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<!-- Infobox begins --> |
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{{Infobox City |
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|official_name = Kyiv |
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|other_name = Kyiv |
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|native_name = Київ |
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|image_skyline = Kiev Mikhail Arhangel modern square.jpg |
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|image_caption = A monument to ], the patron of Kyiv, with ] in the background |
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|image_flag = Kyiv flag.png |
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|image_shield = Kiew-city-COA.PNG |
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|shield_size = 75px |
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|image_map = Map of Ukraine political simple city Kiew.png |
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|map_caption = Map of Ukraine with Kyiv highlighted |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
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|subdivision_name = ] |
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|subdivision_type1 = ] |
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|subdivision_name1 = Kyiv City Municipality |
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|subdivision_type2 = Raion |
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|subdivision_name2 = ] |
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|leader_title = Mayor |
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|leader_name = ] |
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|population_as_of = 2006 |
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|population_total = 4,450,968 |
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|population_density_km2 = 3299 |
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|timezone = EET |
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|utc_offset = +2 |
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|timezone_DST = EEST |
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|utc_offset_DST = +3 |
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|latd=50 |latm=27 |lats=00 |latNS=N |
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|longd=30 |longm=31 |longs=24 |longEW=E |
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|elevation_m = 179 |
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|postal_code_type = Postal code |
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|postal_code = 01xxx-04xxx |
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|area_code = +380 44 |
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|blank_name = ] |
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|blank_info = AA (before 2004: КА,КВ,КЕ,КН,КІ,KT) |
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|blank1_name = ] |
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|blank1_info = <small>], ], ],<br />], ], ],<br />], ], ],<br />], ], ], ],<br />], ], ], ],<br />], ], ],<br />], ],<br />], ], ], ],<br />], ], ],<br /> ], ], ], ] </small> |
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|website = http://www.kmr.gov.ua |
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}} |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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'''Kyiv''' (]: {{Audio|Kyiv.ogg|Київ}}, ''Kyyiv'', ]:{{IPA|}}; ]: {{Audio|ru-Kiev.ogg|Ки́ев}}, ''Kiyev''; see also ]), is the ] and the largest city of ], located in the north central part of the country on the ] river. In 2005 Kyiv had 2,660,401 inhabitants,<ref name="Citypop.">. URL accessed July 28, 2006</ref> |
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{{R from move}} |
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and this figure continues to grow. |
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{{R from alternative language|ru|uk}} |
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{{R from alternative spelling}} |
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Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural center of ]. It is home to many high-tech industries, ] institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of ], including the ]. |
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{{R printworthy}} |
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The name Kyiv is said to derive from the name of ], one of four legendary founders of the city (brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and sister Lybid'). During ], Kyiv, one of the oldest cities in ], passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city is believed to have been founded in the 5th century as a trading post in the land of ]. It gradually acquired eminence as the center of the ], becoming in the tenth to twelfth centuries a political and cultural capital of ], a ] East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the ] in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbors: first the ], followed by the ] and ]. The city prospered again during the Russian ] in the late 19th century. After the ] following the ], from 1921 onwards Kyiv was an important city of the ], and, since 1934, its capital. During ], the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years remaining the third largest city of ]. |
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Following the ] and the ] of 1991, Kyiv remained the capital of ]. |
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== Environment == |
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=== Geography === |
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] image of Kyiv and the Dnieper River]] |
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Kyiv is located on both sides of the ], which flows south through the city towards the ]. Its |
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] are {{coor dms |50|27|00|N|30|31|24|E|type:city(2600000) |
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_scale:300000_region:ua}}. Geographically, Kyiv belongs to the ] ecological zone (a part of the European mixed |
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woods). However, the city's unique landscape distinguishes it from the surrounding region. The older right-bank (''western'') |
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part of Kyiv is represented by numerous woody hills, ravines and small rivers. It is a part of the larger Prydniprovska |
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(''near-Dnieper'') upland adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper. The city expanded to the Dnieper's left-bank (''to the |
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east'') only in the 20th century. Significant areas of the Dnieper valley were artificially sand-deposited, and are protected |
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by ]s. |
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The Dnieper River forms a branching system of ], isles, and harbors within the city limits. The city |
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is adjoined by the mouth of the ] and the ] in the north, and the ] in the |
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south. Both the Dnieper and Desna rivers are ] at Kyiv, although regulated by the reservoir shipping |
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locks and limited by winter freeze-over. |
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=== Climate === |
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Kyiv has a ] ], although it has changed significantly during recent decades. |
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The warmest months are June, July, and August, with mean temperatures of 13.8 to 24.8°C (56.9 to 76.7°F). The coldest are |
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December, January, and February, with mean temperatures of −4.6 to -1.1°C (23.7 to 30.0°F). The highest ever temperature |
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recorded in the city was 39.4°C (103.0°F) on ] ]. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was - |
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32.2°C (-26.0°F) on ] & ] ]. Snow cover usually lies from mid-November to the end of March, |
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with the frost-free period lasting 180 days on average, but surpassing 200 days in recent years.<ref name="Beijing"> |
