| Revision as of 03:17, 18 September 2011 view sourceJkhwiki (talk | contribs)49 edits Please supply references to writings of Carmen Argibay and Paul Foot to support their self-identification as " "Militant" Atheists." I couldn't find any.← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 23:47, 17 December 2022 view source Xaosflux (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Autopatrolled, Bureaucrats, Importers, Interface administrators, Oversighters, Administrators83,932 edits rshell | ||
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| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| {{POV|date=August 2011}} | |||
| {{atheism2}} | |||
| '''Militant atheism''' is a term applied to ] which is hostile towards ].<ref name=Baggini> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Atheism |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DUal7eYmEnEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Julian+Baggini+Militant+Atheism&hl=en&ei=MNP7TdWdJYbq0gHT0bSTAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Militant%20Atheism&f=false|quote=Militant Atheism: Atheism which is actively hostile to religion I would call militant. To be hostile in this sense requires more than just strong disagreement with religion—it requires something verging on hatred and is characterized by a desire to wipe out all forms of religious beliefs. Militant atheists tend to make one or both of two claims that moderate atheists do not. The first is that religion is demonstrably false or nonsense, and the second is that is is usually or always harmful.|publisher=]|year=2009|accessdate=2011-06-28}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Rahner> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Encyclopædia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=encyclopedia+militant+atheism&source=bl&ots=nFaQ6oOndB&sig=50Ei0fNExEUT8VWQZAOKgUgmo2A&hl=en&ei=EpwYToCWEOn20gHotYiXBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=Atheism A. In Philosophy I. ''Concept and incidence''. Philosophically speaking, atheism means denial of the existence of God or of'' any'' possibility of knowing God. In those who hold this theoretical atheism, it may be tolerant (and even deeply concerned), if it has no missionary aims; it is "militant" when it regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration.|publisher=]|date=1975|accessdate=2011-06-28}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Walters"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Atheism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eHOtkVFCKscC&pg=PA12&dq=militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=KCwiTu2FDoL2tgOXmLRD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBzgy#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism&f=false|quote=Both positive and negative atheism may be further subdivided into (i) militant and (ii) moderate varieties. Militant atheists, such as physicist Steven Weinberg, tend to think that God-belief is not only erroneous but pernicious. Moderate atheists agree that God-belief is unjustifiable, but see nothing inherently pernicious in it. What leads to excess, they argue, is intolerant dogmatism and extremism, and these are qualities of ideologies in general, religious or nonreligious.|publisher=]|year=2010|accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Zuckerman"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Phil Zuckerman|title=Atheism and Secularity: Issues, Concepts, and Definitions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC&pg=RA1-PA214&dq=militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=ixjLTe30I4uitgeWg8nmBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism&f=false|quote=In contrast, militant atheism, as advocated by Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, treats religion as the dangerous opium and narcotic of the people, a wrong political ideology serving the interests of antirevolutionary forces; thus force may be necessary to control or eliminate religion.... militant atheism leads to antireligious measures (Dai 2001, 38-57) Militant atheism is so radical and left-leaning that it merely lasted 30 years or so (i.e.1949-1979) and dwindled away... at the end of 1978. |publisher=]|year=2009|accessdate=10 March 2011}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite journal|title=Between Secularist Ideology and Desecularizing Reality: The Birth and Growth of Religious Research in Communist China|journal=Sociology of Religion|date=2004|first=Fenggang|last=Yang|coauthors=|volume=65|issue=2|pages=101-119|id= |url=http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/2/101.full.pdf|quote=Scientific atheism is the theoretical basis for tolerating religion while carrying out atheist propaganda, whereas militant atheism leads to antireligious measures. In practice, almost as soon as it took power in 1949, the CCP followed the hard line of militant atheism. Within a decade, all religions were brought under the iron control of the Party: Folk religious practices considered feudalist superstitions were vigorously suppressed; cultic or heterodox sects regarded as reactionary organizations were resolutely banned; foreign missionaries, considered part of Western imperialism, were expelled; and major world religions, including Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism, were coerced into "patriotic" national associations under close supervision of the Party. Religious believers who dared to challenge these policies were mercilessly banished to labor camps, jails, or execution grounds.}}</ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite journal|title=The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China|journal=The Sociological Quarterly|date=2006|first=Fenggang|last=Yang|coauthors=|volume=47|issue=1|pages=93–122|id= |url=http://www.purdue.edu/crcs/itemPublications/articles/Yang3Markets.pdf|quote= In contrast, militant atheism, as advocated by Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks, treats religion as a dangerous narcotic and a troubling political ideology that serves the interests of antirevolutionary forces. As such, it should be suppressed or eliminated by the revolutionary force. On the basis of scientific atheism, religious toleration was inscribed in CCP policy since its early days. By reason of militant atheism, however, atheist propaganda became ferocious, and the power of “proletarian dictatorship” was invoked to eradicate the reactionary ideology (Dai 2001)}}</ref> Militant atheists have a desire to propagate the doctrine,<ref name=Rahner> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Encyclopædia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=encyclopedia+militant+atheism&source=bl&ots=nFaQ6oOndB&sig=50Ei0fNExEUT8VWQZAOKgUgmo2A&hl=en&ei=EpwYToCWEOn20gHotYiXBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote='''ATHEISM''' '''A. IN PHILOSOPHY''' I. ''Concept and incidence''. Philosophically speaking, atheism means denial of the existence of God or of any (and not merely of a rational) possibility of knowing God (theoretical atheism). In those who hold this theoretical atheism, it may be tolerant (and even deeply concerned), if it has no missionary aims; it is "militant" when it regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration.|publisher=]|date=28 December 2004|accessdate=2011-06-28}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Colson"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Charles Colson, Ellen Santilli Vaughn|title=God and Government|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3vAW2y_-pjUC&pg=PA198&dq=new+atheism+militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=1XcmTtuTOdLhsQLjmNmTDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=new%20atheism%20militant%20atheism&f=false|publisher=]|quote=But Nietzsche's atheism was the most radical the world had yet seen. While the old atheism had acknowledged the need for religion, the new atheism was political activist, and jealous. One scholar observed that "atheism has become militant . . . inisisting it must be believed. Atheism has felt the need to impose its views, to forbid competing versions."|date=2007|accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref> and differ from moderate atheists because they hold religion to be pernicious.<ref name="Walters">{{cite book|author=]|title=Atheism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eHOtkVFCKscC&pg=PA12&dq=militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=KCwiTu2FDoL2tgOXmLRD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBzgy#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism&f=false|quote=Both positive and negative atheism may be further subdivided into (i) militant and (ii) moderate varieties. Militant atheists, such as physicist Steven Weinberg, tend to think that God-belief is not only erroneous but pernicious. Moderate atheists agree that God-belief is unjustifiable, but see nothing inherently pernicious in it. What leads to excess, they argue, is intolerant dogmatism and extremism, and these are qualities of ideologies in general, religious or nonreligious.|publisher=]|year=2010|accessdate=10 March 2011}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Rahner> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Encyclopædia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=encyclopedia+militant+atheism&source=bl&ots=nFaQ6oOndB&sig=50Ei0fNExEUT8VWQZAOKgUgmo2A&hl=en&ei=EpwYToCWEOn20gHotYiXBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote='''ATHEISM''' '''A. IN PHILOSOPHY''' I. ''Concept and incidence''. Philosophically speaking, atheism means denial of the existence of God or of any (and not merely of a rational) possibility of knowing God (theoretical atheism). In those who hold this theoretical atheism, it may be tolerant (and even deeply concerned), if it has no missionary aims; it is "militant" when it regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration.|publisher=]|date=28 December 2004|accessdate=2011-06-28}} | |||
| </ref><ref name=Baggini/> Militant atheism was an integral part of the ] of ],<ref name="Integral">{{cite book|author=Harold Joseph Berman|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j1208xA7F_0C&pg=PA394&dq=militant+atheism+soviet+union&hl=en&ei=fWXZTci_GMPY0QGfmun7Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism%20soviet%20union&f=false|title=Faith and Order: The Reconciliati oyn of Law and Religion|year=1993|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|quote=One fundamental element of that system was its propagation of a doctrine called Marxism-Leninism, and one fundamental element of that doctrine was militant atheism. Until only a little over three years ago, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party was the established church in what might be called an ''<u>a</u>theocratic state''.|accessdate=2011-07-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Fundamental"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA289&dq=militant+atheism+soviet+union&hl=en&ei=QGbZTcGoA4ru0gHJ7fj8Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism%20soviet%20union&f=false|title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|publisher=]|year=1996|quote=For seventy years, from the Bolshevik Revolution to the closing years of the Gorbachev regime, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party was, in effect, the established church. It was an avowed task of the Soviet state, led by the Communist Party, to root out from the minds and hearts of the Soviet state, all belief systems other than Marxism-Leninism.|page=289|accessdate=2011-07-09}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and significant in the ],<ref name="Cloots">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=24Xk90Bsp4gC&pg=PT55&dq=french+militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=Tuv6TZaKB8O1tge4lcG8Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=militant%20atheist&f=false|author=]|title =The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World|publisher=]|quote=So was the French Revolution fundamentally atheist? There is no doubt that such a view is to be found in much Christian and atheist literature on the movement. Cloots was at the forefront of the dechristianization movement that gathered around the militant atheist Jacques Hébert. He "debaptised" himself, setting aside his original name of Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce. For Cloots, religion was simply not to be tolerated. |accessdate = 2011-03-05}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ] such as the ],<ref name="Liquidation">{{cite book|author=Gerhard Simon|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sTLc8H3b4vUC&pg=PA64&dq=militant+atheism+soviet+union&hl=en&ei=cZ_1TY64Eo26sAOa57C-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism%20soviet%20union&f=false|title=Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R.|publisher=]|quote=On the other hand the Communist Party has never made any secret of the fact, either before or after 1917, that it regards 'militant atheism' as an integral part of its ideology and will regard 'religion as by no means a private matter'. It therefore uses 'the means of ideological influence to educate people in the spirit of scientific materialism and to overcome religious prejudices..' Thus it is the goal of the C.P.S.U. and thereby also of the Soviet state, for which it is after all the 'guiding cell', gradually to liquidate the religious communities.|year=1974|accessdate=2011-07-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Islam"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Simon Richmond|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jcNZUzdd-ukC&pg=PA79&dq=liquidation+of+religion+militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=xKz1Td2nLYr4swPXvYy8Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=liquidation%20of%20religion%20militant%20atheism&f=false|title=Russia & Belarus|publisher=]|quote=Soviet 'militant atheism' led to the closure and destruction of nearly all the mosques and madrasahs (Muslim religious schools) in Russia, although some remained in the Central Asian states. Under Stalin there were mass deportations and liquidation of the Muslim elite.|year=2006|accessdate=2011-07-09}}</ref> and ].<ref name="Revolt">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mofX6zdChgcC&pg=PA132&dq=china+militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=I_z2TZmePMGW0gGr_5CHCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=china%20militant%20atheism&f=false|title =The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics)|publisher=]|quote=Seeking a complete annihilation of religion, places of worship were shut down; temples, churches, and mosques were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; sacred texts were burnt; and it was a criminal offence even to possess a religious artifact or sacred text. Atheism had long been the official doctrine of the Chinese Communist Party, but this new form of militant atheism made every effort to eradicate religion completely.|accessdate = 2011-03-05}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The term ''militant atheist'' has been used going back to at least 1882,<ref name=1882use> | |||
