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A '''major basilica''' ({{lang-la|Basilica maior}}; plural: ''Basilicae maiores'') is one of the four highest-ranking ] ], all of which are also papal basilicas:<ref>{{CathEncy|author=Gietmann, G. and Thurston, Herbert | wstitle =Basilica}}</ref> the ], ], the ], and the ]. All of them are located within the ]: St. Peter's Basilica is located in ] and thus within the territory and sovereign jurisdiction of the ]. The other three are geographically located in ], but enjoy ] status under the ]. The Archbasilica of St. John in the Lateran is the ] and the site of the Papal ], and is the oldest and first in rank of the major basilicas. |
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{{Rcat shell| |
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All other churches that have the title of ] are ]s ({{lang-la|basilica minor}}).<ref>For ] basilicas, it is common to refer to them as ''immemorial basilicas''.</ref> |
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{{R to related topic}} |
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{{R with history}} |
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== History == |
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The title of "major basilica" was introduced in 1300 by ]. With the promulgation of the ] ''Antiquorum fida relatio'', he instituted the ] and set the conditions for its ]. Boniface VIII renewed certain "great remissions and ]s for sins" which were to be obtained "by visiting the city of Rome and the venerable ] of the ]". He offered "not only full and copious, but the most full, pardon of all their sins" to those who fulfilled certain conditions: First, as truly penitent, they had to confess their sins, and, second, they had to visit on ] the basilicas of ] and ], the respective burial sites of the apostles Pope St. Peter and St. Paul. |
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In the second jubilee year in 1350, ] designated as a third major basilica St. John in the Lateran, the Cathedral of Rome. He encouraged the faithful to make daily visits to St. John in the Lateran, besides those to the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul. Finally, for the next jubilee year in 1390, the ], the oldest church in Rome dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, was added to the list. Visiting these four churches has remained one of the conditions for gaining the ] indulgence. |
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=== Jurisdiction thereof pursuant to the Lateran Treaty === |
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Pursuant to the ] of 1929 between the ] and ], the three major basilicas located in Rome, but not within the ''territory'' of the Vatican City itself (as is the Major Basilica of St. Peter's), are within Italian territory and not the territory of the Vatican City State.<ref>Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 15 ()</ref> However, the ] fully owns these three Major Basilicas not within the territory of the Vatican City, and ] is legally obligated to recognize its full ownership thereof<ref>Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 13 ()</ref> and to concede to these three properties "the immunity granted by International Law to the headquarters of the diplomatic agents of foreign States".<ref>Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 15 ()</ref> Thus, while of the major basilicas, the Basilica of St. Peter's alone is within the territory and sovereign jurisdiction of the Vatican City, the other three major basilicas enjoy ] similar to that of ] while being within Italian territory. Consequently, all four of the major basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State. These properties, located across Rome, are legally deemed to be essential institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See for which extraterritoriality is justified. |
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=== Papal basilicas === |
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The four major basilicas, together with the ] ], all of which are in Rome, were formerly known as "patriarchal basilicas", along with a few other churches outside of Rome. Upon relinquishing the title of "]" in 2006, ] officially renamed the "patriarchal basilicas" as "Papal basilicas".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/data/basITX.htm#aaa|title=Basilicas in Italy, Vatican City State, San Marino|website=www.gcatholic.org|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref> The five, formerly styled "patriarchal basilicas" of Rome, were previously assigned to and associated with the five ancient ]ates of the ], or the ]:<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patriarch and Patriarchate|author=Adrian Fortescue}}</ref> |
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*St. John Lateran was associated with Rome (]), |
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*St. Peter's with ] (]), |
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*St. Paul's with ] (]), |
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*St. Mary Major with ] (]), and |
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*St. Lawrence with ] (]). |
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As indicated, the title of "patriarchal basilica", now replaced with "Papal basilica", was also officially given to two churches associated with ] and situated in or near his home town of ], Italy: |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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Thus there are four papal major basilicas and three papal minor basilicas. In addition, there is a multitude of ]s throughout the world which have not been granted the official appellation "Papal" as the aforementioned three have. |
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== List of major basilicas == |
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To this class belong the four great ancient churches of Rome: |
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* ], also called the Lateran Archbasilica, is the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, the ]. It is the only one called an "archbasilica". Its full official name is "Papal Archbasilica of the Most Holy Saviour and of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist at the Lateran, Cathedral of Rome".<ref>''Archbasilica Papale di San Giovanni in Laterano – Arcibasilica del SS.mo Salvatore e dei Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista al Laterano'' - Cattedrale di Roma (] 2012, {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}, p. 1293).</ref> |
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* ], also called the Vatican Basilica, is a major pilgrimage site, traditionally said to be built over the burial place of ]. Perhaps{{weasel|date=April 2019}} the largest church in the world, it is used for most of the chief religious ceremonies in which the Pope participates. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican".<ref>Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano (] 2012, {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}, p. 1291).</ref> |
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* ], also known as the ''Ostian Basilica'' because it is situated on the road that led to ], is built over the burial place of ]. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls".<ref>''Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le mura'' (] 2012, {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}, p. 1294).</ref> |
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* ], also called the Liberian Basilica because the original building (not the present one) was attributed to ], is the largest church in Rome dedicated to the ], hence its name of Saint Mary Major, i.e. the Greater. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major".<ref>''Basilica Papale di Santa Maria Maggiore'' (] 2012, {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}, p. 1295).</ref> |
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<gallery> |
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File:Archbasilica of St. John Lateran HD.jpg|St. John Lateran<br>{{Coord|41|53|9.26|N|12|30|22.16|E|}} |
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File:Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen.jpg|St. Peter's in the Vatican<br>{{Coord|41|54|8|N|12|27|12|E|}} |
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File:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG|St. Paul Outside the Walls<br>{{Coord|41|51|31|N|12|28|38|E|}} |
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File:Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome) frontview.jpg|St. Mary Major<br>{{Coord|41|53|51|N|12|29|55|E|}} |
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</gallery> |
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== Privileges and attributes == |
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These four major basilicas are distinguished by their having a ] and for being prescribed destinations for visits as one of the conditions for gaining the ]. Only the Pope and his delegates may celebrate Mass at the high altar. Until recently, the four churches were open 24 hours a day; their staff included a college of priests to be continually available to hear confessions. |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Christianity|Catholicism|Pope|Rome|Architecture}} |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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{{clear}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Major basilicas}} |
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{{Wiktionary|basilica}} |
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* & by GCatholic. |
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{{Papal symbols and rituals}} |
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{{Basilicas in Rome}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Major Basilica}} |
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