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| '''Lower Assam''' or Western Assam is a region of ] (]), situated in the great plains of the ] valley. It was home to the mighty kingdom of ] (3-12 AD), ruled by ] and ] from their capital's ] and ] respectively, both now known as modern Town of ]. Today it is largest city of ] while ], the capital of ], is in Guwahati. | |||
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| ==History== | |||
| Ancient Lower Assam, known as ] was ruled by powerful dynasties: the ] (c. 350–650 AD), the Salstambhas, (c. 655–900 AD) and the ] (c. 900–1100 AD). | |||
| In the reign of the Varman king, ] (c. 600–650 AD), the Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the region and recorded his travels. Later, after weakening and disintegration (after the Kamarupa]]-Palas), the Kamarupa tradition was somewhat extended until c. 1255 AD by the Lunar I (c. 1120–1185 AD) and Lunar II (c. 1155–1255 AD) dynasties. | |||
| ](350-374) established the ], by fighting many enemies from within and without his kingdom; but his son ] (374-398), named after ], was accepted as an overlord by many local rulers. Nevertheless, subsequent kings continued their attempts to stabilize and expand the kingdom. ] (494-518) and his son ] (518-542) offered the ashwamedha (horse sacrifice); and as the Nidhanpur inscription of Bhaskar Varman avers, these expansions included the region of Chandrapuri visaya, identified with present-day Sylhet division. Thus, the small but powerful kingdom that Pushya Varman established grew in fits and starts over many generations of kings and expanded to include adjoining possibly smaller kingdoms and parts of Bangladesh. | |||
| After the initial expansion till the beginning of Bhuti Varman's reign, the kingdom came under attack from Yasodharman (525-535) of Malwa, the first major assault from the west. Though it is unclear what the effect of this invasion was on the kingdom; that Bhuti Varman's grandson, ] (566-590), enjoyed victories over the Gauda of Karnasuvarna and performed two aswamedha ceremonies suggests that the Kamarupa kingdom had recovered nearly in full. His son, Susthita Varman (590-600) came under the attack of Mahasenagupta of East Malwa. These back and forth invasions were a result of a system of alliances that pitted the Kamarupa kings (allied to the Maukharis) against the Gaur kings (allied with the East Malwa kings). Susthita Varman died as the Gaur invasion was on, and his two sons, ] and Bhaskar Varman fought against an elephant force and were captured and taken to Gaur. They were able to regain their kingdom due probably to a promise of allegiance. Suprathisthita Varman's reign is given as 595-600, a very short period, at the end of which he died without an heir. | |||
| Supratisthita Varman was succeeded by his brother, Bhaskar Varman (600-650), the most illustrious of the Varman kings who succeeded in turning his kingdom and invading the very kingdom that had taken him captive. Bhaskar Varman had become strong enough to offer his alliance with ] just as the Thanesar king ascended the throne in 606 after the murder of his brother, the previous king, by Shashanka of Gaur. Harshavardhana finally took control over the kingless Maukhari kingdom and moved his capital to Kanauj. The alliance between Harshavardhana and Bhaskar Varman squeezed Shashanka from either side and reduced his kingdom, though it is unclear whether this alliance resulted in his complete defeat. Nevertheless, Bhaskar Varman did issue the Nidhanpur copper-plate inscription from his victory camp in the Gaur capital Karnasuvarna (present-day Murshidabad, West Bengal) to replace a grant issued earlier by Bhuti Varman for a settlement in the Sylhet region of present-day Bangladesh. | |||
| In about 643, the Xuanzang visited Bhaskar Varman's court. Xuangzang confirms that the western border of the Kamarupa kingdom was the Karatoya river. At the end of this visit, Bhaskar Varman accompanied Xuanzang to ], and participated in a religious assembly and a festival at Prayaga (]) with Harshavardhana, spending more than a year away from his own kingdom. It seems Bhaskar Varman maintained relations with China. He recounted to Xuanzang a Chinese song about the Jin dynasty which became very popular in his kingdom. After the death of Harshavardhana, he helped a mission from China led by Wang Hiuen-ts'oe according to a Chinese account. Bhaskar Varman, also called Kumar, or Shri Kumar, was a bachelor king and died without an heir. | |||
| ] (900-920), founded ] (900–1100 A.D) of Kamarupa. Dynasty ruled from its capital ], modern day Guwahati. The greatest of the Pala kings, ] had his capital at Kamarupa Nagara, now identified with North Guwahati. The last Pala king was ] (1075-1100). | |||
| ==Demography== | |||
| The ethnic composition of '''Lower Assam''' consists of ] along with tribes like ]s in the northern part of Lower Assam while ]s in the south and ]es in the southwest. | |||
| ==Festivals== | |||
| Primarily festivals like ], ], ], ] along with dozens of other ] are celebrated. Harvesting festivals are also widely celebrated all around Lower Assam. | |||
| ==Religion== | |||
| ] and ] are main religion of Lower Assam. Hinduism is further divided into ] and ]. | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| Villages still contained the traditional Vedic culture while in case of towns and cities it relaxed a bit. Vedic culture largely flourished in the reign of ] (350-374), the founder of great ] of ] Kingdom and which reached its zenith in the reign of ] (600-650). | |||
| <br /> | |||
| ] belongs to the group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, here marked in green]] | |||
| ==Language== | |||
| ] is spoken in once undivided ] district areas while ] is spoken in once undivided ] district areas. ], ], ] languages are spoken in respective tribal belts. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes and References== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{Citation| surname= Wilt | given= Verne David | title= Kamarupa |}} | |||
| * {{Citation| surname= Gorakhpuri | given= Raghupatisahaya | title= Kamarupa |}} | |||
| * {{Citation| surname= Vasu | given= Nagendranath | title= The Social History of Kamarupa |}} | |||
| * {{Citation| surname= Tripathi | given= Chandra Dhar | title=Kāmarūpa-Kaliṅga-Mithilā:a politico-cultural alignment in Eastern India : history, art, traditions | publisher= Indian Institute of Advanced Study}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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