| {{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WbYCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA261&dq=%22militant+atheism%22&hl=en&ei=8YlVTpXzLePliALViOn7DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22militant%20atheism%22&f=false |title=The Contemporary review |first=A. |last=Strahan |year=1882 |volume=42 |quote=In Germany, a new Protestant Caesarism has essayed the part of jailer of human souls to its Catholic subjects; while in France, Jacobinism, which is identical in its ''ethos'' with Caesarism—the tyrant being legion instead of one, and clad in blouse instead of in imperial purple—is labouring, with all the fanaticism of militant atheism, to overthrow and destroy the rights of the spiritual side of man's nature.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and it has been applied to ].<ref name="Stark & Finke">{{cite web|author=]; ]|title=Acts of Faith: explaining the human side of religion|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=913O9xcpBB4C&pg=PA14&dq=militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=7TAiTrn0JI_UtQOm88BG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCTg8#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism&f=false|publisher=]|quote=The militant atheism of the early social scientists was motivated partly by politics. As Jeffrey Hadden reminds us, the social sciences emerged as part of a new political "order that was at war with the old order" (1987, 590).|date=2000|accessdate=16 July 2011}}</ref> Recently the term ''militant atheist'' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe atheists such as ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Appositive">{{cite web|author=Elaine A. Heath|title=Mystic Way of Evangelism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-DGMXJ1JgdMC&pg=PT81&dq=new+atheism+militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=8K8lTpSZLtDqgQf7ntyCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=new%20atheism%20militant%20atheism&f=false|publisher=]|quote=Richard Dawkins's Foundation for Reason and Science is out to debunk religion, which Dawkins calls "the God delusion." His book of the same title is a best seller, and Dawkins is not alone. Sam Harris, Daniel C. Den-nett, Victor J. Stenger, and Christopher Hitchens are only a handful of militant atheists who are convinced Christianity is toxic to human life.|date=2008|accessdate=19 July 2011}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Radical"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Marcelo Gleiser|title=A Tear at the Edge of Creation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mJTJO3vZkSoC&pg=PA17&dq=militant+atheist+Sam+Harris,+Dennett+Dawkins+and+Christopher+Hitchens&hl=en&ei=dRIvTon2OOrx0gGCm5zGAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=]|quote=Scientists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, philosopher Daniel Dennett, and British journalist and polemicist Christopher Hitchens, a group sometimes referred to as "the Four Horsemen," have taken the offensive, deeming religious belief a form of "delusion," a dangerous kind of collective madness that has wreaked havoc upon the world for millennia. Their rhetoric is the emblem of a militant radical atheism, a view I believe is as inflammatory and intolerant as that of the religious fundamentalists they criticize.|date=2010|accessdate=26 July 2011}} | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite journal|title=Militant atheism, pragmatism, and the God-shaped hole |journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion|date=|first=Andrew|last=Fiala|coauthors=|volume=65|issue=3|pages=139–51|id= |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/qp43432050116373/}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Colson"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Charles Colson, Ellen Santilli Vaughn|title=God and Government|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3vAW2y_-pjUC&pg=PA198&dq=new+atheism+militant+atheism&hl=en&ei=1XcmTtuTOdLhsQLjmNmTDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=new%20atheism%20militant%20atheism&f=false|publisher=]|quote=But Nietzsche's atheism was the most radical the world had yet seen. While the old atheism had acknowledged the need for religion, the new atheism was political activist, and jealous. One scholar observed that "atheism has become militant . . . inisisting it must be believed. Atheism has felt the need to impose its views, to forbid competing versions."|date=2007|accessdate=21 July 2011}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Accelerate"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Michael Babcock|title=Unchristian America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1WzhoEor0rwC&pg=PA102&dq=militant+atheist+Sam+Harris,+Dennett+Dawkins+and+Christopher+Hitchens&hl=en&ei=_xEvTsbyDKj00gH19aWiAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheist%20Sam%20Harris%2C%20Dennett%20Dawkins%20and%20Christopher%20Hitchens&f=false|publisher=]|quote=MILITANT ATHEISM The change in tone is most evident in the writings of the so-called New Atheists-Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens-men who have been trying to accelerate a process that's been under way for centuries.|date=2008|accessdate=26 July 2011}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The appellation has also been criticized by some activists, such as Dave Niose, who feel that the term is used indiscriminately for "an atheist who had the nerve to openly question ] or vocally express his or her views about the ]."<ref name="Niose">{{cite web|author=Dave Niose|title=The Myth of Militant Atheism|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/our-humanity-naturally/201102/the-myth-militant-atheism|publisher=]|quote=When the media and others refer to a "militant atheist," the object of that slander is usually an atheist who had the nerve to openly question religious authority or vocally express his or her views about the existence of God.|date=1894|accessdate=2011-07-09}}</ref> | |||
| {{Redirect category shell| | |||
| ==Concepts== | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| British philosopher ] postulates an atheistic active hostility to religion as militant and says hostility "requires more than just strong disagreement with religion – it requires something verging on hatred and is characterized by a desire to wipe out all forms of religious belief."<ref name=Baggini/> Militant atheists, Baggini continues, "tend to make one or both of two claims that moderate atheists do not. The first is that religion is demonstrably false or nonsense, and the second is that it is usually or always harmful."<ref name=Baggini/> According to Baggini, the "too-zealous" militant atheism found in the Soviet Union was characterized by thinking the best way to counter religion was "by ] and making atheism the official ]."<ref name=Baggini131>Baggini 2009 </ref> | |||
| Philosopher ] contends that militant atheism differs from moderate atheism because it sees ] as pernicious.<ref name="Walters"/> | |||
| In the same vein, militant atheism, according to theologian ], regards itself as a doctrine to be propagated for the happiness of mankind and combats every religion as a harmful aberration;<ref name=Rahner/> | |||
| "militant" atheism differs from the philosophy of "theoretical" atheism, which he states, may be tolerant and deeply concerned.<ref name=Rahner/> | |||
| The ] roots of militant atheism can be found in thought of ], ], ], as well as in ]'s and ]'s critique of religion.<ref name="Roots">{{cite web |title=Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival |chapter=The Theological Roots of Militant Atheism |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-xlLFUegIBQC&pg=PA18 |page=18 |author=Christopher Marsh|publisher=]|quote=Religious belief is quite distinct from a philosophical viewpoint, however, meaning that almost all previous studies have avoided serious consideration of the theological roots of militant atheism. While it is with Hegel that one must begin to understand Marxist philosophy, one must take a detour through the thought of Schleiermacher, Strauss, and Feuerback before coming to an understanding of Marx's and Engels's critique of religion.}}</ref> Under régimes which espouse militant atheism, such as ] under ] and ] under the ], in which traditional religion was banned, when the wave of militant atheism passes, traditional religion may reappear with undiminished strength when conditions allow for the expression of grassroots identities.<ref name="Reappear">{{cite web|title=Socialism: ideals, ideologies, and local practice |year=1993 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iPHPPMrmQVMC&pg=PA8 |page=8|author=C. M. Hann|publisher=]|quote=It may disappear from view during the apogee of Marxism-Leninism, when the old temples are likely to be sacred (though only Albania and Cambodia went so far as formally to ban traditional religion ''per se''). When the wave of militant atheism passes and conditions permit the expression of grassroots identities once again, traditional religion may reappear with undiminished strength.}}</ref> | |||
| ==Application== | |||
| ===Soviet Bloc=== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{further|]|]|]|]|]}} | |||
| According to ], a Harvard specialist in Soviet law, "militant atheism was the ], one might say, of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party was the ]."<ref name="Integral"/><ref name="Fundamental"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA289&dq=militant+atheism+soviet+union&hl=en&ei=QGbZTcGoA4ru0gHJ7fj8Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism%20soviet%20union&f=false|title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|publisher=]|year=1996|quote=For seventy years, from the Bolshevik Revolution to the closing years of the Gorbachev regime, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party was, in effect, the established church. It was an avowed task of the Soviet state, led by the Communist Party, to root out from the minds and hearts of the Soviet state, all belief systems other than Marxism-Leninism.|page=289|accessdate=2011-07-09}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Symposium"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Harold J. Berman|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/emint12&div=12&id=&page=|title=Freedom of Religion in Russia: An Amicus Brief for the Defendant|publisher=]|quote=from the Bolshevik Revolution to the closing years of the Gorbachev regime, militant atheism was the official religion, one might say, of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party was, in effect, the established church.|date=1998}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The militant atheism of the ] owed its origins not just to the "standard Marxist feeling that religion was the opium of the masses", but also to the fact that the Russian Orthodox Church had "always been a pillar of czarism."<ref name="Brinton">{{cite book|author=Crane Brinton|page=357 |year=1995 |title=A History of Civilization: 1648 to the present|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| The goal of the Soviet Union was the liquidation of religion and the means to achieve this goal included the destruction of churches, mosques, ], ], ], religious monuments, as well the mass deportation to Siberia of believers of different religions.<ref name="Liquidation"/><ref name="Islam"/><ref name="Vote">{{cite book|author=Dimitry Pospielovsky|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&pg=PA395 |page=395 |title=The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|quote=It might be expected that as a Christian leader, he would at least declare that a Christian could not vote for a party that preached and practiced genocide, whether racial or class-based, nor for a party whose ideology included a militant atheism aiming at liquidation of religion.|year=1998}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Korea"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA988 |page=988 |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities (v. 1)|publisher=]|quote=The militant atheism of the Soviet period put an end to the traditional beliefs, religion, and rituals of Koreans.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Yahudion"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Ruth Ellen Gruber|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2Ae-e3MUVjkC&pg=PA99 |page=99 |title=National Geographic Jewish Heritage Travel|publisher=]|quote=But the hundreds of thousands of Jews in the Soviet sector were subject to the regime's ruthless campaign of militant atheism. Synagogues were closed, demolished, or converted for secular use, and religious life was crushed.|year=2007}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="World"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Albert Lee|page=108 |title=Henry Ford and the Jews|publisher=Stein and Day|quote=The atheist Jew, Gubermann, under the name of Jaroslawski and then the leader of the militant atheists in Soviet Union, also declared: 'It is our duty to destroy every religious world concept.'|date=1980}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Mandir"> | |||
| {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wm3w1oGCaEoC&pg=PA1387 |page=1387 |title=World and Its Peoples|publisher=]|quote=A campaign of militant atheism began. Many churches – as well as synagogues, mosques, and Buddhist temples – were closed or destroyed. For example, some eight thousand Russian Orthodox churches were closed in 1937 alone.|date=1980}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Under the Soviet doctrine of ], detailed in the ], churches in the Soviet Union were forbidden to ] or carry on ].<ref name="Separation">Berman 2009, "Under the doctrine of separation of church and state, churches in the Soviet Union were forbidden to engage in any activities that were within the sphere of responsibilities of the state. That meant, for example, that churches could not give to the poor or carry on educational activities. They could not publish literature since all publishing was done by state agencies, although after World War II the Russian Orthodox Church was given the right to publish church calendars, a very limited number of Bibles, and a monthly journal in a limited number of copies. Churches were forbidden to hold any special meetings for children, youth or women, or any general meetings for religious study or recreation, or to open libraries or keep any books other than those necessary for the performance of worship services. Severe criminal penalties were imposed for violation of these rules. The formula of the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions was: freedom of religious worship and freedom of atheist propaganda – meaning, first no freedom of religious teaching other than the worship service itself, and second, a vigorous campaign in the schools and universities, in the press, and in special meetings organized by atheist so-called 'agitators,' to convince people of the folly of religious beliefs."</ref> | |||
| They could ] since all publishing was done by state agencies, although after World War II the Russian Orthodox Church was given the right to publish ], a very limited number of ], and a monthly journal in a limited number of copies.<ref name="Separation"/> Churches were forbidden to hold any ] for children, youth or women, or any general ] or recreation, or to open libraries or keep any books other than those necessary for the performance of ].<ref name="Separation"/><ref name="Measures">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VSmdHtacha8C&pg=PA232 |page=232 |year=1978 |title=Christian Religion in the Soviet Union: A Sociological Study|author=Christel Lane|publisher=]|quote=Militant atheist measures, both in premeditated and in unforeseen ways, have also caused far-reaching changes in the organisational structure of collectivities, in the ways they perform their religious functions and in which believers satisfy their religious requirements. In the field of organisation, most measures have had the effect of weakening or destroying central organisation and strengthening local independence and spontaneity.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Van der Vyver, Witte p. 290">{{cite book|author=J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA290 |page=290 |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|publisher=]|year=1996|quote=Churches, mosques, and synagogues were deprived of almost all activities except the conduct or worship services. Moreover, schools were not merely to avoid the teaching of religion; they were actively to promote the teaching of atheism. These doctringes were spelled out in a 1929 law that remained the basic legistlation on the subject until the Gorbachev reforms of the late 1980s. There was freedom of religious worship, but churches were forbidden to give any material aid to their memebers or charity of any kind, or to hold any special meetings for children, youth, or women, or general meetings for religious study, recreation, or any similar purpose or to open libraries or to keep any books other thanose necessary for the performance of worhsip services. The formula of the 1929 law was repeated in the 1936 Constitution and again in the 1977 Constitution: freedom of religious worship and freedom of atheist propaganda-meaning (1) no freedom of religious teaching outside of the worship service itself, plus (2) a vigorous campaign in the schools, in the press, and in special meetings organized by atheist agitators, to convice people of the folly of religious beliefs.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Furthermore, under militant atheist policies, Church property was expropriated.