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URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Month |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Jan |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Feb |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Mar |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Apr |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | May |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Jun |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Jul |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Aug |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Sep |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Oct |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Nov |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Dec |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Year |
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|- |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Avg high °C (°F) |
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| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | -3 (27) |
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| style="background: #9999CC; color: black;" | -1 (30) |
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| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 4 (40) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 14 (57) |
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| style="background: #FFDD00; color: black;" | 21 (69) |
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| style="background: #FF8800; color: black;" | 24 (74) |
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| style="background: #FF8800; color: black;" | 25 (76) |
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| style="background: #FF8800; color: black;" | 24 (75) |
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| style="background: #FFDD00; color: black;" | 19 (66) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 12 (54) |
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| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 4 (40) |
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| style="background: #9999CC; color: black;" | 0 (32) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 12 (53) |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" | Avg low °C (°F) |
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| style="background: #660099; color: black;" | -8 (17) |
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| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | -7 (20) |
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| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | -2 (28) |
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| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 5 (41) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 11 (51) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 14 (57) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 15 (59) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 14 (58) |
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| style="background: #339933; color: black;" | 10 (50) |
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| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 5 (41) |
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| style="background: #9999CC; color: black;" | 0 (32) |
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| style="background: #6633CC; color: black;" | -5 (24) |
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| style="background: #99FF33; color: black;" | 4 (40) |
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|- |
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! style="background: #CCCCCC; color:#000080;" | Avg rainfall in mm (inches) |
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| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 48 (1.9) |
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| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 46 (1.8) |
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| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 39 (1.5) |
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| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 48 (1.9) |
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| style="background: #2288BB;" | 53 (2.1) |
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| style="background: #2288BB;" | 73 (2.9) |
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| style="background: #2266AA;" | 88 (3.5) |
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| style="background: #2288BB;" | 69 (2.7) |
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| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 47 (1.8) |
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| style="background: #66CCFF;" | 35 (1.4) |
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| style="background: #2288BB;" | 51 (2.0) |
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| style="background: #2288BB;" | 52 (2.0) |
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| style="background: #2288BB;" | 54 (2.1) |
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|- |
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| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: World Weather Information Service''<ref> |
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URL accessed July 29, 2006</ref> |
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== History == |
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{{main|History of Kyiv}} |
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Kyiv is one of the oldest and most important cities of ] with a pivotal role in the development of the |
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medieval ] civilization as well as in the modern ]. |
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People have lived on the site of Kyiv since before the existence of any historic records. The settlement at the site of the |
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modern city may have been founded as early as the fifth or the sixth century AD.<ref name=foundation>In an absense of historic |
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records the "accepted" date of foundation is often subject to non-historic or even political speculations. Still, the |
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article in ] states: " |
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The village that became the modern city may have been founded as early as the 6th century AD." The ] |
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in states: "It probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th |
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cent."</ref> With the exact time of city foundation being hard to determine, May 1982 was chosen to celebrate the city's |
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1,500th anniversary. |
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During the eighth and ninth centuries, Kyiv was an outpost of the ] empire. Starting from some point during the late |
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ninth century Kyiv was ruled by the ] nobility and became the nucleus of the [[Etymology of Rus and |
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derivatives|Rus']] polity, which became known as ] during the ] of Kyiv (eleventh to early twelfth |
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centuries). In 1240 the ] led by ] completely destroyed Kyiv, an event that had a |
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profound effect on the future of the city and the ]. At the time of the |
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Mongol destruction, Kyiv was reputed as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding one hundred |
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thousand. |
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From 1362, the area, with a largely diminished city, ] by ] for the |
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]. From 1569 the city was controlled by the ], as a capital of |
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], transferred by then to the ]. In the 17th century, was Kyiv |
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was transferred under rule of ]. In the ] Kyiv was a primary Christian center, the |
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attraction of piligrims and the craddle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century |
