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#REDIRECT ] |
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'''Major basilica''' ({{lang-la|'''Basilica maior'''}}, {{lang|la|''Basilicae maiores''}} in plural) is the title given to the four highest-ranking ] churches:<ref>{{CathEncy| wstitle =Basilica|author=Gietmann, G. and Thurston, Herbert }}</ref> ], ], ], and ] (''Santa Maria Maggiore''). St. Peter's Basilica is located in ], while the other three are located in ], ]. St. John Lateran, the seat of the papal throne, is the oldest and the first in the established order of the papal basilicas. |
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{{Rcat shell| |
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All other churches that have the title of a basilica are '']s'' ({{lang-la|'''Basilica minor'''}}).<ref>For ] basilicas, it is often refer to them as ''Immemorial basilicas''</ref> |
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{{R to related topic}} |
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{{R with history}} |
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== History == |
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{{r to section}} |
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The title of major basilica was introduced in 1300 by ]. With the promulgation of the ] ''"Antiquorum fida relatio"'', he instituted the ] and set the conditions for ]. Pope Boniface VIII renewed certain "great remissions and ]s for sins" which are to be obtained "by visiting the city of Rome and the venerable ] of the ]". He offered "not only full and copious, but the most full, pardon of all their sins", to those who fulfill certain conditions. First, as truly penitent they had to confess their sins, and second, they had to visit (make ]s to) the basilicas of ] and ], the respective burial sites of the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul. |
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}} |
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In the second jubilee in 1350, ] added a third major basilica: St. John Lateran, Cathedral of Rome. He encouraged the faithful to make daily visits to St. John Lateran, besides those to the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the Walls. Finally, at the next Jubilee in 1390, the ], the oldest church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, was added to the list. The visit to these four churches has remained as one of the conditions for gaining the ] indulgence. |
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== List of major basilicas == |
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To this class belong the four great ancient churches of Rome: |
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* ], also called the Lateran Archbasilica, is the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, the ]. It is the only one called an "archbasilica". Its full official name is "Papal Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Archbasilica of the Most Holy Saviour and of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist at the Lateran, Cathedral of Rome".<ref>''Archbasilica Papale di San Giovanni in Laterano – Arcibasilica del SS.mo Salvatore e dei Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista al Laterano'' - Cattedrale di Roma (] 2012, ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0, p. 1293).</ref> |
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* ], also called the Vatican Basilica, is a major pilgrimage site, built over the burial place of ]. Perhaps the largest church in the world, it is used for most of the chief religious ceremonies in which the Pope participates. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican".<ref>Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano (] 2012, ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0, p. 1291).</ref> |
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* ], also known as the ''Ostian Basilica'' because it is situated on the road that led to ], is built over the burial place of ]. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls".<ref>''Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le mura'' (] 2012, ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0, p. 1294).</ref> |
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* ], also called the Liberian Basilica because the original building (not the present one) was attributed to ], is the largest church in Rome dedicated to the ], hence its name of Saint Mary Major, i.e. the Greater. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major".<ref>''Basilica Papale di Santa Maria Maggiore'' (] 2012, ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0, p. 1295).</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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File:San Giovanni Laterano Rom.jpg|St. John Lateran<br>{{Coord|41|53|9.26|N|12|30|22.16|E|}} |
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File:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|St. Peter's in the Vatican<br>{{Coord|41|54|8|N|12|27|12|E|}} |
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File:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG|St. Paul Outside the Walls<br>{{Coord|41|51|31|N|12|28|38|E|}} |
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File:Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome) frontview.jpg|St. Mary Major<br>{{Coord|41|53|51|N|12|29|55|E|}} |
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</gallery> |
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== Privileges and attributes == |
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] |
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These four major basilicas are distinguished by their having a ] and for being prescribed as destinations for visits as one of the conditions for gaining the ]. Only the Pope and his delegatees may celebrate mass at the high altar. Until recently, the four churches were open 24 hours a day; their staff included a college of priests to be continually available to hear confessions. |
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] in the cloister of the ], Rome.]] |
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== Lateran treaty == |
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According to the 1927 ], the three major basilicas located in Italian territory enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign ].<ref name='treaty'>{{PDFlink|}}</ref><ref name="treaty text"/> The major basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State. These properties, located across Rome, were found essential institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.<ref name="treaty text">Excerpt of ] as per the Lateran Treaty of 1929: |
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; Article 13 |
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: Italy recognizes the full ownership of the Holy See over the patriarchal Basilicas of St. John Lateran, Sta. Maria Maggiore, and St. Paul, with their annexed buildings. |
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: The State transfers to the Holy See the free management and administration of the said Basilica of St. Paul and its dependent Monastery, also paying over to the Holy See all monies representing the sums set aside annually for that church in the budget of the Ministry of Education. |
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: It is also understood that the Holy See shall remain the absolute owner of the edifice of St. Callisto, adjoining Sta. Maria in Trastevere.</ref> |
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== Decision of Pope Benedict XVI == |
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The four papal<ref></ref> or major basilicas were formerly known as "patriarchal basilicas". Together with the minor basilica of ], they were associated with the five ancient ]al sees of Christendom (see ]):<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patriarch and Patriarchate|author=Adrian Fortescue}}</ref> St. John Lateran was associated with Rome, St. Peter's with ] (present-day Istanbul), St. Paul's with ] (in Egypt), St. Mary Major with ] (the Levant) and St. Lawrence with ]. |
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Upon relinquishing in 2006 the title of ], ] renamed these basilicas from "Patriarchal Basilicas" to "Papal Basilicas". Until ], the title "patriarchal" (now "papal") was officially given to two churches associated with Saint ] situated in or near his home town: |
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* ] |
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* ] in ] |
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<gallery> |
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File:Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|Basilica San Francesco |
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File:Bazylika Santa Maria degli Angeli Asyż.jpg|Santa Maria degli Angeli (Assisi) |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Christianity}} |
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* ] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== References == |
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* {{CathEncy| wstitle =Basilica|author=Gietmann, G. and Thurston, Herbert }} |
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{{Commons category|Major basilicas}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Wiktionary|basilica}} |
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* & by Giga-Catholic Information. |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Basilica Maior}} |
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] |
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] |
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