<ref name="Programme">{{cite book|author= R. J. Overy |year=2004 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YWUxDKN80BgC&pg=PA271 |page=271 |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia|publisher=]|quote=The communist regime treated the Church as a political institution rather than as a set of beliefs. On 28 January 1918 the Russian Orthodox Church was formally separated from the state; religious belief was permitted as long as it did not threaten public order or trespass on political soil. Religious property was liquidated, and a twenty-year programme of church closures begun. Religion was banned from schools. The state and the party were officially atheist.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Property"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Richard Sakwa |year=1999 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EoQXhV8XTFUC&pg=PA74 |page=74 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991|publisher=]|quote=Marx's view on religion as the 'opiate of the people' under the Bolsheviks took the form a militant atheism that sought to destroy the social sources of the power of the Church, and to extirpate religious belief as a social phenomenon. Uner the slogan of separating Church and state, the Bolsheviks in effect expropriated church property and dramatically limited the Church's ability to conduct a normal religious life.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Moreover, not only was religion banned from the school and university system, but pupils were to be indoctrinated with atheism and ] teachings.<ref name="Van der Vyver, Witte3">{{cite book|author=J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA290 |page=290 |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|publisher=]|year=1996|quote=Moreover, schools were not merely to avoid the teaching of religion; they were actively to promote the teaching of atheism.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Froese1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8jkFD4ZXjd8C&pg=PA58 |pages=58, 79 |year=2008 |title=The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization |publisher=]|author=Paul Froese|quote=Militant atheists also believed that science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were inconceivable. As such, the Soviet school system consistently promoted "atheistic science" to combat the effects of religion. The curriculum of scientific atheism resembled the curriculum of scientific atheism resembled the curriculum for much of the Soviet educational system, as it was based more on memorization than critical analysis. For homework, schoolchildren were sometimes asked to convert a member of their family to atheism by reciting arguments that were intended to disprove religious beliefs. And schoolchildren often memorized antireligious rhymes, songs, and catechisms. Antireligious ideas infiltrated the most basic in unrelated topics: "Physics, biology, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, geography and literature all serve as jumping-off points to instruct pupils on the evils or falsity of religion." Although many school subjects appear unrelated to religion, Soviets believed that any intellectual activity was intrinsically opposed to religion. The Soviet educational system officially stated that "that bringing up of children in the atheist spirit" was one of its primary missions. University students were also required to actively propogate atheism and were told, "Those who refuse to make such practical application of their study will lose their scholarships and must leave the university. Special pressure was placed on academics and scientists to join the atheist educational organization Znanie, and, b the late 1970s, for example, over 80 percent of all professors and doctors of science in Luthuania became members. The course syllabi from the atheist universities of the Soviet Union indicate how the topic of atheism was presented as a historically logical outcome of scientific development.}}</ref><ref name="Separation"/> | |||
| For example, schoolchildren were asked to convert family members to ] and memorize antireligious rhymes, songs, and catechisms, while university students who declined to propagate atheism lost their scholarships and were ] from universities.<ref name="Froese1"/> Severe ] were imposed for violation of these rules.<ref name="Separation"/><ref name="Van der Vyver, Witte4">{{cite book|author=J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA290 |page=290 |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|publisher=]|year=1996|quote=In 1960 Criminal Code of the Russian Republic imposed a fine for violating lasw of separation from the state and of the school from the church, and, for repeated violators, deprivation of freedom up to three years (Article 142). Such violations included organizing religious assemblies and processions, organizing religious instruction for minors, and preparing written materials calling for such activities. Other types of religious activities were subject to more severe sanctions: thus leaders and active participants in religious groups that caused damage to the health of citizens or violted personal rights, or that tried to persuade citizens not to participate in social activities or to perform duties of citizens, or that drew minors into such group, were punishable by deprivation of freedom up to give years (Article 277).}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| By the 1960s, with the ] underway, half of the amount of ] churches were closed, along with five out of the eight ].<ref name="Closure"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=J. D. Van der Vyver, John Witte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA289&dq=militant+atheism+soviet+union&hl=en&ei=QGbZTcGoA4ru0gHJ7fj8Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=militant%20atheism%20soviet%20union&f=false|title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|publisher=]|year=1996|quote=These articles of the Criminal Code were enacted as part of the severe anti-religious campaign launched under Khrushchev in the early 1960s, when an estimated 10,000 Russian Orthodox churches-half the total number-were closed, together with five of the eight insitutions for training priests, and the independence of the priesthood were curtailed both nationally and locally.|page=291|accessdate=16 August 2011}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In addition, several other ] were brought to extinction, including the ], ], ], and the ].<ref name="Liquidation"/><ref name="Methodism"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Thomas Hoffmann; William Alex Pridemore |month=December |year=2003 |url=http://www.demokratizatsiya.org/bin/pdf/DEM%2012-3%20Pridemore%20.pdf|title=Esau’s Birthright and Jacob’s Pottage: A Brief Look at Orthodox-Methodist Ecumenism in Twentieth-Century Russia|publisher=]|quote=One of these was the resurgence of non-Orthodox Christian confessions, including the Methodist Church – a denomination completely eradicated in Russia during the Soviet era.|accessdate=19 October 2009}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Before the ], there were more than fifty thousand Russian Orthodox clergymen, by 1939, there were no more than three to four hundred left.<ref name="Froese2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8jkFD4ZXjd8C&pg=PA58 |pages=58, 79 |year=2008 |title=The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization |publisher=]|author=Paul Froese|quote=There were more than fifty thousand Orthodox priests before the Russian Revolution, and by mid-1939, there were no more than three to four hundred clergy.}}</ref> | |||
| In the year 1922 alone, under the militant atheistic system, 2691 ], 1962 ] and 3447 nuns were ] for their faith.<ref name="Martyrs">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gGqPftVkwgUC&pg=PA225 |page=225 |title =Witness to the World |year=1987 |publisher=]|author=John Meyendorff|quote=After having been the state religion for centuries both in Russian and in almost all the countries of Europe, Christianity suddenly was confronted with a militant atheistic system claiming to regulate not only the material, but also the spiritual life of man. The number of those who died for the faith is innumerable: in the year 1922 alone, 2691 secular priests, 1962 monks and 3447 nuns.}} Quoted from N. Struve, ''Christians in Russia'', Harvill Press, London, 1967, p. 38</ref><ref name="Shaheedon"> | |||
| {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f7D-5Q-Q19MC&pg=PA145 |page=145 |year=1993 |title =The Orthodox Church|publisher=]|author=]|quote=The Ottoman Turks, while non-Christians, were still worshippers of the one God and, as we have seen, allowed the Church a large measure of toleration. But Soviet Communism was committed by its fundamental principles to an aggressive and militant atheism. Not only were churches closed on a massive scale in the 1920s and 1930s, but huge numbers of bishops and clergy, monks, nuns and laity were sent to prison and to concentration camps. How many were executed or died from ill-treatment we simply cannot calculate. Nikita Struve provides a list of martyr-bishops running to 130 names, and even this he terms 'provisional and incomplete'. The sum total of priest-martyrs must extend into tens of thousands.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Due to the militant atheistic campaigns against ],<ref name="Judaism">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mY0hdxKfpusC&pg=PA266 |page=266 |year=1995 |title =Terms of Survival: the Jewish World since 1945 |publisher=]|author=]|quote=Anti-Semitism, too, was relatively mild in the USSR during these interim post-Stalin years, despite the militant atheistic campaigns against the Jewish religion and the implication of Jews in economic crimes under Khruschev.}}</ref> | |||
| the religion was inaccessible to its followers;<ref name="Jews">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QM1hloeMQqgC&pg=PA30 |page=30 |year=1998 |title =American Jewish Year, Book 1998|publisher=Amer Jewish Committee|author=]|quote=For most Soviet Jews, raised in an atmosphere of militant atheism, Judaism was inaccessible; and so the Soviet Jewish renaissance focused instead on national identity. Israel and its military victories, especially the Six Day War, emboldened thousands of young Jews to form the Soviet Union's only mass, nationwide, dissident movement.}}</ref> | |||
| most Soviet Jews focused on a national identity, which fueled a mass dissident movement.<ref name="Jews">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QM1hloeMQqgC&pg=PA30 |page=30 |publisher=Amer Jewish Committee|author=]|quote=For most Soviet Jews, raised in an atmosphere of militant atheism, Judaism was inaccessible; and so the Soviet Jewish renaissance focused instead on national identity. Israel and its military victories, especially the Six Day War, emboldened thousands of young Jews to form the Soviet Union's only mass, nationwide, dissident movement.}}</ref> | |||
| Marxist-Leninist militant atheism resulted in the administrative elimination of the ], the housing of atheist museums where churches had once stood, the sending of many religious people to prisons and concentration camps, a continuous stream of propaganda, and the imposing of atheism through education (and forced ] through torture at various prisons).<ref name="Museums">{{cite book|author=De James Thrower|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=BGJtDwJ7aPwC&pg=PA135 |page=135 |year=1983 |title=Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR|publisher=]|quote=In the pre-war period the emphasis was on 'practical atheism' – the more so as Stalin, the sole arbiter in such matters had not made a single theoretical pronouncement on religion or the study of religion – and 'practical atheism' meant schools from the propagation of atheism, the administrative elimination of the clergy, atheist museums where churches had once stood, and a continuous stream of hate-propaganda designed to terrorise the faithful into submission.}} | |||
| </ref><ref>''A short history of Soviet socialism'', ISBN 9781857283556</ref><ref></ref><ref name="Rights">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e9OJSW5dkM8C&pg=PA171 |page=171 |year=1994 |title =Toward a New Enlightenment: the philosophy of Paul Kurtz |author=Paul Kurtz, Vern L. Bullough, Tim Madigan|publisher=]|quote=There have been fundamental and irreconcilable differences between humanists and atheists, particularly Marxist-Leninists. The defining characteristic of humanism is its commitment to human freedom and democracy; the kind of atheism practiced in the Soviet Union has consistently violated basic human rights.}}</ref> | |||
| Specifically, by 1941, 40,000 Christian ] and 25,000 Muslim ] had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.<ref name="Conversion">{{cite book|author=Allan Todd, Sally Waller |year=2011 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yNpjjkTZiPAC&pg=PT53 |page=53 |title=Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single Party States|publisher=]|quote=By the time of the Nazi invasion in 1941, nearly 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslims mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.}}</ref><ref name="Archaeology"> | |||
| {{cite journal|author=Allan Todd, Sally Waller|url=http://presentpasts.info/index.php/pp/article/viewFile/pp.13/19|title=Crispin Paine|journal=Present Pasts|volume=1|quote=By the time of the Nazi invasion in 1941, nearly 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslims mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.}}</ref> | |||
| ] disseminated in the '']'' (''Atheist'') magazine depicting ] being dumped from a wheelbarrow by an industrial worker as well as a smashed ]; the text advocates ] as an alternative replacement to the ] ].]] | |||
| Oscar J. Hammen, an American historian, classified ] as a militant atheist,<ref> ] 2008. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| although the Soviet professor, N. Lobkowicz, challenged the assertion that ] was a militant atheist.<ref>Lobkowicz, N (1964). "Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion", ''The Review of Politics'', Vol. 26 (3), July, pp.319–352. , see also | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The ascent of the ] to power in 1917 "meant the beginning of a campaign of militant atheism."<ref>John F. Pollard (2001). ''Benedict XV: the unknown pope and the pursuit of peace'' p. 199.</ref> | |||
| and in 1922 ], himself a militant atheist,<ref name="Lenin">{{cite book|author=Edward Craig|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1wL-MriFm2YC&pg=PA564 |page=564 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 1|publisher=]|quote=Lenin, leader of the October 1917 Revolution in Russia, wrote mainly about politics and economics, but as a Marxist of his generation he assumed that ideas about society needed to rest on sound philosophical premises. He was a militant atheist.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| referred with approval to "militant atheist literature" and demanded that the journal ''Pod Znamenem Marksizma'' "must be a militant atheist organ", explaining that he meant militant 'in the sense of unflinchingly exposing and indicting all modern “graduated flunkeys of clericalism”, irrespective of whether they act as representatives of official science or as free lances calling themselves “democratic Left or ideologically socialist” publicists'.<ref> ] 1922 | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In 1923, the '']'' ("Atheist", or "Godless") magazine appeared,<ref> (''Bezbozhnik'' Magazine, Moscow, USSR). The page is in UTF-8 encoding. The caption to the front page picture of the No. 1 issue, by ], shown in the article, is "We've finished with the earthly kings – now it's time to take care of the heavenly ones!" | |||
| </ref> | |||