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the city's commercial importance remained marginal. |
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].]] |
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Kyiv prospered again during the ] in the late nineteenth century when it became the third most |
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important city of the Russian Empire, the major center of commerce of the Empire's southwest. In the turbulent period |
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following the ], Kyiv became the capital of several [[Ukrainian People's |
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Republic|short-lived Ukrainian states]] and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: ], the [[Russian |
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Civil War]], and the ]. From 1921 the city was a part of ], a founding republic of |
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]. In 1932-33 the city was affected by the devastating man-made famine known as ]. While there was |
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no famine for those who had ration cards distributed to workers, thousands of peasants from the rural areas were banned from |
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the state food stores and were often dying on the streets.<ref>]. The harvest of sorrow: Soviet |
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collectivization and the terror-famine. New York; Oxford. Oxford University Press, 1986</ref>. Since 1934, Kyiv became the |
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capital of ]. The city boomed again during the years of the Soviet industrialization as it |
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population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were built that exist to this day. |
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In ], the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the |
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post-war years, becoming once again the third most important city of the Soviet Union. The [[Chernobyl disaster|catastrophic |
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accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]] located only some 100 km to the north from the city affected the city, which |
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had surpassed two million inhabitants, but to a lesser extent than it was feared as the northward wind blew the most |
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substantial radioactive debris away from the city. |
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In the wake of the ] the [[Declaration of Independence |
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of Ukraine]] was proclaimed in the city by the ] on August 24, 1991. Kyiv now remains the capital of |
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independent ]. |
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== Government == |
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{{main|Legal status and local government of Kyiv}} |
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] building at the ] street.]] |
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The ] of the city of Kyiv has a unique legal status within Ukraine compared to the other [[subdivisions of |
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Ukraine|administrative subdivisions of the country]]. The most significant difference is that the city is subordinated |
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directly to the national-level branches of the ], skipping the ] |
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of ]. Additionally, the leading governmental position is held by the locally elected, rather than appointed, |
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figure, the ], and the municipal self-governance institutions have a higher than elsewhere in Ukraine latitude |
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in the local affairs. |
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=== Subdivisions === |
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{{Main|Subdivisions of Kyiv}} |
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].]] |
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Administratively, the city is divided into "]s" ("districts"), which have their local governments with jurisdiction |
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over a limited scope of affairs. Presently, there are 10 raions. |
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Besides these, Kyiv is informally divided into historical or territorial neighborhoods, each housing from about 5,000 to |
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100,000 inhabitants. |
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The natural first level of subdivision of the city is into the Right Bank and the ] of the |
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Dnieper. The Right Bank, located on the west side of the river, contains the older portions of the city. |
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:''See also: ] |
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== Demographics == |
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{{Histpop| |
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]|846,724|''N/A''| |
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]|930,000|+9.8%| |
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]|180,000|-80.6%| |
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]|1,104,334|+513.5%| |
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]|1,174,000|+6.3%| |
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]|2,144,000|+82.6%| |
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]|2,587,945|+20.7%| |
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]|2,611,327|+0.9%| |
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]|2,660,401|+1.8%| |
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}} |
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}} |
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As of the ] conducted in 2001, the population of Kyiv is 2,611,300.<ref> |
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URL accessed on June 20, 2006</ref> Please |
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consult the table to the right for Kyiv's historical populations.<ref name="Citypop.">[http://www.citypopulation.de/Ukraine- |
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Cities.html Ukraine City Populations]. URL accessed July 28, 2006</ref> According to the census, the number of men accounted |
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for 1,219,000 persons, or 46.7%, and that of women – 1,393,000 persons, or 53.3%. The comparison with the results of the |
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previous census (1989) shows the trend of ] which, while common for the country overall, is partly offset |
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in Kyiv by the inflow of the migrants of the working age. |
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According to the census data, more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups reside within the territory of Kyiv. Ukrainians |
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constitute the largest ethnic group in Kyiv, and they account for 2,110,800 people, or 82.2% of the population. ] |
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comprise 337,300 (13.1%), ]s - 17,900 (0.7%), ] - 16,500 (0.6%), ] - 6,900 (0.3%), ] - |
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4,900 (0.2%), ] - 2,600 (0.1%), ] - 2,500 (0.1%), ] - |
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2,400 (0.1%), ] - 1,900 (0.1%). |
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Both ] and ] are commonly spoken in the city, with Russian being |
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more widely used despite the fact that Ukrainian is claimed as their native tongue by almost three times as many residents as |
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those who claim Russian.<ref name=CensusKiev>According to the official ] data |
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approximately 75% of Kyiv's population responded 'Ukrainian' to the native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly |
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25% responded 'Russian'. On the other hand, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked in the |
