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| {{Short description|Band of mobile skin}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''ridged band''' is a band of mobile ] at the most distal end of the ]. It is part of the ''akroposthion:'' the portion which extends beyond the glans. It has, especially in regard to ] and ], been called the '''preputial ring''' or '''phimotic ring'''. More particularly, it refers to the transitional area from the external to the internal surface of the prepuce, or foreskin.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kimmel|first1=Michael|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis|last2=Milrod|first2=Christine|last3=Kennedy|first3=Amanda|publisher=]|year=2014|isbn=978-0759123120|location=United States|pages=73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fahmy|first=Mohamed|title=Normal and Abnormal Prepuce|publisher=]|year=2020|isbn=9783030376215|pages=45}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=SC|title=Male Reproductive Dysfunction|publisher=]|year=2011|isbn=9789350252208|pages=74, 78–79}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gallo|first=Luigi|date=June 2017|title=The prevalence of an excessive prepuce and the effects of distal circumcision on premature ejaculation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.02.002|journal=Arab Journal of Urology|volume=15|issue=2|pages=140–147|doi=10.1016/j.aju.2017.02.002|pmid=29071143|issn=2090-598X|pmc=5653616}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hemat|first=R. A. S.|title=Urotext-Luts: Urology|publisher=Urotext|year=2001|isbn=9781903737033|pages=592}}</ref> Rich in ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=García‐Mesa|first1=Yolanda|last2=García‐Piqueras|first2=Jorge|last3=Cobo|first3=Ramón|last4=Martín‐Cruces|first4=José|last5=Suazo|first5=Iván|last6=García‐Suárez|first6=Olivia|last7=Feito|first7=Jorge|last8=Vega|first8=José A.|date=2021-06-12|title=Sensory innervation of the human male prepuce: Meissner's corpuscles predominate|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13481|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=239|issue=4|pages=892–902|doi=10.1111/joa.13481|pmid=34120333|pmc=8450466|issn=0021-8782}}</ref> the area is usually described as highly ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=McMahon|first=Chris|title=Premature Ejaculation: From Etiology to Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=]|year=2012|isbn=9788847026469|pages=168–169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bunker|first=Chris|title=Male Genital Skin Disease|publisher=]|year=2004|isbn=9780702027604|pages=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=Guy|last2=Krieger|first2=John N.|last3=Morris|first3=Brian J.|date=June 2015|title=Histological Correlates of Penile Sexual Sensation: Does Circumcision Make a Difference?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sm2.67|journal=Sexual Medicine|volume=3|issue=2|pages=76–85|doi=10.1002/sm2.67|pmid=26185672|issn=2050-1161|pmc=4498824}}</ref> | |||
| Along with the ], it is considered to be the most sensitive part of the ] to ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="sorrells">{{vcite journal|author=Sorrells ML, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, ''et al''|date=2007|title=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis|journal=BJU Int|volume=99|issue=4|pages=864–869|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x/full|pmid=17378847|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x}}</ref> It was discovered by Canadian ] and medical researcher ] in 1991 and first anatomically and histologically detailed in the ] in 1996.<ref name="Taylor1996" /> The structure is generally believed to be important in male ] and ]es, although a 2015 review by Cox and colleagues stated that the feature was particular to some men and that Taylor's illustrations of the structure had been inconsistent.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Guy |last2=Krieger |first2=John N. |last3=Morris |first3=Brian J. |date=June 2015 |title=Histological Correlates of Penile Sexual Sensation: Does Circumcision Make a Difference? |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498824/ |journal=Sexual Medicine |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=76-85 |doi=10.1002/sm2.67 |pmc=4498824 |pmid=26185672}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Taylor1996">{{vcite journal|author=Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor, AJ|title=The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=291–295|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor/|date=1996|pmid=8800902|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.85023.x}} (Reprint: cirp.org)</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Glick|first=Leonard|title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America|publisher=]|year=2005|isbn=9780198039259|pages=214|author-link=Leonard Glick}}</ref> Most or all of the ridged band is removed by ] due to its position on the prepuce.<ref name="Taylor1996" /> | |||
| == History == | |||
| === ''Taylor et al.'' (1996) === | |||