| around which the "Union of the Friends of the ''Bezbozhnik''" was formed in 1924. The organization, renamed the ] ({{lang-ru|Союз воинствующих безбожников}}, ''Soyuz voinstvuyushchikh bezbozhnikov'') in 1929, along with the ],<ref name="Tatar">{{cite book|author=Alexandre A. Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uKr2O2GBDsQC&pg=PA202 |page=202 |year=1980 |title=Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World|publisher=]|quote=In disgrace after Sultan Galiev's trial in 1928, he was, until his final purge in 1937, chairman of the Tatar Union of Militant Godless.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| carried out anti-religious propaganda at the grassroots level.<ref name="Grassroots">{{cite book|author=Michael Kemper; Stephan Conermann|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t7E6GdaHtdsC&pg=PA69 |page=69 |year=2011 |title=The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies|publisher=]|quote=The League of the Militant Godless and the Knowledge Society conducted anti-religious propaganda at the grassroots level.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="League">{{cite book|author=Sabrina P. Ramet |year=1993 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AL_Jq-7VV0YC&pg=PA14 |page=14 |title=Religious Policy in the Soviet Union|publisher=]|quote=Local public and voluntary organisations – the ''Komsomol'', the Young Pioneers, workers' Clubs and, of course, the League of Militant Atheists – were encouraged to undertake a whole range of anti-religious initiatives: promoting the observance of the five day working week, ensuring that priests did not visit believers in their homes, supervising the setting-up of cells of the League of Militant Atheists in the army. Public lampoons and blasphemous parades, recalling the early 1920s, were resumed from 1928. One of the main activities of the League of Militant Atheists was the publication of massive quantities of anti-religious literature, comprising regular journals and newspapers as well as books and pamphlets. The number of printed pages rose from 12 million in 1927 to 800 million in 1930.}}</ref><ref name="Organisation"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=William G. Rosenberg |year=1990 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7JeUwFST2e0C&pg=PA218 |page=18 |title=Bolshevik Visions: First Phase of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, Part 1 |publisher=]|quote=The publication in 1923 of Yaroslavsky's response to Khegund (see below), signalled the beginning of an organized ant-religious movement. Many in the party still urged caution; the "League of Militant Atheists, formally the a "private union" rather than a party body, was not permitted to function until 1925.}}</ref><ref name="Membership"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=M. Searle Bates|title=Religious Liberty: An Inquiry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i6QlNcyDxucC&pg=PA6 |page=6 |year=2005 |publisher=]|quote=On the other hand, the League of Militant Atheists reported for 1932 an organization of 80,000 cells with 7,000,000 members, besides 1,500,000 children in affiliated groups.}}</ref> | |||
| In 1941, soon after the Nazi invasion of the USSR, the newspaper closed, and in 1947 the society itself folded, the task of the anti-religious propaganda being transferred to the more neutrally named All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge (Всесоюзное общество по распространению политических и научных знаний).<ref> (Union of the Militant Atheists) in the ] | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ], a Soviet concentration camp survivor, wrote of the The Union of the Militant Godless, stating that its members "went on rampages, blew out candles, and smashed icons with axes."<ref name="Solzhenitsyn">{{cite book|title=Solzhenitsyn: A Soul in Exile|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lgPwzq0M9lkC&pg=PT72 |page=72 |author=Joseph Pearce|publisher=Ignatius Press|quote=In the years immediately before and after the Revolution, the church was shunned and subjected to ridicule by young people and the intelligentsia. Solzhenitsyn rememberd how many fiery adherents were claimed by militant atheism in the 1920s. "Those who went on rampages, blew out candles, and smashed icons with axes have now crumbled into dust, like their Union of the Militant Godless."|year=2011}}</ref> | |||
| The League of Militant Atheists, which was renamed the Znanie Society (]), published a monthly journal called ''Nauka i Religya'' (''Science and Religion'') which described itself as "a fighting organ of militant atheism", rejecting the view that religion would disappear "of itself."<ref> (The All-Union "Knowledge" Society) in the ] | |||
| </ref><ref name="Znanie">{{cite book|title=Religion, state, and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S9vPzWk9uowC&pg=PA44 |page=44 |year=1994 |author=John Anderson|publisher=]|quote=Finally, various public organisations were drawn into the struggle against religion, most notably the Znanie Society. Formed in 1947, in large part as a successor to the disbanded League of the Militant Godless, the society had begun to expand its work beyond the narrowly anti-religious. In September 1959 it at last produced the first copy of the monthly atheist magazine ''Nauka i religiya''. The unusual decision to commence publication part way through the year perhaps suggested the increasing degree of urgency in anti-religious campaigning. The first editorial reflected this mood in describing the journal as 'a fighting organ of militant atheism' and in its rejection of the view that religion would disappear 'of itself.'}}</ref> In 1961 the Ukrainian branch produced a similar journal called ''Militant Atheist'' (''Voivnichy Ateist'').<ref name="Znanie"/> | |||
| Scientists and party philosophers in the Soviet Union worked to establish a view of science acceptable to ].<ref name=Kragh>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GB3Zst_4HLsC&pg=PA226 |page=226 |year=2008 |title =Entropic Creation|author=Helge Kragh|publisher=]|quote=In the attempts to establish an ideologically acceptable view of science, the new physics became a matter of considerable controversy in the young Soviet Union. Physicists and party philosophers discussed the problematic relationship of relativity theory and quantum mechanics to Marxist-Leninist philosophy.}}</ref> | |||
| In addition to the ] substance of each course, the curriculum from the universities in the Soviet Union presented scientific findings correct or incorrect based on their supposed ideological positions, not on the objective, applied, and experimental essence of science.<ref name="Froese3">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8jkFD4ZXjd8C&pg=PA58 |pages=58, 79 |year=2008 |title=The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization |publisher=]|author=Paul Froese|quote=Militant atheists also believed that science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were inconceivable. The course syllabi from the atheist universities of the Soviet Union indicate how the topic of atheism was presented as a historically logical outcome of scientific development; Soviet college students chose from the following course selections: Physics...Chemistry...Geology...Mathematics...Biology...Medicine...What stands out in these syllabi, in addition to the antireligious substance of each course, is the way in which the curriculum appears to ignore the objective, applied, and experimental essence of science. Instead, scientific findings are presented as correct or incorrect based on their supposed ideological positions. Religion is presented as the historic cofounder of scientific advancement, with atheism providing the phislosophical framework from which to conduct accurate science.}}</ref> Some Soviet militant atheists also believed science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were scientifically inconceivable.<ref name="Froese4">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8jkFD4ZXjd8C&pg=PA58 |pages=58, 79 |year=2008 |title=The Plot to Kill God: findings from the Soviet experiment in Secularization |publisher=]|author=Paul Froese|quote=Militant atheists also believed science disproved religion because God remained unseen, his miracles were never subject to empirical verification, and certain religious stories were scientifically inconceivable. Following World War II and after the dissolution of the League of Militant Atheists, Soviet officials started a campaign to produce natural-scientific arguments against belief in God. For instance, Soviet scientists placed holy water under a microscope to prove that it had no special properties, and the corpses of saints were exhumed to demonstrate that they too were subject to corruption. These activities indicated that atheist propgandists held a very literal interpretation of religious language; for them, holy water and the bodies of saints were expected to hold some physical sign of their divinity.}}</ref><ref name="Creator">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FA4G8e8muYMC&pg=PA53 |page=53 |title =Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning|publisher=]|author=]|year=2002|quote=Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, a naturalistic view of the origin of life does not necessarily exlude belief in a Creator. The notion, propagated at the same time, though for opposite reasons, by militant atheistic scientists and by many antiscientific circles, that the findings of science are incompatible with the existence of a Creator is false.}}</ref> | |||
| Bruce Sheiman, himself an atheist, states that militant atheists are incorrect in asserting that science is capable of determining the ].<ref name="Existence">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GvFUvFuUFWYC&pg=PT119 |page=119 |year=2009 |title=An Atheist Defends Religion: Why Humanity is Better Off with Religion Than Without It |publisher=] |author=Bruce Sheiman |quote=The militant atheist asserts, incorrectly, that science is capable of determining the nonexistence of God.}}</ref> | |||
| ], who has himself been called a militant atheist,<ref name="Joseph">{{cite book|url=|title =The Atheist World|publisher=]|author=Madalyn Murray O'Hair|quote=This is a listing of the great and near great compiled by Joseph McCabe, ex-Roman Catholic priest and militant Atheist of early in this century.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| wrote in 1936 that "Russia is doing the finest and soundest reconstructive work of our time, and it is doing this, not only without God, but on a basis of militant Atheism."<ref name="McCabe">{{cite book |year=2010 |title=Is the Position of Atheism Growing Stronger?|publisher=]|author=]|quote=For the news is spreading, and is triumphing even over reactionary opposition that Russia is doing the finest and soundest reconstructive work of our time, and it is doing this, not only without God, but on a basis of militant atheism.}}</ref> | |||
| However, militant atheism failed to eradicate ], which resulted, starting in 1939, in the reopening of churches, the abandonment of the atheist teaching in schools, and the restoration of the seven day week.<ref name="Failure">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G3Kb3rPreUgC&pg=PA455 |page=455 |title =Christianity through the centuries: a History of the Christian Church|publisher=Zondervan|author=Earle E. Cairns |year=1996 |quote=The failure of militant atheism to eradicate Christianity; the persistence of belief in God, which approximately half of the Russian people expressed in the 1937 census; and the threatening international situation dictated the need for a strategic retreat after 1939. Churches were reopened, the antireligious carnivals were dropped, and the teaching of atheism in schools was abandoned. In 1943 Sergius was permitted to function as the patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. The seven-day week was restored, seminaries were permitted to reopen, and the Orthodox church was freed of many burdensome restrictions.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Moreover, John W. Garver observes that the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the dominance of militant atheism over ] and led to the reemergence of ] in the region.<ref name="Reemergence">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u2X1DNUATjkC&pg=PA130 |page=130 |title =China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-Imperial World|publisher=]|author=John W. Garver |year=2006 |quote=Post-Soviet Central Asia witnessed a swift revival of Islam. The collapse of Soviet power lifted a seventy-year-long reign of militant atheism and opened the way to reemergence of the long-suppressed Islamic faith of the Central Asian peoples.}}</ref> | |||
| ====Czechoslovakia==== | |||
| When ] seized power in former ] in February 1948, part of their agenda was also a fight against “dangerous ideological enemy that holds enormous influence on the masses”.<ref>{{cite web|author=NMI|url= http://www.upn.gov.sk/obdobie-1945-1989/likvidacia-klastorov-v-komunistickom-ceskoslovensku-barbarska-noc|title= Likvidácia kláštorov v komunistickom Československu – Barbarská noc (“Eradication of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia – Barbaric night”)|publisher=|date=2011}}<!--Destruction of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia - barbaric night | |||
| Already before 1948 the Czechoslovak Communists regarded religious Orders as an important entity that holds an inconvenient influence over population and that is capable of forming its further opinion. After seizing the power in February 1948 by the Communist Party their plans, aimed against religious Orders, gained the important room for being brought into real life. First actions against monasteries took place already in the summer of 1948 when they were closed under the pretext that they are centres of anti-state activities. Although they were not many closed at that time, these events indicated the direction the further development will take. The implementation of already worked-out plans against religious Orders was postponed by state power due to other actions of the regime (such as Schismatic Catholic Action in June 1949, the preparation of so-called Ecclesiastical laws in the autumn of 1949), thus it could take place only in the first half of 1950. | |||
| Immediate preparation for action "K" (Monasteries) was the trial of ten representatives of the Orders who were accused of treason and espionage. The role of the process was to prepare justification of the whole action against the religious Orders and manipulate the public opinion in favour of these plans. After a thorough "processing" of the State Security investigators the members of religious Orders were “admitting” their "anti-state activities", hatred for "the establishment of people’s democracy", having sympathy for the "imperialism", the illegal manufacturing of various leaflets, the concealment of "enemy agents", weapons and valuables. The final verdict sentenced one of the accused (coincidentally the only one from Slovakia – Redemptorist Ján Mastiliak) to life imprisonment whereas all other sentences were totalling 132 years. | |||
| The very implementation of the action was handed over to State security service ]. There was conducted reconnaissance of monasteries to find out the number of their inhabitants. The police corps, military and communist militias was supposed to join too. They should be armed with rifles, sub-machine guns, light machine guns, batons and gas candles. The action day was determined to take place on Thursday, 13 April 1950 at 24.00hrs. | |||
| At the appointed time, members of the armed forces began to conquer the monasteries. Where their summons was met with ignorance, violent methods of penetration into objects were applied. After entering into the monasteries members of Orders has been gathered together to be informed about the reason for intervention, which was alleged sedition and anti-state activities of the Orders. Afterwards, they were forced to get into the prepared buses and trucks and transported into so called concentrating monasteries all over the Slovakia. There were 881 monks from 11 religious orders displaced during single night. | |||
| After the action "K", the second action took place during the night from 3rd to 4thof May 1950, designated as "K2". This one targeted the remaining male monasteries that become subject of another occupation. The two interventions affected in total 1180 people from 15 Orders living in 76 monasteries. After these two events the relocated monks in Slovakia were concentrated in following monasteries: Monastery of the martyrs (now Močenok) Hronský Beňadik, Podolinec-Kostolná and Báč. | |||
