globally, pit bull-types including Staffordshire Bull Terriers have made local news for acts of aggression, but valid questions have been raised about the veracity of visual breed identification, and media hype.

In the United States, dogs that are often defined as pit bulls and commonly banned in some countries include American Pit Bull Terriers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, American Staffordshire Terriers, and Bull Terriers. The CDC and ASPCA are among several agencies and organizations that have stood in opposition to the "theory underlying breed-specific laws—that some breeds bite more often and cause more damage than others, ergo laws targeting these breeds will decrease bite incidence and severity" as they do not believe it has been successful in practice. As of June 2017, there were 21 states in the US that prohibited breed-specific legislation.

Irish Staffordshire Bull Terrier fiction

In the UK, American Pit Bull Terriers are sometimes advertised as "Irish Staffordshire Bull Terrier" in an attempt to circumvent the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. The Irish Staffordshire Bull Terrier is not recognised as a breed by the Irish Kennel Club or any other kennel club, and is attributed by the RSPCA to be contributing "to a rise in incidents of dog fighting".

Notable dogs

• Jock – a Staffordshire Bull Terrier cross, subject of Sir Percy FitzPatrick’s book Jock of the Bushveld (1907).
• Cooper – a Staffordshire Bull Terrier adopted in March 2018 by the Staffordshire Police for training as a police dog, the first of this breed in Staffordshire.
• Watchman – military mascot of the Staffordshire Regiment

Gallery

• Red & white
• Black Black
• White & black
• Red
• Brindle
• Black Brindle
• Blue
• Brindle & white
• Fawn
• Black Brindle
• Fawn, cropped ears
• White & black, ears not cropped

References

Explanatory notes

1. From Bull-and-Terrier to Bull Terrier - another breed was the Bull Terrier, molded into a distinct breed by James Hinks of Birmingham, England. Hinks presented “New Bull Terrier” at a Birmingham show in May 1862.

Citations

1. ^ The Kennel Club, Staffordshire Bull Terrier: Breed Standard. The Kennel Club. Archived 1 May 2019.
2. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier: description". TheKennelClub.org.uk. The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021.
3. The Complete Dog Book (16th ed.). New York: American Kennel Club / Howell Book House. 1980. pp. 514–515. ISBN 0876054629.
4. ^ Flaim, Denise (8 October 2020). "Bull Terrier History: Behind the Breed – American Kennel Club". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
5. "Popular Science". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation: 126. November 1936. ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
6. "Staffordshire Bull Terrier to Become A.K.C.' s 121st Registered Breed Oct.1; Manhattan Aide Named". The New York Times. 18 August 1974. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
7. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information". AKC.org. American Kennel Club. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
8. ^ Harris, David (2008). Bully breeds. Freehold, NJ: Kennel Club Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-59378-664-9. OCLC 172980066.
9. ^ Parker, Heidi G.; Dreger, Dayna L.; Rimbault, Maud; Davis, Brian W.; Mullen, Alexandra B.; Carpintero-Ramirez, Gretchen; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2017). "Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development". Cell Reports. 19 (4): 697–708. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079. PMC 5492993. PMID 28445722.
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14. Pearce, Frank (1874). Kennel Club Stud Book. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Horace Cox. p. 535.
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29. ^ Beaufoy, James (2016). Staffordshire Bull Terriers: a practical guide for owners and breeders. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: Crowood Press. ISBN 9781785000973.
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36. "The Staffordshire Bull Terrier and its Ancestors" (PDF). Kennel Club. 20 June 2014. p. 7. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
37. FCI breeds nomenclature: Staffordshire Bull Terrier (76). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed June 2021.
38. Flaim, Denise (4 February 2021). "American Staffordshire Terrier History: How the AmStaff Separated from the 'Pit Bull'". AKC.org. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
39. Coile, D. Caroline (27 May 2001). "Back to the time of the gladiator". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
40. "American Staffordshire Terrier Dog Breed Information". AKC.org. American Kennel Club. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
41. ^ Fletcher, Walter R. (19 September 1971). "A Breed That Came Up the Hard Way". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
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External Links

• Staffordshire Bull Terrier 1935 - Staffordshire Bull Terrier history, statistics, links etc.
• Staffordshire Bull Terrier UK Club - Staffordshire Bull Terrier UK Club
• SBTpedigree - Staffordshire Bull Terrier Pedigree Search Engine

• Dog breeds originating in England
• Dog fighting breeds
• FCI breeds
• Terriers