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2003 sociological survey, the Kyivans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52%, 'both Russian and Ukrainian |
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in equal measure': 32%, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14%, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3%.<br>{{cite news|first= |last= |author= |url= |
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http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72|title=What language is spoken in Ukraine?|work= |publisher=Welcome to |
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Ukraine|pages= |page= |date= 2003/2|accessdate= }}.</ref> According to a 2006 survey, Ukrainian is used at home by 23% of |
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Kyivans, as 52% use Russian and 24% switch between both.<ref name=ZerkaloKiev>"Kyiv: the city, its residents, problems of |
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today, wishes for tomorrow.", '']'', April 29 - May 12, 2006. [http://www.zerkalo- |
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nedeli.com/ie/show/596/53322/ in Russian], </ref> |
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1,069,700 people have higher and complete secondary education, a significant increase 21.7% since 1989. |
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== Modern Kyiv == |
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] of the Kyiv center at night.]] |
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] from the Instytutska |
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street.]] |
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Modern Kyiv is a mix of the old and the new, seen in everything from the architecture to the stores and to the people |
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themselves. Experiencing fast population growth between the 1970s and the mid-], the city has continued its |
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consistent growth after the turn of the millennium. As a result, Kyiv's ''"downtown"'' is a dotted picture of new, modern |
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buildings amongst the pale yellows, blues and grays of the older apartments. Urban sprawl has been gradually reducing, while |
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population densities of suburbs started increasing. The most expensive properties are located in the ], and |
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] area. It is also prestigious to own a property in newly constructed buildings in [[Kharkivskyi neighborhood, |
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Kyiv|Kharkivskyi Raion]] or ] along the Dnieper, as well as in some other better-established areas. |
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With the Ukrainian independence on the turn of the millennium, other changes came. Western-style residential complexes, hip |
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]s, classy restaurants and prestigious hotels opened in the center. Music from ] and ] |
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started rising on Ukrainian music charts. And most importantly, with the easing of the visa rules in 2005,<ref> |
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ULR accessed on July 30, 2006</ref> Ukraine is |
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positioning itself as a prime tourist attraction, with Kyiv, among the other large cities, looking to profit from the new |
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opportunities. The center of Kyiv has been cleaned up and buildings have been restored and redecorated, especially the |
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] street and the ]. Many historic areas of Kyiv, such as |
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], have become popular street vendor locations, where one can find traditional [[Art of |
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Ukraine|Ukrainian art]], religious items, books, game sets (most commonly ]) as well as ] for sale.<ref> |
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URL accessed on June 20, 2006</ref> |
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* |
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=== Culture === |
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An important part of Kyiv's culture is the many theatres in the city, which include: ], [[Ivan |
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Franko National Academic Drama Theater]], ], the [[Kiev Puppet |
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Theater]], ], [[National Philharmonic Society of Ukraine|National Philharmonic of |
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Ukraine]] and many others. |
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Other cultural items include the ], and the ]. The most important of the |
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] are the Kyiv State Historical Museum, [[Museum of the Great Patriotic War, |
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Kyiv|Museum of the Great Patriotic War]], the ], the [[Museum of Western |
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and Oriental Art]] and the ]. |
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In ] Kyiv hosted the ] ] as a result of |
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] ] being victorious in ]. |
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:''See also: ] |
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==== Sports ==== |
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] is the most popular spectator sport in Kyiv, followed by ] and ]. Kyiv has |
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many professional and amateur soccer clubs, including the ] and ], which |
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both play in the ] of the ]. Other less prominent sport clubs in the |
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city include: the ] soccer club, the ] hockey club and ] basketball club. |
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[[Image:Kiev stadium 1980.jpg|thumb|The Olympic Stadium in 1980 following the reconstruction for the [[1980 Summer |
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Olympics]]]] |
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During the ] held in the ], Kyiv held the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of |
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the football tournament at its ], reconstructed for the event. The stadium is the |
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largest of Ukrainian stadiums, as well as among Kyiv's 15 stadiums/sport complexes. Initially constructed for audience of |
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100,000, following the installation of individual seats it can now accommodate 83,053 spectators.<ref name="Beijing"> |
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URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> Other notable sport |
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stadiums/sport complexes in Kyiv include the ], the ], |
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among many others. |
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Kyiv does not only host field games and indoor sports, but also aquatic sports, which take place on the ] at |
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], and on ] in the Dnieper river, opposite the city center, where there are many fine beaches |
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and recreational facilities.<ref name="Beijing"> URL |
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accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> In addition to that, cross country bicycling is another favorite sport, also taking place on |
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the Trukhaniv Island. |
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Together with a few other cities of ] and ], Kyiv will house the [[2012 UEFA European Football |
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Championship]]. Three group matches, a quarter final and the final are scheduled to be played at Kyiv ] |
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stadium. |
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:''See also: ] |
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==== Architecture ==== |