| The strict regime in concentrating monasteries was governed virtually by prison rules. In addition to forced-labor (sticking bags, picking rose-hips, carpentry and tailoring, work in agriculture) there was reserved dedicated time for political re-education. Communication with the outside world was completely eliminated or limited to a very minimum. The most stringent regime was in the monastery in Podolínec where there was the greatest number of men put together. The building was guarded by armed guards with dogs, and guard duty members were narrowly selected from the Leopoldov (famous state prison) and other prisons. At the monastery building the barbed wires were gradually installed and windows got equipped with lattice bars. The watch tower was built in the courtyard and surrounding area of monastery was illuminated by night lights. Monks who violated the prescribed codes of behaviour got punished by being put to solitary confinement localized in the basement. | |||
| After the completion of actions 'K' the attention turned onto the women's religious orders. The action targeting the destruction of monasteries of nuns was given the name "R" (rehoľníčky, nuns in Slovak). In their case, the procedure was supposed to be applied in more moderate way, with assuming their "voluntary" removal from monasteries and only if they would resist, the help of security services would be called to take action. The action "R" itself was initiated on the 29th of August in 1950 at 8.00 a.m. in the morning. In the course of this action however there were about 15 locations in Slovakia where citizens who disagreed with the destruction of religious communities gathered together. In several places people occupied the monasteries and did not allow for displacement of nuns to take place, while there were also sharp confrontations and attacks on present governmental officials. In these monasteries the action had to be repeated at night with the assistance of the Police Corps, communist militias and state security service. In total, there was 1962 people displaced and 137 women religious objects occupied and acquired during the action "R" on 28–31 August in 1950. Nuns were brought together in 16 concentrating monasteries. Another more than 1,600 nuns, however, had to remain working in hospitals because the state system could not find an adequate substitute for them. | |||
| After the occupation of the monasteries there were many libraries destroyed due to rough treatment by state authorities; valuable manuscripts, prints, paintings and furniture was stolen as well. The buildings acquired were handed over to various regional and local state administrative offices, sport clubs, orphanages etc. Communist state power perceived the Orders as the dangerous ideological enemy, who has considerable influence over the masses. But the action was also about the properties, real estates and other assets managed by religious orders. The report addressed to the political secretariat of the Central Communist Committee, that evaluated obtained material assets, described the result of action as the largest property transfer from the time of confiscation of the properties of displaced Germans, seizure of private enterprises by state and land reform. In other words, it was the third largest extent of “legalized” theft since 1945. However, the most painful result of the intervention was the sorrowful fate of thousands of religious men and women, who became for decades the citizen group subject of persecution by state. | |||
| According to the study: Letz, Robert: Persecution of Christians in Slovakia in 1948–1989. In: Miklosko, F. – Smolíková, G. – Smolik, P.: Crimes of Communism in Slovakia 1948–1989 (1). Presov: Publishing Michael Vasek, 2001, p. 128–142 | |||
| Further reading: | |||
| Dubovská, Milan J.: Action monasteries. Martin: Matica Slovak, 1998. | |||
| Dubovská, Milan J.: Action religious. Martin: Matica Slovak, 2001. | |||
| Grandson, Francis: and R K Shares: the response to the Order of the communist regime in 1950 – the 1956th Bratislava, 1995. | |||
| JUDÁK, William – DAŇKOVÁ, S.: Exodus. Celebrating Thee God. Nitra: St. seminary. Gorazd, 1997 | |||
| Memorial literature: | |||
| Korec, John Chrysostom: The barbaric night. Bratislava: Luc, 1990. | |||
| Macák, Ernest: Notes from behind bars. Bratislava: Publishing Don Bosco, 1996. | |||
| Petrik, Vincent: Last villa. Cambridge, Canada: Good book, 1990.--></ref> Thus, the ] had been seized by state security service (]) during three so called “barbaric nights” in 1950. In total, 3142 people were relocated by force into concentrating monasteries. These were in case of male members of ] virtually turned into ] or ] secured with guards and strict regime aiming the “political re-education” of ]s. The 213 monastery buildings and facilities were confiscated by state and content of many ancient precious libraries that survived even Turko-Tatar attacks in the ] was scrapped and used for cardboard production.”<ref>{{cite web|author=NMI|url=http://www.upn.gov.sk/obdobie-1945-1989/vypovede-pamatnikov-o-barbarskej-noci|title= Likvidácia kláštorov v komunistickom Československu – Barbarská noc, výpovede svedkov (“Eradication of monasteries in communist Czechoslovakia – Barbaric night, reports of witnesses”)|publisher=|date=2011}}</ref> | |||
| In 1957 ] arrested university students in eastern Slovakia town ] who held ] meetings. The consequent investigations lead to further arrests of ] and ] in 1959 with non-public hearing and coverage by state-controlled media. Newspapers brought up the case under titles „Poison in gold-foil“, „Sects are eradicating the thinking of youth“ and „Report on trial with blue ]“ (] was Christian ] association fighting ]). The arrested members of Blue Cross were found „guilty“ of „spreading hostile ]“ that is „contradicting scientific ]“. They were sentenced pursuant to paragraph on ]. At the same time their personal correspondence, typing machines and Christian literature was ], mainly the one written by national author ]<ref>{{cite book|title= Naše korene|last=Slavka, M. et al.|publisher = Nádej| location=Bratislava|year=1994|pages=187|ISBN=80-7120-029-8|quote= In 1957 ] arrested Miloš Rataj, undergraduate student in Košice. He was a son of teacher and poet Ján Rataj. Miloš Rataj together with his fellow students held private Bible Study and prayer meetings at the hostel belonging to university campus. Somebody reported their activities to authorities what triggered investigations and later leaded to a lawsuit. In the newspaper „Východoslovenské Noviny“ there were consequently published articles „Poison in gold-foil“ (No.41 in 1959), „Sects are eradicating the thinking of youth“ and „Report on trial with blue crusaders“. It was just a preparation for more thorough trial at court in Bratislava, where prior to that trial further church members had been arrested, namely Ing. O. Lupták, Ing. Vl. Matej, J. Rosa and J. Hollý from Stará Turá. The hearings during the trial were behind the closed doors excluding the public (sep 1959). The main guilt of accused was that they as members of blue cross „spread hostile Christian ideology“ that is „contradicting scientific Marxist ideology“. They were sentenced pursuant to paragraph on subversion of republic. At the same time their personal correspondence, typing machines and Christian literature was confiscated, mainly the one written by national author Kristína Royová.}}</ref>, regarded by some authors for "Slovak ]".<ref>{{cite web|last= Trúsik|first=Pavol |year=2/2011|title= Kristína Royová – slovenský Kierkegaard? (Kristína Royová – Slovak Kierkegaard?) |publisher=Ostium, Internet journal for humanitarian science|quote= We can conclude that (Kristína) Royová was sort of Slovak version of Kierkegaard.|accessdate=2011-08-19|url=http://www.ostium.sk/index.php?mod=magazine&act=show&aid=75}}</ref> | |||
| ====Kyrgyzstan==== | |||
| In 1929, when Soviet officials established the Militant Atheist-Marxist Association in the ], over 1,800 clerics – ], Jewish ]s, and Muslim ]s – were denied their electoral rights.<ref name="Kyrgyzstan">{{cite book |author=Mark Avrum Ehrlich |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NoPZu79hqaEC&pg=PA1138 |page=1138 |year=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture |volume=1 |publisher=]|quote=1929 Soviet authorities establish a branch of the Militant Atheist-Marxist Association in Kyrgyzstan. More than 1,800 clerics – priests, rabbis, and mullahs – are denied their electoral rights. Nevertheless, Jews attempt to observe Jewish religious traditions in secret.}}</ref> | |||
| Despite this, ] worshipped in secrecy.<ref name="Kyrgyzstan"/> | |||
| ====Moldova==== | |||
| In ], according to Mihaela Robila, during "the several decades of state-sponsored militant atheism, drastic methods were used" to prohibit the "expression of religious life"; such methods included the "forcible destruction of religious monuments, liquidation of churches, and mass deportation" of believers of different religions to ].<ref name="Deportation">{{cite book|author=Mihaela Robila |year=2004 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eYDNdZvc8wkC&pg=PA181 |page=181 |title=Families in Eastern Europe|publisher=]|quote=During several decades of state-sponsored 'militant atheism,' drastic methods were used to suppress and prohibit any expression of religious life. There was a forcible destruction of religious monuments, liquidation of churches, and mass deportation to Siberia of religious people and believers of different religions.}}</ref> | |||
| ===French Revolution=== | |||
| ] by English ] ]. Titled "The Radical's Arms", it depicts the infamous guillotine. "No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!" is written in the republican banner.]] | |||
| ] writers frequently charged the ] with militant atheism which sought to destroy the ] and the ] form of government."<ref name="Counter">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wVIoCtB3m74C&pg=PA329 |page=329 |author=] |year=2010 |title =Encyclopedia of Political Theory, Volume 1|publisher=]|quote=Moreover, materialism simultaneously was expected to undermine religious faith, and the philosophes, despite their wide variety of religious views, were charged with a militant atheism bent on the destruction of church and throne alike. As these pillars of traditional society were under attack, Counter-Enlightenment writers predicted horrific scenes of anarchy, chaos, perversion, and bloodshed. When the French Revolution culminated in regicide and the Reign of Terror, the bloody warnings of the anti-philosophes suddenly appeared prophetic.}}</ref> Two prominent militant atheists of the ] included ] and ],<ref name="Timothy Ferris">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z3L0jfOA7RwC&pg=PA86&dq=cloots+militant+atheist&hl=en&ei=R0lUTr72ENLKqQGk9Kx7&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cloots%20militant%20atheist&f=false|page=86|author=Timothy Ferris |year=2008 |title =The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature|publisher=]|quote=Locked up in the Luxembourg prison, he passed the time debating religion with his friend Anacharsis Cloots, a militant atheist, until Cloots was guillotined on March 24.}}</ref><ref name="John Keane">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DeeZ1yHjlFUC&pg=PT584&dq=cloots+militant+atheist&hl=en&ei=R0lUTr72ENLKqQGk9Kx7&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=86|author=John Keane|year=2003 |title =Tom Paine: A Political Life|publisher=]|quote=nvariably, their conversations turned into heated arguments, with Paine resisting the militant atheism of Cloots, who regularly called himself “Jesus Christ's personal enemy” and berated Paine “for his credulity in still indulging so many religious and political prejudices."}}</ref> who both advocated the ].<ref name="Cloots"/><ref name="Jean-Pierre Gross">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9gqLGoAsrxwC&pg=PA23&dq=militant+atheists,+who+took+naturally+dechristianization&hl=en&ei=DEhUTtvLA4O1qQGTh4F8&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=23|author=Jean-Pierre Gross |year=1997 |title =Fair Shares for All: Jacobin Egalitarianism in Practice |publisher=]|quote=It is not without significance in this regard that, while many of the confirmed terrorists were militant atheists, who took naturally to blasphemy and adhered to the dechristianisation movement in the autumn and winter of 1793, the moderates were often deists who shared Robespierre's and Tom Paine's belief in the usefulness of religion.}}</ref> Cloots, says ], did not believe in ].<ref name="Cloots"/> He vigorously campaigned for the atheistic ], which was officially proclaimed on 10 November 1793. According to James Gray, ],<ref name="Holcroft">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Dnqi3gRxgvQC&pg=PA164 |page=164 |author=Christine L. Krueger; George Stade; Karen Karbiener; Book Builders Llc (COR)|title =Encyclopædia of British Writers: 19th and 20th Centuries|publisher=]|quote=Holcroft, Thomas (1745–1809) ''playwright'', ''novelist'' A militant atheist and a fervent believer in the individual's capacity for self-improvement, he was drawn into a circle of political and social radicals that included Thomas Paine, John Tooke, William Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft.}}</ref><ref name="Corresponding">{{cite web|url=http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/ebro/?p=531|author=]|title =Review of The French Revolution and the London Stage 1789–1805, by George Taylor|publisher=]|quote=In two chapters devoted to reactions of the English stage to the Reign of Terror in France, Taylor notes that Thomas Holcroft (1745–1809), a militant atheist and a pro-Revolutionary zealot, helped to found in 1792 the London Corresponding Society, whose main aim was to connect with radical elements in Paris in the same year.}}</ref> an English militant atheist, was instrumental in founding the ] in 1792, "whose main aim was to connect with radical elements in ] in the same year".<ref name="Corresponding"/> | |||
| ===People's Republic of China and the Cultural Revolution=== | |||
| The ] is officially an ],<ref name="China">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X49uEF5XUX0C&pg=PA108 |page=108 |title =China in the 21st century|publisher=]|quote=China is still officially an atheist country, but many religions are growing rapidly, including evangelical Christianity (estimates of how many Chinese have converted to some form of Protestantism range widely, but at least tens of millions have done so) and various hybrid sects that combine elements of traditional creeds and belief systems (Buddhism mixed with local folk cults, for example).}}</ref><ref name="Atheist State">{{cite book|page=108 |title =The State of Religion Atlas|publisher=]|quote=Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba.}}</ref> as atheism is endorsed and promoted by the ruling ].<ref name="Revolt"/> When the People's Republic of China was established, militant atheist functionaries compelled the Party to impose control on and limit religious suppliers.<ref name="PRC">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SX8ZTp2vdu4C&pg=PA432 |page=432 |title =The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion|publisher=]|quote=As soon as the PRC was established, militant atheism compelled the party to impose control and limitations on religious suppliers. Foreign missionaries, who were considered a part of Western imperialism, were expelled, and cultic or heterodox sects that were regarded as reactionary organizations (''fandong hui dao men''), were banned. Further, major religions – Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism, which were difficult to eliminate and possesed diplomatic value for the isolated regime – were co-opted into national associations.}}</ref> As a result, foreign ] were expelled from the nation.<ref name="PRC"/> Furthermore, major religions including ], ], ] and ] were co-opted into national associations, while minor sects were labelled as reactionary organisations and were therefore banned.<ref name="PRC"/> | |||
| However, during the ], a new form of militant atheism made great efforts to eradicate religion completely.<ref name="Revolt"/><ref name="Contrast">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jn-kcJc47m4C&pg=PA129 |page=129 |title =Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State |publisher=]|author=Bryan S. Turner|quote=The contrast between religion in American and militant atheism in China could not have been more stark or profound. While the Red Guards under Mao Zedong's leadership were busy destroying Buddhist pagodas, Catholic churches and Daoist temples, the Christian Right were equally busy condemning the communists.}}</ref> Under this militant atheism espoused by ], ] were shut down; Buddhist ], Daoist ], Christian ], and Muslim ] were destroyed; artifacts were smashed; and ] were burnt.<ref name="Revolt"/><ref name="Contrast"/> Moreover, it was a criminal offence to even possess a religious artifact or sacred text.<ref name="Revolt"/> However, following the death of ] in 1976, many former policies towards religious freedom returned although they are limited and tenuous, as religion is closely regulated by the government.<ref name="Revolt"/> | |||