| Taylor first used the term "ridged band" instead of "wrinkly skin" and described the structure at the ''Second International Symposium on Circumcision'', organized by ''NOCIRC'' in San Francisco, 1991, after examining the foreskins of 22 adults obtained at autopsy. The term ''ridged band'' was subsequently used by him in an anatomical and histological study of the foreskin published in the ''British Journal of Urology'' in 1996. The mean age was 37 years, range 22–58. The prepuces were studied grossly and histologically.<ref name="sorrells" /><ref name="Taylor1996" /><ref name=":3" /> | |||
| '''<big>Cox et al. (2015)</big>''' | |||
| In June of 2015, a review conducted by Guy Cox and colleagues to determine whether male circumcision had an effect on sexual sensation was published. In this review, 41 unique publications on penile structure were retrieved. When noting the publications of pathologist John Taylor, the group stated Taylor's illustrations of the ridged band were inconsistent and did "not appear to show the same structure" in a subsequent publication of Taylor's. The group believed that evidence supported their "contention that the ridged band is not a defined structure but merely a matter of interindividual idiosyncrasy.". The review eventually concluded that they believed that circumcision had "no adverse effect on sexual pleasure.".<ref name=":4" /> | |||
| ==Structure== | |||
| ] | |||
| Taylor described the ridged band as a transversely ridged band of ], located just inside the tip of the foreskin near the ], also known as the ''preputial sphincter''. He characterized the ridged band as ] and ], stating that it "contains more ] than does the smooth mucosa", and noted that these tactile corpuscles were found only in the crests of ridges. | |||
| ==Function== | |||
| ] | |||
| The prepuce, including the ridged band, is a specific erogenous zone.<ref>{{vcite journal | author = Winkelmann RK | year = 1959 | title = The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/ | journal = Mayo Clin Proc | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 39–47 | pmid = 13645790 }}</ref> | |||
| Taylor (1996) postulates that "the ridged band with its unique structure, tactile corpuscles and other nerves, is primarily sensory tissue".<ref name="Taylor1996" /> He hypothesizes (2007) that Meissner's corpuscles in the ridged band are adapted to detect stretch: | |||
| :Work in progress indicates that retraction and stretching of this accordion-like structure triggers reflex contraction of ] and ].<ref name="Taylor2007Sep">{{vcite journal | |||
| | author = Taylor JR | |||
| | title = The forgotten foreskin and its ridged band (letter) | |||
| | journal = J Sex Med | |||
| | volume = 4 | |||
| | issue = 5 | |||
| | pages = 1516 | |||
| | url= http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/taylor2007b/ | |||
| |date=September 2007 | |||
| | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00588.x | |||
| | pmid = 17727357}}</ref> | |||
| Taylor theorizes that the main function of the ridged band is to trigger sexual reflexes. In a letter to the editor of ''BJU International'', 2007, Taylor writes: | |||
| :Initial study (J.R.T. unpublished) indicates that the real importance of the ridged band to sexual intercourse lies in an ability to trigger a reflex contraction of muscles responsible for ejaculation.<ref>{{vcite journal | |||
| | author = Taylor, JR | |||
| | title = Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis (letter) | |||
| | journal = BJU Int | |||
| | volume = 100 | |||
| | issue = 1 | |||
| | pages = 218 | |||
| | url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x/full | |||
| |date=July 2007 | |||
| | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x | |||
| | pmid = 17552969}}</ref> | |||
| In the ''Journal of Sexual Medicine'', 2007, Taylor states: | |||
| :Both glans and prepuce contribute to the single ] of the penis and it is possible that these apparently dissimilar structures in fact share similar functions related more to sexual reflexes than to touch perception.<ref name="Taylor2007Sep" /> | |||
| The effect of circumcision on sexual function is the subject of intense debate. Taylor's view is that "almost certainly, removal of the prepuce and its ridged band distorts penile reflexogenic functions but exactly how and to what extent still remains to be seen".<ref name="Taylor2007Sep" /> More recent research has demonstrated that the clinically important ] is absent in 73% of circumcised men ostensibly due to the removal of fine-touch nerve endings in the ridged band.<ref name=Podnar_2012> | |||
| {{vcite journal | |||
| | author= Podnar S | |||
| | title= Clinical elicitation of the penilo-cavernosus reflex in circumcised men | |||
| | journal= BJU Int | |||
| | date= 2012 | |||
| | volume= 209 | |||
| | issue= | |||
| | pages= 582–5 | |||
| | url= http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/2012-02_Podnar.pdf | |||
| | doi= 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x | |||
| | pmid= 21883821 | |||
| | pmc= }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| For an overview of the issues surrounding male circumcision and sexual function, see ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| === Scientific research === | |||
| * '''' | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:24, 11 January 2023
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