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Probably, Kyiv's most famous historical architecture complexes are ] and |
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] (Monastery of the Caves), which are ] ]s. |
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Noteworthy historical architectural landmarks also include the ] (designed and constructed from 1745 to |
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1752, then reconstructed in 1870), several Orthodox churches such as [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery|St. Michael's |
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Cathedral]], ], ], the reconstructed |
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], and others. |
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The cylindrical Salut hotel, located across from Glory Square and an ] at the World War Two memorial [[Tomb of |
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the Unknown Soldier]]. The giant highly visible from the Dnieper hills ] statue standing at the [[Museum |
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of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev|Museum of the Great Patriotic War]] is one of Kyiv's well recognized modern landmarks. |
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Among Kyiv's best-known monuments are ]'s statue of ] astride his horse |
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located near ], the venerated ] |
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(St. Vladimir), the ], overlooking the river above ], the monument to [[Kyi, |
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Schek and Khoryv]] and Lybid, the legendary founders of the city located at the Dnieper embankment. Finally, two elevated on |
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the tall columns modern monuments to the city protectors are located at the ] in |
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the city center: the historic protector of Kyiv ] and a modern invention, the goddess |
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-protector ]. |
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:''See also: ] |
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===== Architectural monuments ===== |
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<center> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:StMichaelCathedral.jpg|The ], 1998 reconstruction. |
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Image:Uspensky Sobor.jpg|The Holy Dormition Cathedral of the ], post-1991 reconstruction. |
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Image:Andreevskaja cerkov.jpg|The ]. |
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Image:Kiev Sofiakathedraal.jpg|The ]. |
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Image:Vladimirsky Sobor.jpg|The ]. |
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Image:Bogorodica-Pirogoscha.jpg|The Church of Bogoroditsa Pirogoscha in the ] raion, 1998 reconstruction |
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Image:Olga Monument.jpg|Monument to ] |
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Image:Kiev gate 2001 07 09.jpg|The ], 1982 reconstruction. |
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Image:Verkhovna Rada face.jpg|The ], the Ukrainian parliament. |
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Image:KievOpera.jpg|The ]. |
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Image:National Bank of Ukraine.jpg|]. |
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Image:House with chimaeras.jpg|"]" |
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Image:Kiew Hoehlenkloster Turm.jpg|Pechersk Lavra |
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Image:Kiew Höhlenkloster Eingang.jpg|Pechersk Lavra |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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== Transportation == |
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=== Local transportation === |
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] station of the ]]] |
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Public transportation in Kyiv includes metro (subway), ]es, ]es and ]s. The publicly owned and |
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operated ] system is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of |
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the city. The metro is regularly expanding towards the city limits to cover the growing demand, while the other kinds of |
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public transport are not that well maintained. In particular, the public ] service fails to maintain its schedule. |
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Public electric trolleybus and tram lines are more reliable, but are also technically obsolete and underfunded. The historic |
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], which once were a maintained and densely-developed method of transport, are now gradually being |
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phased out in favor of buses and trolleys. |
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One unusual mode of public transportation Kyiv has is a ], that climbs on the steep right bank of |
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the ]. It provides transport to 10,000-15,000 passengers daily. |
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All public road transport in Kyiv is operated by the united ''Kyivpastrans''<ref>See also: [http://www.kpt.kiev.ua/ |
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''Kyivpastrans'' official website] URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> ] company. It is heavily |
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subsidized by the city as large groups of passengers (pensioners, etc.) are granted free service on its lines. |
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].]] |
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A simple distance-regardless ]s system exists in Kyiv public transport: the tickets for ground transportation are |
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bought for each entrance into the vehicle. Discount passes are available for scholars and students. Pensioners use public |
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transportation free. Monthly passes, which are sold at the price of 60 rides, are also available in all combinations of public |
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transportation: metro, bus, trolley, tram. |
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Recently, privately owned minibuses, '']s'', occupied Kyiv's streets. They provide good coverage of smaller |
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residential streets and have routes that are convenient for the residents. Minibuses take fewer passengers, run faster, stop |
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on demand and are more available, although with an increased frequency of accidents. Ticket price and itinerary of private |
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minibuses are regulated by city government, and the cost of one ride, while higher than on public buses, is still far lower |
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than the Western European standard. |
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The ] market in Kyiv is intensive but not adequately regulated. In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is |
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not regulated. There is a strong competition between private taxi companies. Many allow scheduling a pick-up by phone. Also, |
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it is quite common for a local with a car (or even people from other parts of Ukraine) to provide taxi service unofficially. |
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]s and lack of parking space are the growing problems for taxi service in Kyiv. Current regulations allow for |
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parking on pavements, which pedestrians may find inconvenient. |
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] ]. The [[St Andrew's Church of Kiev|St. Andrew |
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Church]] is visible in the background]] |
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=== Suburban transportation === |
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Suburban transportation is provided by buses and short-range trains ('']s''). There are a few bus stations |