| According to philosopher ], the ] religion was seen by ], the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, as an ideological threat to militant atheism and historical materialism.<ref name="Ching">{{cite web|url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/fa_lun_gong/falun258.html|author=]|title =The Falun Gong: Religious and political implications|publisher=American Asian Review|date=1 January 2001|quote=Now, Jiang is emphasizing the need for people, especially party members, to study politics. He accepts the threat of Falun Gong as an ideological one: spiritual beliefs against militant atheism and historical materialism. He wishes to purge the government and the military of such beliefs. His decision is in line with the suspicion of religious protest by the traditional Chinese state. As it turns out, the government's campaign against "evil cults" includes popular folk cults, as well as underground Christians-Catholics and Protestants who meet at house churches.|accessdate = 28 July 2011}}</ref> Nevertheless, Fengang Yang, a professor at ], writes that the "predominant view on religion has moved away from militant atheism to a more scientific, objective and consequently more balanced approach to religion."<ref name="Purdue">{{cite journal|page=101 |author=Fengang Yang|title =Between Secularist Ideology and Desecularizing Reality: The Birth and Growth of Religious Research in Communist China|journal=Sociology of religion|volume=65|quote=Under the ride of the Chinese Communist Party, the scholarship of religious research in China has changed from virtual nonexistence in the first thirty years (1949–1979) to flourishing in the reform era (1979–present). Moreover, the predominant view on religion has moved away from militant atheism to a more scientific, objective and consequently more balanced approach to religion. This paper attempts to trace this intellectual history in China and to examine the role of academia in the religious scene. There are three distinct periods in this development: the domination of atheism from 1949 to 1979, the birth of religious research in the 1980s, and the growth of the scholarship in the 1990s, despite political restrictions. Religious research was intended by the government to serve atheist propaganda, but it grew into an independent academic discipline responsive to the desecularizing reality.|year=2004}}</ref> | |||
| ===Politics=== | |||
| ====History==== | |||
| Sociologist ] describes ] and the other originators of the 'social "scientific" study of religion' as "militant opponents of religion" whose "militant atheism...was motivated partly by politics".<ref>] "Atheism, Faith and the Social Scientific Study of Religion" ''Journal of Contemporary Religion'' Vol 14 No 1 1999, pp. 41–62. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The 19th-century political activist ] has been called a militant atheist by several authors,<ref name="Bradlaugh2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC&pg=PA566 |page=566 |title=Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland |author=Laurel Brake, Marysa Demoor |publisher=] |year=2009 |quote=A well-set Sunday weekly* selling for 1 d, the ''Secular Review's'' stance was representative of a relatively moderate style of Secularism, sympathetic to socialism and aligned against the individualism and militant atheism of Charles Bradlaugh and his ''National Reformer''. In its discussion of religion, philosophy, ethics, science and history, and in reviewing Secularism and 'what purports to be so, and is not', the title's stated domain of inquiry was 'this world, without implying disregard or denial of another' (Holyoake 1876).}}</ref><ref name="Bradlaugh3"> | |||
| {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mnURdbCeLOMC&pg=PT190 |page=190 |title=Globalizing Theology: Belief and Practice in an Era of World Christianity|author=Craig Ott; Harold A. Netland |year=2006 |publisher=]|quote=She was a close friend and coworker of Charles Bradlaugh, the militant atheist and first president of the National Secular Society (set up in 1866), and helped to edit his journal, the National Reformer.}}</ref><ref name="Bradlaugh4"> | |||
| {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ge5hxcscTkYC&pg=PA286 |page=286 |title=History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene |author=James Richard Moore |year=2002 |publisher=]|quote=Though at first allied with the militant atheist Charles Bradlaugh (1833–91) and his National Secular Society (NSS), the elder Watts refused in 1877 to defend Bradlaugh's right to republish Knowlton's Fruits of Philosophy, a pamphlet on on birth control.}}</ref><ref name="Bradlaugh5"> | |||
| {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jn-kcJc47m4C&pg=PA129 |page=129 |year=2011 |title=Religion and Modern Society: Citizenship, Secularisation and the State|author=Bryan S. Turner|publisher=]|quote=Secularism, when under the inspiration of militant atheists such as Charles Bradlaugh, Member of Parliament for Northhampton in Great Britan, assumed a more striden, uncrompromising and critical relationship to religious belief.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and is often credited as the first militant atheist in the history of Western civilization.<ref name="Bradlaugh0"> | |||
| {{cite web |url=http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/madalyn_ohair/agnostic.html|title=Agnostics|author=Madalyn Murray O'Hair|publisher=American Atheist Online Services|quote=Charles Bradlaugh was the first militant Atheist in the history of Western civilization. He was elected to the British parliament six times, and each time that body refused to seat him because he was an Atheist – and because he would not swear his allegiance to queen and country, so help him "God." Everyone in England knew Bradlaugh and his fight, and he raised the issue of Atheism to every person in public life as he sought allies.|accessdate = 2011-03-05}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Bradlaugh1"> | |||
| {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hB9lXQKaUIQC&pg=PA335 |page=335 |title=Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits|author=Ian Hill Nish, Hugh Cortazzi|publisher=] |year=2003 |quote=At South Place, Robert Young also came to know Charles Bradlaugh (1833–91), the first militant Atheist.}}</ref> | |||
| The term has also been applied to other 19th-century political thinkers such as ],<ref>The Debate Between Feuerbach and Stirner: An Introduction, in ''The Philosophical Forum'' '''8''', numbers 2–4, (1976) – available on the web | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ],<ref name="Besant1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rGiSfU7PJhcC&pg=PA155 |page=155 |title=Theosophist Magazine Collection 1920–1955|author=Annie Wood Besant |year=2003 |publisher=]|quote=Madame Blavatsky, a Russian, suspected of being a spy, converted Anglo-Indians to a passionate belief in her Theosophy mission, even when the Jingo fever was the hottest, and in her declining years she succeeded in winning over to the new-old religion Annie Besant, who had for years fought in the forefront of the van of militant atheism.}}</ref><ref name="Besant2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3lobX1DC_i0C&pg=PA127 |page=127 |year=2001 |title=Globalization and educational rights: an intercivilizational analysis|author=Joel H. Spring|publisher=]|quote=Annie Besant had an important influence on Nehru's family and on social reform in India. Born in 1847, she was known in England as 'Red Annie' because of her activities as a militant atheist, socialist, and trade union organizer.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Besant3">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV-ZFdDd16QC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |year=2003 |title=Deviating voices: women and orthodox religious tradition|author=S. W. Jackman, Sydney Wayne Jackman|publisher=James Clarke & Co.|quote=The final chapter of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's life was to be shared with the individual who probably became her most famous disciple, namely, Annie Besant, who had had two children while married to an Anglican clergyman, but was now a militant atheist and radical.}}</ref> | |||
| and ].<ref name="Schopenhauer">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qdHD7LnOseYC |title=Schopenhauer, religion and morality: the humble path to ethics|author=Gerard Mannion|publisher=]|quote=This work challenges the textbook assessment of Schopenhauer as militant atheist and absolute pessimist.|page=i |year=2003}}</ref> | |||
| A significant militant atheist movement known as the Holbachians,<ref name="HolbachMA2">{{cite book|author=]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L6uMB4zwIn0C&pg=PR35 |page=xxxv |year=1895 |title=Marmontel's Moral Tales|publisher=Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.|quote=It certainly stopped altogether short of the militant atheism of the Holbachian coterie; and it may be doubtful whether, except in the ardour of the novitiate, it reached Voltaire's dislike of positive creeds.}}</ref> disciples of militant atheist ],<ref name="Holbach">{{cite book|author=Gerald Robert McDermott |year=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q4-W7O854xgC&pg=PA27 |page=27 |title=Jonathan Edwards Confronts the Gods: Christian Theology, Enlightenment Religion, and Non-Christian Faiths|publisher=]|quote=The Holbachians were disciples of Baron d'Holbach, a militant atheist who opposed both Christianity and desim (because it was theistic).}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| opposed ], ] and ].<ref name="Holbach"/><ref name="Holbachians"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=] |year=2006 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84C&pg=PA59 |page=59 |title=Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity|publisher=]|quote=The Holbachians formed a considerable atheistic movement, which specialized in attacking Judaism as a means of denigrating its offshoot Christianity.}}</ref> | |||
| The Polish religious leader ] decided during his imprisonment (1953–1956) "to defend the faith of the nation against militant atheism by means of the power of the ]."<ref name="VirginMary">{{cite book|author=]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6kFfjei_XCEC&pg=PA114 |page=114 |title=The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism |year=2003 |publisher=]|date=1992|quote=As his former colleague and biographer Andrzej Micewiski puts it, Cardinal Wyszyński decided, during his imprisonment, "to defend the faith of the nation against militant atheism by means of the power of the Virgin Mary." Crushed under two totalitarianisms since 1939, "the national and the Church would be that the country be freed from unwanted, imposed political submission," through the intercession of the Holy Mother.}}</ref> | |||
| In 1952, philosopher Herbert W. Schneider in his book ''Religion in 20th Century America'' wrote of the "few remaining militant atheists or freethinkers... who consistently opposed... violating the 'free church in a free state' principle" in the United States after World War II.<ref name="Schneider">{{cite book|author=Herbert Wallace Schneider |year=1952 |page=31 |title=Religion in 20th Century America|publisher=Harvard University Press |quote=For behind the theoretical formulations lie several important legal decisions and group conflicts, all of which tended to weaken the position of the few remaining militant atheists or freethinkers and of the many anticlericals, who consistently opposed such tendencies as violating the "free church in a free state" principle. The great majority of presumably religious Americans allowed these encroachments on the strict "neutrality" of the state to accumulate with relatively little concern or with ineffective opposition.}} | |||
| </ref>{{inlinerelevance|date=July 2011|reason= 1> this is not a work on demographics, it is a personal reminiscence. 2> It is about a group: "Few remaining" modifies "militant atheists or freethinkers and the many anticlericals" but not clearly even that entire group but the subset of that group that "consistently opposed such tendecies as..." 3>It reports merely on some unclear trend as of 1952, and does not give any other time frame for comparison. 4>To remark on the prevalence of a "group" within another *unspecified group* at some *unspecified time* is a poor representation of the demographic history (and of the political history – which is the title of the section-subsection) of the "group". 5>Even if a more specific time, place and supergroup were established, giving an assessment of the demographics at one single point sometime before 1952 is not a worthy comprehensive presentation of the political history. 6> All this establishes is that he used the term in 1952, and that he thought the strength of the "group" had recently been weakened. 7> go to ] to see this is not a work on demographics and that the statements are highly qualified personal recollections.}} | |||
| ====Italian Socialist movement==== | |||
| ] was a militant atheist in his early life.<ref name="Mussolini1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kne26UnE1wQC&pg=PA408 |page=408 |year=2004 |title=Fascism: Post-war fascisms|publisher=]|quote=Mussolini did not have any philosophy: he only had rhetoric. He was a militant atheist at the beginning and alter signed the Convention with the Church and welcomed the bishops who blessed the Fascist pennants. In his early anticerlical years, according to a likely legend, he once asked God, in order to prove His existence, to strike him down on the spot.}}</ref><ref name="Mussolini2"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=United States. Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yh8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA172 |page=172 |year=1962 |title=Ideas in Conflict: Writing about the Great Issues of Civilization|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|quote=He became a militant atheist at an early age and throughout his life, flouted the conventions of Christain morality.}}</ref><ref name="Mussolini6"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|page=123 |title=The World's Iron Age|publisher=]|quote=Fascism, according to the former militant atheist Mussolini, 'respects the God of the ascetics, of the saints, of the heroes and also God as prayed to by the primitive heart of the people.'|year=1941}}</ref><ref name="Mussolini7"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Maxine Block, E. Mary Trow |page=626 |title=Current Biography: Who's News and Why, 1942|year=1942 |publisher=]|quote=It was also pointed out that Mussolini had been a militant atheist and that the accord with the Pope was one the latter would one day regret, although the Catholic Church had supported the crusade for nationalism and "against Bolshevism.}}</ref><ref name="Mussolini8">{{cite book|author=Alfred Mitchell Bingham|page=145 |title=Man's estate: adventures in economic discovery|publisher=]|quote=Mussolini was a militant atheist, a militant republican, and a militant Marxist, before he became a fascist. |year=1942}}</ref> | |||
| Like other socialists of the Romagna, Mussolini adopted the militant atheism of the ].<ref name="Mussolini4">{{cite book|author=Jasper Godwin Ridley|page=24 |year=2000 |title=Mussolini: a biography|publisher=Cooper Square Press|quote=Mussolini, like all the Socialists of the Romagna, had adopted the militant atheism of the Italian Socialist movement.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In his later life, however, Mussolini signed a ] in order to consort with the ] who blessed the Fascist banners.<ref name="Mussolini1"/><ref name="Mussolini5">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XkLsB1NExjEC&pg=PT86 |page=71 |year=2002 |title=Five Moral Pieces|publisher=]|quote=He started out as a militant atheist, only to sign the Concordat with the Church and to consort with the bishops who blessed the Fascist banners.}}</ref> | |||