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inside the city providing suburban transportations. Private minibuses (''marshrutkas'') provide faster and more frequent |
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suburban service, currently winning the competition against large buses. |
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''Elektrichkas'' are serviced by the publicly owned ] company. The suburban train service is fast, and |
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unbeatingly safe in terms of traffic accidents. But the trains are not reliable, as they may fail significantly behind |
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schedule, may not be safe in terms of crime, and the ''elektrichka'' cars are poorly maintained and are overcrowded in [[rush |
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hour]]s. |
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There are 5 ''elektrichka'' directions from Kyiv: |
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* ] (north-eastern) |
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* ] (south-eastern) |
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* ] (southern) |
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* ] (south-western) |
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* ] (western) |
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]]] |
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More than a dozen of ''elektrichka'' stops are located within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use |
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the suburban trains. |
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Once existing suburban ]s service is now extinct due to lack of profitability, limiting Kiev's |
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water transport for cargo and tourism uses. |
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=== Railways === |
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] are Kyiv’s main kind of outer transport connection. The city has a developed railroad |
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infrastructure including a long-distance passenger station, 6 cargo stations, depots, and repairing facilities. However, this |
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system still fails to meet the demand for passenger service. Particularly, the ] is city's |
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only long-distance passenger terminal (''vokzal''). There is construction underway for a new ] on |
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the left-bank part of Kyiv, which may easer the tension of the central station.<ref>{{ru icon}} |
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URL accessed on June 20, 2006</ref> [[Kiev bridges|Bridges |
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over the Dnieper River]] are another problem restricting the development of city’s railway system. Presently, only one rail |
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bridge out of two is available for intense train traffic. A new combined rail-auto bridge is under construction, as a part of |
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Darnytsia project. |
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=== Air transport === |
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[[Image:Boryspil Terminal B inside.jpg|thumb|The expanded ''Terminal B'' within the [[Boryspil Airport|Boryspil International |
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Airport]]]] |
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Passenger air link to Kyiv can be made through two of its airports: the ], which is served by the many |
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international airlines, and a smaller ], serving mostly domestic flights, and few |
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flights to nearby countries. There is also ] in Kyiv's north-western suburb of |
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]. The international passenger terminal at Boryspil is quite small, yet modern. A new section of the international |
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terminal was opened in 2006. There is a separate terminal for domestic flights within walking distance. Passengers traveling |
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to other cities within Ukraine by air usually stop for a connection at Boryspil, as the other airports in Ukraine such as in |
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Donetsk, Simferopol, Odessa, provide very limited international connections. |
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Kyiv is one of the centers of world aviation industry, being a home for ]. |
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] is playing vital role in ukrainian aviation industry Currently, there are expansion plans for |
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the city's international airport, with construction to begin within the coming years.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.airport- |
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borispol.kiev.ua/rus/actual/razvit.html Airport Borispol Official Site] URL accessed on June 20, 2006</ref> |
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:''See also: ] |
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== Tourism == |
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] and the Left |
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Bank of Kyiv in the background. Photo copyright R. Lezhoev]] |
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=== Attractions in Kyiv === |
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It is said that one can walk from one end of Kyiv to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade of its many trees. |
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Most characteristic are the ]s ({{lang-uk|каштани, ''kashtany''}}). |
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Kyiv is known as a green city with ] and numerous large and small parks. The |
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green nature of the city is probably most notable by the overgrown and mostly untouched by urbanization hills on the right |
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bank along the Dnieper river. There the ] is located, which |
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offers both indoor and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant hills overlooking the Dnieper |
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river. |
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Among the numerous islands, Venetsianskyi (or ]) is the most habitable. It's accessible by metro or by car, and |
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includes an amusement park, swimming beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs. The Victory Park (''Park Peremohy'') located near |
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Darnytsia subway station is a popular destination for strollers, joggers, and cyclists. |
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Boating, fishing, and water sports are popular pastimes in Kyiv. Since the lakes and rivers freeze over in the winter, ice |
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fishermen are frequently seen, as are children with their ice skates. However, the peak of summer is when masses of people can |
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be seen on the shores, swimming or sunbathing, with daytime high temperatures sometimes reaching 30 to 34 ]. |
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The center of Kyiv (Independence Square and Khreschatyk Street) becomes a large outdoor party place at night during summer |
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months, with thousands of people having a good time in nearby restaurants, clubs and outdoor cafes. The central streets are |
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closed for auto traffic on weekends and holidays. |
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Wide varieties of farming products are available in many of Kyiv's farmer markets with the ] located in |
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the very center of the city being the most famous one. Each residential region has its own market, or ''rynok''. Here one will |
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find table after table of individuals hawking everything imaginable: vegetables, fresh and smoked meats, fish, cheese, honey, |
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dairy products such as milk and home-made ''smetana'' (sour cream), ], cut flowers, housewares, tools and hardware, |
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and clothing. Each of the markets has its own unique mix of products. There is also a popular book market by the [[Petrivka |
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(Kiev Metro)|Petrivka metro station]]. |
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At the city's southern outskirts, near the historic ] village, there is an [[Open air museum|outdoor |
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museum]], officially called the ] It has an area of 1.5 |
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square kilometres. On this terrain, multiple "mini-villages" that represent the traditional countryside architecture of |
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various regions of Ukraine are built. |
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Kyiv also has numerous game attractions like bowling, carts, paintball, billiards and even shooting from real weapons. |
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:''See also: ]'' |
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=== Views of Kyiv === |
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<center> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Andriyivskyy Uzviz.jpeg|General view of the ]. |
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Image:Podol.JPG|The ] of the ] raion. |
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Image:Kreschatik.JPG|], the best known street in Kiev. |
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Image:Ukraine elections massprotest 20041122.jpg|] protesters gather at ]. |
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Image:Trapeznaja Lavry.JPG|The ] of the ]. |
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Image:Kiev History Museum.jpg|The Museum of History. |
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Image:Founders of Kiev.jpg|The founders of Kiev, ]. |
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Image:Kiev railway station 1.JPG|The new Terminal to the ]. |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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== Economy == |
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Kyiv, as the capital of Ukraine, has major administrative functions, with considerable status in the offices of the ministries |
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responsible for the economy of Ukraine. Factories in Kyiv are found in all parts of the city, with locations of major |
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concentrations of industrial organizations located to the west of the city center and on the left bank of the Dnieper River. |
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:''See also: ], ]'' |
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=== Industrial organizations === |
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The Kyiv engineering plants, create their equipment based on metal from the iron and steel areas of [[Dnipropetrovsk |
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Oblast#Economy|Dnipropetrovshchyna]] and the ] coalfield. These plants in Kyiv make equipment for |
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chemical works, such as conveyor lines for ], ], ] factories, and also metal- |
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cutting machines. Other engineering products of Kyiv area include aircraft ''(see: ])'', hydraulic elevators, |
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electrical instruments, armatures, river-and-sea crafts, motorcycles, and cinematography apparatuses. |
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Another important sector is the chemical industry, which produces resin products, fertilizers, plastics, and chemical fibers, |
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made at the ] ] plant on the left bank of Kyiv. Lumber milling and the production of |
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bricks and reinforced concrete items are another well developed industry. Consumer manufactured goods include cameras ''(see: |
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]'', thermos flasks, knitwear, footwear, a range of foodstuffs, and hand watches. Kyiv is also a |
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large publishing centre. |
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=== Power production === |
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Kyiv is supplied by electricity primary from the ], completed in 1968, just upstream of the |
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city at ], on the ], and from ] thermal electric station. Nowadays, all but a few |
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regions of Ukraine are interconnected by the Ukrainian electric power grid. Following the ] the |
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] located 100 km north of Kyiv has been closed. Kyiv also receives its power supply in the |
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form of natural gas, piped from ]-Pomary-] pipeline. |
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== Education == |
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].]] |
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Kyiv hosts many universities, the major ones being ],<ref>See |
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also: URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> the [[Kiev Polytechnic |
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Institute|National Technical University "Kiev Polytechnic Institute"]],<ref>See also: [http://ntu-kpi.kiev.ua/ KPI official |
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website] URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> and the ].<ref>See also: |
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URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> The |
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total number of institutions of higher education in Kyiv approaches 200,<ref>See also: [http://www.osvita.org.ua/highedu/? |
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cmd=search&HS%5breg%5d=2&HS%5bp_i%5d=5&HS%5bbutton%5d=go Osvita.org URL accessed on June 20, 2006]</ref> allowing young people |
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to pursue almost any line of study. |
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<!---While education remains largely in the hands of the state, private institutions are on the rise. Among private, higher |
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education institutions that are gaining popularity and reputation are the ] and the [[European |
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University (Kyiv)|European University]].---> |
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There are about 500 general secondary schools, evening schools for adults, and specialist technical schools. Scientific |
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research is conducted in many of the institutes of the higher education and, additionally, in many ]s |
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affiliated with the ]<ref>See also: |
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URL accessed on July 28, 2006</ref> and several of [[Cabinet of |
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Ministers of Ukraine|Ukrainian industrial ministries]]. Kyiv is also noted for its research in medicine and computer science. |
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There are many libraries in the city with the ] affiliated with the |
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Academy of Science being the largest and most important one.<ref>[http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/eng/ The Vernadsky National Library |
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of Ukraine]</ref> |
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:''See also: ] |
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== City name evolution == |
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[[Image:Kiou1562.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A fragment of ''Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae'' map by Anthony Jenkinson (London 1562) |