| ==Today== | |||
| Recently, the term ''militant atheist'' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe atheists such as ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Appositive">{{cite web|author=Elaine A. Heath|title=Mystic Way of Evangelism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-DGMXJ1JgdMC&pg=PT81 |page=81 |publisher=]|quote=Richard Dawkins's Foundation for Reason and Science is out to debunk religion, which Dawkins calls "the God delusion." His book of the same title is a best seller, and Dawkins is not alone. Sam Harris, Daniel C. Dennett, Victor J. Stenger, and Christopher Hitchens are only a handful of militant atheists who are convinced Christianity is toxic to human life.|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Radical"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Marcelo Gleiser|title=A Tear at the Edge of Creation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mJTJO3vZkSoC&pg=PA17 |page=17 |publisher=]|quote=Scientists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, philosopher Daniel Dennett, and British journalist and polemicist Christopher Hitchens, a group sometimes referred to as "the Four Horsemen," have taken the offensive, deeming religious belief a form of "delusion," a dangerous kind of collective madness that has wreaked havoc upon the world for millennia. Their rhetoric is the emblem of a militant radical atheism, a view I believe is as inflammatory and intolerant as that of the religious fundamentalists they criticize.|year=2010}}</ref><ref name=Fiala> | |||
| {{cite journal|title=Militant atheism, pragmatism, and the God-shaped hole |journal=International Journal for Philosophy of Religion |date= |first=Andrew |last=Fiala |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=139–151 |id= |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/qp43432050116373/}}</ref><ref name="Colson"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Charles Colson, Ellen Santilli Vaughn|title=God and Government|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3vAW2y_-pjUC&pg=PA198 |page=198 |publisher=]|quote=But Nietzsche's atheism was the most radical the world had yet seen. While the old atheism had acknowledged the need for religion, the new atheism was political activist, and jealous. One scholar observed that 'atheism has become militant ...inisisting it must be believed. Atheism has felt the need to impose its views, to forbid competing versions.'|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Accelerate"> | |||
| {{cite web|author=Michael Babcock|title=Unchristian America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1WzhoEor0rwC&pg=PA102 |page=102 |publisher=]|quote=The change in tone is most evident in the writings of the so-called New Atheists – Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens – men who have been trying to accelerate a process that's been under way for centuries.|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Radical">{{cite web|author=Marcelo Gleiser|title=A Tear at the Edge of Creation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mJTJO3vZkSoC&pg=PA17 |page=17 |publisher=]|quote=Scientists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, philosopher Daniel Dennett, and British journalist and plemicist Christopher Hitchens, a group sometimes referred to as "the Four Horsemen," have taken the offensive, deeming religious belief a form of "delusion," a dangerous kind of collective madness that has wreaked havoc upon the world for millennia. Their rhetoric is the emblem of a militant radical atheism, a view I believe is as inflammatory and intolerant as that of the religious fundamentalists they criticize.|year=2010}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Accelerate">{{cite web|author=Michael Babcock|title=Unchristian America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1WzhoEor0rwC&pg=PA102 |page=102 |publisher=]|quote=The change in tone is most evident in the writings of the so-called New Atheists – Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens – men who have been trying to accelerate a process that's been under way for centuries.|year=2008}}</ref><ref name=Fiala/> | |||
| ], an English physicist, defines a form of ] as being anti-militant-atheism, defining militant atheism as Dawkins' and Hitchens' position "to convince people that God doesn't exist as the most important intellectual task in our society."<ref name="ChristianAtheism">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VOlJcGbNbx4C&pg=PA97 |page=97 |author=Brian Mountford|title=Christian Atheist: Belonging Without Believing|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|quote=Paul 'There's a third description of Christian Atheism you might call 'anti-militant-atheism.' That's to say, an atheism with different priorities from Dawkins or Hitchens; a position that doesn't regard trying to convince people that God doesn't exist as the most important intellectual task in our society. Under the cateogry of anti-militant-atheism you would be saying that religious belief doesn't hold up anything important enough to justify Dawkins in refuting it. So to people like Dawkins and Hitchens one is inclined to say, get a life. Their militant atheism is unattractive and extreme, in such a way that I might be tempted to soften it by taking a halfway position.'}}</ref> | |||
| The same phenomenon takes place in works published by the academic journal titled "Studies: an Irish Quarterly Review,"<ref name="Quarterly">{{cite book|page=106 |title=Studies: an Irish quarterly review|publisher=Talbot Press|quote=The leader of militant atheism in this part of the world is Richard Dawkins, a zoologist by training, who holds a chair founded for him at Oxford University.|year=2007 |volume=96}}</ref> | |||
| and "],"<ref name="Literary">{{cite book|author=Gillian Greenwood|title=The Literary Review|issue=329–339|publisher=]|quote=Yet there is something wrong with Dawkins. He has an obsessive hatred of God or, as he would put it, the idea of God and those who propagate the idea. His life is dominated by his militant atheism.}}</ref> | |||
| as well as in ], such as the ] published ''The Secularization Debate'',<ref name="RandL">{{cite book|author=William H. Swatos, Daniel V. A. Olson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2P_RJqdUYBAC&pg=PA57 |page=57 |title=The Secularization Debate|publisher=] |year=2000 |quote=But, aren't some scientists militant atheists who write books to discredit religion – Richard Dawkins and Carl Sagan for example? Of course. But, it also is worth note that most of those, like Dawkins and Sagan, are marginal to the scientific community for lack of significant scientific work. And possibly even more important is the fact that theologians (cf., Cupitt 1997) and professors of religious studies (cf., Mack 1996) are a far more prolific source of popular works of atheism.}}</ref> | |||
| and the ] published ''Politics and Religion in the New Century,'' for example.<ref name="Sydney">{{cite book|author=Philip Andrew Quadrio, Carrol Besseling|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1Zz88rvBJXUC&pg=PA32 |page=32 |title=Politics and Religion in the New Century: Philosophical Reflections |year=2009 |publisher=]|quote=There is, therefore, a particular irony in the most recent spate of militant atheist attacks on the irrationality of religious belief (Dennett 2006; Dawkins 2006; Hitchens 2007; Harris 2004, 2007) which are, at the same time, the most conspicuous examples of slavish commitment to crude, popular ethnic stereotypes, combined with an almost delusional misrepresentation of the facts of recent history. These militant atheists use the rhetoric of critical rationality to wage ideological warfare, not just against religion, but against Muslims.}}</ref> | |||
| These individuals have been labelled as militant atheists by other atheists such as Andrew Fiala, Professor of Philosophy at ], who in a paper published in the ] "International Journal for Philosophy of Religion" states that the 'claim that all religion is poisonous is linked to the final problem with the new breed of militant atheists: intolerance toward religion. It is this characteristic that leads me to call these new atheists “militant".'<ref name=Fiala/> | |||
| Fiala believes that much of their critique of religion is based upon the claim that atheism is true and that the claims of religion are false. He writes that "such an approach is often dogmatic in its assertion of cognitive superiority".<ref name=Fiala/> ], a prominent atheist and biologist at Florida State University, has denounced militant atheism because of its attempt to conflate atheism and ].<ref name="RuseEk">{{cite book|author=]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HmZSGfHprh8C&pg=PA132 |page=132 |year=1999 |title =Mystery of mysteries: is evolution a social construction?|publisher=]|quote=On reading Dawkins's more recent writings, where he has appointed himself the spokesman for militant atheism as well as militant Darwinism, one might be tempted to link the two.}} | |||
| </ref><ref name="RuseDo"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XQqBP5trqCIC&pg=PA515 |page=515 |year=2009 |title=Philosophy after Darwin: classic and contemporary readings |publisher=] |quote=To be sure, there are militant Darwinian atheists such as Richard Dawkins. But I see no reason to accept the claim of people like Dawkins that Darwinian science dictates atheism.}}</ref> | |||
| In addition, Bruce Sheiman, another notable atheist, has stated that "when militant atheists portray religion, they critique every political and organizational misdeed that can be attributed to it" but "portray science in idealized terms, untainted by commercial interests, political intrusions, and ethical conundrums."<ref name="Sheiman">Sheiman 2009 . "Militant atheists like Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris go to great lengths in their books to relegate religion to the lowest cultural status while placing reason and science well above it. The portray science in idealized terms, untainted by commercial interests, political intrusions, and ethical conundrums. But when militant atheists portray religion, they critique every political and organizational misdeed that can be attributed to it. Militant atheists speak of organized religion, but not, correspondingly, of ''organized science''. To be fair, militant atheists need to view religion in the same sanitized way as they view science – or understand science through the same lens of doubt and skepticism as they view religion.</ref> | |||
| Richard Dawkins has, in turn, compared Ruse to "], the British prime minister best known for his appeasement policy toward ]."<ref name="Chamberlain">{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistreview.org/article.php?id=1235|author=Mark A. Kellner|title =Is Aggressive Atheism Ascending?|publisher=]|quote=In his book, Dawkins likens philosopher Michael Ruse, a Florida State University philosophy professor who has worked on the creationism/evolution debate in public schools, to Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister best known for his appeasement policy toward Nazi Germany. Ruse, in turn, accuses "militant atheism" of not extending the same professional and academic courtesy to religion that it demands from others. Atheism's new dogmatic streak is not that different from the religious extremists it calls to task, Ruse said.|accessdate = 2011-03-05}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Other articles in the popular media make reference to outspoken atheists as militant atheists.<ref>M. Paulli, | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| By Judith Shulevitz, ] 8 March 2006. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Figures in the 21st century in the USA and the UK who have been described as militant atheists include ].<ref>''The New American'' Vol. 18, No. 15, 29 July 2002. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The Argentinian Supreme Court Judge ] has been reported to describe herself as a "militant atheist",<ref name="Argibay1">{{cite web|page=77 |year=2004 |title=The Tablet|publisher=Tablet Pub. Co.|quote=As soon as her appointment was announced, Carmen Argibay told journalists she was a 'militant atheist' and in favour of relaxing the strict abortion laws. Her declarations were met with a barrage of criticism from Catholic media.}}</ref><ref name="Argibay2"> | |||
| {{cite web |year=2004 |page=20 |title=The Catholic world report |volume=14 |publisher=]|quote=Argentine President Nestor Kirchner has proposed Carmen Argibay, who has described herself as a "militant atheist" and proponent of legal abortion, to be a member of the Supreme Court.}}</ref> | |||
| and the journalist and campaigner ] has been described as a militant atheist, although his writing concern socialism and the media rather than atheism.<ref name="Foot">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2004/jul/25/1|title=The epistles of Saint Paul|publisher=]|quote= Paul Foot, militant atheist, revolutionary socialist and a man who couldn't listen to a pious sentiment without barking out a guffaw, would have agreed.|accessdate = 2011-03-05|location=London|first=Nick|last=Cohen|date=25 July 2004}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Moreover, comedian ] identifies herself as a militant atheist and states that while she doesn't believe in God she doesn't care what other people believe in.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://outsmartmagazine.com/this_issue/?storyid=1129229903 | title=Foul-Mouthed and Funny | work=OutSmart | author=Blase DiStefano | date=June 2007 | accessdate=2007-07-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927190140/http://outsmartmagazine.com/this_issue/?storyid=1129229903 |archivedate = 2007-09-27}}</ref> | |||
| ===Media=== | |||
| ] lecturing on his book ''The God Delusion''; 2006.]] | |||
| Journalist ] in the '']'', authored an article entitled "Militant atheists: too clever for their own good",<ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| which discussed Richard Dawkins, and mentioned Christopher Hitchens and ]; the author felt that the atheist movement may be acquiring the characteristics of "intolerance, dogmatism, righteousness, moral contempt for one's opponents."<ref name="Moore"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=Charles Moore|title=Militant atheists: too clever for their own good|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3638990/Militant-atheists-too-clever-for-their-own-good.html|publisher=]|quote=I feel that atheism may be acquiring precisely those characteristics that atheists so dislike about religion intolerance, dogmatism, righteousness, moral contempt for one's opponents. Dawkins also tells us that "there are very few atheists in prison". He suggests that "atheism is correlated with higher education, intelligence or reflectiveness, which might counteract criminal impulses". What begins to emerge – and it lurked strongly behind the anti-religion side of the Intelligence Squared debate – is the idea that atheism is an elite state, a superior order of being, a plane of enlightenment denied to thickoes.|accessdate=10 March 2011}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Moore also interpreted Dawkins as promoting the idea that atheism is "a superior order of being".<ref name="Moore" /> | |||
| In the same newspaper, ] categorised ] as a militant atheist, and said he was "famously virulent views on religion, attacking it as a 'virus of the mind' and an 'infantile regression'."<ref name="Persaud"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Holy visions elude scientists|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3306312/Holy-visions-elude-scientists.html|quote=So the BBC Science series Horizon took up the challenge by putting his hat to the ultimate test: could he get arch-sceptic and militant atheist Prof Richard Dawkins to start believing in God by electrically massaging his temporal lobes? Prof Dawkins, author of A Devil's Chaplain, was the ideal candidate for the latest test of whether science can now explain away religion, given his famously virulent views on religion, attacking it as a "virus of the mind" and an "infantile regression".|accessdate=10 March 2011}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The editor of '']'', a ], also refers to Dawkins in these terms, and suggests that Dawkins' views are an extreme example of ].<ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| British writer ] in '']'' claims that "criticisms levelled at religion by militant atheists are often crude and short-sighted".<ref name="Hobson"> | |||