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published by ] in 1570.]] |
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]'s "New map of Europe, from the latest |
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authorities" published in "Cary's new universal atlas", London, 1808.]] |
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Currently, ''Kyiv'' is the traditional English name for the city, but the Ukrainianized version ''Kyiv'' is gaining usage. |
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As a prominent city with a long history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The early English spelling was |
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derived from ] form ''Kijevъ'' (spelled ''Кієвъ''). According to the legendary |
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account in the ], the city is named after ] (Кий), who is said to have founded |
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the city with his ]. |
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In the ] the city was mentioned in published sources as ''Kiou'', ''Kiow'', ''Kiew'', ''Kiovia''. On one of the |
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oldest English maps of the region ''Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae'' published by ] (London, 1570) the city is |
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spelled as ''Kiou''. On the map by Guillaume de Beauplan (1650) the name of the city was given as ''Kiiow'', and the region |
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was named as ''Kÿowia''. In English traveller Joseph Marshall's book ''Travels'' (London, 1772) the city is referred as |
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''Kiovia''. |
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The name ''Kyiv'' was used in print as early as in 1804 in the ]'s "New map of Europe, from the latest |
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authorities" in "Cary's new universal atlas" published in ]. The English travelogue titled ''New Russia: Journey from |
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Riga to the Crimea by way of Kyiv'', by Mary Holderness was published in 1823. By 1883, the ] |
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included ''Kyiv'' in a quotation. This name was established on the basis of ] orthography and |
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pronunciation {{IPA |}}, during a time when Kyiv was a city in a ] of the ]. |
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At the same time the spelling ''Kyiv'', ] version of the ] name for the city |
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{{IPA|}}, has been used in English-language publications of the Ukrainian diaspora and in some academic publications |
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concerning Ukraine during much of the twentieth century. Newly-independent Ukraine declared Ukrainian the only [[official |
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language]] after 1991, and introduced a national Latin-alphabet standard for geographic names in 1995, establishing the use of |
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the spelling ''Kyiv'' in all official documents issued by the governmental authorities since October 1995. The spelling is |
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used by the ], ], some foreign ]s and a number of media organizations, notably in |
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]. On ], ], the United States federal government changed its official spelling of the city name to |
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Kyiv.<ref> URL accessed |
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on January 15, 2007</ref> The alternate romanizations ''Kyyiv'' (BGN/PCGN transliteration) and ''Kyjiv'' (scholarly) are also |
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in use alongside ''Kyiv'' in English-language atlases. This, however, did not affect the usage of most major players in the |
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English language news media market: ], ], ] and most major live and print media continue to use |
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Kyiv to this day. |
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{{See also|Romanization of Ukrainian|Romanization of Russian}} |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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:'''Bibliography:''' |
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* Marshall, Joseph. ''Travels Through Germany, Russia, and Poland in the Years 1769 and 1770''. London: J. Almon, 1772; |
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reprint, New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1971. ISBN 0-405-02763-X |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Holderness |
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| first = Mary |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| year = 1827 |
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| title = New Russia: Journey from Riga to the Crimea, by way of Kiev; with some account of the colonization, and the manners |
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and customs of the colonists of New Russia; to which are added notes relating to the Crim Tatars |
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| publisher = Sherwood, Jones, |
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| location = London |
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| id = {{LCCN|49||042378}} <!---ISBN 3-628-28986-5---> |
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}} |
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* {{cite news|first= |last= |author= |url= |title=Kiev: the city, its residents, problems of today, wishes for tomorrow. |
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|work= |publisher=] |pages= |page= |date=April 29 - May 12, 2006|accessdate= }}. Available online |
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and |
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== External links == |
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{{sisterlinks|Kiev}} |
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'''General''' |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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* |
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* - Satellite view of Kiev |
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* |
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* & [http://www.pbase.com/enigmawmn/gallery/kiev_view/ ''Kiev From |
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Above''] - additional views of the city center |
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* |
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* |
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*{{wikitravel|Kiev}} |
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</div> |
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'''Kiev or Kyiv?''' |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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Official documents: |
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* - Resolution of the Ukrainian commission for legal terminology |
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* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2006/74784.htm U.S. Board of Geographic Names Decision to Change Official Spelling of |
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Kiev to Kyiv] |
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Non-official documents: |
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* — CBC News article about use of city |
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names |
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* Fred Weir, , ''[[The Christian |
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Science Monitor]]'', June 28, 2000 |
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</div> |
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{{start box}} |
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{{s-bef|before=] ]}} |
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]}} |
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{{s-aft|after=] ]}} |
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{{end box}} |
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{{Kiev}} |
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{{Ukraine}} |
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