| {{cite book|author=]|title=Atheism is pretentious and cowardly|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/jun/06/atheismispretentiousandcow|quote=God knocking is on the increase but the criticisms levelled at religion by militant atheists are often crude and short-sighted.|accessdate=10 March 2011}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Dawkins has responded to criticisms that he is hostile towards religion, saying "such hostility as I or other atheists occasionally voice toward religion is limited to words" and "It is all too easy to confuse fundamentalism with passion. I may well appear passionate when I defend evolution against a fundamentalist creationist, but this is not because of a rival fundamentalism of my own."<ref>http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Secular-Philosophies/Why-I-Am-Hostile-Toward-Religion.aspx | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ==Criticism of the position== | |||
| ], a British author, suggests that militant atheism "in junking religion, has destroyed our sense of anything beyond our material selves and the here and now" and "paved the way for the onslaught on bedrock moral values ... and intimidation and bullying to drive this agenda into public policy".<ref name="Phillips">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/melaniephillips/2447021/the-culture-war-for-the-white-house.thtml|author=]|title=The culture war for the White House|publisher=]|quote=I see this financial breakdown, moreover, as being not merely a moral crisis but the monetary expression of the broader degradation of our values – the erosion of duty and responsibility to others in favour of instant gratification, unlimited demands repackaged as ‘rights’ and the loss of self-discipline. And the root cause of that erosion is ‘militant atheism’ which, in junking religion, has destroyed our sense of anything beyond our material selves and the here and now and, through such hyper-individualism, paved the way for the onslaught on bedrock moral values expressed through such things as family breakdown and mass fatherlessness, educational collapse, widespread incivility, unprecedented levels of near psychopathic violent crime, epidemic drunkenness and drug abuse, the repudiation of all authority, the moral inversion of victim culture, the destruction of truth and objectivity and a corresponding rise in credulousness in the face of lies and propaganda – and intimidation and bullying to drive this agenda into public policy.|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> | |||
| Decca Aitkenhead a writer for the ], writes that the atheist movement has been accused of "adopting a tone so ] as to alienate potential supporters, and fortify the religious ]."<ref name=Lobby>{{cite news|author=]|title=AC Grayling: 'How can you be a militant atheist? It's like sleeping furiously'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/apr/03/grayling-good-book-atheism-philosophy|quote=Even if this is true, however, the atheist movement has been accused of shooting itself in the foot by adopting a tone so militant as to alienate potential supporters, and fortify the religious lobby.|publisher=]|date=3 April 2011 21.00 BST|accessdate=2011-06-28|location=London}}</ref> | |||
| ], a British Christian historian, writes that "militant atheism must be resisted by the ]."<ref name=ChurchMilitant>{{cite web|author=Peter C. Kent; ]|title=Papal Diplomacy in the Modern Age|page=17 |quote=Militant atheism must be resisted by the Church militant.|publisher=]|year=1994}}</ref> | |||
| ] writes that "many professional philosophers, including ones such as myself who have no religious beliefs at all, are slightly embarrassed, or even annoyed, by the voluble disputes between militant atheists and ]".<ref name="Blackburn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=405647|author=]|title=Divine Irony|publisher=]|quote=I suspect that many professional philosophers, including ones such as myself who have no religious beliefs at all, are slightly embarrassed, or even annoyed, by the voluble disputes between militant atheists and religious apologists... The annoyance comes partly because of the strong sense of deja vu. But it is not just that old tunes are being replayed, but that they are being replayed badly. The classic performance was given by David Hume in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion|date=5 March 2009|accessdate=2007-12-31}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Though he presents no specific criticism of militant atheism,<!-- section title is Criticism (of Militant atheism). Blackburn does not criticize either side, he merely SUGGESTS that he is annoyed by both sides. Onus is on those wanting to include this paragraph to present what Blackburn's criticism is of militant atheism.--> for him, both sides of the debate were presented better by David Hume in his ''Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion'', which he then explicates.<ref name="Blackburn"/> | |||
| ], considered by many to be the founder of secular ],<ref name="Humanism">{{cite book | |||
| |url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/paul_kurtz_the_new_atheism_and_secular_humanism/ | |||
| |title=The New Atheism and Secular Humanism|publisher=Center for Inquiry|quote=Paul Kurtz, considered by many the father of the secular humanist movement, is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo. | |||
| |date=19 October 2009}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| has criticized militant atheists in that "they resist any effort to engage in inquiry or debate" and militant atheism as "becom mere ]."<ref name="KurtzCriticism">Kurtz 1994 "Ranged against the true believer are the militant atheists, who adamantly reject the faith as false stupid, and reactionary. They consider all religious believers to be gullbile fools and claim that they are given to accepting gross exaggerations and untenable premises. Historic religious claims, they think, are totally implausbile, unbelievable, disreputable, and controvertible, for they go beyond the bounds of reason. Militant atheists can find no value at all to any religious beliefs or institutions. They resist any effort to engage in inquiry or debate. Madalyn Murray O'Hair is as arrogant in her rejection of religion as is the true believer in his or her profession of faith. This form of atheism thus becomes mere dogma.</ref> | |||
| Kurtz has criticized the militant atheism of the Soviet Union, which he stated "persecuted religious beleivers, confiscated church properties, executed or exiled tens of thousands of clerics, and prohibited believers to engage in religious instruction or publish religious materials" and praised ]'s "dismantling such policies by permitting greater freedom of religious conscience...moving from militant atheism to tolerant humanism."<ref name="KurtzCriticism"/> Kurtz cited the commitment to "human freedom and democracy" as ] basic difference from the militant atheism of the Soviet Union, which consistently violated basic ].<ref name="KurtzCriticism"/> Kurtz also stated that the "defense of religious liberty is as precious to the humanist as are the rights of the believers."<ref name="Rights"/> | |||
| ==Criticism of the term== | |||
| ] of the ] suggested that the label ''militant'' was often routinely applied to ''atheist'' for no good reason – "very much as was the adjective 'damn' attached to the noun 'Yankee' during the Civil War."<ref>Catherine Fahringer, , ''Freethought Today'', October 1997. | |||
| </ref> The Freedom From Religion Foundation, however, has been called a "militant atheist group" in '']''.<ref name=Washington>{{cite web|author=Ken Klukowski|title=Court dismisses militant atheists' federal suit against Texas Gov. Rick Perry|url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/2011/07/court-dismisses-militant-atheists-federal-suit-against-texas-gov-rick-perry|quote=A militant atheist group, the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF), filed a federal lawsuit to prevent Perry from being involved in the event.|publisher=]|date=28 July 2011 5:25 PM|accessdate=31 July 2011}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| The linguist ] suggests that the word ''militant'' "is used all too freely in the feebler sense of 'holding or expressing views which are unpopular or which I don't like'." He notes that Richard Dawkins is "accused by tabloid newspapers and other commentators of being a 'militant atheist'", for saying he doesn't like religion. However, according to Trask, activity engaged in by some Christians, such as knocking on strangers' doors "demanding to talk about the Bible", never seems to "draw forth the label 'militant'."<ref>"Militant", in Trask, R.L. (2001). ''Mind the gaffe: the Penguin guide to common errors in English.'' London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-051476-7, pp. 186–187.</ref> | |||
| British philosopher ] writes that the charges of militant atheism are pronounced by ]; he states that "when the boot was on their foot they ]. All we're doing is speaking very frankly and bluntly and they don't like it."<ref name=Grayling>{{cite news|author=Decca Aitkenhead|title=AC Grayling: 'How can you be a militant atheist? It's like sleeping furiously'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/apr/03/grayling-good-book-atheism-philosophy|quote=Well, firstly, I think the charges of militancy and fundamentalism of course come from our opponents, the theists. My rejoinder is to say when the boot was on their foot they burned us at the stake. All we're doing is speaking very frankly and bluntly and they don't like it," he laughs.|publisher=]|date=3 April 2011 21.00 BST|accessdate=2011-06-28|location=London}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Grayling also likens the appellation 'militant atheist' to that of 'militant non-stamp collector.'<ref name=Stamps>{{cite news|author=]|title=AC Grayling: 'How can you be a militant atheist? It's like sleeping furiously'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/apr/03/grayling-good-book-atheism-philosophy|quote="And besides, really," he adds with a withering little laugh, "how can you be a militant atheist? How can you be militant non-stamp collector? This is really what it comes down to. You just don't collect stamps. So how can you be a fundamentalist non-stamp collector?|publisher=]|date=3 April 2011 21.00 BST|accessdate=2011-06-28|location=London}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Journalist ], however, has suggested that it is not the case that Grayling is motivated by nothing but a dispassionate quest for the truth. Rather he is actively promoting the atheist position, not simply confessing his belief in the nonexistence of God(s), and this is doing more than merely "not collecting stamps."<ref name=Burkeman>{{cite web|author=]|title=On “militant atheists”|url=http://www.oliverburkeman.com/2011/04/on-militant-atheists/|quote=Grayling’s argument is a close cousin of another one that’s annoyingly common in the otherwise sensible atheist/rationalist/skeptic/anti-pseudoscience movements: the implication that if you’re arguing from a position of scientific rationalism, you must be motivated by nothing but a dispassionate quest for the truth...What distinguishes the two sides isn’t that the rationalist one is dispassionate, but that it happens to be right. If you go around promoting your position that it’s best for people not to believe in gods, via public speaking or books or vigorous debates down the pub, you are a) actively promoting a position and b) doing so for some inner psychological reason other than the mere fact that there isn’t a god. You have an ulterior motive. That’s not a criticism: everyone always does. But you’re not just not collecting stamps.|date=5 April 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> | |||
| In ''Open Questions: Diverse Thinkers Discuss God, Religion, and Faith'', Phil Zuckerman stated, "I'm not quite sure what a militant atheist is. Every atheist I've ever talked to always says the same thing: 'I don't care what other people believe; I just don't want them to force it on me.'"<ref name="Atheist Fundamentalism">{{cite book|last=Rodrigues|first=Luís |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OsGuZjYzXdAC&pg=PA347 |page=347 |title=Open Questions: Diverse Thinkers Discuss God, Religion, and Faith|publisher=]|quote=When we talk about militant atheists or fundamentalist atheists, I have a problem with those terms because... a militant or fundamentalist atheist simply says, 'You can have your beliefs; just keep them private and don't force them on us.'}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Atheism}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Notes and references== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *''New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism'' by Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal Publisher: Pennsylvania State University Press (November 2002) ISBN 978-0271022185 | |||
| *''Nietzsche and Soviet Culture: Ally and Adversary'' (Cambridge Studies in Russian Literature) various authors edited by Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0521452816 | |||
| *''What the God-seekers found in Nietzsche: The Reception of Nietzsches Übermensch by the Philosophers of the Russian Religious Renaissance''. (Studies in Slavic Literature & Poetics) by ] Publisher: Rodopi (October 22, 2008) ISBN 978-9042024809 | |||
| *''Stalin's Holy War Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945'' by ] Copyright 2002 by the University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0-8078-2736-3 | |||
| *''Nietzsche in Russia Publisher'' by ] Princeton Univ Pr ISBN 978-0691102092 | |||
| *''Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical'' by ] Publisher: Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0271014415 | |||
| *''The Returns of History: Russian Nietzscheans After Modernity'' by ] Publisher: State University of New York Press ISBN 978-0791432341 | |||
| *''A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer'', vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, by ]. Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312381328 | |||
| *Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions (History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believers, Vol 2),Dimitry Pospielovsky, (November, 1987), ], ISBN 0312009054 | |||
| *Soviet Studies on the Church and the Believer's Response to Atheism: A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believers, Vol 3, Dimitry Pospielovsky, (August, 1988), Palgrave Macmillan, hardcover: ISBN 0312012918, paperback edition: ISBN 0312012926 | |||
| *''Great Soviet encyclopedia'', ed. A. M. Prokhorov (New York: Macmillan, London: Collier Macmillan, 1974–1983) 31 volumes, three volumes of indexes. | |||
| *''The Russian Church and the Soviet State'' by ], 1917–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) | |||
| *''Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless'' by ] Cornell University Press 1998 ISBN 9780801434853 | |||
| *''Sacred causes : the clash of religion and politics from the Great War to the War on Terror'' by ] Paperback: 576 pages Publisher: Harper Perennial (March 11, 2008) ISBN 978-0060580964 | |||
| *''Religious and anti-religious thought in Russia'' By ] The Weil Lectures Published in 1968, University Press (Chicago) | |||
| *"Godless Communists": Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia 1917–1932. by ] DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 2000. Pp. xviii, 241. | |||
| *''A History of Russia''. ] and ]. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, 800 pages. ISBN 0195153944 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * by Dmitry Ageev, Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate. (Article comments on the destruction by "believers" of allegedly blasphemous artworks at an exhibition in Moscow, and discusses the implications of the exhibition.) | |||
| * by Aleksander Solzhenitsyn (translated). This is the speech by Solzhenitsyn at the Guild Hall following his receiving the ] award in 1983. | |||
| * | |||
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